Fate, naughty minx,
I defined it this way:
To all stupid people - happiness comes from madness,
To all smart people - woe from the mind.

Epigraph to Griboedov's comedy

This was about six to eight months ago. I stood in front of a small bookcase, which made up the entire wealth of the newly founded “Library for Employees” at one of the countless St. Petersburg offices; I was invited to enroll in it, but I did not dare, seeing too small a selection of books.

For mercy's sake, you don't even have Turgenev and Goncharov, which I can find for the same fifty dollars a month in any library... What is your purpose in enrolling?

The young man, with a handwritten catalog in his hand, began to stir.

I reached out to the spine with an unclear inscription, and with amazement pulled out a lanky volume by Pisarev: I did not yet know about the publication of a new edition and looked with curiosity at the “First Volume, with a Biography and Portrait” of the smooth-minded critic. Seeing my attention, the official remarked:

We keep an eye on the books that come out and don’t miss an opportunity. The publication has just appeared, but for a long time it was impossible to get these works at any price...

I looked back at the librarian's face again; it was absolutely impossible to give him more than 21 years of age. “If it weren’t for here, in the office,” I thought, “I would have entered the volunteer force. There are now many thousands of them, even tens of thousands, not ripening in high schools...

Listen, I asked, you don’t mix Pisemsky with Pisarev?..

No, after all, Pisemsky, it seems, is with Novi and, if I’m not mistaken, a novelist? Why would Wolf need a critic for applications? We have a serial library.

I contributed fifty dollars and decided to become a member of the “serious” library.

So from the labor contribution
Temples of God are growing
Across the face of our native land...

Well, before, in stupid times, “temples of God” grew, but now, when the people, thanks to “primary education,” have become wiser, there is something better to grow.

And passers-by give and give...

Nick. Kareevs, Pavlenkovs, Evg. The Solovyovs collect the “mites” and put them in their pockets; sometimes, however, they also cheat, that is, in a noble, literary sense they cheat “without following the direction”; So, in No. 337 of Novosti, dated December 1, 1895, I just read an announcement, which I quote here in its entirety:

"On sale now fifth edition
philosophical and psychological study
OK. Notovich "Love"
with the appendix of his own critical-philosophical sketch:
"Beauty"

with prefaces by famous representatives of the modern Italian philosophical school C. Lombroso and G. Ferrero, a review by Montegazza (author of “The Physiology of Love”) and “Letters to the Author from Olympus” by D.L. Mordovtseva.

Price of the book (an elegant volume of more than 20 sheets) 1 rub. 50 k. Subscribers to "News" pay only one ruble for the book. Requirements are addressed to the bookstore of the newspaper "Novosti", B. Morskaya, 33."

But just two months ago, the same “News” published the same announcement:

"O.K. Notovich. G.T. Buckle. History of civilization in England in a popular presentation. Tenth edition. St. Petersburg, 1895. Ts. 50 copies."

And in the Northern Bulletin for December 1895, I even read a review:

"Bockle's interesting work is still very widely known in Russia. The popular presentation of this work by Mr. Notovich at the very short term it's coming out already tenth edition. One might think that, thanks to Mr. Notovich’s book, Buckle began to penetrate the middle strata of the Russian reading public, and no matter how anyone looks at the scientific merits of this historical research, one cannot help but recognize the useful work that Mr. Notovich did. The author's presentation is distinguished by the accuracy of scientific expressions. IN literary respect the book must be recognized as impeccable both in terms of style and in the sense of clarity in conveying Buckle’s main thoughts in a language accessible to those for whom the full edition of his work is not available. The author’s intention would have been crowned with even greater success if for the next 11th edition he had lowered the price of his little book to 20 kopecks per copy” (department II of the December book of the magazine, p. 87).

"On sale now 11-20 thousand copies newly published F. Pavlenkov:

"The History of Civilization in England by T. Buckle."

Translation by A. Buinitsky. With notes. Ts. 2 r. The same translation without notes - 1 rub. 50 k."

I don't know why I started talking about advertisements. I actually wanted to talk about the third book, “The Struggle with the West in Our Literature,” by my good and old friend, N.N. Strakhov, just published by the author; I thought I would help the “book” with a kind review. But too many “advertisements” caught my eye and I involuntarily “swayed my heart”...to other sorrows.

Here “beauty” comes, here “love” helps. I want to say that you and I, old friend, who have neither beauty nor, in this special sense, “love,” will have books lying on store shelves, not asked for by anyone, absolutely not needed by anyone. They will lie as motionless as the books of our dead friends, yours - Ap. Grigoriev, published in 1876, and mine - K. Leontiev, published in 1885-1886, still not sold out; how the opera omnia of two unforgettable professors of Moscow University, T.N. Granovsky, so “noisily” celebrated in the press and silently not read, and his student - Kudryavtsev; how calmly the “Rural School” of Mr. Rachinsky “lies”, published in 1892 and not requiring a new edition. Everything smart and noble “lies” in Rus' and everything shameless and stupid “goes forward” noisily...

