Fine views art

Painting

Monumental painting, presented in the form of mosaics and frescoes, also belongs to a very ancient form of art.

TO easel painting These include paintings of various genres, which are painted on canvas or paper using oil paint.

Genres of painting include:

• Portrait
• Historical genre
• Mythological genre
• Battle genre
• Everyday genre
• Scenery
• Marina
• Still life
• Animalistic genre

1. Graphics and its types

   • Engraving- a design applied to a flat surface of a material, covered with paint for imprinting on paper. Engraving materials include: metal (steel, zinc, copper), wood, plastic, cardboard.
   • Printmaking– this is a print from an engraving board, which is an easel work of artistic graphics. Prints include engraving, lithography, silk-screen printing, and monotype.
   • Book graphics - included in the design of the book, are its decorative design, illustration.
   • Bookplate- a sign that indicates the owner of the book. The mark is located on the inside of the binding or cover.
   • Poster- an image aimed at attracting everyone's attention, which is created for educational or propaganda purposes.
   • Linocut- engraving on linoleum.
   • Woodcut– wood engraving.
   • Etching– metal type of engraving.
   • Computer graphics– images compiled on a computer, dynamically or statically.

2. Sculpture

   Definition 2

   An art form that originated in ancient times. The sculptures found consisted of clay, wood, stone and depicted people and animals quite similar to the originals.

   The sculpture is divided into a round one, which extends in space and onto the relief, in the form of three-dimensional images on a plane. Both in painting and sculpture there are easel and monumental forms.

   Monumental sculpture is intended for streets and squares and long-term use, so bronze, marble, and granite are used for this type of sculpture.

   Easel sculpture includes portraits, small genre groups, which are executed in wood, plaster and other materials.

   Arts and crafts

   The creators of works of decorative and applied art have $2$ main goals:

   • Creating things necessary for everyday life
   • Endowing a thing with certain artistic qualities

   Thus, objects and things related to everyday life should serve a person not only for practical purposes, but also decorate his life.

   Today, most works of decorative and applied art serve primarily an aesthetic function, but this was not always the case.

   Types of decorative and applied arts include:

   • Batik – hand-painted fabric.
   • Embroidery
   • Macrame
   • Knitting
   • Beading
   • Lace making
   • Tapestry
   • Ceramics
   • Mosaic
   • Artistic painting on wood, ceramics and metal
   • Stained glass
   • Origami
   • Graffiti

Non-fine arts

1. Architecture

   Definition 3

   Architecture is the art of designing and constructing buildings. Architectural structures can be presented in the form of separate buildings, as well as in the form of architectural ensembles. Ensembles can also develop historically.

   Architecture provides an opportunity to analyze technical achievements and artistic styles of different eras. For example, the Egyptian pyramids, allowing one to judge the style of that period, temples Ancient Greece, Rome, etc.

2. Literature

   In the broadest sense of the word, literature can be considered the entire body of written texts.

   Types of literature include:

   • Art
   • Prose
   • Memoirs
   • Scientific and popular science
   • Reference
   • Training
   • Technical

   Depending on certain criteria, literary works are classified as one or another genre:

   Criteria.

   • Form – short story, opus, ode, sketch, story, story, play, novel, epic, epic, essay.
   • Content: comedy, tragedy, farce, parody, sideshow, drama.
   • Epic kind
   • Lyrical gender
   • Dramatic gender

3. Music

   Music is an art form that uses sound and silence, which are organized in time, to embody artistic images.

   Types of music:

   • Classical
   • Popular
   • Non-European
   • Ethnic
   • Variety
   • Vanguard
   • Alternative
   • Instrumental
   • Chamber
   • Sonata
   • Nocturne
   • Prelude

Note 1

Art forms also include:

• Cinema
• Theater
• Choreography

Variety of arts

Art is one of the forms of social consciousness, an integral part of the spiritual culture of humanity, a specific kind of practical-spiritual exploration of the world. In this regard, art includes a group of varieties human activity- painting, music, theater, fiction (which is sometimes specially distinguished - the expression “literature and art”), etc., united because they are specific - artistic and imaginative forms of reproducing reality.

Defining the distinctive features of art and its role in people's lives has caused sharp disagreements throughout cultural history. It was declared “imitation of nature” - and “free creation of form”; “reproduction of reality” - and “self-knowledge of the Absolute”, “self-expression of the artist” - and “language of feelings”; a special kind of game - and a special kind of prayer. Such disagreements are explained by many reasons: the difference in the philosophical positions of theorists, their ideological guidelines, reliance on different types of art and creative methods (for example, literature or architecture, classicism or realism), and finally, the objective complexity of the structure of art itself. This complexity, the versatility of the structure is not realized by some theorists, who define the essence of art as epistemological, ideological, aesthetic, creative, etc. Dissatisfaction with such unilinear definitions has led some art critics to assert that in art Different moments are organically interconnected - knowledge and assessment of reality, or reflection and creation, or model and sign. But even such two-dimensional interpretations of its essence do not adequately recreate its complex structure.

Process historical development The social division of labor led to the fact that from the original united, syncretic human life activity, diverse branches of material and spiritual production, as well as various forms of human communication, emerged and acquired independent existence. Unlike science, language and other forms of specialized social activities designed to satisfy the various needs of people, art turned out to be necessary for humanity as a way of holistic social education of the individual, his emotional and intellectual development, his familiarization with the collective experience accumulated by humanity, with age-old wisdom, with specific socio-historical interests, aspirations, and ideals. But in order to play this role as a powerful tool for the socialization of the individual, art must be similar to real human life, that is, it must recreate (model) life in its real integrity and structural complexity. It should “double” a person’s real life activity, be its imaginary continuation and addition, and thereby expand life experience personality, allowing it to “live” many illusory “lives” in “worlds” created by writers, musicians, painters, etc.

At the same time, art acts at the same time as a similar real life, and how different from it - fictitious, illusory, like a play of the imagination, like the creation of human hands. A work of art excites at the same time deepest feelings, similar to the experiences of real events, and aesthetic pleasure stemming from its perception precisely as a work of art, as a model of life created by man.

Art as a specific social phenomenon is complex system qualities, the structure of which is characterized by the combination of cognitive, evaluative, creative (spiritually and materially) and sign-communicative facets (or subsystems). Thanks to this, it acts both as a means of communication between people, and as a tool for their enlightenment, enriching their knowledge about the world and about themselves, and as a way of educating a person on the basis of a particular value system, and as a source of high aesthetic joys.

Human artistic and creative activity unfolds in diverse forms, which are called types of art, its types and genres. The abundance and diversity of these forms may seem like a chaotic heap, but in reality they are a naturally organized system of species, generic, and genre forms. Thus, depending on the material means with the help of which works of art are constructed, three groups of types of art objectively arise: 1) spatial, or plastic (painting, sculpture, graphics, art photography, architecture, arts and crafts and design), i.e. that is, those that deploy their images in space; 2) temporary (verbal and musical), i.e. those where images are built in time, and not in real space; 3) spatio-temporal (dance; acting and everything based on it; synthetic - theater, cinema, television, variety and circus, etc.), i.e. those whose images have both extension and duration, physicality and dynamism. On the other hand, in each of these three groups of art, artistic and creative activity can use: 1) signs of a pictorial type, i.e., suggesting the similarity of images with sensory perceived reality (painting, sculpture, graphics - the so-called fine arts; literature, acting art); 2) signs of a non-figurative type, i.e., those that do not allow recognition in images of any real objects, phenomena, actions and those addressed directly to associative mechanisms of perception (architectural and applied arts, music and dance); 3) signs of a mixed, figurative-non-figurative nature, characteristic of synthetic forms of creativity (synthesis of architecture or decorative and applied arts with fine arts; verbal-musical - song and acting-dance - pantomimic synthesis).

