Character	Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov	Napoleon Bonaparte
The hero's appearance, his portrait	“...simplicity, kindness, truth...” This is a living, deeply feeling and experiencing person, the image of a “father”, an “elder” who understands and has seen life.	A satirical depiction of the portrait: “fat thighs of short legs”, “fat short figure”, unnecessary movements that are accompanied by vanity.
Hero's Speech	Simple speech, with unambiguous words and a confidential tone, respectful attitude towards the interlocutor, the group of listeners.	Ornate, confusing speech, disdainful attitude towards the interlocutor, the group of listeners.
His interests	Complete subordination to the interests of Russia and its people, willingness to go against the opinion of the majority and sacrifice one’s position in the name of the Motherland (the “council in Fili” episode).	Delusions of grandeur, cult of personality in all its possible manifestations.
Character Traits	Modest, sincere, simple, truthful, courageous, a person close to ordinary people who knows and understands their feelings, Kutuzov is the highest degree of manifestation of the wisdom and talent of a commander.	Vain, narcissistic, arrogant, hypocritical, fake poseur. Napoleon is the highest degree of manifestation of narcissism.
Attitude towards the vanquished(s)	Humane, fair treatment	He is absolutely indifferent to the fates of the vanquished, and in general to the fates of the people around him.
Attitude to war	War is evil, fear and murder. To win it, you need to count a lot and think about a lot. You cannot make rash decisions that will lead to the death of thousands of people, “brave men,” “sons of the fatherland.” Kutuzov is a people's commander, overwhelmed by patriotic feelings, who has absorbed all the people's wisdom.	“War is a game, and people are pawns” (1805) A cruel and treacherous enemy, capable of great sacrifices in the name of victory, in the name of glory. War is a way to gain world fame, elevate oneself in the eyes of others, and go down in history. But Napoleon, according to the author, is “the most insignificant instrument of history,” “a man with a darkened conscience.”
Commander's Army	Brave, brave, capable of feats, captured by patriotic feelings, the army, “children of father Kutuzov”	An army of robbers, marauders and murderers, the embodiment of all the negative traits of Napoleon.
Key years in understanding the character's character	1805, 1812, 1813.	1803, 1805, 1812, Napoleon on St. Helena.
Leo Tolstoy's attitude towards the character	A hero who expresses the author’s thoughts regarding war: war is ruled not by individuals, but by the people, the masses. M.I. Kutuzov is the “strongest in spirit” commander, man.	“The child who holds on to the strings tied inside the carriage imagines that he is driving.” “...the most insignificant instrument of history...”
The idea embodied in the hero's sawn-off shotgun	The idea of ​​peace, calm and quiet.	The idea of ​​war, senseless and bloody.
Conclusion	The comparative characteristics of the images of Kutuzov and Napoleon are built on an antithesis, the opposition of these heroes and the ideas that they personify, the embodiment of which they are. The merciful Kutuzov is contrasted with the selfish Napoleon. They became the embodiment of two ideas: war and peace. It is worth noting that the images created by Leo Tolstoy in his novel are very different from real historical figures. Kutuzov and Napoleon in history are only prototypes of Kutuzov and Napoleon in War and Peace, endowed with many artistic features, edits and notes by the author of the epic novel.

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In the novel "War and Peace" Tolstoy created two symbolic characters completely opposite to each other, concentrating polar features. These are the French Emperor Napoleon and the Russian commander Kutuzov. The contrast of these images, embodying two different ideologies - ambitious, aggressive and humane, liberating - prompted Tolstoy to deviate somewhat from the historical truth. The importance of Napoleon as one of the greatest commanders in the world and the greatest statesman of bourgeois France is well known. But the French emperor organized a campaign against Russia at a time when he had turned from a bourgeois revolutionary into a despot and conqueror. While working on War and Peace, Tolstoy sought to debunk the unjustified greatness of Napoleon. The writer was an opponent of artistic exaggeration, both in the depiction of good and in the depiction of evil. Tolstoy managed to debunk the French emperor without violating historical and everyday authenticity, removing him from the pedestal and showing him at normal human height.

Kutuzov and Napoleon- the main human and moral-philosophical problem of the novel “War and Peace”. These figures, deeply connected to each other, occupy a central place in the narrative. They are compared not only as two outstanding commanders, but also as two extraordinary personalities. They are connected with many of the novel's characters by different threads, sometimes obvious, sometimes hidden. The writer embodied the ideal idea of ​​a people's commander in the image of Kutuzov. Of all the historical figures shown in the novel, only Kutuzov is called by Tolstoy a truly great man.