For some reason I think I'm saying about itself, about itself important fact modern literature- more significant and capable of provoking reflection than as if “War and Peace” had appeared, also “Fathers and Sons”... For, in essence, it predetermines all the others... He shows that the literature, on which they think that a few old idealists are working, a few gray wigs stale from the past - that this literature... No at all: it is not there in that spiritual, ideal, sweet, dear sense, which we historically connect with her name and, out of naivety and misunderstanding, continue to preserve to this day.

This is a lost field - the field of literature; the field of civilization, culture, spirit - it is lost. It is now, precisely in our days, when, apparently, everything is shunned before them, when all doors are open for them, their name is welcomed everywhere - in the very greetings, in the very openness of all entrances and exits before her, in the most victorious cries - death knell is heard...

She won and died.

It looks like a charge in the muzzle of a torn, broken gun. Let the gunpowder ignite, let the wad smolder, and those standing around will only laugh...

Let the word of the new prophet be heard; Dante's terzas will still sound - "society" will sleepily reach for the fifth edition of "Love and Beauty", the ninth edition of the abridged Buckle, the nineteenth thousand of the complete "History of Civilization in England" ...

On this lost field, my good and old friend, your book will lie as an extra bone... What is the point that it will lie next to the “noble bones”; This is a field that is not only lost, but, in essence, forgotten. New Time - i.e. not only "New Time" by A.S. Suvorin, but in general the new time, to which Suvorin’s only dances, passes by him, holding his nose “from carrion” - to other pleasures, to other joys - the very same ones that appear in the “ads” I cited.

Dear friend, I think all we can do is die. Russia, which we defended, which we love, for which we “fought with the West,” all that remains for it is to die.

The Russia we are going to live in - we will not love this Russia.

These poor villages
This dull nature...
Will not understand or appreciate
Proud look of a foreigner,
What shines through and secretly shines
In your humble beauty...

These “poor villages” take on a new, very lively, but also very unexpected appearance:

One foot touching the floor,
The other - slowly circling,
And suddenly - a jump, and suddenly - flying,
Flies like feathers from the lips of Aeolus...

We cannot wish her any good in this new “flight”; We wish her every harm.

Dejected by the burden of the godmother,
All of you, dear land,
In slave form, the King of Heaven
Came out blessing...

I want to cry; however, why not laugh:

Flies like feathers from the lips of Aeolus,
Either the camp will sow, then it will develop
And with a quick foot he hits the leg.

Oh, how we hate you, makers of sad change; you and even those great ones, on whom, pressing like a small weight on the end of a long lever, you made a revolution: all of them, from Kantemir, still naive, and to the evil Shchedrin, not excluding, however, those in between.

“Woe comes from the mind,” said the great; “There’s no point in blaming the mirror if your face is crooked,” they reassured. And thousands of monkey faces, pointing at the verbal “mirror”, burst into Homeric laughter; thousands of fools, taking a tragic pose, said that they were suffocating “in their homeland”, that they were “stifling”, that “invisible tears” were burning their hearts “through visible to the world laughter"...

Old crosses swayed, old graves moved aside.

A new time has come new era came, at whom we do not know how to laugh, at whom we have not yet no forms of laughter have been invented. There is "Love" and "Beauty".

Not very important "beauty" - not Aphrodite of Medicine, and not very rare love- on Bolshaya Morskaya, building 33, it costs only one ruble. But anyway...

Maybe, however, the doctor will have to pay three rubles later?..

“Without risk, there is no pleasure,” as my friend Mr. Arsenyev would note fragmentarily.

But there is absolutely no risk; about this Mr. N. Mikhailovsky, when he wrote “literature and life”, and also “literature and life” and again then “literature and life”, warned his young readers, blooming with strength and health, saying that “it will come out soon, in a very good, albeit old translation of Buinitsky, an English thinker, compared to whom our native Yasnaya Polyana sage is much poorer.” And Mr. Skabichevsky confirms this - he, in his old age, took refuge under the same fig tree, on Bolshaya Morskaya, no. 33, where Buckle comes from and where they practice “love” and “beauty.”

How mixed up you are, the worms; and you can’t tell where someone starts and where they end. Mikhailovsky recommends Buckle; Notovich it popularizes and publishes in nine editions; V the same time he composes "beauty" in an original way and "Love"; him the “critic of the 60s”, Mr. Skabichevsky, dear to the heart of N. Mikhailovsky, collaborates; Pavlenkov publishes the same Boklya, and Evg. Solovyov writes a “preface” to it. Everyone is apparently "sympathetic to each other."