Each type of art is directly characterized by the method of material existence of its works and the type of figurative signs used. Within these limits, all its types have varieties, determined by the characteristics of a particular material and the resulting originality of the artistic language. Thus, varieties of verbal art are oral creativity and written literature; types of music - vocal and different types instrumental music; varieties performing arts- dramatic, musical, puppet, shadow theatre, as well as stage and circus; varieties of dance - everyday dance, classical, acrobatic, gymnastic, ice dance, etc. On the other hand, each type of art has generic and genre divisions. The criteria for these divisions are defined differently, but the very presence of such types of literature as epic, lyric poetry, drama, such types of fine art as easel, monumental-decorative, miniature, such genres of painting as portrait, landscape, still life, etc. is obvious. d.

Thus, art, taken as a whole, is a historically established system of various specific methods of artistic exploration of the world, each of which has features that are common to all and individually unique.

Arts and crafts

Decorative and applied arts, section of art; covers a number of creative industries that are devoted to the creation of artistic products intended primarily for everyday use. His works can be: various utensils, furniture, fabrics, tools, vehicles, as well as clothing and all kinds of jewelry. Along with the division of works of decorative and applied art according to their practical purpose in scientific literature from the 2nd half of the 19th century. a classification of industries by material (metal, ceramics, textiles, wood) or by technique (carving, painting, embroidery, printed material, casting, embossing, intarsia, etc.) was established. This classification is due to the important role of the constructive and technological principle in the decorative and applied arts and its direct connection with production. Solving in the aggregate, like architecture, practical and artistic problems, decorative and applied art simultaneously belongs to the spheres of creating both material and spiritual values. Works of this type of art are inseparable from the material culture of their contemporary era and are closely connected with the everyday life that corresponds to it, with one or another of its local ethnic and national characteristics, and social group differences. Composing organic part subject environment, with which a person comes into daily contact, works of decorative and applied art, with their aesthetic merits, figurative structure, and character, constantly influence a person’s state of mind, his mood, and are an important source of emotions that influence his attitude to the world around him.

Aesthetically saturating the environment surrounding a person, works of this genre at the same time seem to be absorbed by it, because are usually perceived in connection with its architectural and spatial design, with other items included in it or their complexes (service, furniture set, suit, set of jewelry). Therefore, the ideological content of works of decorative and applied art can be understood most fully only with a clear idea (real or mentally recreated) of these relationships between the object and the environment and with man.

The architectonics of an object, determined by its purpose, design capabilities and plastic properties of the material, often plays a fundamental role in the composition of an artistic product. Often in decorative and applied art, the beauty of the material, the proportional relationships of the parts, and the rhythmic structure serve as the only means of embodying the emotional and figurative content of the product (for example, glass products devoid of decoration or other untinted materials). Here the special importance for decorative and applied art of purely emotional, non-figurative means of artistic language, the use of which makes it similar to architecture, is clearly demonstrated. An emotional and meaningful image is often activated by an association image (comparing the shape of a product with a drop, a flower, a human figure, an animal, its individual elements, with some other product - a bell, a baluster, etc.). Decor, appearing on a product, also significantly affects its figurative structure. Often, it is thanks to its decor that a household item becomes a work of art. Possessing its own emotional expressiveness, its own rhythm and proportions (often contrasting in relation to the form, as, for example, in the products of Khokhloma masters, where the modest, simple shape of the bowl and the elegant, festive painting of the surface are different in their emotional sound), the decor visually modifies the shape and at the same time merges with it in a single artistic image.

Material from Uncyclopedia

Historically, stable forms of existence and development of art have developed - Architecture, section “Artist”|architecture, decorative and applied arts, painting, sculpture, graphics, artistic photography, literature, music, choreography, theatre, cinema, television, variety art, circus, which and were called forms of art. These types of art correspond to certain types of artistic activity.

Art exists and develops historically as a system of interconnected species, the diversity of which is determined by the diversity and versatility of the real world itself, reflected by art. Each of the types of art, reflecting the world as a whole, has certain advantages in a more direct, vivid and perfect display of some of its sides, facets, and phenomena. Types of art differ in the methods of reproducing reality and artistic tasks, as well as in the specific material means of creating an image. Each of them has its own special genera and genres (internal varieties).

There are spatial or plastic arts (architecture, decorative and applied arts, painting, graphics, artistic photography), for which spatial construction is essential in revealing the visible image; temporary (music, literature), where the composition unfolding over time takes on primary importance; and spatio-temporal (choreography, theater, cinema, television, variety art, circus), which are also called synthetic or spectacular arts. In some types of art, an artistic image arises on the basis of another, non-artistic type of activity (in architecture based on construction, in decorative and applied arts based on the creation of useful things, in artistic photography - documentary photographs, etc.). Some varieties of variety and circus arts combine elements of art and sports.

Sculpture, painting, graphics and artistic photography constitute a special group of fine arts.

The artistic cultures of most peoples of the world are characterized by the development of all types of art, but there are peoples in which some types have not developed. Historically, different types of art developed unevenly, often one or the other received dominant importance in the artistic culture of a country or era (for example, fine arts in Italy in the 16th century, music in Germany in the 18th - 19th centuries, literature in England in the 19th century and etc.). In the process of historical development, none of the art forms disappears (although they change over time). New species are also appearing. Thus, artistic photography arose only in the second half of the 19th century, cinema - in turn of the 19th century and 20th centuries, television - in the 30s. XX century

Society creates favorable opportunities for the harmonious development of all types of art. Each of the arts is necessary and irreplaceable in its own way, and their entirety is aimed at the multifaceted and comprehensive development of man, at the improvement of social life. Mutual enrichment and synthesis of different types of art are of great importance in artistic practice.

Architecture. Architecture (Greek "architecton" - "master, builder") is a monumental art form, the purpose of which is to create structures and buildings necessary for the life and activities of mankind, meeting the utilitarian and spiritual needs of people.

The shapes of architectural structures depend on geographical and climatic conditions, the nature of the landscape, the intensity of sunlight, seismic safety, etc.

Architecture is more closely connected with the development of productive forces and the development of technology than other arts. Architecture can be combined with monumental painting, sculpture, decorative and other forms of art. The basis of architectural composition is the volumetric-spatial structure, the organic relationship of the elements of a building or ensemble of buildings. The scale of the structure largely determines the nature of the artistic image, its monumentality or intimacy.

Architecture does not directly reproduce reality; it is not pictorial, but expressive in nature.

Fine arts. Fine art is a group of types of artistic creativity that reproduce visually perceived reality. Works of art have an objective form that does not change in time and space. Fine arts include: painting, graphics, sculpture.

Graphics. Graphics (translated from Greek - “I write, I draw”) are, first of all, drawings and artistic printed works (engraving, lithography). It is based on the possibility of creating an expressive artistic form by using lines, strokes and spots of different colors applied to the surface of the sheet.

Graphics preceded painting. At first, man learned to capture the outlines and plastic forms of objects, then to distinguish and reproduce their colors and shades. Mastery of color was historical process: not all colors were mastered at once.

The specificity of graphics is linear relationships. By reproducing the shapes of objects, it conveys their illumination, the ratio of light and shadow, etc. Painting captures the real relationships of the colors of the world; in color and through color it expresses the essence of objects, their aesthetic value, verifies their social purpose, their correspondence or contradiction with the environment .

In the process of historical development, color began to penetrate into drawings and printed graphics, and now graphics include drawings with colored chalk - pastel, and color engraving, and painting with water paints - watercolor and gouache. In various literature on art history, there are different points of view regarding graphics. In some sources: graphics is a type of painting, while in others it is a separate subtype of fine art.

Painting. Painting is a flat fine art, the specificity of which is to represent, using paints applied to the surface, an image of the real world, transformed by the creative imagination of the artist.

Painting is divided into:

• - monumental - fresco (from Italian Fresco) - painting on wet plaster with paints diluted in water and mosaic (from French mosaiqe) an image made of colored stones, smalt (Smalt is colored transparent glass.), ceramic tiles.
• - easel (from the word "machine") - a canvas that is created on an easel.