For the writer, Kutuzov is a type of military leader who exists in inextricable connection with the people. Appointed commander-in-chief against the will of Alexander I, he set himself a goal that, at a decisive moment for Russia, coincided with the will of the entire people. Based on historical materials, in the process of working on the novel, Tolstoy created the image of a military leader, in all of whose actions there was a national and therefore true and great principle. There are completely no personal motives in Kutuzov’s activities. All his actions, orders, instructions were dictated by the humane and noble task of saving the Fatherland. Therefore, the highest truth is on his side. He appears in the novel as an exponent of patriotic “people's thought”, relying on the support and trust of the broad masses.

Tolstoy deliberately focuses on the apparent indifference of the commander at defining moments for Russia. And in the scene before the Battle of Austerlitz, and during the military council in Fili, and even on the Borodino field, he is depicted as a dozing old man. He didn't even listen to what other military leaders suggested. But this external passivity of Kutuzov is a unique form of his wise activity. After all, Kutuzov categorically told the emperor that the battle at Austerlitz could not be fought, but they did not agree with him. Therefore, when the Austrian General Weyrother read out his disposition, Kutuzov was openly asleep, because he understood that it was already impossible to change anything. But still, already during the battle, which ended in the defeat of the Allied army, the old general honestly fulfilled his duty, giving clear and expedient orders. When Alexander I arrived during the formation of the army, Kutuzov, giving the command “at attention”, took on the appearance of a subordinate and unreasoning person, for he really was put in such a position. Unable to interfere with the imperial will, Kutuzov nevertheless managed to express his attitude towards it with incomprehensible courage. When the emperor asked why he did not start the battle, Kutuzov replied that he was waiting for all the columns to gather. The tsar did not like the defiant answer, who noticed that they were not in Tsaritsyn Meadow. “That’s why I’m not starting, sir, that we are not at the parade and not in Tsaritsyn’s Meadow,” Kutuzov said clearly and distinctly, causing murmurs and glances in the sovereign’s court retinue. The Russian Tsar poorly understood the nature of the war, and this greatly bothered Kutuzov.

Despite the fact that outwardly Kutuzov looks passive, he acts intelligently and focusedly, trusts the commanders - his military comrades-in-arms, and believes in the courage and fortitude of the troops entrusted to him. His independent decisions are balanced and deliberate. At the right moments, he gives orders that no one would dare to make. The Battle of Shengraben would not have brought success to the Russian army if Kutuzov had not decided to send Bagration’s detachment forward through the Bohemian Mountains. The remarkable strategic talent of the great commander was especially clearly manifested in his firm decision to leave Moscow without a fight. At the council in Fili, the words of the foreigner Bennigsen: “the sacred ancient capital of Russia” sound false and hypocritical. Kutuzov avoids loud patriotic phrases, transferring this issue to a military plane. He shows firmness, determination and amazing courage, taking the burden of a difficult decision on his senile shoulders. When he gave the order to leave Moscow, he understood that the French would scatter throughout the huge city, and this would lead to the disintegration of the army. And his calculation turned out to be correct - the death of Napoleonic troops began in Moscow, without battles and losses for the Russian army.

Talking about the events of the Patriotic War of 1812, Tolstoy introduces Kutuzov into the narrative at the moment of the retreat of the Russian army: Smolensk has been surrendered, the enemy is approaching Moscow, the French are ruining Russia. The commander-in-chief is shown through the eyes of various people: soldiers, partisans, Prince Andrei Bolkonsky and the author himself. The soldiers consider Kutuzov a folk hero, capable of stopping the retreating army and leading it to victory. The Russian people believed in Kutuzov and worshiped him. At decisive moments for Russia, he is always next to the army, speaking to the soldiers in their language, believing in the strength and fighting spirit of the Russian soldier.