“This beauty is expensive,” old Marmeladov said about his daughter: she needs fondant, and this and that; without cleanliness - in this situation it is impossible."

In 1891, Mr. N. Mikhailovsky asked me, in response to the article “Why are we abandoning the inheritance of the 60s and 70s?” - "why are you so unfounded refuse without decisively no one fact." He wrote then:

"In his article, Mr. Rozanov develops the idea that we, the older generation, have understood such a complex creature as man - poor, flat, rough. He does not support his idea with a single factual evidence, not a single quote, not even a single anecdote. It is very easy to write like this, but it is difficult to convince someone of anything with such writing. Even now, perhaps, I can write about some, for example, London art gallery, which I have never seen, that the art there is presented poorly, flatly, crudely. I can do the same with Danish literature, with Spanish industry, in a word - with any group of phenomena that is little known to me or not known at all. And I am inclined to think that Mr. Rozanov knows very little about the inheritance that he so solemnly renounces. Unsubstantiated I can counter Mr. Rozanov’s opinion with something equally unfounded. Never in our history has man been understood so sublimely and subtly as in those memorable 60s. There were, of course, hobbies and mistakes...", etc. (Russian Vedomosti, 1891, No. 202).

Now, having thrown this ball of worms in his face, where he himself “with Buckle” is fussing about “love” and “beauty” - I can answer, although late, but definitively about the motives for “refusing” the inheritance in the 80s 60-70s":

Gentlemen, they forgot the fudge - they didn’t keep it clean: it smells very bad.

And I can add, looking at all Russian literature, from the archaic Cantemir and... to the “third book” of “The Fight with the West” * of my good and old friend - a book that will probably have to lie on the shelves of bookstores.

______________________

* By the way, in one place it is mentioned that “one of the glorious flock,” Mr. N. Mikhailovsky, announced its author, i.e. Mr. N. Strakhov, “a complete nonentity”; he probably looked for “love” in her and found a doctor’s prescription. I myself remember how I read somewhere in his “Literature and Life” mockery of the fact that “Zarya,” the magazine in which Ap. Grigoriev, N.Ya. Danilevsky and N. Strakhov - “did not know any subscribers at all,” and the editors “tried to hide this from the public” in order to lure at least someone to subscribe to New Year... He even advertisements I didn’t forget about subscribing to a hostile magazine; He even reproached them as a literary organ that was already dying from the indifference of society, where, however, the best, most serious works on criticism and history, now recognized by all, were published. “You were exhausted,” says a generous critic of the 70s, “you were exhausted - and you dared to pretend that your lungs were full of air”...

______________________

Who needs "woe from mind" - in real life! And “who,” on the contrary, “lives well in Rus'”? And whose, finally, little-human face is reflected in the “non-distorting mirror” of the great and sad satirist?..

Who is it specific, By name And patronymic called, about whom all this was impersonally written in our literature? To whom exactly

Free, fun
Lives in Rus'?

And who is that “invisibly shedding” tears in her, about whom great artist I wrote it in my “poem” and forgot sign Name?..

What a tragedy, what an unspeakable tragedy is our life, our history, if it is in front of this suffering-weary, crying face Having placed the mirror of satire, our literature wheezes impudently and drunkenly:

No point in blaming the mirror
- if the face is crooked

And bursts into uncontrollable laughter, more wild and bestial than any better days of their triumph, the gentlemen “one fatter” and “others thinner” laughed at the memorable governor’s ball.

The departed shadows and you, the living righteous, scattered in the bearish corners of Russia - I call you as witnesses: is this so?

Vasily Vasilyevich Rozanov (1856 - 1919) - Russian religious philosopher, literary critic and publicist, one of the most controversial Russian philosophers of the 20th century.

“All this amazes, attracts, attracts attention...”. This is what A.A. Bestuzhev wrote about “Woe from Wit” by A.S. Griboedov. Banned from publication and production on the theater stage, the comedy or, as the author himself defined it, the stage poem, enjoyed wild popularity. The text was repeatedly copied by hand, learned by heart, A.S. Griboedov was invited “for the evening” to read his masterpiece. Critics argued about it, admired, condemned, praised, criticized... The popularity of the “stage poem” is quite understandable: the ideas of Decembrism in Russian society, the confrontation between the “present century and the past century,” a system of characters different from classicism.. But how difficult it is sometimes to explain to today’s schoolchildren, what exactly is the grief of the characters in the comedy and why this grief takes its origins from the mind. But it's still worth a try. So, Woe from mind or “For all stupid people, happiness comes from madness; for all smart people, grief comes from madness.”.