Painting is represented by a variety of genres (Genre (French genre, from Latin genus, genitive generis - genus, species) is an artistic, historically established internal division in all types of art.):

• - A portrait is the main task of conveying an idea of appearance person, to reveal the inner world of a person, to emphasize his individuality, psychological and emotional image.
• - Landscape - reproduces the world around us in all its diversity of forms. Image seascape defined by the term Marinism.
• - Still life - depiction of household items, tools, flowers, fruits. Helps to understand the worldview and way of life of a certain era.
• - Historical genre - tells about historically important points life of society.
• - Everyday genre - reflects daily life people, character, customs, traditions of a particular ethnic group.
• - Iconography (translated from Greek as “prayer image”) is the main goal of guiding a person on the path of transformation.
• -Animalism is the image of an animal as the main character of a work of art.

In the 20th century the nature of painting changes under the influence of media technical progress(the appearance of photo and video equipment), which leads to the emergence of new forms of art - Multimedia art.

Sculpture. Sculpture is a spatial fine art that explores the world in plastic images.

The main materials used in sculpture are stone, bronze, marble, and wood. At the present stage of development of society and technological progress, the number of materials used to create sculpture has expanded: steel, plastic, concrete and others.

There are two main types of sculpture: three-dimensional (circular) and relief:

• - high relief - high relief,
• - bas-relief - low relief,
• - counter-relief - mortise relief.

By definition, sculpture can be monumental, decorative, or easel.

Monumental - used to decorate city streets and squares, mark historically important places, events, etc. Monumental sculpture includes:

• - monuments,
• - monuments,
• - memorials.

Easel - designed for inspection from a close distance and intended for decorating interior spaces.

Decorative - used to decorate everyday life (small plastic items).

Decorative and applied arts. Decorative and applied art is a type of creative activity for creating household items intended to satisfy the utilitarian and artistic and aesthetic needs of people.

Decorative and applied arts include products made from a variety of materials and using various technologies. The material for a DPI item can be metal, wood, clay, stone, bone. Very diverse technical and artistic techniques manufacturing of products: carving, embroidery, painting, embossing, etc. Main characteristic feature the subject of DPI is decorativeness, which consists in imagery and the desire to decorate, make better, more beautiful.

Decorative and applied arts have national character. Since it comes from the customs, habits, and beliefs of a certain ethnic group, it is close to their way of life.

An important component of decorative and applied arts are folk arts and crafts - a form of organizing artistic work based on collective creativity that develops cultural local tradition and focused on the sale of craft products.

The key creative idea of ​​traditional crafts is the affirmation of the unity of the natural and human world.

The main folk crafts of Russia are:

• - Wood carving - Bogorodskaya, Abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya;
• - Wood painting - Khokhloma, Gorodetskaya, Polkhov-Maidanskaya, Mezenskaya;
• - Decoration of birch bark products - stamping on birch bark, painting;
• - Artistic processing of stone - processing of hard and soft stones;
• - Bone carving - Kholmogorskaya, Tobolskaya. Khotkovskaya
• - Miniature painting on papier-mâché - Fedoskino miniature, Palekh miniature, Mstera miniature, Kholuy miniature
• - Artistic metal processing - Veliky Ustyug niello silver, Rostov enamel, Zhostovo metal painting;
• - Folk ceramics - Gzhel ceramics, Skopin ceramics, Dymkovo toy, Kargopol toy;
• - Lace weaving - Vologda lace, Mikhailovskoe lace,
• - Painting on fabric - Pavlovsk scarves and shawls
• - Embroidery - Vladimir, Colored weaving, Gold embroidery.

Literature. Literature is a type of art in which the material carrier of imagery is the word.

The field of literature includes natural and social phenomena, various social cataclysms, the spiritual life of the individual, her feelings. In its various genres, literature covers this material either through a dramatic reproduction of an action, or through an epic narration of events, or through a lyrical self-disclosure of a person’s inner world.

Literature is divided into:

• - Artistic
• - Educational
• - Historical
• - Scientific
• - Information desk

The main genres of literature are:

• - Lyrics- one of the three main genera fiction, reflects life by depicting a variety of human experiences, the peculiarity of the lyrics is the poetic form.
• - Drama- one of the three main types of fiction, plot work written in a conversational form and without the author's speech.
• - Epic - narrative literature, one of the three main types of fiction, includes:
• - Epic- a major work of the epic genre.
• - Novella- narrative prose (much less often - poetic) genre of literature, representing a small narrative form.
• - Tale(story) - a literary genre that is distinguished by a less significant volume, fewer figures, vital content and breadth
• - Story- An epic work of small size, which differs from a short story in its greater prevalence and arbitrariness of composition.
• - Novel- a large narrative work in prose, sometimes in verse.
• - Ballad- a lyrical-epic poetic work of plot, written in stanzas.
• - Poem- a plot-based literary work of a lyrical-epic nature in verse.

The specificity of literature is a historical phenomenon, all the elements and components of a literary work and the literary process, all the features of literature are in constant change. Literature is a living, mobile ideological and artistic system that is sensitive to changes in life. The predecessor of literature is oral folk art.

Musical art. Music - (from the Greek musike - lit. - the art of muses), a type of art in which the means of embodying artistic images are musical sounds organized in a certain way. The main elements and expressive means of music are mode, rhythm, meter, tempo, volume dynamics, timbre, melody, harmony, polyphony, instrumentation. Music is recorded in musical notation and realized in the process of performance.

The division of music into secular and sacred is accepted. The main area of ​​sacred music is cult music. Associated with European cult music (usually called church music) is the development of European music theory musical notation, music pedagogy. According to performing means, music is divided into vocal (singing), instrumental and vocal-instrumental. Music is often combined with choreography, theatrical art, and cinema. There is a distinction between single-voice music (monody) and polyphony (homophony, polyphony). Music is divided into:

• - for types and types - theatrical (opera, etc.), symphonic, chamber, etc.;
• - into genres - song, chorale, dance, march, symphony, suite, sonata, etc.

Musical works are characterized by certain, relatively stable typical structures. Music uses as a means of embodying reality and human feelings, sound images.

Music in sound images generally expresses the essential processes of life. An emotional experience and an idea colored by feeling, expressed through sounds of a special kind, which are based on the intonations of human speech - this is the nature of the musical image.

Choreography. Choreography (gr. Choreia - dancing + grapho - writing) is a type of art, the material of which is the movements and poses of the human body, poetically meaningful, organized in time and space, constituting an artistic system.

Dance interacts with music, together with it forming a musical and choreographic image. In this union, each component depends on the other: the music dictates its own patterns to the dance and at the same time is influenced by the dance. In some cases, the dance can be performed without music - accompanied by clapping, tapping heels, etc.

The origins of the dance were: imitation labor processes; ritual celebrations and ceremonies, the plastic side of which had a certain regulation and semantics; a dance that spontaneously expresses in movements the culmination of a person’s emotional state.

Dance has always, at all times, been connected with the life and everyday life of people. Therefore, each dance corresponds to the character, the spirit of the people in which it originated.

Theater arts. Theater is an art form that artistically explores the world through dramatic action performed by a creative team.

The basis of theater is dramaturgy. The synthetic nature of theatrical art determines its collective nature: the performance combines the creative efforts of the playwright, director, artist, composer, choreographer, and actor. art classification spatial temporal

Theatrical productions are divided into genres:

• - Drama;
• - Tragedy;
• - Comedy;
• - Musical, etc.

The art of theater goes back to ancient times. Its most important elements already existed in primitive rituals, in totemic dances, in copying the habits of animals, etc.

Photographic art. Photography (gr. Phos (photos) light + grafo I write) is an art that reproduces on a plane, through lines and shadows, in the most perfect way and without the possibility of error, the contour and shape of the object it conveys.

A specific feature of photographic art is the organic interaction of creative and technological processes in it. Photography art developed on turn of XIX-XX centuries as a result of the interaction of artistic thought and the progress of photographic science and technology. Its emergence was historically prepared by the development of painting, which focused on a mirror-like accurate image visible world and used the discoveries of geometric optics (perspective) and optical instruments (camera obscura) to achieve this goal.

The specificity of photographic art is that it provides a visual image of documentary significance.

Photography provides an artistically expressive image that reliably captures an essential moment of reality in a frozen image.

Life facts in photography are transferred from the sphere of reality to the artistic sphere almost without additional processing.

Film art. Cinema is the art of reproducing moving images captured on film on the screen, creating the impression of living reality. Cinema invention of the 20th century. Its appearance was determined by the achievements of science and technology in the field of optics, electrical and photographic engineering, chemistry, etc.

