The characteristics of a sentence include such a concept as types of sentences by intonation. These are exclamatory and non-exclamatory sentences. We talk about the differences between these proposals in the article.

Distinguishing sentences by intonation

The intonation of a sentence is often confused with the purpose of the statement. However, these are completely different concepts.

According to the purpose of the statement, sentences are divided into narrative, interrogative and incentive. The first ones report something, the second ones contain a question, the third ones encourage action (contain a request, order, wish, etc.).

A sentence with any purpose of expression can be pronounced with a special emotional connotation, that is, with a pronounced feeling. It could be joy, anger, outrage, delight, and so on. It is the special emotionality in writing that is conveyed using an exclamation mark.

Here are examples of exclamatory sentences and similar non-exclamatory sentences:

• Spring has come. - Spring has come!
• Have you written an essay? -Have you written an essay?!
• Bring some water. - Bring some water!

How to recognize an exclamatory sentence

If we read a ready-made text, we can easily distinguish an exclamatory sentence by its punctuation mark - there is an exclamation mark at the end.

By ear, we distinguish exclamatory sentences from non-exclamatory sentences by how emotionally they are pronounced. The information in exclamatory and similar non-exclamatory sentences is the same, but the exclamation is pronounced with greater expression, louder, with the expression of some emotion.

You should not confuse incentive and exclamatory sentences: there are both exclamatory non-incentive sentences and incentive non-exclamatory ones.

For example, a sentence "Spring has come." contains a simple statement of fact. It is impossible to conclude how the speaker feels about this event.

Sentence “Spring has come!” expresses strong emotions and expression. Most likely, the speaker wants to express his joy (although this cannot be determined by the exclamation mark: perhaps he wants to express disappointment, irritation, fear or other strong emotion).

Exclamatory sentences are often found in journalistic texts, where they perform a rhetorical function.

Exclamation markers

The main marker (sign) of an exclamatory sentence is the exclamation point. This is one of the end of sentence marks; it is quite enough to show that the sentence has ended. However, in some cases, not one, but three exclamation marks are used at the end of a sentence. This is done in order to emphasize a very strong emotion.

Interrogative exclamation sentences require two marks at the end: a question mark and an exclamation mark. The rule is that an exclamation mark at the end of a sentence is placed after a question mark. Such sentences often contain not just an emotional question, but rather a rhetorical question, expressing more indignation or bewilderment than a desire for an answer.

Some sentences end with an exclamation mark and an ellipsis. Then one of the dots (the first one) is replaced with an exclamation mark. Example: “What an amazing incident!..”

Another common use of the exclamation mark is in the design of requests. However, it must be borne in mind that this is not a proposal in the full sense.

What have we learned?

Exclamatory sentences express special emotions and feelings; an exclamation mark is placed at the end. Sentences that differ in the purpose of the statement can be exclamatory. When you encounter a question mark and an exclamation mark at the end of a sentence, you should write the question mark first; When an exclamation mark and an ellipsis meet, the first dot is replaced with an exclamation mark.

Offer- this is the basic syntactic unit containing a message about something, a question or an incentive. Unlike phrases a sentence has a grammatical basis consisting of the main members of the sentence (subject and predicate) or one of them .

Offer performs communicative function And characterized by intonation And semantic completeness . In a sentence, in addition to subordinate connections (coordination, control, adjunction), there can be a coordinating connection (between homogeneous members) and a predicative connection (between the subject and the predicate).

By the number of grammatical bases offersdivided into simple and complex . A simple sentence has one grammatical basis, a complex sentence consists of two or more simple sentences (predicative parts).

Simple sentence is a word or combination of words characterized by semantic and intonation completeness and the presence of one grammatical basis.
The classification of simple sentences in modern Russian can be carried out on various grounds.

Depending on the purpose of the statement offers are divided into narrative , interrogative And incentive .

Declarative sentences contain a message about any affirmed or denied fact, phenomenon, event, etc. or a description of them.