The first thing we draw students’ attention to is the title of the work. The very name of the comedy “Woe from Wit” already indicates that the heroes of the comedy suffer grief from their minds. However, Griboedov initially called his work “Woe to Wit.” What is the point of this change? We will listen to the children’s answers and, if possible, bring them to a “common denominator.” The original version of the title made it clear that grief is only for smart people. There may not be grief if there is no mind. The final version of the comedy title focuses the reader's attention on strong heroes with the concept of mind, but suffering grief because they cannot properly manage their mind.

Griboyedov in a letter to P.A. Katenin indicated: “In my comedy there are 25 fools for one sane person.” Who did Griboedov mean? It seems that the answer is obvious: Chatsky. Therefore, the other characters in the play are fools. But is this really so? Sanity and intelligence are manifested in a person's actions. Let's turn to the actions of the heroes.

Chatsky was absent for three years, did not write letters, suddenly rushed to Famusov’s house with a declaration of love for Sophia (let’s pay attention to the heroine’s age); does not make an official proposal, conflicts with Famusov (Sophia’s father), is jealous of Skalozub and Molchalin, reproaches Sophia for being cold; having made sure that Molchalin was preferred to him, he begins to criticize and ridicule Famusov’s guests at the ball, where Chatsky himself is only a guest; Having accidentally witnessed Molchalin's confessions to Lisa, he does not spare Sophia's (beloved) feelings and leaves offended. So what smart thing did the hero do? No! But should Chatsky be denied his mind? Of course no . After all, he is an educated person, thinking in an advanced and progressive way for his time, he’s just young, hot, in love, offended... Hence the absurdity of his actions, the illogicality of his actions, and the strangeness of his behavior.

Although Pushkin denied Chatsky intelligence, considering his behavior unacceptable for an intelligent person, because clever man will not “throw pearls before swine”, will not put himself in a ridiculous and stupid position.

Famusov is an influential nobleman, dignitary, respected person in society; respects the norms and rules of behavior in society, raised Chatsky when he was left without parents, helped him establish the necessary connections, taught him life, mentored him. The returning Chatsky gives sensible and practical advice on how to better get settled in this life; values ​​his reputation as a successful and impeccable person. So is this a fool before us? No. But actions... He doesn’t see what’s going on under his very nose (the connection between Sophia and Molchalin), he doesn’t understand the danger posed by Chatsky, he allows the family scandal to become the property of society. Why does a smart person behave like a boy?

Sophia – “ strong nature, lively mind, passion and feminine softness” according to I.A. Goncharov. For a girl early XIX century she is very progressive and smart. She chooses her lover herself, and this is not the “golden bag” Skalozub, but the inconspicuous and far from rich Molchalin (Famusov’s secretary); Sophia is not ashamed of her choice, almost does not hide it, for the sake of personal happiness she is ready to go to the end: not to allow Chatsky to intervene and Famusov to decide her fate. In fact, Sophia is rebelling, rebelling against the norms and laws of Moscow society, and although her rebellion is limited only to the personal and family sphere, it is still a rebellion. But smart and faithful Sophia is mistaken in the most important thing: in choosing a lover. She takes Molchalin's opportunism for respect for people, his desire to please - for dedication, sycophancy - for the depth and subtlety of feelings, and even Molchalin's poverty and dependent position only adorns him in Sophia's eyes. Her disappointment will be painful. It will be aggravated by Molchalin’s betrayal (love confession to Liza).

Molchalin - “he’s on tiptoe and not rich in words,” according to Chatsky’s definition, Famusov’s powerless secretary, who dreams of making his way into the people. And for this, all means are good. Chatsky openly mocks both Molchalin himself and his position in life (to please all people without reserve; to find patrons). But it’s easy to mock: Chatsky himself is a fairly wealthy man, Famusov provided him with the necessary connections, but Molchalin has no one to hope for and rely on. He will have to achieve everything on his own; he fights for wealth, strength and power without support. But who can be blamed for wanting to “reach the known levels”? For the smart and cunning Molchalin, all means are good. And he is already close to his first goal: to become indispensable for Famusov, to “gain” patrons, to become a full member of Famusov’s society, thanks to his marriage to Sophia. And the rest is a matter of technique. And how stupidly Molchalin himself destroys everything that he achieved with such difficulty. Unable to control his feelings and emotions, he confesses his love to Lisa. And would a smart person put it on the line? love passion all your efforts?! Now Sophia, Famusov’s house, and his ambitious dreams and plans are lost to him.