The Russian people won the War of 1812 thanks to Kutuzov. He turned out to be wiser than Napoleon, because he understood better the nature of the war, which was not similar to any of the previous wars. According to Tolstoy, it was detachment that helped Kutuzov see what was happening more clearly, maintain an independent mind, have his own point of view on what was happening and use those moments of the battle when the enemy was at a disadvantage in the interests of the Russian army. The defense of the Motherland and the salvation of the army are in the first place for Kutuzov. When inspecting a regiment on a march, he carefully notes the slightest details of the soldiers’ appearance in order to draw a conclusion about the state of the army on the basis of this. The high position of the commander-in-chief does not separate him from the soldiers and officers. Possessing a remarkable memory and deep respect for people, Kutuzov recognizes many participants in previous campaigns, remembers their exploits, names, and individual characteristics.

If Napoleon, in his tactics and strategy, does not take the moral factor into account at all, then Kutuzov, having taken command of the army, sees his first task as raising the morale of the troops, instilling in the soldiers and officers faith in victory. So, having approached the guard of honor, he uttered just one phrase with a gesture of bewilderment: “And with such fine fellows, keep retreating and retreating!” His words were interrupted by loud cries of “Hurray!”

Kutuzov, according to the author, was not only an outstanding historical figure, but also a wonderful person, an integral and uncompromising personality - “a simple, modest and therefore truly majestic figure.” His behavior is always simple and natural, his speech is devoid of pomposity and theatricality. He is sensitive to the slightest manifestations of falsehood and hates exaggerated feelings, sincerely and deeply worries about the failures of the military campaign of 1812. This is how he appears before the reader at the beginning of his activities as a commander. “What... have they brought us to!” “Kutuzov suddenly said in an excited voice, clearly imagining the situation in which Russia was.” And Prince Andrei, who was next to Kutuzov when these words were spoken, noticed tears in the old man’s eyes. “They will eat my horse meat!” - he promises the French, and at this moment it is impossible not to believe him.

Tolstoy portrays Kutuzov without embellishment, repeatedly emphasizing his senile decrepitude and sentimentality. So, at an important moment of a general battle, we see the commander at dinner, with fried chicken on his plate. For the first time, a writer will call Kutuzov decrepit, speaking about the Battle of Tarutino. The month of the French's stay in Moscow was not in vain for the old man. But the Russian generals are also forcing him to lose his last strength. On the day he appointed for the battle, the order was not transmitted to the troops and the battle did not take place. This infuriated Kutuzov: “Shaking, gasping for breath, the old man, having entered into that state of rage into which he was able to enter when he was rolling on the ground in anger,” he attacked the first officer he came across, “shouting and swearing in vulgar words. ..” However, all this can be forgiven for Kutuzov, because he is right. If Napoleon dreams of glory and feat, then Kutuzov first of all cares about the Motherland and the army.

The image of Kutuzov was influenced by Tolstoy’s philosophy, according to which a person’s actions are driven by a higher power, fate. The Russian commander in the novel "War and Peace" is a fatalist, convinced that all events are predetermined by a will from above, who believes that there is something in the world stronger than his will. This idea is present in many episodes of the novel. At the conclusion of the story, the author seems to sum it up: “...at the present time... it is necessary to abandon the perceived freedom and recognize the dependence that we do not feel.”

The personality of Napoleon, opposed to Kutuzov in the novel, is revealed differently. Tolstoy destroys Bonaparte's cult of personality, which was created as a result of the victories of the French army. The author's attitude towards Napoleon is felt from the first pages of the novel. Where the French emperor acts like one of the heroes of the novel, Tolstoy emphasizes his ineradicable desire to always look great, an outright thirst for glory. He “could not renounce his actions, praised by half the world, and therefore had to renounce truth, goodness and everything human,” says Tolstoy.

Until the Battle of Borodino, Napoleon was surrounded by an atmosphere of glorification. This is a vain, selfish person who thinks only about his own personal interests. Wherever he appears - on the Pratzen Heights during the Battle of Austerlitz, in Tilsit at the conclusion of peace with the Russians, on the Neman, when French troops crossed the Russian border - everywhere he is accompanied by a loud “Hurray!” and stormy applause. According to the writer, admiration and universal adoration turned Napoleon’s head and pushed him to new conquests.