For example: And it’s boring, and sad, and there’s no one to give a hand in a moment of spiritual adversity.(Lermontov). I'll be there at five o'clock.

Interrogative sentences contain a question. Among them are:

A) actually interrogative : What did you write here? What is it?(Ilf and Petrov);
b) rhetorical questions (i.e. not requiring a response): Why are you, my old lady, silent at the window?? (Pushkin).

Incentive offers express various shades of expression of will (inducement to action): order, request, call, prayer, advice, warning, protest, threat, consent, permission, etc.

For example :Well, go to sleep! This is adult talk, none of your business(Tendryakov); Quicker! Well!(Paustovsky); Russia! Rise and rise up! Thunder, a general voice of delight!..(Pushkin).

Narrative, interrogative And incentive offers differ both in form (they use different forms of verb mood, there are special words - interrogative pronouns, motivating particles), and in intonation.

Compare:
He will come.
Will he come? Will he come? When will he arrive?
Let him come.

Simple in emotional tone proposals are divided on exclamation marks And non-exclamatory .

exclamation point called offer emotionally charged, pronounced with a special intonation.

For example: No, look what a moon it is!.. Oh, how lovely!(L. Tolstoy).
All functional types of sentences (narrative, interrogative, imperative) can be exclamatory.

According to the nature of the grammatical basis, articulated proposals are divided on two-part when the grammatical basis includes both subject and predicate,

For example: A lonely sail is white in the blue fog of the sea!(Lermontov), ​​and one-piece when the grammatical basis of sentences is formed by one main member,

For example: I'm sitting behind bars in a damp dungeon(Pushkin).

Based on the presence or absence of minor members, simple offers there may be common And uncommon .

Common is a sentence that, along with the main ones, has secondary members of the sentence. For example: How sweet is my sadness in the spring!(Bunin).

Uncommon a sentence consisting only of main members is considered. For example: Life is empty, crazy and bottomless!(Block).

Depending on the completeness of the grammatical structure offers there may be full And incomplete . IN complete sentences All members of the sentence necessary for this structure are presented verbally: Work awakens creative powers in a person(L. Tolstoy), and in incomplete certain members of the sentence (main or secondary) necessary to understand the meaning of the sentence are missing. The missing members of the sentence are restored from the context or from the situation. For example: Prepare a sleigh in summer and a cart in winter(proverb); Tea? - I'll have half a cup.

Simple sentence may have syntactic elements that complicate its structure. Such elements include isolated members of a sentence, homogeneous members, introductory and plug-in constructions, and appeals. By the presence/absence of complicating syntactic elements simple sentences are divided into complicated And uncomplicated .

In all languages ​​of the world there are special sentences - exclamatory sentences. They are usually used to express strong emotions, such as delight, surprise, anger and others. Examples of exclamatory sentences are often found in fiction, poetry, letters and diaries. It is almost impossible to find them in scientific texts. There are no examples of exclamatory sentences in them. Scientific articles are written in a neutral emotional style.

Types of exclamation sentences

Exclamation and ellipsis

There are other combinations of characters at the end of sentences. For example, in the literature, some authors use both an exclamation and an ellipsis. Such phrases should prompt the reader to think deeply; in essence, such sentences are extremely similar to rhetorical questions with an exclamation. “And then she appeared at the door!.. She captivated me with her beauty, her face lit up with a smile, and the whole world around sparkled with joy and happiness!..”

Exclamatory sentence

A very interesting option is to use such phrases in the work. Such phrases differ from others in that they have practically no emotional connotation, but contain an order, request, invitation, greeting or proposal. Usually these sentences lack subjects. Intonationally similar constructions do not have to be pronounced with pronounced emotions. However, a mark at the end of a request or order indicates that it is an exclamation clause. Examples of similar constructions in Russian are quite common. They are present in the dialogues of the heroes of works of art.