Lisa is, at first glance, just Sophia’s servant, helping her mistress with love secrets. But if you look more closely, Lisa turns from a simple servant into Sophia’s confidant and friend. She is not a banal soubrette, but rather a “Double Heroine”. Prudent Liza does not connect her future with Famusov (“pass us by more than all sorrows and lordly anger and lordly love”), not with the handsome Molchalin, but with Sophia. It is from Sophia that Lisa expects to receive certain benefits, and therefore serves faithfully and carefully. But Lysine’s rationalism does not lead her to her goal. She becomes a “victim” of the stupidity and mistakes of others.

It turns out that the main characters of the comedy are smart people, each with their own mind and their own understanding of the mind. We can draw conclusions. These definitions were suggested by the students themselves.

• Famusov - a powerful and instructive mind;
• Chatsky is a socially enlightened mind;
• Sophia is a purposeful, decisive mind;
• Molchalin - an ambitious mind;
• Lisa is a rational, thoughtful mind.

The only trouble is that smart heroes, due to various circumstances, do not at all smart things and at the end of the play they are left with nothing.

So what do we get? All carriers of the 5 leading types of mind (as defined by schoolchildren) fail; their mind does not help them achieve their goal and find happiness. It turns out that Griboyedov’s goal was to debunk the mind as the basis of happiness. But then there must be something that is opposed to the mind. However, there is no “opposition”! One can, of course, assume that Griboyedov wanted to debunk either the “old” or the “new” types of mind, but in the plot of the comedy both types of mind fail.

To understand this, let's decide what lies at the heart of the play's conflict. Students give answers that are countered by the teacher.

- a clash of two ideological positions: Decembrism (Chatsky) and the old nobility (Famus society). But where exactly collision? There are Chatsky’s attacks and society’s confidence that he is crazy.

- love drama Sophia. But this is too small for this comedy, and besides, no one gets Sophia, the conflict remains unresolved.

The problem of human happiness and its relationship with the world. Each of the bearers of one or another type of mind strives for happiness, understands it in its own way and does not find it.

Why? That's what it is main question our conversation. And the answer to this question is given by Chatsky himself, and his formula is suitable for each central character . “The mind and heart are not in harmony.” And if the main problem of comedy is the problem of finding happiness, then it becomes clear why the mind does not help the heroes, why the mind only brings grief. Because this mind is not in harmony with the heart. Consequently, according to Griboyedov, to achieve happiness, the mind is not enough, just as the heart is not enough, The main thing is to bring the mind and heart into a state of harmony. Harmony of mind and heart is the main condition for achieving happiness.

List of documents used

1. Griboyedov A.S. Woe from Wit: Plays. - M.: Fiction, 1974. - 829 pp. - (Library of World Literature).

2. Agapova I.A. About Griboedov’s comedy and its main character.// Agapova I.A. Themed games and literature holidays. - M. - 2004. - p.6-14.

3.Petrieva L.I., Prantsova G.V.Griboyedov A.S. Studying at school: Textbook - met. village - M.: Flinta, 2001. - 2146 p. : ill.

4. Griboyedov A.S.: Creativity. Biography. Traditions. - L.: Nauka, 1977. –292 p.

5. Griboyedov A.S.: Life and creativity. - M.: Russian book, 1994. - 162 p.: ill.

6. Smolnikov I.F. Comedy “Woe from Wit”. - M.: Education, 1986 -112 p.

7.Comedy A.S. Griboyedov “Woe from Wit”. New approaches to learning at school. // Library “First of September” Literature, 2005 No. 1-30p.

8. Skabichevsky A. Life of Griboyedov. Griboyedov A.S. Woe from the mind. // Guiding star-2004, No. 2 - 92 p.

9. Zubkov N. Features of Griboyedov’s comedy. // Russian language - 2005, No. 4 - p. 3-4.

10. A.I. Pisarev in the controversy about the comedy “Woe from Wit”. // Literature 2005, No. 18 – pp. 37-47.

11. Maksimova S. Intellectual game“Clever men and women” based on the comedy “Woe from Wit” by A. S. Griboedov. // Literature - 2005, No. 18 – pp. 48-50.

12. Alpatova T. “The magic of the word” in the artistic world “Woe from Wit” A.S. Griboedova. // Literature at school - 2004, No. 8 - p. 2-7.

13.Todorov L.V. Dramatic verse by Griboyedov. //Literature at school - 2007, No. 9 - pp. 7-11.

14. Gaponenko P.A. Lesson-argument on comedy by A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit". // Literature at school - 2007, No. 9. – p.27-30.

15. Chernysheva I. Training tasks for the play “Woe from Wit”. : 9th grade.// Literature - 2007, No. 22. - p.18-19.

16. Kunnaryov A.A. Whom Famusov warmed up // Literature at school, 2011, No. 2 - pp. 13-15.

17. Khalfin Yu. Poet Alexander Griboyedov and his poetic play. // Literature, 2008, No. 5 - pp. 15-19.

18. Kunarev A.A. “You don’t have to name it. You’ll recognize it from the portrait.” // Literature at school, 2011, No. 9 p. 14 – 18.

