To enhance the expressiveness of the text, a variety of structural, semantic and intonation features of syntactic units of language (phrases and sentences), as well as features of the compositional structure of the text, its division into paragraphs, and punctuation design can be used.

The most significant expressive means of syntax are:

Syntactic sentence structure and punctuation marks;

Special syntactic means of expression (figures);

Special techniques of compositional and speech design of the text (question-answer form of presentation, improperly direct speech, quotation, etc.).

Syntactic sentence structure and punctuation marks

From the point of view of the syntactic structure of a sentence, the following are especially important for the expressiveness of the text:

• grammatical features of the sentence: is it simple or complex, two-part or one-part, complete or incomplete, uncomplicated or complicated (i.e., containing series of homogeneous members, isolated members of a sentence, introductory words or addresses);

• type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement: narrative, interrogative, motivating;

• Characteristics of a sentence by emotional coloring: non-exclamatory - exclamatory.

Any of the listed grammatical features of a sentence can acquire special semantic significance in the text and be used to strengthen the author’s thoughts, express the author’s position, and create imagery.

For example, in the poem by A. A. Blok “Night, street, lantern, pharmacy...” Five extremely short, one-part noun sentences create particular tension and expressiveness of the text, with sharp jolts indicating the development of the theme and emphasizing the idea of ​​the transience of human life, which swirls in a meaningless round dance of the night, the street, the pharmacy and the dim light of the lantern.

Night, street, lantern, pharmacy,
Pointless and dim light.
Live for at least another quarter of a century -
Everything will be like this. There is no outcome.

If you die, you'll start over again
And everything will repeat itself as before:
Night, icy ripples of the channel,
Pharmacy, street, lamp.

In the poem by A. A. Blok “ I'm pinned to a tavern counter...." already in the first stanza:

I'm pinned to the bar counter.
I've been drunk for a long time. I don't care.
There's my happiness - at three
Carried away into the silver smoke... -

The transition from two-part sentences, where the lyrical “I” acts as the subject, to sentences where the subject of the action (doer) is eliminated, expresses the inability of the lyrical hero to resist the fatal movement of inevitability and the action of external forces beyond his control.

In the poem by M. Yu. Lermontov “ Prayer" in the last stanza:

Like a burden will roll off your soul,
Doubt is far away -
And I believe and cry,
And so easy, easy... -

The impersonal sentences in the last two lines convey the special state of the lyrical hero, who, not finding support in himself and turning to God, experienced “ grace-filled power” prayer and is in the power of this divine power, which brings hope for the salvation of the soul.

Interrogative, motivating and exclamatory sentences can also emphasize and strengthen certain aspects of the author’s thoughts, assessments and emotions.

For example, in a poem by A. A. Akhmatova:

Why are you pretending
Either by the wind, or by a stone, or by a bird?
Why are you smiling
To me a sudden lightning from the sky?
Don't torment me anymore, don't touch me!
Let me go to prophetic concerns... -

special expressiveness and emotional tension are created as a result of the use, already at the beginning of the text, of two interrogative and two incentive sentences at once, conveying the heroine’s mental pain and the request-plea addressed to her lover to let her go to “ prophetic concerns».

The role of punctuation marks as expressive means in the text is determined primarily by their ability to convey a variety of shades of the author’s thoughts and feelings: surprise (question mark), doubt or special emotional tension (ellipsis), joy, anger, admiration (exclamation mark).

A dot can emphasize the neutrality of the author’s position, a dash can add dynamism to a phrase, or, conversely, pause the narrative. For the semantic content of a text that includes a complex non-union sentence, the nature of the punctuation mark between parts of this sentence, etc., matters.

They have a special role in creating expressiveness of the text. copyright punctuation marks, which do not correspond to generally accepted punctuation rules, violate the automaticity of perception of the text and serve the purpose of enhancing the semantic or emotional significance of one or another fragment of it, focus the reader’s attention on the content of a concept, image, etc.

Author's signs convey the additional meaning invested in them by the author. Most often, a dash is used as author's signs, which emphasizes either the opposition: Born to crawl, cannot fly, or especially highlights the second part after the sign: Love is the most important thing of all. The author's exclamation marks serve as a means of expressing a joyful or sad feeling or mood.

For example:

Over the hills - round and dark,
Under the ray - strong and dusty,
Behind the cloak - red and torn.
On sands - greedy and rusty,
Under the ray - burning and drinking,
With a boot - timid and meek -
Behind the cloak - after and after.
Along the waves - fierce and swollen,
Under the ray - angry and ancient,
With a boot - timid and meek -
Behind the cloak - lying and lying. (M. I. Tsvetaeva)

Special expressive means of syntax (figures)

Figures (rhetorical figures, stylistic figures, figures of speech) are stylistic devices based on special combinations of words that go beyond the scope of ordinary practical use, and aimed at enhancing the expressiveness and figurativeness of the text.