If Kutuzov constantly thinks about how to avoid the unnecessary death of soldiers and officers, then for Napoleon human life is of no value. Suffice it to recall the episode of the Napoleonic army crossing the Neman, when, hastening to carry out the emperor’s order - to find a ford, many of the Polish lancers began to drown. Seeing the senseless death of his people, Napoleon makes no attempt to stop this madness. He calmly walks along the shore, occasionally glancing at the lancers who entertained his attention. His statement on the eve of the Battle of Borodino, which was to cost the lives of hundreds of thousands of people, emanates extraordinary cynicism: “The chess is set, the game will begin tomorrow.” People for him are chess pieces that he moves as he pleases, for the sake of his ambitious goals. And this reveals the main features of the French commander: vanity, narcissism, confidence in one’s own rightness and infallibility. With a feeling of satisfaction, he circles the battlefield, smugly examining the bodies of the killed and wounded. Ambition makes him cruel and insensitive to the suffering of people.

Revealing the character of Napoleon, Tolstoy focuses on his acting, because everywhere and in everything he tries to play the role of a great man. So, in front of the portrait of his son, which is brought to him, he “takes on an appearance of thoughtful tenderness,” because he knows that he is being watched and his every movement and word is recorded for history. Unlike Napoleon, Kutuzov is simple and humane. He does not cause awe or fear in his subordinates. His authority is based on trust and respect for people.

Kutuzov's strategy in Tolstoy's novel is sharply contrasted with Napoleon's limitations. The writer focuses on the tactical mistakes of the French emperor. So, Napoleon is rapidly moving into the depths of such a huge and unknown country, not caring about strengthening the rear. In addition, the forced idleness of the French army in Moscow corrupted its discipline, turning soldiers into robbers and marauders. The ill-conceived actions of Napoleon are evidenced by his retreat along the Smolensk road, which he had destroyed. Tolstoy not only talks about these mistakes of Napoleon, but also comments on them, giving the French commander a direct authorial description. He does not hide his deep indignation at the meanness of the emperor-commander-in-chief, who, fleeing for his life, abandoned and doomed the army he had led to death in a foreign country.

Admiring Kutuzov’s humanity, wisdom, and leadership talent, the writer considers Napoleon an individualist and ambitious man who suffered a well-deserved punishment. In the images of Napoleon and Kutuzov, Tolstoy showed two human types that were important to him, embodying two worldviews. One of them, expressed in the image of Kutuzov, is close to the writer, the other, revealed in the image of Napoleon, is false. At the center of Tolstoy's epic is a high and deep thought about the dignity of the majority of humanity. For the author of War and Peace, the view “established to please the heroes” is a false view of reality, and “human dignity tells” him “that each of us, if not more, then no less, is a man than the great Napoleon.” Throughout his entire work, Tolstoy instills in the reader this conviction, which morally strengthens everyone who gets acquainted with the novel “War and Peace.”

In Tolstoy's epic novel War and Peace, several parallels are drawn among the main characters, one of which is the line of constant comparison between the two great commanders: Napoleon and Kutuzov. All characteristics are written for both heroes in such a way that the reader involuntarily begins to compare the characters. Why does Tolstoy draw this parallel?

To answer the question, I will try to visually compare the heroes. Acquaintance begins with a description of appearance. In Napoleon, the author focuses on his fat body, smoothly combed hair, well-groomed hands and a constantly indifferent expression on his face. In war, Napoleon stands out sharply from the bulk of people. In Kutuzov’s description, attention is drawn to the only eye, from which a kind spiritual light pours (Napoleon has no description of the eyes at all, but they reflect the soul of a person). It is also known that the Russian commander wears the most ordinary clothes, and in war conditions he is on an equal footing with the soldiers. Of course, the main thing is to compare the internal qualities of the heroes. Napoleon in the novel is presented as a narcissistic and selfish man who watches over his soldiers only out of boredom, while Kutuzov treats the soldiers as his own children. He constantly supports the army, his eyes glow with hope, he himself is ready to lie under bullets for the sake of his country.

In general, we can conclude that descriptions of the main commanders of the warring countries help to reveal the images of the armies. Perhaps such a radical difference in the relationship between ordinary soldiers and the commander-in-chief can partly explain Russia’s victory over the stronger French army.

Together with the article “Essay on the topic: Comparative characteristics of Napoleon and Kutuzov in the novel “War and Peace”” read:

The much-wise Litrekon has prepared for you not only a short essay-discussion on the comparative characteristics of Kutuzov and Napoleon, but also a table indicating such evaluation criteria as appearance, character traits, behavior, goals and other important aspects.