19. Penskaya E.N. Chatsky's myth. // Literature -2013, No. 2. – pp. 15 - 17.

20. Lebedev Yu.V. An arrogant mind and a narcissistic heart in the comedy “Woe from Wit” by A.S. Griboyedova // Literature at school - 2013, No. 9 - p. 2 – 7.

21. Mezentseva L.G., Shtilman S.L., Mendeleeva D.S. Comedy by Griboyedov A.S. Woe from the mind. A hero without love. //Literature, 2005, No. 1 - p.30.

To all stupid people - happiness comes from madness,
To all smart people - woe from the mind.

Word patriotism comes from the word “patris”, which translates as “homeland”, fathers, love for the homeland, affection for native land, language, culture, traditions.

Even as a child, my parents instilled in me a love for my Motherland, a love for its people. Even despite how many difficult periods our Russia has gone through, people have always fought for it, given their lives in war, worked in its fields - this patriotism of the people was able to elevate the country to an honorable world pedestal, despite all attempts to distort this truth.

The vast expanses of Russia stretch over 17 thousand square kilometers. Here are all the beauties of the Earth: deep forests, wide fields, highest mountains, fast rivers, bright flower meadows, raging seas and oceans. Many encroached on these territories, but the Russian people never wanted to give up their native and beloved lands to someone else. Therefore, there was always a struggle for life. And now, we live in a huge country, under a bright blue peaceful sky, we have everything for a comfortable life.

Russia is proud not only of its size and natural resources, but also of the great ones, who have made a huge contribution to the development of the Russian language and the “true Russian word.”

And I, as a representative of the younger generation, sincerely wish to contribute to this section. The first material was dedicated, and I, in turn, would like to talk about A.S. Griboyedov and discuss the true and false in this author’s great work “Woe from Wit.”

Biographical information

Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov was born on January 4 (15), 1795 into a wealthy, well-born family. As a child, Alexander was very focused and unusually developed. At the age of 6, he was fluent in three foreign languages, and in his youth already six, in particular, fluent English, French, German and Italian. He understood Latin and ancient Greek very well.

In 1803 he was sent to the Moscow University Noble Boarding School; three years later, Griboyedov entered the university at the verbal department of Moscow University.

In 1808 he received the title of candidate of literary sciences, but did not leave his studies, but entered the moral and political department, and then the physics and mathematics department.

During the Patriotic War of 1812, when the enemy appeared on Russian territory, he joined the Moscow Hussar Regiment (a volunteer irregular unit) of Count Pyotr Ivanovich Saltykov, who received permission to form it. Arriving at his duty station, he found himself in the company "young cornets from the best noble families» - Prince Golitsyn, Count Efimovsky, Count Tolstoy, Alyabyev, Sheremetev, Lansky, the Shatilov brothers. Griboyedov was related to some of them. Until 1815, Griboyedov served in the rank of cornet under the command of a cavalry general.

In the spring of 1816, the aspiring writer left military service, and already in the summer he published the article “On the analysis of the free translation of the Burger’s ballad “Lenora” - a response to the critical remarks of N. I. Gnedich about the ballad of P. A. Katenin “Olga”. At the same time, Griboyedov’s name appears in the lists of active members of the Masonic lodge “Les Amis Reunis” (“United Friends”).

In 1818 he was appointed secretary of the Russian mission in Tehran. Since 1822, he was in Tbilisi the diplomatic secretary under the commander of Russian troops in the Caucasus, A.P. Ermolov. Here Griboedov began writing the comedy “Woe from Wit.” Like the Decembrists, Griboedov hated the autocratic serfdom system, but was skeptical about the possibility of success of a purely military conspiracy.

“Woe from Wit” is the main work of Alexander Griboyedov. It reflected the whole historical era. The idea of ​​“Woe from Wit” and the content of the comedy are connected with the ideas of the Decembrists. Dramatic conflict Comedy was an expression of the struggle between two social camps: the feudal-serf reaction and the progressive youth, from whose midst the Decembrists emerged. The comedy also gives, in the words of Pushkin, “...a sharp picture of morals” lordly Moscow.

Sent in April 1828 as the plenipotentiary resident minister (ambassador) to Iran, Griboyedov treated this appointment as a political exile. On his way to Iran, Griboyedov again spent several months in Georgia; in Tbilisi he married Nina Chavchavadze, the daughter of his friend, the Georgian poet A. Chavchavadze.