The main figures of speech include rhetorical question, rhetorical exclamation, rhetorical appeal, repetition, syntactic parallelism, polyunion, non-union, ellipsis, inversion, parcellation, antithesis, gradation, oxymoron, nominative themes.

A rhetorical question is a figure that contains a statement in the form of a question.

A rhetorical question does not require an answer; it is used to enhance the emotionality and expressiveness of speech, and to attract the reader’s attention to a particular phenomenon.

For example:

Why did he give his hand to insignificant slanderers,
Why did he believe false words and caresses,
He, who has comprehended people from a young age? . (M. Yu. Lermontov);

There is nothing more dangerous than half-knowledge. This applies equally to science, technology, and culture. How can one judge the work of Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy by watching the film, but without reading “War and Peace”? (From newspapers)

A rhetorical question- This is a sentence, interrogative in structure, conveying, like a narrative sentence, a message about something.

Thus, in a rhetorical question there is a contradiction between form (interrogative structure) and content (meaning of the message). The message in a rhetorical question is always associated with the expression of various emotional and expressive meanings. Their basis is that a rhetorical question always arises in conditions of opposition as an emotional reaction of protest. (" Who are the judges?"A. Griboyedov).

The contradiction between form and content is expressed on the basis of affirmativeness - negativity. Thus, sentences that are negative in form convey an affirmative message, and sentences with an affirmative form have the meaning of negation.

Sentences of any interrogative structure can be used as a rhetorical question: with a pronominal question word, with an interrogative particle, without special question words. A rhetorical question does not require an answer and is synonymous with a declarative sentence. After a rhetorical question, a question mark is placed, sometimes an exclamation mark, and occasionally a combination of both is used.

For example: Where, when, which great one chose the path to be more trodden and easier? (V. Mayakovsky)

Who didn’t curse the stationmasters, who didn’t scold them! (A. Pushkin)

We repeat, these questions are posed not in order to get answers, but to draw attention to a particular object, phenomenon, to emotionally express a statement.

Rhetorical exclamations also enhance the tension and expressiveness of speech.

Rhetorical exclamation is a figure that contains a statement in the form of an exclamation.

Rhetorical exclamations enhance the expression of certain feelings in a message; they are usually distinguished not only by their special emotionality, but also by their solemnity and elation.

For example:
That was on the morning of our years -
Oh happiness! oh tears!
O forest! oh life! oh sunshine!
O fresh spirit of birch.(A.K. Tolstoy);

Alas! a stranger before the authorities
The proud country bowed down.(M. Yu. Lermontov)

Eh, three! Bird three! (N. Gogol) Lush! There is no equal river in the world! (N. Gogol)

Rhetorical appeal- this is a stylistic figure consisting of an emphasized appeal to someone or something to enhance the expressiveness of speech.

For example:

My friends! Our union is wonderful.
He, like the soul, is unstoppable and eternal(A.S. Pushkin);

Oh, deep night!
Oh, cold autumn! Mute! (K. D. Balmont)

M.V. Lomonosov wrote about rhetorical appeal as follows: “With this figure one can advise, testify, promise, threaten, praise, mock, console, wish, say goodbye, regret, command, forbid, ask for forgiveness, mourn, complain, interpret, congratulate and other, to whom the word...is addressed.”

Appeal- a bright expressive means in artistic speech.

If in colloquial speech the main function of addresses is to name the addressee of the speech, then in poetic addresses they also perform stylistic functions: they are often carriers of expressive-evaluative meanings. Therefore they are often metaphorical; This also explains the peculiarities of their syntax.

Works of fiction - especially poetic ones - are characterized by common appeals.

For example: The stars are clear, the stars are high! What do you keep inside yourself, what do you hide? Stars, concealing deep thoughts, with what power do you captivate the soul?(S. Yesenin)

In some cases, a lengthy appeal in poetic speech becomes the content of a sentence.

For example: The soldier's son who grew up without a father and matured noticeably before his time, you. in memory of the hero and father, he is not separated from earthly joys.(A. Tvardovsky)

In poetic speech, addresses can be arranged in a homogeneous row.

For example: Sing, people, cities and rivers, sing, mountains, steppes and seas!(A. Surkov) Hear me, good one, hear me, beautiful one, my evening dawn, unquenchable love. (M. Isakovsky) O city! O wind! Oh snow storms! ABOUT an abyss of blue torn to shreds! I'm here! I'm innocent! I'm with you! I'm with you!(A. Blok)

Addressing other people creates ease, intimacy, and lyricism.

For example: Are you still alive, my old lady? I'm alive too. Hello, hello!(S. Yesenin)

Rhetorical appeals serve not so much to name the addressee of the speech, but to express an attitude towards what is said in the text. Rhetorical appeals can create solemnity and pathosity of speech, express joy, regret and other shades of mood and emotional state.