An order in an exclamatory sentence

In some constructions, the placement of punctuation marks is determined not by the emotional connotation of the statement, but by historical traditions. Therefore, when the author of a work of art uses an order, he draws up a sentence with an exclamation mark. Examples of such phrases can be pronounced in a calm tone and even in a whisper, but the use of an exclamation mark is necessary here. "Stand! - Petrovich ordered the captured Fritz walking ahead of him in a whisper. - Don't turn around! Even if the order is given in a calm, even tone, an exclamation point must be placed at the end of the phrase. For example, “Team, stand at attention!” or “Get up, the trial is coming!”

Request and suggestion

Traditions explain some other features of punctuation in the Russian language. For example, an exclamation mark at the end of a phrase adds a special emotional connotation to a request.

Invitation and address in an exclamatory sentence

There is one more rule of punctuation. It dictates that there is often an exclamation point at the end of the invitation. This fact is a sign of elementary politeness and a culture of written communication. Therefore, when reading a context with an invitation, for example to a wedding or a picnic, you should not use exclamation intonation at all.

1. “Natalya Pavlovna! Georgy Matveevich! Come to the evening dedicated to the celebration of our silver wedding at the Cosmos restaurant!”
2. “Dear high school students! Come on October 23 to the “autumn ball”, which will be held in the school assembly hall!”

Greetings and wishes in an exclamatory sentence

The rules for writing letters are very important both for ordinary people and for authors of works of fiction. To understand the placement of punctuation marks at the end of sentences, you should pay attention to one interesting feature: very often a greeting or wish is expressed in the form of an imperative verb. These are the words “hello!”, “be healthy!” Therefore, these sentences are perceived as a request, which also historically has an exclamation mark at the end. Often a farewell is written in a similar way in a letter. For example, "Goodbye, my dears!" or "Good night, dear friend! I wish you sweet dreams!"

Exclamatory sentences in Russian serve to enhance the emotionality of texts, messages, and comments. Since it is possible to give intonational coloring to the statements of characters in works of art only with the help of punctuation marks, the authors have no choice but to use exclamation marks, question marks and their combinations.

According to the degree of emotional coloring, sentences are classified into two types: exclamatory and non-exclamatory. The ability to correctly determine which one is suitable for a particular case will allow you to correctly understand the essence of the sentence, read it with the right intonation and put the required punctuation mark at the end.

Non-exclamatory sentences are those that imply an ordinary, everyday tone and the absence of a strong emotional component. At the end of such sentences there is a period. For example: It's been raining all day today. According to the schedule, the train will arrive in two hours.

Exclamatory sentences are those sentences that convey strong feelings and emotions of the speaker. For example: We are very happy!

At the end of these sentences there is an exclamation mark, and their grammatical means are as follows:

1. Intonation, expressing joy, delight, sadness, surprise, anger, excitement, fear and other pronounced feelings. The pronunciation of exclamatory sentences is carried out in a higher tone, with an emphasis on the word, which gives a greater emotional coloring.

   For example: He acted so vilely! We were completely delighted with the excursion! Nobody expected such a development of events! She was seriously scared!

2. Interjections.

   For example: Wow, what a beauty! Ah, I am amazed to the core! Eh, but we were so close to the goal!

3. Exclamation marks particles pronominal, adverbial or interjectional origin, giving the statement a characteristic emotional coloring: oh, well, well, how, where how, what for, which and others.

   For example: What an extraordinary house! Oh, wow! Well, well, what a surprise! Ugh, what disgusting!

Using three exclamation marks

Typically, by using 3 exclamation marks at the end of a sentence, the author expresses a high degree of emotional excitement. This way you can express joy or delight, anger or indignation. Sentences “Get out!!!” or “Go away and don’t come back!!!” talk about the deep feelings of the person who expresses them.

In order to correctly read a sentence, correctly understand its meaning and correctly place punctuation marks, you need to understand what sentences are based on the purpose of the statement. It is also very important to be able to determine their species. What kinds of proposals are there for the purpose of the statement? In the Russian language, there are several classifications of these syntactic units, including regarding the purpose of the utterance, as well as the specifics of pronunciation.