The cinema conveys the dynamics of the era; Working with time as a means of expression, cinema is able to convey the succession of various events in their internal logic.

It's a movie synthetic art it includes organic elements such as literature (script, songs), painting (cartoon, scenery in feature film), theatrical art (acting), music, which serves as a means of complementing the visual image.

Cinema can be divided into scientific-documentary and fiction.

Film genres are also defined:

• - drama,
• - tragedy,
• - fantasy,
• - comedy,
• - historical, etc.

Types of art and their classification

Types of art are various forms of human aesthetic activity, artistic and imaginative thinking. IN modern system The arts make themselves felt most powerfully by two trends. The first is the tendency towards synthesis, the second is the preservation of the sovereignty of each separate art. They are both fruitful. The dialectical inconsistency reflected in the relationships between these tendencies does not lead to the absorption of some arts by others, but to mutual enrichment, to the affirmation of the legitimacy and necessity of the existence of various types of art that fully retain their independence.

"Types of art – links of one phenomenon; each of them relates to art as a whole, as the particular relates to the general. The specific features of art represent a specific manifestation of the general. The specific features of individual types of art are preserved throughout the history of their existence." .

The division of art into types is deeply natural. Existstwo points of view : some explain the existence different arts objective reasons, others – subjective.

The first believe that the object of art itself is multifaceted and its different facets require different means of artistic expression.

The latter believe that since the same phenomena are often reflected in poetry, music, and painting, there is no reason to make the existence of different arts dependent on each other by the fact that they reflect different phenomena, and by the fact that they use various visual means in accordance with the nature of human perception. But the fundamental basis for the existence of various arts, of course, lies in the subject of art itself, in the versatility of the objective world, the different aspects of which cannot be fully revealed by the means of any one art.

Each art uses its own visual and expressive means, and this reveals the most important specific feature of artistic creativity. The own artistic means of individual arts are determined, first of all, by the subject of reproduction and the tasks of each of them. But no matter how specific the visual and expressive means of individual arts may be, there is a certain connection between them, which consists in the fact that all certain types of art can, under certain conditions, use the visual means of other arts. For example, graphics also resort to color, a means that it borrows from painting.

The need for the existence of various arts is due to the fact that not one of them, by its own means, can provide a sufficiently complete artistic painting peace. Such a picture can only be given by all the arts taken together, only by the entire artistic culture of humanity as a whole.

Artistic culture modern society includes both very ancient and relatively young forms of art. For example, fine art was known to people of primitive society, and cinematography was essentially a creation of the 20th century. In subsequent decades, new arts such as television and artistic photography began to be created. With the development of society, its technology and spiritual culture, new arts may appear.

In aesthetic and art history literature there is no single generally accepted classification. The most commonart classification is expressed in the division of its types intothree groups : spatial or static, temporal or dynamic and spatiotemporal.

The first group covers the visual arts and architecture and is perceived by sight; the second - literature and music - by ear, and the third - ballet, theater, cinema - by both sight and hearing.

All senses participate to a certain extent in the knowledge of reality. This division is based on the fact that in some arts all the events they depict develop in time, while others are presented as if static.

The classification of arts into spatial and temporal does not take into account other essential features of art, such as, for example, the presence in it of a direct reproduction of the specific appearance of the phenomena of reality that we sense.

1. Fine and non-fine arts

“There are arts that, by their very nature, necessarily provide a direct image of phenomena, as painting or sculpture does; but there are also arts in which there is no direct reproduction of the material appearance of the reflected phenomena, as in music or architecture" . In this regard, the arts are divided intofine art And non-figurative .

In turn, fine and non-fine arts are conventionally divided into genera, although it is difficult to draw a clear line between them: easel, monumental, decorative. The non-fine arts are more clearly divided according to material (wooden architecture, ceramics), technique (frame architecture, carving), and purpose (public buildings, utensils). In the general system of arts, types of art are also conventionally combined into genera: types of art based on the plasticity of the human body (pantomime, ballet, acrobatics), plastic or spatial (architecture, sculpture, painting), temporary (poetry, music), temporary -spatial (dramatic and musical theater, cinema), synthetic (video art, design).

Fine arts are a section of plastic arts that arose on the basis of visual perception and create images of the world on a plane and in space: such as painting, sculpture and graphics. Features of figurativeness can be found in architecture and decorative and applied arts; their works are spatial and perceived by sight, but they are sometimes only conditionally classified as fine arts.

Fine art is based on a holistic image of the objective world, including man himself. Although fine art in one way or another reproduces visually observable, objectively existing qualities of the real world (volume, color, space, shapes of objects and light-air environment), it is not a fixation of direct visual perception. The artist creates an artistic image even when he only accurately reproduces the main features of the original. Creation is in fine arts an indispensable condition for the reproduction of reality. Since the creative power of fine art is one of the varieties of the infinite creative power of reality itself, then in works of fine art nature gets the opportunity to contemplate itself.

Unlike other types of arts (literature, music, theater, cinema), the visual arts are primarily spatial art and therefore limited in their ability to reproduce time and the associated temporal development of action. However, fine art is also capable of reproducing the temporal development of events using its own means. The depiction of the visible features of an era through the sensory appearance of things and the person himself reveals the inner nature of phenomena, the spiritual life of individual people and time as a whole.

Artistic idea works of fine art can be conveyed only by the visual means inherent in it.

Towards the characteristics of fine art artistic means include drawing, color, plasticity, chiaroscuro.

Drawing - a figurative drawing on any surface, made by hand with a dry or liquid coloring agent, using graphic means - contour line, stroke, spot.

Color – the property of any material objects to emit and reflect light waves of a certain part of the spectrum; the property of light passing through a colored medium to perceive its color. In the narrow sense of the word, color is understood as a color tone that determines the originality and nature of each given color shade, along with the lightness, saturation and brightness of the color.

Plastic - determination of volume - spatial advantages of sculptural works, naturalness, limited construction of the flow of volumes.

Chiaroscuro – gradations of light and dark, distribution of colors of different brightness, tonal and color shades, allowing one to perceive the volume of a figure or object and the light-air environment surrounding them. Chiaroscuro not only reveals the volume of an object, its location in space, the nature of the environment, but also serves as an important means of emotional expressiveness. In architecture, sculpture, objects of decorative and applied art, chiaroscuro depends on real lighting, plasticity - convexities, concavities that create a play of light and shadow, their contrasting or nuanced relationship, as well as on the smooth or rough texture of the surface. Chiaroscuro in painting and graphics conveys not only the constant qualities of objects in the world, volume, structure, and the nature of the surface of the object, but also the variability of the environment and the state of the atmosphere.

The artistic image in the fine arts has the same basis, the same purpose as expressive image, - to give a deep understanding and assessment of man and society. The goal of a sculptor, painter, or artist is not to simply “copy” the appearance of modern people, but also to deeply understand their human essence.

2. Painting

One of the types of fine arts is painting.

Painting – one of the most vibrant and widespread types of fine art, conveying the real world around us with the help of paints.

The artist, using various artistic techniques, conveys on a plane the volumetric shape of objects, the air environment, sometimes covering a huge space.

Painting is divided into monumental, easel, decorative and miniature.

Monumental painting developed in close connection with architecture and sculpture. It is distinguished by the greatness of its artistic design, reflecting the most important events in the life of the people, and the depth of its ideological content, expressed in simple and, as a rule, large forms. The main types of monumental painting include mosaics and wall paintings of public buildings.

Old Russian mosaics and frescoes are of great historical and artistic value. Such are, for example, the mosaics and frescoes of the St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv, Novgorod frescoes and a number of other monuments. Monumental painting acquired especially great development during the years of Soviet power. The best Soviet monumental works include the paintings of the artist E. Lanceray in the hall of the Kazansky railway station in Moscow, and the mosaic of P. Korin “Kyiv Ring Road”.

Easel painting received its name from the “machine” on which the work is created. Easel painting appeared early, back in ancient times. In Rus' they used to write on specially prepared boards, mainly on icons. Russian artists began to paint on canvas with oil paints relatively late - from the end of the 18th century, when an interest in depicting the human personality appeared in painting, and the art of portraiture developed.