Rhetorical questions, rhetorical exclamations and rhetorical appeals as means of linguistic expressiveness are widely used in journalistic and literary texts.

The mentioned figures are also possible in texts of scientific and colloquial styles, but are unacceptable in texts of official business style.

In Russian, simple sentences have several characteristics. They may contain a message about something, a question or a call to action. From this point of view, according to the purpose of the statement, simple sentences are divided into the following types:

• narrative
• interrogative
• incentive.

But besides this, there is one more characteristic of the proposal. All these types of sentences may differ in the strength of the feeling expressed in them. In addition to a message, a question or a call to action, an emotional background arises in them when the speaker expresses his attitude towards the message being communicated, introduces feelings or emotions into it.

Emotion[fr. emotion< emovere воз­буж­дать, вол­но­вать ] - mental experience, emotional excitement (anger, fear, joy, etc.) that arises in humans and animals as a result of exposure to external and internal stimuli.

Dictionary of foreign words. M., Russian language, 1980

What are exclamatory sentences?

To understand what an exclamatory sentence is, let’s compare two very similar, at first glance, statements:

The sun has already risen.

The sun has already risen!

The first sentence contains a statement of fact, a message about a natural phenomenon when the darkness ended and day came. This is a declarative sentence that is pronounced in a calm tone, without much expression.

The second sentence also talks about the same phenomenon, but it contains the emotion of joy, delight and admiration.

Let us conclude that sentences may differ from each other in the strength of the feeling expressed in them.

The speaker can express joy, admiration, grief, fear, indignation, anger, irritation, etc.

This is manifested in oral speech with the help of a special intonation, more intense, elevated. In writing, an exclamatory sentence is indicated by an exclamation point.

Sentences can be pronounced in a calm, even tone. Based on the strength of the expressed feeling, these are non-exclamatory sentences. A sentence can be pronounced with a special intonation that conveys a strong feeling.

Let's compare:

The apple trees bloomed in the garden (declarative, non-exclamatory sentence).

You go into the garden, and the apple trees are blooming there! (declarative, exclamatory sentence).

In terms of emotional coloring, all types of sentences can be exclamatory, differing in the purpose of the statement.

Let's observe:

I want to dance (narrative, non-exclamatory)

I want to dance! (declarative, exclamatory)

Haven't you learned this rule? (interrogative, non-exclamative)

Haven't you learned this rule yet?! (interrogative, exclamation)

Be sure to call me today (incentive, non-exclamatory)

Be sure to call me today! (motivating, exclamatory).

Means of expressing exclamations

In addition to the special intonation that is used in exclamatory sentences, there are special “exclamatory words” in the Russian language:

• well, what the, how, let it be, you see(particles);
• oh, oh, eh, wow, alas, ugh(interjections);
• what, who, what, how much, how, where(pronouns and adverbs).

What eyes!

What a handsome man, just a sight for sore eyes!

That's what you are, it turns out!

How brightly the sun shines!

Who's laughing so merrily here?!

Oh, how nimble we are!

Well, why are you telling me about this?!

Examples of exclamatory sentences in literature

You won't find exclamatory sentences in scientific texts. But in fiction, writers willingly use emotionally charged sentences in their works to convey various feelings.

Alas, I have wasted a lot of my life on various amusements! (A.S. Pushkin).

Oh, you are heavy, Monomakh’s hat! (A.S. Pushkin).

How good you are, O night sea! (A. Tyutchev).

Oh, and beauty! (P. P. Bazhov).

Get itchy, shoulder! Swing your hand! (A.V. Koltsov).

Moscow...how much has merged in this sound for the Russian heart! How much resonated with him! (A.S. Pushkin).

What is the difference between exclamatory and motivating sentences?

Incentive.

All sentences are statements. There are no other offers. All these statements have a purpose. On this basis, all sentences (according to the purpose of the statement) are divided into:

1. Narrative (to tell).
2. Interrogative (to ask).
3. Incentive (to motivate someone to do something).

All of these sentences can be exclamatory (with a ! at the end) or non-exclamatory (without a ! at the end). An incentive sentence can also be exclamatory or non-exclamatory, but it always encourages - advises, recommends, orders, calls for action:

1. Come on, come to me quickly!
2. Leave me alone, Prokofich, I feel sick, I’m dying...

Exclamation marks.

These are sentences that express a strong emotion and have ! at the end. There are no exclamatory sentences without an exclamation mark at the end. Exclamatory sentences may or may not be motivating:

1. Eh, it can be nice in the oak forest in winter! (not motivating)
2. Why are you attached to me like a spring tick?! (not motivating)
3. Stop everyone! (incentive)

• Let's start with incentive offers.

  In sentences of this type there is an inducement to some kind of action. They can be called sentence orders.

  Don't rush to make a decision, wait for Lesha!