As an ambassador, Griboyedov pursued a firm policy. “...Respect for Russia and its demands - that’s what I need”, he said. Fearing the strengthening of Russian influence in Iran, agents of British diplomacy and reactionary Tehran circles, dissatisfied with the peace with Russia, set a fanatical crowd against the Russian mission. During the defeat of the mission, Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov was killed, his entire body was disfigured. He was buried in Tbilisi on Mount David.

True and false patriotism in the comedy “Woe from Wit”.

“Woe from Wit” - unique comedy brilliant writer, however, during Griboedov’s lifetime it was not fully published. The idea of ​​the comedy is to combine secular comedy with the comedy of manners. There are two plot conflicts in this work: social and love.

The main character is Chatsky. Throughout the comedy we observe that this hero demonstrates mental health, cheerfulness, love of life, honesty, and most importantly - "enlightening mind".

His antagonist Famusov values ​​only rank and money. He is deceitful and two-faced. He rejects books, saying: “I would like to take all the books and burn them.”

“I would be glad to serve
It’s sickening to be served..."- says A.A. Chatsky. A true patriot does everything for his benefit. Chatsky’s whole tragedy was that he advocated for society to reach a new stage of development. So that the “past century” can be replaced by the “present century”. He was a defender of individual freedom, ridiculed those who blindly imitate foreign fashion. Alexander Andreevich calls the people “kind and smart”; he suffers from the fate of this very people. The vices and flaws of Famus society especially make one suffer. He worries about the landowners' bullying of the peasants.

He spent all his mental strength to bring noble ideas into the “Famus society,” but under the influence of the prevailing force he failed.

“That’s it, you are all proud!
Would you ask what the fathers did?
We should learn from our elders”- words from the monologue of P.A. Famusova. He condemns progressive youth and calls on them to listen to the older generation. Pavel Afanasyevich does not advocate the development of society; he is accustomed to one that has existed for a long time. In the “Famus” society, everything is based on connections, and this model of life seems ideal to members of Moscow society; they consider it the only correct one and do not want any changes.

So what conclusions can we draw?

The image of Chatsky is the image of a citizen in the high sense of the word. He is a true patriot who always stands for the development of society, rejects all wrong positions, and has a sense of justice and equality.

The false patriot sits still and thinks this is right. His patriotism is only in words. He doesn’t want anything better for his country, citing the fact that he already has a good life and doesn’t need anything. Such pseudo-patriots are also called “leavened”.

born January 15, 1795 in Moscow.
He got versatility home education, played on musical instruments(piano, flute), knew from childhood foreign languages: German, English, French, Italian. In 1806, at the age of 11, he became a student at Moscow University, studying at the Faculty of Philosophy, then at the Faculty of Law.
In 1810 he received a candidate of rights diploma. Started Patriotic War 1812 prevented him from continuing his education, and he volunteered for the army.
After the war he resigns, publishes translations, critical articles. In 1817, Griboyedov went to St. Petersburg to serve in the Collegium of Foreign Affairs. A.S. are already serving here. Pushkin and many future Decembrists.

Griboedov meets and becomes close to them. Soon Griboyedov acted as a second in a duel that ended in the death of one of the participants, and he had to leave St. Petersburg.
In 1818–1820, Griboyedov was in Persia, and since 1821 he served in the Caucasus, in Tiflis (Tbilisi), as a diplomatic secretary. Again, there are many future Decembrists surrounded by Griboyedov.
In Tiflis, he begins working on the comedy “Woe from Wit”, then to complete the work he takes a vacation and goes to Russia. By 1824 the comedy was completed. Secular salons received “Woe from Wit” with enthusiasm, while criticism, on the contrary, was hostile.

Full text was published abroad only in 1858 by A.I. Herzen. In Russia, the full edition appeared only after the reforms, in 1862. But “Woe from Wit” is not Griboyedov’s only work. He wrote poems, articles, plays and was the author of about 30 literary and journalistic works.

In February 1826, he was arrested in connection with the Decembrist case, but due to lack of evidence he was found not guilty. (January 30) February 11, 1829, as a result of a provocation by the Persian authorities, a crowd of religious fanatics attacks the Russian embassy. Everyone present at the embassy was brutally killed, including Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov. The poet's body was transported to Tiflis and buried on the Mount of St. David. Nina Chavchavadze-Griboyedova

She left an inscription on her husband’s grave: “Your mind and deeds are immortal in Russian memory, but why did my love survive you?”
Eternally Sorrowful Nina

According to the number of aphorisms and sayings that “came out” of literary work, “Woe from Wit” is the absolute champion of not only Russian, but also world literature
EVERYONE IS FAMILIAR PHRASES.

"1. Who are the judges?