Decorative painting found wide distribution in the paintings of architectural monuments of Kievan Rus in the form of ornamental images, everyday and hunting scenes. Further development decorative painting received in the time of Peter the Great. It is also monumental and was intended for decorating walls and ceilings inside mansions, palaces, churches and other premises.

Decorative painting had the main purpose of decorating rooms. If in monumental painting the basis was the wall itself, then decorative painting was sometimes done with oil paints on canvas, which was then stretched onto the ceiling or wall. The decorative subjects of decorative painting were most often ornamental and allegorical images.

Decorative painting was widely used in the 19th century, but already with greater realistic direction, since mostly Russian masters worked. This type of painting has received the greatest use in our time: paintings of theaters, palaces of culture, etc.

Decorative painting It is used mainly in theatrical decorations, in movie sets, and for festive decoration of streets and squares. It is usually temporary. Decorative painting has a particularly important place in our time, when theater and cinema have become mass entertainment.

Miniature painting got its definition from the name of the paint prepared from minium, which in ancient times was used to color capital letters in handwritten books. The miniature is distinguished by its small size and special fineness of execution in enamel, gouache, watercolor and oil painting.

Great value miniature painting acquired as an illustration in medieval manuscripts.

3. Graphics

Graphics – just like painting, it is one of the types of fine spatial arts. Graphics is the most popular of the fine arts, since in many cases it is a preparatory stage for other arts, and at the same time, graphics is a popularizer of works of other arts. This type of fine art is closely connected with everyday life and with human social life - as a book illustration and cover decoration, as a label, poster, poster, etc.

Despite the fact that graphics often plays a preparatory, applied role, this art is completely independent, with its own tasks and specific techniques.

The fundamental difference between graphics and painting lies not so much in the fact that graphics is “the art of black and white” (color can play a very significant role in graphics), as they usually say, but in a very special relationship between the image and the background, in a specific understanding space. If painting, by its very essence, must hide the plane of the image (canvas, wood, etc.) to create a three-dimensional spatial illusion, then the artistic effect of graphics consists precisely in a kind of conflict between plane and space, between a three-dimensional image and the white, empty plane of paper leaf.

The term “graphics” is of Greek root; it comes from the verb "graphein", which means to scratch, scratch, write, draw. So “graphics” became an art that uses a stylus - an instrument that scratches and writes. Hence the close connection of graphic art with calligraphy and writing in general (which was especially noticeable in Greek vase painting and Japanese graphics).

The term “graphics” covers two groups of artistic works, united by the general principle of aesthetic conflict between plane and space, but which at the same time are completely different in their origin, in their technical process and in their purpose - drawing and printed graphics.

The difference between these two groups appears primarily in the relationship between the artist and the viewer. The artist usually makes a drawing for himself, embodying in it his observations, memories, inventions, or conceiving it as preparation for future work. In the drawing, the artist seems to be talking to himself; the drawing is often intended for internal use in the workshop, for one’s ownfolders, but can also be made for the purpose of showing to viewers. “A drawing is like a monologue; it has the artist’s personal style with its individual texture, original and unique” . It may be unfinished, and even in this incompleteness its charm may lie.

Against, printed graphics(print, book illustration, etc.) often made to order, for reproduction, designed for more than one person. And on many. Printed graphics, which reproduce the original in many copies, are designed more than all other arts for broad sections of society, for the masses. But printed graphics are not always a drawing engraved on wood or metal for reproduction; no, this is a special composition, specially conceived in a certain technique, in a certain material and cannot be realized in other techniques and materials. And each material, each technique has a special image structure.

4. Sculpture

Sculpture – a type of fine art, the works of which have a physically material, objective volume and three-dimensional form located in real space.

Common sculpture materials are clay and baked clay (ceramics), plaster, stone (marble, limestone, sandstone, granite), wood, bone, metal (bronze, copper, iron and others).

The main object of the sculpture is a person (head, bust, torso, statue, sculptural group); depictions of the animal world constitute the animalistic genre of sculpture. In the 20th century, nature (landscape) and objects (still life) are sometimes recreated using plastic materials; non-representational, abstract sculpture arose, using unconventional methods and materials (wire sculpture, inflatable figures).

There are two types of sculpture:round sculpture , freely located in space;relief , in which three-dimensional images are located on a plane. Both varieties of this type of fine art are divided according to their purpose into easel, monumental, monumental and decorative sculpture. When creating a sculpture of a person, the artist proceeds from real human bodies. But his works are in no way a “cast” of a three-dimensional “copy” of the body. The sculptor, even if he depicts a given person posing for him, still, as it were, creates his figure and face anew, and therefore the statue seems to begin to “live” on its own. And this creative activity of the sculptor, in which his thought, imagination, feelings and the skill of his strong fingers participate, is imprinted in the work. The special color, shine, material appearance, “texture” of the chosen material expresses the artist’s intention, his understanding and assessment of the human images he created.

Of great importance in sculpture is alsorhythm : the figure is located in space in a more or less harmonious organization; the tilt of the body, the position of the head, arms and legs have a certain symmetry. The rhythm of the statue is intended to express one or another intention of the artist and, on the other hand, to give the statue the highest integrity and completeness.

Expressive elements play a more or less significant role in theform statues. In order to express any special state of a person, for example, a swift, joyful impulse, extreme despair, the sculptor often, to one degree or another, departs from direct representation, “invents” and uses the usual forms and gestures of the human body.

In genuine artistic sculpture there is an organic, mutually enriching unity of visual and expressive means that create a meaningful and living image of a person.

5. Architecture

Architecture B.R. Whipper defines it as fine art. Like painting and sculpture, it is connected with “nature”, with reality, but its pictorial tendency differs from the principles of representation in painting and sculpture: “...It has not so much a “portrait” as a generalized symbolic character - in other words, it strives for the embodiment not of the individual qualities of a person, object, phenomenon, but of the typical functions of life" . In any style, in any monument of artistic architecture, the researcher claims, “... we will always find... a real structure that determines the stability of the building, and a visible, depicted structure. Expressed in the direction of lines, in relation to planes and masses, in the struggle of light and shadow, which gives the building vital energy, embodies its spiritual and emotional meaning" . It is the ability to depict that distinguishes artistic architecture as an art from simple construction.

Architecture occupies a special place in the family of arts. It refers to both spiritual and material culture.

Architectural structures are not only vivid images eras; this is not an ordinary reflection of reality, but reality itself, ideologically and aesthetically expressed.

In architecture, art is organically combined with practically acquired activities: individual buildings and their complexes, ensembles, are designed to satisfy the material and spiritual needs of people, forming the material environment in which their life activities take place.

Architecture is inseparable from the art of construction, but not identical to it. Architectural structures are created to satisfy social needs; they are of a practically useful nature.

A huge number of residential buildings built over the centuries in various countries world, most often architectural structures had no significance. The fact is that houses did not create an image of time; they did not reflect public consciousness era.

N.V. Gogol characterized architecture as a long-lasting chronicle of the world - it, according to the writer, continues to tell about bygone times even when shadows and legends fall silent.

The nature of the expression of reality by architecture is specific: by architectural structures one can judge the nature of the era, the features of its material and spiritual existence, the state of the world, the relationship between man and the world, the place of man in society, the prevailing ideas and moods of the time. Architecture creates its generalized, capacious and holistic image.

The generalized artistic language of architecture is historically changeable. Its development is determined both by changes in the functional purpose of structures, the development of construction technology and the emergence of new building materials, and the inseparable artistic features of architecture, new ideological and aesthetic solutions that appear before us in every new era.

Architecture enjoys so expressivemeans , such as symmetry, proportionality of the elements forming the structure, rhythm, scale relationships with a person, connection with the environment and space. At the same time, architecture widely uses the aesthetic impact of light, color, and texture of building materials.

Decorative and applied art is a type of art that has its own special artistic meaning and its own decorative imagery and together is directly related to the everyday needs of people.

Works of architecture and decorative and applied art, which is very close to it, constitute, as it were, an intermediate stage between other objects, created by man, and works of art in the proper sense of the word.