  Let's go visit!

  Think, Egor, think!

  Take the child.

  Exclamatory sentences are a type of division of sentences based on intonation. They can be motivating too.

  What is the air here!

  How easy it is to breathe in freedom!

  Marvelous!

  Examples of incentive sentences with !.

  Depending on the purpose of the statement, sentences are divided into narrative, interrogative and incentive. Incentive sentences express an incentive to action, formalized in the form of an order, request, appeal, advice.

  Don't sit on the tree stump, don't eat the pie.

  Eat bread and salt, but tell the truth.

  
  

  You should go to the garden for a cucumber, son. (I would go = go).

  As you can see, in an incentive sentence the predicate can be a verb in the form of an imperative or conditional mood (in the sense of imperative).

  Stand! (infinitive as an imperative mood).

  Let's sit down here. (particle let's + verb in 1st person plural form).

  Based on emotional coloring, we divide sentences into exclamatory and non-exclamatory.

  In exclamatory sentences we express joy, delight, anger, fear, indignation, etc. Declarative, interrogative and incentive sentences can also be exclamatory, that is, these types of sentences are pronounced with additional expression.

  How nice it is in the forest! (declarative exclamatory sentence). Let's go to the forest! (motivating exclamation sentence).

  To express an exclamation, we use pronouns and adverbs as intensifying particles.

  What beautiful birch trees! There is so much sun around! What is there to admire here?!

  Exclamatory sentences.

  When we use such sentences in speech, we want to express some special feelings or emotions, including both positive and negative.

  For example: I really love skiing! (that is, it expresses a feeling of strong attachment to something)

  Or: Damn, it hurts! (negative feelings are described here).

  Incentive offers

  They are called upon to perform a certain action. Incentive sentences can also be exclamatory, since such sentences often convey some kind of emotion.

  For example: Come here!

  
  

  Exclamatory sentences are used to convey strong feelings and emotions of the speaker.

  Exclamatory sentences express: delight, joy, anger, excitement, surprise, fear and other pronounced feelings. There is always an exclamation point at the end of a sentence.

  For example:

  We are absolutely delighted with the carousel!

  He treated me so meanly!

  Wow, how nice it is here!

  Phew, what a surprise!

  Incentive offers- These are sentences that encourage action.

  Incentive sentences contain advice, a request, a prohibition.

  For example:

  Children, don't stop making noise, please.

  Study well!

  Children, listen to your mother's words!

  Clean up after yourself quickly!

  I'll arrive now, meet me.

  Incentive sentences are usually exclamatory. Example of an incentive sentence: Let's strive for a brighter future! And exclamatory sentences are expressions of emotion. Joy, fear, delight... And they don’t necessarily motivate you to do something.

  An exclamatory sentence implies the presence of an exclamation mark at its end, which emphasizes the solemnity or brightness of the expression of emotions. For example: We won!

  
  

  As for incentive sentences, their meaning is to encourage a person to do something, that is, they contain either a request or an order.

  So, an incentive sentence may have a strong emotional connotation and therefore be exclamatory, but it may not be exclamatory, since emotions can carry an even and calm tone. But an exclamatory sentence must have an exclamation mark at the end, otherwise it will already be classified as non-exclamatory.

  An incentive sentence expresses requests, orders, and incentives to do something. For example: Stop! Bring me the blue folder. Let's sit down on the path. These are incentive offers. They are not necessarily exclamative (the second and third sentences are non-vocalistic, but motivating). There is not always an exclamation point at the end of an incentive sentence.

  Vocalistic and non-vocalistic sentences are a division of sentences based on emotional coloring. The same sentence can be both exclamatory and non-vocalistic. For example, compare: Spring has come. Or: Spring has come!

  An exclamatory sentence can be used as an incentive: Get up! Likewise narrative: How sunny today! So and interrogative: How is it not?!

• Incentive offer is a sentence with a bright cue that encourages a person to take action. For example:

  • Come on, do your signature somersault coup!
  • Come on, you can do anything, I believe that you will run this distance!

  Ah, these are sentences of admiration:

  • Oh, what a golden autumn!
  • Oh, this woman has driven me crazy!
  • What an amazing film, the acting is amazing!

Exclamatory sentences in English

So, in spoken language, we often convey our mood using tone. For writing there is an exclamation mark - “!”.

It is he who makes it clear that the proposal carries a certain emotional charge. We often use exclamatory sentences to give vent to what is, as they say, boiling. With their help, we express surprise, shock, joy and other strong feelings.

How is this effect achieved? Firstly, we add certain words (“what”, “what the”, “well and” and others), secondly, we change the order of words: for example, we say “Well, you’re smart!” not “Well, you’re smart!”

How are things going in English?

In English, similar sentences also exist. And, just like in Russian, “emotionality” in them arises thanks to:

• Additional words
  What - what?
  How - how?
• Changing word order

Let's look at several types of exclamatory sentences in English.