(367 words) L.N. Tolstoy in his epic novel “War and Peace” revealed the image of the people. This concept included nobles, peasants, soldiers, and the greatest commanders. In the work, the author not only creates a fascinating plot, showing the behavior of the people at a turning point, but also gives his assessment of historical events. Thus, comparing two commanders - Kutuzov and Napoleon, the author leads the reader to the reasons for the Russian victory over the “Great” French army during the Patriotic War of 1812.

L.N. Tolstoy compares Napoleon to a child. For him, war is a game. The commander is concerned not so much with the fate of his army as with his own greatness. All the hero’s actions are unnatural; he is characterized by “theatrical behavior.” He believes that he has the right to play with people's lives, because, in his opinion, it is he who creates history. This phenomenal self-confidence initially attracted Prince Andrei. Napoleon was his idol. However, after the meeting at Austerlitz, the hero saw in him only a little man, and not a great arbiter of other people's destinies. Andrei realized how insignificant the aspirations of this commander were. Napoleon lives by posturing, pretense, as if he is playing for posterity. The author has a negative attitude towards this historical figure. Tolstoy could never accept the cruelty and selfishness of the emperor, who went to power over people's heads.

Kutuzov, the commander-in-chief of the Russian army, appears completely different. This is a true commander. He worries not about how history will remember him, but about the main value - the lives of soldiers. That is why he accepted responsibility for the decision to leave Moscow to the enemy during the Patriotic War of 1812. Kutuzov understood that it is not commanders who make history, but ordinary people. During the battle, he “did not make any orders,” but only observed the condition of his army. He treats his soldiers with kindness and tenderness. Kutuzov also shows a special attitude towards Andrei Bolkonsky: after the death of the old prince, he affectionately tells him: “...Remember, my friend, that I am your father, another father...”. The commander does not seek glory for himself in war, he only cares about the happiness and peace of the Russian people.

Kutuzov, unlike Napoleon, understood that the outcome of the battle is decided not by weapons, not by the number of soldiers, not by location, but by the feeling that every soldier has inside. This is the spirit of the army. It is he who decides how the battle will end. It is impossible to lead alone hundreds of thousands of people who are going to their death. The main tasks of the commander-in-chief are maintaining the morale of the army and caring for the life of every soldier. Therefore, it was the spirit of the army that became one of the reasons for the Russian victory in the Patriotic War of 1812.

evaluation criterion	Kutuzov	napoleon
appearance	a corpulent old man with a mocking and affectionate look and a slow gait. looks unkempt, does not try to impress, even sleeps at meetings and cries during speeches. He lost an eye in one of the battles and walks around with a bandage.	a short and plump middle-aged man with small hands, a bustling gait and a theatrical expression. dressed to the nines, carefully takes care of himself, always strives to make an impact, even when looking at the portrait of his son.
character	a kind, sympathetic and sincere person, not without weaknesses (likes to eat and take a nap, stares at women), but indifferent to fame. a true patriot and wise commander who stood out through talent and intelligence, and not through court intrigue.	a smug and pompous upstart who takes revenge on the emperors because power was given to them by birth, and not by conquest. a vain and selfish commander who values ​​glory more than human lives. indifferent to his family, because, despite one marriage, he entered into a second one without breaking ties with his wife.
behavior	always stands close to the battle, despite his old age. encourages and pities the soldiers to the point of tears. feels personally responsible for the army and the fatherland and blames himself for the surrender of Moscow.	is at a decent distance from the battle, before the battle he likes to produce a dramatic effect and make pathetic speeches. The soldier considers him the clay from which he molds history, so he is not particularly interested in their fate.
mission	save the homeland	take over Europe and make yourself its ruler.
role in history	believes that he does not have a special role, so he almost does not interfere in the course of events.	considers himself the center of the world and the arbiter of destinies, therefore he constantly makes orders, which, however, are not carried out.
attitude towards soldiers	sincerely pities them in Europe and opposes the armed conflict at Austerlitz. warmly sympathizes with them in Russia and takes the losses seriously.	drives his soldiers across Europe, exposing his fellow citizens to countless dangers and not sparing them.
conclusion	Kutuzov is a patriotic and wise commander who had enough experience and knowledge of life to lead Russia out of a difficult situation.	Napoleon is a power-hungry and adventurer, not without talent and intelligence. however, he played too much at the emperor and forgot what his duty to the people was. he led the country to countless losses, not prosperity.