Works of decorative and applied art can include various things - furniture, weapons, dishes, clothing, any human-made item. By giving the manufactured item a special shape, applying certain patterns and ornaments to it, painting it in any colors, people created not only an object for one purpose or another, but also work of art. Such a thing has a double value: it is valuable both as a useful object and as a work of art, and the second value exceeds the first.

An artistic work will clearly express the multifaceted qualities of the person who created it - the richness of his imagination and the skill of his hands. If its master is a highly developed and spiritually rich person, capable of inventing bright forms and colors, the thing has artistic value and is a work of art. An artistic work is created not by a certain person in general, but by a person of a certain time, belonging to a certain social group. Therefore, the things of each era uniquely reflect the characteristics of modern society.

Genuine works of applied art, especially a whole set of works from a particular time, present us with a certain image of an era and reflect its characteristic features in their forms.

Applied arts is the oldest of the arts. Among the earliest that have come down to us, primitive tools labor and household items, we already encounter things that bear traces of an active desire to create certain artistic images.

Works of decorative and applied art are only a transition from ordinary human labor to a special type of activity - artistic creativity.

Decorative and applied art exists in unity with any building, that is, a work of architecture, constituting its internal furnishings.

In decorative and applied arts, two significantly different areas should be distinguished: 1) three-dimensional objects of a certain shape and coloring - artistic furniture, household utensils; 2) flat surfaces covered with patterns - carpets, fabrics, painted walls, etc.

The second group most often forms an independent art - ornament.

Ornament

Ornament is one of the main elements of most works of architecture and applied art.

Ornament - there is a combination of lines and color spots that are applied to the surfaces of buildings and things by painting, carving, chasing, etc.

But the ornament also acts as an independent art - when it is woven on a carpet, drawn on a board, and the whole meaning is embodied in the ornamental design.

Among the ornaments there are: geometric, floral, animal, etc. Every ornament is basically “geometric”, made up of combinations of straight, curved and round lines and figures of various colors. The holistic image of the ornament, first of all, expresses a certain attitude, human attitude to life - joyful or, conversely, complex, contradictory, etc. The ornament is composed of certain motifs, combined into one or another unique unity.

Motive - these are interweaving lines, figures, and color combinations that are repeated in many individual works. Ornamental motifs and their combinations express in a generalized form the special character of the people, the most important and unique features of their existence and psyche.

Ornament is the most “generalizing” of the arts; it seems to absorb and embody in the most general and abstract form the multifaceted figurative wealth of other artistic forms of a given people.

Another central phenomenon of the expressive arts isrhythm . Rhythm is the repetition of some identical or similar, compared phenomena in space or time. Most often, architectural and ornamental rhythms are symmetrical in nature. This means that rhythmic, similar elements are not repeated along the entire length and width, but are located, for example, at a more or less equal distance from the middle of a building or carpet; from the “axis of symmetry” of this center, rhythmic “waves” seem to diverge to the sides.

Ornament is both a very simple and a very complex form of art. On the one hand, the ornamental work is extremely elementary - it is just a system of multi-colored lines and figures. But at the same time, the ornament can be a real mystery. The national ornament is developed and polished over many centuries and is closely connected with the entire life and culture of the people. In ornament - as in dance and music - two main areas should be distinguished: folk art, so to speak, “folklore” ornament and ornament created already in a developed society by professional artists.

Genres

Fine arts are divided into genres.

Genre(fr. generic– genus, type) is a historically established division in most forms of art. The principles of division into genres are specific to each area of ​​artistic creativity. In the visual arts, the main genres are determined primarily by the subject of the image (landscape, portrait, everyday genre, historical genre, animalistic genre, etc.). Further more detailed genre differentiation is due to the fact that in artistic creativity cognitive, ideological-evaluative, figurative and artistic elements merge, and each work of art also has a specific functional purpose. Thus, since the ideological and evaluative position of a portrait painter can be not only objective or apologetic, but also ironic or angry and accusatory, a portrait can take the form of a cartoon or caricature. Depending on its purpose, the same portrait can be ceremonial, intimate, intimate, etc. New subgenres of the main genres also arise when the objects of the image themselves are fragmented into more specific phenomena (for example, a marine view, a marina is a special type of landscape, the “gallant genre” is one of the types everyday genre etc.).

Since each genre has certain means of artistic expression that are characteristic only of it, a genre can be defined as a type of work of art in the unity of the specific properties of its form and content. In those types of plastic arts where it is impossible to identify the subject of the image (in architecture, decorative and applied arts, and others), genre classification is not accepted; Its place is taken by typological divisions based mainly on the function of the works (for example, palace, church, residential building in architecture).

1. Portrait

Portrait(fr. portrait, German Bildnis) is a genre of fine art dedicated to the depiction of a specific person or group of people. The portrait is characteristic mainly of easel art, but portrait images can be embodied in monumental and decorative sculpture, painting, book and applied graphics, etc. A necessary requirement for any portrait is the transfer of individual likeness. This similarity is not limited to just external features. By reproducing the individual appearance of a person, the artist reveals his inner world, the essence of character. Along with the unique individual identity, the portrait painter identifies typical features, signs of the era and social environment in the model’s appearance.

There are many types of portraits. By nature, two main groups are distinguished: ceremonial (representative) and chamber.

Ceremonial portrait as a rule , involves showing a person in full height(on horseback, standing or sitting). The figure is usually given against an architectural or landscape background.

IN chamber portrait a waist-length, chest-length, shoulder-length image is used, most often on a neutral background. A type of camera image on a neutral background isintimate portrait , expressing a trusting relationship between the artist and the person being portrayed.

A portrait in which a person is represented as an allegorical, mythological, historical, theatrical or literary character is calledcostumed .

The titles of such portraits usually include the words “in the form” or “in the image” (for example, “Catherine II in the form of Minerva”).

There are allegorical, mythological, historical portraits.

Based on the number of images on one canvas, in addition to the usual one, a double and a group portrait are distinguished.

Ceremonial double are called portraits painted on different canvases if they are consistent with each other in composition, format and color. Most often these are portraits of spouses.

Group portrait - a portrait that includes a group of characters (at least three) united in one setting, scene, often connected by a single action.

Self-portrait stands out in a special group.

Self-portrait (from Greek Autos– himself, and a portrait; Englishsell – portrait; fr. Autoportrait, German Selbstbidnis) - a graphic, pictorial or sculptural image of the artist, made by him himself using a mirror or a system of mirrors. This special type of portrait genre expresses the artist’s assessment of his personality, its role in the world and society, and his creative principles. An artist may strive in a self-portrait to achieve objectivity of self-esteem, elevate or expose himself, present himself in various guises (typical of Rembrandt’s numerous self-portraits), dress himself in various costumes, mythologize his image, etc. A self-portrait can reflect the personal characteristics of the artist, or the general features of a generation, social or national environment. A self-portrait can be included in a composition with images of other characters.

“Man is the main character of art. We see many people in everyday, historical paintings, in mythological and religious works. All this narrative genres. And only in a portrait does a person appear not as a character in some plot, but simply as a person, a personality, with his own individual qualities. We do not call every single image of a human face or figure a portrait, but only the image of a certain real person. A portrait is not always done from life. He can depict an absent person, someone who died long ago, whose image is recreated from memory, from some surviving images, and finally from the imagination. The portrait should be similar, in any case, it should convince us that this is the person in front of us, and not anyone else. It is equally important to convey a more general impression of a person, to capture his behavior, demeanor, and gesture. Even deeper lies the internal similarity, the sense of character - powerful or timid. A portrait painter can try to penetrate into the experiences of his hero, revealing to the viewer the world of his feelings. An artist can draw our attention to a person’s place in society. We can also talk aboutpsychological portrait , which becomes the concentration of a person's inner being. But psychologism in painting is not the same as in literature. A writer can directly introduce us to the thoughts and feelings of his character. On the canvas in front of us is only an appearance that allows us to guess and worry about something.