1. Exclamations with “What..!” ("Which..!")

1. Sentence diagram #1:

There is nothing complicated here: we just put item after what.

2. Scheme of proposal #2

We can also add an action to our subject. The action is placed after the subject:

2. “Isn’t it true?”

Sometimes we are so overwhelmed with emotions that we expect our interlocutor to share them. Let's say we make some observation, for example:

When we expect that the interlocutor will most likely agree with us, we add to this phrase words like “after all,” “truth,” “isn’t it true,” “tell”:

In English, all these words come down to one single construction, which is connected as a “tail” at the end of the sentence. We take the main auxiliary verb indicating time (is/was/will be) and negate it:

If we had sentences with action, then we will have to “pull out” this verb, depending on what time it was.

If it’s real, then we take it out do.

If it’s past, we pull it out. did.

If the future is will.

Such a “tail” is good to attach to exclamations with what:

Read more about such issues in our article.

3. Exclamations with “How..!” (“How..!”, “What..!”)

Unlike what, how attaches only adjectives (that is, words denoting characteristics).

However, we can make such exclamations a little more complicated. To do this, we need a structure that allows us to evaluate the action. For example:

In English this is expressed using the construction:

Examples:

If we want to imbue these phrases with emotion using "How", then the order should be as follows:

Examples:

So we have looked at the main types of exclamations in English. Use them, and your speech will become livelier and more varied! 🙂

Unlike what, how only adjectives (i.e., words denoting characteristics) are attached to themselves.

Reinforcement task

Here are neutral phrases in English. Make them exclamation points!

1. It is a high price for such a small flat.
2. It is impolite.
3. We were happy after our victory.
4. I met a strange man today.
5. He gave me good advice.
6. So, Tom is late again. It's unsurprising.
7. This present is wonderful.
8. It will be great to live on Manhattan.

Interrogative sentences contain a question. The purpose of an interrogative sentence is to communicate that the speaker wants to find out something from the listener, to find out something. By asking a question, the speaker hopes to receive an answer, which is why interrogative sentences are often found in dialogues.

In the design of an interrogative sentence, special linguistic means are used:

• interrogative pronouns (what, which, which, whose, etc.),
• interrogative particles (whether, really, etc.),
• special intonation.

In writing, a question mark is placed at the end of an interrogative sentence.

Interrogative sentences are divided into general interrogative and private interrogative. The purpose of general interrogative sentences is to learn about the situation as a whole. The answer to them will be yes or no. For example: Have you read this book? Particularly interrogative sentences request some specific information about the character, attribute, quantity, etc., i.e. the speaker, knowing about the situation as a whole, wants to find out some details: What do you think about this? How are you doing? Particular interrogative sentences actively use interrogative words and particles.

A special group is represented by alternative questions, which are similar in form to general interrogative sentences (no interrogative pronouns), but the answer to them cannot be given in the form of confirmation (yes) or denial (no): Is your brother a schoolboy or a student?

There are interrogative sentences that do not imply an answer, but express various modal-expressive meanings. In form they are interrogative sentences, but in content they are an affirmation or denial of something, an incentive to action, etc. These are rhetorical questions (often of an expressive-emotional nature). For example: Is it possible to treat your own mother like that?!

Exclamatory sentences express the speaker’s emotions, his feelings towards the message (joy, excitement, indignation, surprise, etc.). Exclamatory, that is, having an emotional connotation, can be any sentence according to the purpose of the statement: narrative, interrogative and incentive.

Types of sentences according to the purpose of the statement and emotional coloring

	Non-exclamatory sentences	Exclamatory sentences
Declarative sentences	You have a beautiful daughter.	What a beautiful daughter you have!
Interrogative sentences	Can you come tomorrow?	Can you really come tomorrow?! Can you come tomorrow?!
Incentive offers	Please tell your child a fairy tale.	Well, tell the child a fairy tale!

In the design of an exclamatory sentence, various means are used: exclamatory or intensifying particles (well, really, really, etc.), a special type of intonation (high intensity of pronunciation, raising the main tone towards the end of the phrase, etc.). At the end of an exclamation sentence, an exclamation point is placed on the letter.

Non-exclamatory sentences are neutral sentences without emotional overtones. Material from the site

Incentive offers contain an incentive, command, request, call, advice to do something addressed to the listener. The purpose of an incentive sentence is to influence the interlocutor, to force him to do something. This type of sentence is characterized by a specific intonation, which changes depending on what type of incentive is being implemented: request, advice, warning, etc.

The role of the predicate in an incentive sentence is often played by a verb in the form of an imperative mood: Let me die in peace in my beloved homeland, loving everything! (S.A. Yesenin). However, in the Russian language there are many other ways of formally expressing the will: particles, subjunctive mood of the verb, modal verbs, intonation, etc. For example: " May there always be sunshine!", "Could you close the door?", "You should shut up!", "Come on, go to bed!", " Quiet! Get out!" etc.