This is a real historical figure, the French emperor. Tolstoy decided to debunk the legend of Napoleon from the standpoint of true humanism. At the beginning of the novel, this man is the idol of Andrei Bolkonsky; Pierre Bezukhov considers Napoleon a great man. But gradually these best heroes of Tolstoy become disillusioned with their idol. From the first appearance of Napoleon in the novel, the deeply negative traits of his character are revealed. Outwardly we see a well-fed and lordly pampered man with a “round belly”, “fat thighs and short legs”, “a white plump neck”, “a plump short figure”. There is nothing natural about Napoleon; all his behavior is sheer posturing. He is selfish, narcissistic, people were of no interest to him. After a won battle, he loves to walk around the battlefield and examine the victims. We can say that Napoleon and Kutuzov are opposed to each other, as sincere and artificial, kind and selfish, cruel.

In the novel, the people's commander Kutuzov appears before the readers as a simple man who is closely connected with the Russian people, religiously united with them, and is able to raise the morale of soldiers when they do not have to hope for victory. Kutuzov always remained himself in any situation. He acts like a true Russian patriot. And it is contrasted with the image of Napoleon, who was deceitful and behaved feignedly, while Kutuzov, on the contrary, was kind and simple. He believed that the fate of a battle was decided not by the orders of the commander-in-chief, not by the place where the troops stood, not by the quality of the guns and killed people, but by that elusive force called the spirit of the army." And as subsequent events showed: indeed, it is impossible to predict how things will unfold events, how opponents will act - it is important to strive for victory and not to lose heart. Because there is a “reliable course of events”.

KUTUZOVNAPOLEON Expressive figure, gait, gestures, facial expressions; sometimes affectionate, sometimes mocking glance; an old gentle smile, wrinkled like stars in the corners of the lips and eyes. Fat, short figure; fat breasts, round belly; fat thighs of short legs; fussy gait; unpleasant - a fake smile.

KUTUZOVNAPOLEON Shows true concern for the soldiers (look at Brown), and is gentle in his treatment of them (Timokhin). Tries to save the lives of soldiers. Does not care about the soldiers, is indifferent to them (crossing the Neman). Soldiers are a means to achieve glory and power.

KUTUZOVNAPOLEON Didn't play any role. He did not make any orders, but only agreed or disagreed with what was offered to him. The role of the “benefactor of the world.” Napoleon made his orders, which either had already been carried out before he made them, or could not be and were not carried out.

KUTUZOVNAPOLEON Tolstoy contrasts Napoleon (both as a military leader and as a person) with Field Marshal Kutuzov. Unlike the Emperor of France, the Russian commander did not consider the leadership of military operations to be a “game of chess.” In addition, he never took credit for the main role in the successes achieved by the Russian army. Unlike Napoleon, he relied not on his genius, but on the strength of the army. Kutuzov was convinced that the “spirit of the army” was of decisive importance in war. The imaginary greatness of Napoleon is especially clearly manifested in the scene when he stands on Poklonnaya Hill and admires the panorama of Moscow: “One word of mine, one movement of my hand, and this ancient capital perished...” But he did not have to enjoy his greatness for long. He found himself in a pitiful and ridiculous position, never receiving the keys to the majestic city.

KUTUZOVNAPOLEON is depicted as a commander who not so much directed the actions of the army as who did not interfere with the flow of events. It is not the commander’s experience, but the experience of his heart that tells him that the outcome of the war is predetermined by the moral superiority of the Russians. Therefore, he sees his first task as raising the morale of the troops and instilling faith in victory. Cruel in an effort to satisfy his ambition at the cost of thousands of lives, in an attempt to impose his will on an entire country. His behavior is determined not by his heart, but by his mind, therefore he is doomed to defeat. Tolstoy is not impressed by the number of states he won - he has a different measure: “There is no greatness where there is no simplicity and truth.”

KUTUZOVNAPOLEON He is kind, wise, simple and open to people, like an ordinary - old and morally experienced - person. The image is given in the perception of different people. He is depicted as a man and alive in conversations (with Bolkonsky, Denisov, Bagration), at military councils, in the Battles of Austerlitz and Borodino. Petty irritability, acting - he does not resemble a great man in any way. Coldness and pompousness are emphasized; he poses all the time, playing the role of a genius. “He was like a child who, holding on to the strings tied inside the carriage, imagines that he is driving.”