Types of sentences by purpose of utterance and intonation

Let us clarify that intonation implies the emotional design of a sentence. According to the purpose of making proposals, there are:

• Narrative.
• Interrogative.
• Incentive.

In turn, any of them can be either exclamatory or non-exclamatory - depending on the intonation with which the speaker pronounces it (calm or emotional).

Declarative sentences

The most common sentences for the purpose of the statement are, of course, narrative ones. Their task is to communicate information that can either be affirmed or denied.

A narrative sentence expresses a complete thought, conveyed using special intonation: the main word from a logical point of view is emphasized in the voice, and at the end of the phrase the tone lowers and becomes calmer.

You don’t need to look far for examples of narrative sentences - they are at every step: “Mom bought bread”, “Spring has come and brought warmth with it”, “Mitya has the best grade in the class!”

Interrogative sentences

Sentences regarding the purpose of the statement are also interrogative. Their semantic task is to convey a question. Questions can be different, which determines the subtypes of this type of proposal. Depending on the purpose of the question and the nature of the intended answer, the following are distinguished:

Interrogative sentences are also of different types according to their nature. This:

The means of achieving the goal of interrogative sentences are a special intonation in oral speech, a question mark in writing, as well as question words (what, how, why, etc.), particles (is it really possible) and a certain word order: (“Adults go to work?”, “Who goes to work?”, “Where do adults go?”).

Incentive offers

Types of sentences based on the purpose of the statement have one more, third, type - incentive. These are sentences that contain a certain expression of the will of the author of the phrase. Their main task is to induce the addressee to take some action, and the incentive can be expressed in different forms.

• Prayers: “I beg you, let me look at my son at least once!!!”
• Requests: “Please give me a pencil.”
• Order: “Shut up immediately!”
• Wishes: “Get well soon, be kind.”

The incentive to action in sentences of this type is expressed using a special (motivating) intonation, the form of the imperative mood of the predicates and some particles such as “let”, “come on”, “come on”, etc.

Non-exclamatory sentences

Thus, what kinds of sentences there are regarding the purpose of an utterance is now clear. As for intonation colors, the vast majority of them are non-exclamatory. They are pronounced calmly, without emotional strain or special feeling. Most often they represent a narrative message or question, less often - an incentive.

Examples: “The hot tea spread warmth throughout my whole body,” “Where did this boy come to us from?”, “Please take your mother’s hand.”

Exclamatory sentences

Sentences pronounced in a special tone and with a special feeling are called exclamatory. Most often, phrases containing incentives need such intonation, but any other type can have an exclamatory coloring.

Sentences regarding the purpose of the statement and intonation are:

• Narrative exclamations: “Summer has come - how great it is!”
• Interrogative exclamations: “Will you never accept the truth?!”
• Incentive exclamations: “Give me my toy immediately!”

Highlighting in writing

The punctuation marks in them depend on what kind of sentences there are for the purpose of the statement and intonation.

• The end of a non-exclamatory declarative sentence is indicated by a period: “That’s how this strange story ended.”
• A non-exclamatory interrogative sentence ends with a question mark: “Has your father left yet?”
• A non-exclamatory incentive sentence also has a period at the end: “Give up this dirty business.”
• At the end of a narrative, motivating or interrogative sentence with exclamatory intonation, a corresponding (exclamation) mark is placed (in the latter case, after the question mark). If emotions are especially intense, then there may be three such signs. “And he went home!”, “Stupid, get away from the edge!”, “Will you let me go?!”, “Beware!!!”
• If there is a hint of incompleteness, there can be an ellipsis at the end of any type of sentence. For example: “Sadness...”, “Well, you’re back, what next?..”, “Run, run quickly!..”.

According to the purpose of utterance, sentences are, as we found out, of three types. The Russian language is rich and diverse. This article provides information about what sentences regarding the purpose of the statement and intonation are found in the Russian language. It is a must for anyone who wants to speak and write correctly to study and master it.