In writing, a period or exclamation point is placed at the end of the incentive sentence.

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On this page there is material on the following topics:

• what a beautiful book, narrative or motivational.
• can a sentence be interrogative and not exclamatory?
• narrative, exclamatory, interrogative, incentive sentence for children 1st grade
• the role of incentive sentences in an essay text
• let's hope this is an incentive offer

Narrative are called sentences that contain a message about some fact of reality, phenomenon, event, etc. (affirmed or denied). Narrative sentences are the most common type of sentences; they are very diverse in their content and structure and are distinguished by the relative completeness of thought, conveyed by specific narrative intonation: a rise in tone on a logically highlighted word (or two or more, but one of the rises will be the largest) and calm lowering the tone at the end of a sentence: The carriage drove up to the porch of the commandant's house. The people recognized Pugachev's bell and ran after him in a crowd. Shvabrin met the impostor on the porch. He was dressed as a Cossack and grew a beard(P.).

Interrogative are sentences that are intended to encourage the interlocutor to express an idea that interests the speaker, i.e. their purpose is educational. For example: Why do you need to go to St. Petersburg?(P.); What will you tell yourself now to justify yourself?(P.).

The grammatical means of forming interrogative sentences are as follows:

1) interrogative intonation - raising the tone on a word with which the meaning of the question is associated, for example: Have you been to the Western Front?(Sim.) (Cf.: Have you been to the Western Front?; Have you been to the Western Front?);

2) word arrangement (usually the word with which the question is associated is placed at the beginning of the sentence), for example: Not Is the hostile city burning?(L.); But will he return soon with a rich tribute?(L.);

3) interrogative words - interrogative particles, adverbs, pronouns, for example: Not better can you get behind them yourself?(P.); Is there really no woman in the world to whom you would like to leave something as a keepsake?(L.); Why are we standing here?(Ch.); Where does the glow come from?(L.); A what were you doing in my garden?(P.); What do you want me to do?(P.).

Interrogative sentences are divided into actual interrogative, interrogative-impellative and interrogative-rhetorical.

Actually, interrogative sentences contain a question that requires a mandatory answer. For example: Have you written your will?(L.); Tell me, does my uniform fit me well?(L.).

A peculiar variety of interrogative sentences, close to interrogative ones themselves, are those that, being addressed to the interlocutor, require only confirmation of what is stated in the question itself. Such sentences are called interrogative-affirmative: So are you going? (Bl.); So it's decided, Herman? (Bl.); So, to Moscow now?

(Ch.). Interrogative sentences can contain a negation of what is being asked; these are interrogative-negative sentences: So it's decided, Herman? What might you like here? It doesn't seem particularly pleasant And if he spoke... What new can he tell?

(Bl.).

Interrogative-affirmative and interrogative-negative sentences can be combined into interrogative-narrative ones, since they have a transitional nature - from a question to a message. Interrogative sentences contain an incentive to action expressed through a question. For example: So it's decided, Herman? So, maybe our wonderful poet will continue the interrupted reading? Shouldn't we talk about business first? (Ch.); - So, to Moscow now?

So will you give me Gogol? - asks Ivan Matveich Interrogative rhetorical sentences contain an affirmation or a negation. These sentences do not require an answer, since it is contained in the question itself. Interrogative-rhetorical sentences are especially common in fiction, where they are one of the stylistic means of emotionally charged speech. For example:(L.); I wanted to give myself every right not to spare him if fate had mercy on me. Who has not made such conditions with his conscience?(L.); Desires... What good is it to wish in vain and forever?(L.).

But who will penetrate into the depths of the seas and into the heart, where there is melancholy, but no passions? Essentially, interrogative-rhetorical questions also include counter questions (answer in the form of a question): - Tell me, Stepan, did you marry for love? - asked Masha. - What kind of love do we have in our village? So, to Moscow now?

- Stepan answered and grinned. Plug-in constructions can also take the form of an interrogative sentence, which also do not require an answer and serve only to attract the attention of the interlocutor, for example: The prosecutor flies headlong into the library and - can you imagine?- does not find either a similar number or the same date of the month of May in the Senate decisions

(Fed.). A question in an interrogative sentence may be accompanied by additional shades of a modal nature - uncertainty, doubt, distrust, surprise, etc. For example:(L.); How did you stop loving her?(P.); Don't you recognize me? And how could she let Kuragin do this?

Additional shades can be of an emotional nature, for example, a shade of negative expression: Are you deaf or what?; a shade of politeness (softening the question is usually achieved with the help of the particle not): Won't you come to me tomorrow? Wed: Will you come to me tomorrow?