One of the most important characteristics of a portrait, which determines its purpose and mood, is thatdistance , on which he holds the viewer. In a ceremonial portrait, elevating and glorifying the hero, the distance increases; in an intimate, lyrical portrait it is reduced to the limit. The hero of such a portrait not only brings us closer to the distance of a free, friendly conversation, but also reveals to us the world of his feelings and experiences.” .

The purpose of creating a portrait image is to discover “ main idea personality”, make its content explicit. But in order to set such a task, the portrait painter must see individuality in the model. Attracting him as an artist, in some way, perhaps, equal to himself, to feel personal interest as an impetus for a deep comprehension of this particular model.

A portrait, in fact, involves not only the transfer of the external, but also the transfer of the internal, the expression of the properties, essence, soul of a person, and not just an image of his appearance.

2. Landscape

Scenery(fr. paysage, English landscape, German Landscape) - a genre of fine arts, mainly easel painting and graphics, depiction of natural or man-transformed nature, environment, characteristic landscapes, views of mountains, rivers, forests, fields, cities, historical monuments, all the richness and diversity of vegetation. The name of the genre also applies to individual works called landscape.

Depending on the main subject of the image and the nature of nature, the landscape genre can be distinguished: rural, urban (veduta), architectural and industrial landscape.

Veduta(Italian Veduta, lit. - seen) - a landscape that accurately documents the appearance of a certain area of ​​the city. The term arose in the 17th century (when a camera obscura, a prototype of the camera, was used to reproduce views) and is applied, as a rule, to the art of Europe of that time. Veduta is one of the origins of the art of panorama.

Architectural Jean p – genre variety of landscape, depiction in painting and graphics of real or imaginary architecture in the natural environment. In this landscape, linear and aerial perspective plays an important role, allowing us to connect nature and architecture together. It is possible to distinguish urban perspective views in the architectural landscape, called vedutes in the 18th century (A. Canaletto, B. Bellotto, F. Guardi in Venice; F.Ya. Alekseev in Russia), views of villas, estates. Park ensembles with buildings, landscapes with ancient or medieval ruins (Y. Robert in France, K.D. Friedrich in Germany; S.F. Shchedrin, F.M. Matveev in Russia), fantastic landscapes with imaginary structures and ruins (D . Battista, Piranesi, D.P. Pannini in Italy).

Architectural landscape is often a type of perspective painting, in which a special area consists of images of the water element -sea ​​(marina) And river landscapes.

The appearance of the Earth of the ancient past, the eternal, unchanging laws of nature - topicshistorical landscape, and with the aspiration of the author’s imagination to pictures of the future world - themesfantastic or futurological landscape. Also a special area iscosmic, astral landscape - visible from the earth or mental celestial, starry space, images of distant planets. Thematic and subject-specific possibilities of the landscape genre become more and more diverse as the technical process grows.

The Soviet landscape is characterized by an expansion of themes. Got widespreadmemorial landscape – pictures of memorable places associated with the life and work of outstanding representatives of Russian culture.

Widespread during Soviet timesgraphic landscape – in engravings and drawings by V.A. Favorsky, V.D. Falieva, N.I. Kravchenko and others.

A special figurative and thematic section represents the Soviet landscape of the war years, which reflected the heroic and patriotic sentiments of the Soviet people.

So, artistic value landscape as a work of art is determined to a great extent by the specific qualities of painting and drawing, which speak about the attitude of each separate work to the general experience of art and to the experience of genre.

3. Still life

Still life(fr. naturemorte- dead nature, English.stilllife, German Stilleben) is a genre of fine art showing inanimate objects placed in a real everyday environment and organized into a single group. The still life depicts objects of everyday use, labor, creativity, flowers and fruits, killed game, caught fish, included in the context created by the artist. Still life provides a variety of opportunities - from “decoys” that illusionistically accurately reproduce the objective world, to the free interpretation of things and endowing them with complex symbolic meaning.

“Still life is one of the most intense conversations between a painter and nature. In it, the plot and psychologism do not obscure the definition of an object in space. What the object is, where it is and where I am, perceiving this object, this is the main requirement of still life. And this is the great educational joy perceived by the viewer from a still life.” .

What does it tell us? long haul still life?

About the difficult process of birth and approval of a special, complex and deep genre of painting;

that this genre can very fully respond to the urgent needs of art - analytical, experimental, search for an imaginative solution;

that art could not always see this valuable principle in still life and often undeservedly neglected it, and this did not happen due to the personal arbitrariness of the artists - in relation to still life, the historical needs of our painting were reflected positively or negatively;

that in still life, this most “pure” genre of painting, certain general trends in development are reflected as the focus figurative form, and not only the forms - the images of still life themselves undergo an evolution common to other genres of painting;

about the diversity, originality, uniqueness of the figurative forms of still life and its special, irreplaceable possibilities.

“Still life - the mastery of a thing, a story about the objective world - does not stand aside from great creative decisions Soviet painting. He lives a single life with a landscape, a portrait and a large thematic painting.”

The still life genre gives the artist the opportunity to delve into the living processes of the material essence of the objective world. A painter can listen to the rustle of old parchment pages and catch the scent of flowers. His art must create such a system of impressions in which the visual image inspires the feeling of all these experiences that are inaccessible to direct reproduction in a picture.

The still life reveals one of the facets of the nature surrounding man - the immense variety of forms of existence; the tremulous flowering of life is embodied in the clear and pure architectonics of the compositional structure.

Still life reveals to us the carefree diversity of nature. We learn those properties, those features of things that could go unnoticed.

At the time of the formation and heyday of still life in the 17th century, it was called “stelleven» - quiet life. The choice, arrangement, properties of certain objects seemed to express the tastes, mood, impulses of their owners, and spoke about a person and for a person.

4. Historical genre

Historical genrehistorysubjects, German Historienbild) a genre of fine art dedicated to historical figures and events, socially significant phenomena in the history of mankind.

Addressed mainly to the past, the historical genre also includes images of recent events, the historical significance of which is recognized by contemporaries. The historical genre is often intertwined with other genres - everyday (historical-everyday scenes), portrait-historical compositions), landscape ("historical landscape"), but is especially closely linked this genre with the battle genre, when it reveals the historical meaning of military events.

The historical genre is embodied both in easel forms of art (historical painting, statue, bust, drawing, print), and in monumental forms (paintings, reliefs, monuments) and in miniatures, illustrations, small plastics (medals, coins). The evolution of the historical genre is largely due to the accumulation of historical knowledge, the development of historical views, and periods of its rise are associated with critical stages of history, social upheavals, and the growth of social and national self-awareness.

Varieties of the historical genre are mythological, allegorical and religious genres.

Mythological genre (from Greek mythos- legend) is a genre of fine art dedicated to the heroes and events that the myths of ancient peoples tell about.

All peoples of the world have myths, legends, and traditions, and they are the most important source of artistic creativity in the early stages of their history, starting with primitive art (although the myths that formed the basis of the images known to us often have not reached us). But in eras when mythology was a living, comprehensive, constantly developing phenomenon, one of the foundations of popular consciousness, it could not stand out as a separate genre, different from others. The beginnings of the mythological genre arose in late antique and medieval art, when Greco-Roman myths ceased to be beliefs, stories with moral and allegorical content. The mythological genre itself was formed during the Renaissance, when ancient legends provided rich opportunities for the embodiment of stories and characters with very complex ethical, often allegorical overtones (paintings by S. Botticelli, A. Mantegna, Giorgione, frescoes by F. Cossa, Raphael).

In the 17th - early 19th centuries, the range of philosophical, moral, aesthetic problems reflected in works of the mythological genre, which then served to embody the high artistic ideal(paintings by N. Poussin, P.P. Rubens), sometimes getting closer to life (paintings by D. Velazquez, Rembrandt), sometimes creating a festive spectacle (paintings by F. Boucher, D.B. Tiepolo).

In the 19th century, the mythological genre served as the norm for high, ideal art (sculpture by Antonio Canova, Bertel, Thorvaldsen. I.P. Martos, paintings by J.L. David, D. Ingres, A.A. Ivanov), which in the academic salon art of the middle and the second half of this century acquired the character of a cold and lifeless routine, which played a significant role in the revolt of young Russian artists in 1863.