Incentive sentences are those that express the will of the speaker; their purpose is to encourage action.

They can express: 1) an order, a request, a plea, for example: - Be silent!.. you! - Survivor exclaimed in an angry whisper, jumping to his feet.(M.G.); - Go, Peter! - the student commanded(M.G.); Uncle Grigory... bend your ear(M.G.); And you, my dear, don’t break it...(M.G.); 2.) advice, proposal, warning, protest, threat, for example: This Arina is an original woman; Please note, Nikolai Petrovich(M.G.); Pets of windy Fate, tyrants of the world! Tremble! And you, take heart and listen, rise up, fallen slaves!(P.); Look, my hands are washed more often - beware!(M.G.); 3) consent, permission, for example: Do as you wish; You can go wherever your eyes take you; 4) a call, an invitation to joint action, for example: Well, let's try with all our might to defeat the disease.(M.G.); My friend, let’s dedicate our souls to our homeland with wonderful impulses!(P.); 5) desire, for example: I would give him Dutch soot with rum (M. G.).

Many of these meanings of incentive sentences are not clearly differentiated (for example, plea and request, invitation and order, etc.), since this is expressed more often intonationally than structurally.

The grammatical means of forming incentive sentences are: 1) incentive intonation; 2) predicate in the form of the imperative mood; 3) special particles that add an incentive to the sentence ( come on, come on, come on, yeah, let it go).

Incentive sentences differ in the way they express the predicate.

Exclamatory sentences

exclamation marks These are sentences that are emotionally charged, which is conveyed by a special exclamatory intonation.

Different types of sentences can have an emotional connotation: narrative, interrogative, and incentive.

For example, declarative exclamatory words: He faced death face to face, as a fighter should in battle!(L.); interrogative-exclamation: Who would dare to ask Ishmael about that?!(L.); exclamatory exclamations: - Oh, spare him!.. wait! - he exclaimed(L.).

The grammatical means of forming exclamatory sentences are as follows:

1) intonation, conveying a variety of feelings: joy, annoyance, grief, anger, surprise, etc. (exclamatory sentences are pronounced in a higher tone, highlighting the word that directly expresses the emotion), for example: Farewell letter of love, farewell!(P.); Appear, breathe delight and zeal to the regiments you left behind!(P.);

2) interjections, for example: Oh, this man always causes me terrible distress(Gr.); ...And, alas, my champagne triumphs over the power of her magnetic eyes!(L.); Wow!.. the food is good here! Ahti, good!(M.G.); Ugh, Lord, forgive me! Repeats the same thing five thousand times!(Gr.);

3) exclamatory particles of interjectional, pronominal and adverbial origin, giving the expression an emotional connotation: well, oh, well, where, how, what, what etc., for example: What a neck! What eyes!(Kr.); Well, here's some fun for you!(Gr.); How cute! (Gr.);(P.); That's what Kyiv is all about! What a land! How beautiful, how fresh the roses were! (T.); Wow, what are you! Don't say a word to her!

(M.G.).

Common and non-common offers (B. Pol.); At noon Razmetnov came home for lunch and through the gate door he saw pigeons near the threshold of the hut (Shol.); In every spiritually developed person the outlines of his Motherland are repeated and live.

(Spread). A sentence can be extended by compatible, controlled and adjacent word forms (according to the rules of verb connections), included in the sentence through phrases, or by word forms related to the entire sentence as a whole. Wed: The lacquered green of the poplars glittered (Past.); One day in August, at noon, the knives and plates on the terrace turned green, and dusk fell on the flower garden. (Past.). In the first sentence, the word forms varnish and poplars, being definitions, are simultaneously included in phrases ( lacquer greens, poplar greens ); in the second - components one afternoon in August - characterize the entire predicative basis of the sentence ( knives and plates turned green ). Distributors of a proposal in general are called determinants. As a rule, various circumstances and additions that express a semantic subject or object are determinative: Winter on Tverskoy Boulevard The lacquered green of the poplars glittered one of the sisters settled The lacquered green of the poplars glittered There were a lot of snakes in the park At the beginning of August The lacquered green of the poplars glittered ours moved from Bavaria to Italy Katyusha had a lot to do around the house (L. T.); The lacquered green of the poplars glittered The chief conductor liked the carriage, and he visited it every now and then Blok had everything that makes a great poet

Thus, sentence propagators can be included in the predicative stem of a sentence, distributing either the composition of the subject or the composition of the predicate, or be proliferators of the stem as a whole. The term “determinant” was introduced by N.Yu. Shvedova.

A sentence is a speech unit, which is a collection of interconnected words. It contains a certain message of information, a question, or encourages some action. 3rd grade is the time from which the study of this section begins at school. Let's consider what sentences there are regarding intonation and the purpose of the statement in our language, and give examples.

Types of sentences by intonation

The following types of sentences are distinguished by intonation. According to the emotional coloring, statements can be exclamatory or non-exclamatory. The choice of one type or another depends on the emotional state of the speaker. The most common ones are non-exclamation ones. They are pronounced moderately, in a calm state. Most often it is a story.

Types of sentences by intonation

A non-exclamatory statement might look like this:

1. Sitting at the computer for too long is bad for your health: try to get up from your desk more often and do physical exercise.
2. A tired puppy, after long games, fell asleep right on the child’s lap.
3. Yesterday's hurricane was so bad that it knocked down a tall nearby tree, which broke a window when it fell.

A non-exclamatory sentence, examples of which are given above, in rare cases may have an interrogative or even motivating intonation (example: Let the children go to bed, while I sit).

Exclamatory sentences (examples are presented below) convey the emotionality and feelings of the speaker. Exclamatory statements usually represent an incentive.

1. You've finally arrived!
2. Be careful!
3. What interesting news I will tell you now!

Exclamation phrases are pronounced in a special way. The speaker raises his voice and emphasizes words that express his feelings and emotions.

Groups according to the purpose of the statement

There are three types of phrases based on the purpose of the statement, each of which has its own features and characteristics:

• narrative;
• motivation;
• question.

Types of sentences according to the purpose of the statement

Narrative

The purpose of the message is to inform about a certain event or phenomenon. The speaker, by choosing such speech means, conveys certain information to the interlocutor. A statement of fact is a declarative sentence.

1. According to statistics, USE results across the country are improving every year, which can also be said about the quality of education in each subject.
2. The weather in some regions of Russia remains windy and rainy throughout the summer months.
3. Two new hospitals were built in our city, as well as one veterinary clinic.

In oral speech, such a statement is pronounced evenly and calmly. On one of its members the voice rises, and towards the end it lowers. At the end there is a period or exclamation point.

Note! All texts are based specifically on narrative statements. In this regard, the latter are much more common than prompts and questions.

Declarative phrases have several features.

1. They can be non-common (only the main members) and common (the main members plus minor ones). Examples: Father returned. He brought a small puppy with him.
2. The structure can be two-part or one-part. In two-part ones there are two main members, in one-part ones there is only one. Examples: The cat lazily opened his eyes and stretched. There was a knock on the door.
3. The phrases under consideration are divided into simple and complex. Simple ones consist of one grammatical stem, complex ones - of two or more. Example: A child sadly bent over a textbook. The sun is scorching outside, and the voices of children playing football can be heard.

What are declarative sentences

Incentive speech

The impulse expresses a certain expression of the will of the speaker. It is pronounced so that the addressee (the one who is addressed) performs some action that the addressee (the one who makes the speech) requires of him. Inducement is used in cases where the speaker expresses his wishes regarding something, orders or asks.

Also, motivation tasks in some cases are achieved through the use of special particles “come on”, “let” and forms of the imperative mood of predicates.

1. Get ready and go out urgently, otherwise we will be late for the airport!
2. Meet me in the evening, please, I'll be staying late at work today.
3. May I never hear such words from you again!

Examples of incentive offers

Question

Through interrogative sentences, the speaker wants to obtain some information that he does not possess.

There are two types of structures under consideration.

1. General question: asked in order to obtain confirmation of some information or its denial. A monosyllabic answer can be given to such a question: “yes”, “no”. Examples: Have you completed your homework? Did you see your neighbor yesterday? Was it still light when you returned home last night?
2. Private question: asked in order to obtain information about a phenomenon, event, person. It is impossible to give a monosyllabic answer to such a question. Examples: Why were you so late today? What do you feed your pet? For what reason does he not want to talk to me?

The characteristic of a question in oral speech is a special intonation, in writing - a question mark after the end of the phrase.

Punctuation at the end of a sentence

The structure of the question looks like this: the question word comes first, and then the rest of the words related to the topic of speech.

Interesting Facts:

1. At the end of a question there can be two punctuation marks - a question mark and an exclamation mark (example: How could you be so inattentive?!);
2. Three exclamation marks in a row are placed if the degree of emotionality is particularly high (Example: Brake, there is a pedestrian ahead!!!).

Helpful advice! When using punctuation marks, maintain a sense of proportion, especially in online communication. Written phrases with a lot of exclamation marks cause irritation, and users try to ignore them.

We looked at what sentences there are based on intonation and into what groups they are divided according to the purpose of the statement.

Based on their emotional coloring, sentences are divided into exclamatory and non-exclamatory, which depends on the state of mind and emotions of the speaker. Non-exclamatory phrases most often represent narration, but in exceptional cases they represent incentives.

Useful video: types of sentences according to the purpose of the statement

Conclusion

The types of sentences according to the purpose of the statement are as follows: narrative, motivation and question. The first type is the most common: it is on it that most texts are based. Each type of statement has its own characteristics and characteristics.

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