Along with the themes of ancient mythology, in the 19th – 20th centuries, themes of Germanic, Celtic, Indian, and Slavic myths became popular in art.

At the beginning of the 20th century, symbolism and Art Nouveau revived interest in the mythological genre (M. Denis, M.A. Vrubel), which in the sculpture of A. Maillol, A. Bourdelle, S.T. Konenkov and the graphics of P. Picasso received a modern rethinking.

Allegorical genre - allegory (from Greek.allegory- allegory) - in art means - the embodiment of a phenomenon, as well as speculative ideas in a visual image (for example, a figure with a dove in his hand - an allegory of Peace; a woman with a blindfold and scales in her hand - an allegory of Justice).

By definition I.V. Goethe, allegory “transforms a phenomenon into a concept, a concept into an image, but in such a form that the image remains completely adequate to the concept that it expresses entirely, which has clear limits.”

In their function, some of the allegories are similar to the emblem. The most common type of allegory is personification, that is, a figure equipped with one or more attributes that explain its meaning.

The historical genre is one of the most complex, labor-intensive genres of painting.

Historical painting and historicism in painting are identical concepts, but deeply interrelated. “For a historical painter, historicism is the living soul of his art, without which it loses its most essential vital features.”

Historical picture at different stages of the life of our country reflects the main phases of the development of Soviet fine art, its achievements or shortcomings. The most important task of the Soviet masters historical painting what remains is the achievement of truthfulness in the depiction of historical events, be they contemporary events or events of the more or less distant past.

5. Battle genre

Battle genre (from French.bataille– battle) is a genre of fine art (mainly painting, partly also graphics and sculpture), associated with the depiction of battles, military campaigns, feats of arms, various military operations and episodes of military life.

The battle genre can be an integral part of the historical genre (when depicting military operations or military life of a past era, or when realizing the historical meaning of modern battles), an integral part of the mythological genre (if fights are depicted fantastic heroes), and may also be directly related to contemporary artist life of the army and navy, to the depiction of new technology, the new nature of armed conflicts, of which the artist himself becomes a witness and even a participant, creating the work battle genre based on personal impressions and sketches, memories.

The battle genre can include elements of other genres - everyday life, portraiture, landscape, animalistic (when depicting cavalry), still life (when depicting weapons, armor, military trophies, banners and other attributes of military life).

The most important task of the masters of the battle genre remains to achieve complete truthfulness in the depiction of battle events, be they modern events or events of the more or less distant past.

6. Everyday genre

Everyday genre (fr.genre, German Sittenbild), genre art is one of the traditional genres of fine art, defined by a range of themes and subjects from the everyday, ordinary, frequent and social life of a person, from peasant and urban (in the past - noble, merchant, common, etc.) life.

The origins of the everyday genre are already in rock paintings that carry pictorial information about the life of ancient hunters and fishermen, in paintings and reliefs of the Ancient East, in ancient vase painting in plastic, in medieval hagiographic icons in miniature, in the plastic decoration of Buddhist temples and in temple paintings Ancient America, if they, one way or another, show people’s lives, their activities, everyday life.

The creative searches of many artists of the everyday genre, as well as masters of other genres of painting, are aimed at searching for the deepest expression of our modernity, at searching for a modern style in art. The entire path of Soviet genre painting was a struggle for the establishment of a new hero, a new master of life. In the images of art, Soviet people look for answers to the thoughts and feelings that concern them. They expect artists to help them understand the complex phenomena of life with their works.

7. Animalistic genre

Animalistic genre (from lat.animal– animal) is a genre of fine art dedicated to the depiction of animals. This genre combines natural science and artistic principles. The animal artist focuses on the artistic and figurative characteristics of the animal, its habits, its habitat (for example, in easel painting and sculpture, in printmaking); decorative expressiveness of figure, silhouette, and coloring is especially significant in park sculpture, paintings, and small sculptures; often (especially in illustrations for fairy tales, fables, in allegorical and satirical images) the animal is “humanized”; endowed with inherent human traits, actions and experiences. Often the main task of an animalist is the accuracy of the image of the animal (for example, in illustrations for scientific and popular science literature).

Works of art, according to their nature, are divided into three categories: monumental, decorative and easel art. The properties, norms and signs that define these categories are equally applicable to works of animal art.

Large panels are examples of monumental animal art. A mural or fresco that reveals majestic images of animals or a group of them against the backdrop of a large landscape. Lobbies and halls of biological museums. Agricultural exhibition pavilions are possible locations for this painting.

Currently there are few options for installing animalistic monumental sculpture of great mass in bronze or stone, with its strict proportions, restrained movement and generalized forms. Only images of horses are embodied in monuments.

Examples of truly monumental animal sculpture can only be found in the art of Egypt, Mesopotamia and China.

Sculpture is considered decorative direct assignment which is the decoration of the park space or interior. Its dimensions are smaller, its forms are lighter and more complex, its expression of movement is more free, its content is more vital and varied. The materials used for decorative sculpture are also varied. In addition to bronze, marble, cast stone for outdoor sculpture, all types of ceramics can be used for interiors. In decorative art the animal theme can be widely identified. At all times in history, this theme has not dried up in the decorative art of all peoples, and sometimes even dominated. Man has always appreciated the beauty of the animal world, admired the manifestation of its forms, movements, colors, patterns and, rejoicing in them, transformed them into a work of his art. Animals and birds, fish and lizards, snakes, butterflies and sea animals - they all found a place in carpets, fabrics and embroideries, in carvings from various stones, bones, in hammered metals and ceramics. The image of an animal in decorative art is predominantly conventional and ornamental. It exists either as part of a rhythmically constructed pattern, or is included in a space limited by a certain geometric shape, or, finally, turning into the form of a utensil, cannot maintain a realistic character. In planar images and in three-dimensional forms, the silhouette of the animal, its proportions should change, obeying the rhythm of the thing that it adorns. And the thematic content in decorative art cannot be sufficiently expressed, and sometimes the practical purpose of a thing determines its entire content.

At the same time, the attractiveness of the works of animal artists lies not only in the scientific reliability of the compositions, but also in the understanding of the intrinsic value of the living world.

8. Interior

Interior(from fr. interieur– internal) – 1) the internal space of a public, residential, industrial building; room in a building (room, hall, lobby, etc.). The interior, its configuration, location, purpose have great value for the appearance and layout of the building as a whole. The interior space, dimensions, proportions, character of decoration, combined with decoration, furniture, equipment, etc., create an interior ensemble, determined by its functions and architectural and artistic style; 2) a genre of fine art, which was developed in the painting of Holland and Flanders at the end of the 16th and 17th centuries (Dutch church interiors - P. Sanredam, J. Vermeer), in the first half of the 19th century in Biedermeier painting (in Germany G.F. Christing).

The first “experiments” in depicting interiors in Rus' are sometimes associated with iconographic images, which, of course, can be accepted with certain reservations. But now the graphic art of the 17th century directly addresses modern interior as the object of the image, however, in its palace version. Manuscripts and books of the second half of the same century brought to us a very specific image of the interior, surprising with the free combination of architectural elements, the variety and variegation of forms, stylistically heterogeneous, but united by the common principle of their use. The impression of decorative patterns and constant movement of forms in these palace ensembles was complemented by their coloristic image - “variegation of color”. At the same time, as I.A. points out. Pronina, an expert on Russian architectural interior, we must not forget “the religious and meaningful richness of each component of the ensemble as a harmonious world... Here light and gold meant their divine nature, color also had its symbolic meaning.”

Conclusion

The problem of “types and genres” in the fine arts has been considered by many art historians from ancient times to the present day. They proposed various classifications of the arts.

The division of types of art into fine and non-representative is of course conditional, since none of them can be said to be exclusively fine or non-representative in nature. In all arts, these features are intertwined, and not a single art can be categorically attributed to only one of these groups.

The classification of arts can be based on other criteria: one can divide types of art into spectacular and non-spectacular, into simple and synthetic, into arts related to utilitarian purposes and not related to them, etc.

The classification of arts helps to identify the specifics of each individual art. And at the same time, classification systems promote rapprochement between various arts and identify ways of synthesis in the development of artistic culture.

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