2. Ah! Evil tongues are worse than a gun.

3. Blessed is he who believes, he has warmth in the world!

4. Listen, lie, but know when to stop.

5. Well, how can you not please your loved one!

6. The legend is fresh, but hard to believe.

7. I would be glad to serve, but being served is sickening.

8. The women shouted: “Hurray!”

And they threw caps into the air.

9. And the smoke of the fatherland is sweet and pleasant to us!

10.Happy Hours They’re not watching.”
***
Fate is a naughty minx,

I defined it this way:

To all stupid people happiness comes from madness,

Everyone woe to the smart from the mind.

Project goals: 1. Study of the characters of the comedy heroes and their attitude to progress. 2. Giving examples of grief from the mind using examples from the 20th – 21st centuries. 3. A selection of doubles of comedy heroes of the 19th-20th-21st centuries through an associative series famous people, characters from works and films.

Famusov is a wealthy nobleman; Famusov is a wealthy nobleman; Molchalin – Famusov’s secretary; Molchalin – Famusov’s secretary; Colonel Skalozub; Colonel Skalozub; Gorich family; Gorich family; Prince and Princess Tugoukhovsky with six daughters; Prince and Princess Tugoukhovsky with six daughters; Countess grandmother and granddaughter of Khryumina; Countess grandmother and granddaughter of Khryumina; Zagoretsky and Repetilov; Zagoretsky and Repetilov; Old woman Khlestova - Famusov's sister-in-law Old woman Khlestova - Famusov's sister-in-law

Typical representative Moscow nobility. An ardent hater of enlightenment. He wrote the words about Chatsky’s “madness”: “learning is the plague, learning is the reason.” “A sycophant, a flatterer,” a person devoid of true dignity and honor, groveling before his superiors in order to obtain rank and wealth. He treats his peasants without the slightest respect. He calls them “cockerels”, and “crowbars”, and “chumps”, and lazy “grouse”. The landowner is well aware of his privileged position, but in order to make it calm and lasting, he surrounds himself with dependent people. A typical representative of the Moscow nobility. An ardent hater of enlightenment. He wrote the words about Chatsky’s “madness”: “learning is the plague, learning is the reason.” “A sycophant, a flatterer,” a person devoid of true dignity and honor, groveling before his superiors in order to obtain rank and wealth. He treats his peasants without the slightest respect. He calls them “cockerels”, and “crowbars”, and “chumps”, and lazy “grouse”. The landowner is well aware of his privileged position, but in order to make it calm and lasting, he surrounds himself with dependent people.

A typical representative of the Arakcheev army environment. There is nothing caricatured in his appearance: historically he is completely truthful. He sees the purpose of his service not in protecting the fatherland from enemy attacks, but in achieving wealth and nobility. A typical representative of the Arakcheev army environment. There is nothing caricatured in his appearance: historically he is completely truthful. He sees the purpose of his service not in protecting the fatherland from enemy attacks, but in achieving wealth and nobility.

A pathetic sycophant and flatterer, weak-willed and pathetic, he tries to curry favor with the masters, feigning “love” for Sophia. He acts meanly, but he himself does not notice this meanness. He is unworthy not only of a girl’s love, but even of her respect. It's low and unpleasant person, does not inspire confidence in anyone. A pathetic sycophant and flatterer, weak-willed and pathetic, he tries to curry favor with the masters, feigning “love” for Sophia. He acts meanly, but he himself does not notice this meanness. He is unworthy not only of a girl’s love, but even of her respect. This is a low and unpleasant person who does not inspire confidence in anyone.

Chatsky Smart, ardent, passionate, decisive, stubborn, “sensitive, cheerful and sharp,” makes everyone laugh, argues, “an honest, active nature, and also the nature of a fighter,” the future Decembrist, representative of the “present century.” Smart, ardent, passionate, decisive, stubborn, “sensitive, cheerful and witty,” makes everyone laugh, argues, “an honest, active nature, and also the nature of a fighter,” the future Decembrist, representative of the “present century.”

Sophia is smart, well-read, fell in love with an unworthy person, protects him, suffers. Deep in her soul she is tender, vulnerable, pure, but spoiled by Famus’s upbringing... Smart, well-read, she fell in love with an unworthy person, protects him, suffers. Deep in her soul she is tender, vulnerable, pure, but spoiled by Famus’s upbringing...

Conclusion one Conclusion one The heroes of the comedy represent the “present century” and the “past century”, only the image of Sophia is intermediate, since her character is typical of girls of all times. The heroes of the comedy represent the “present century” and the “past century”, only the image of Sophia is intermediate, since her character is typical of girls of all times.

Conclusion two The characters of the heroes, their actions and their relationships described in the comedy are still found today, therefore, the comedy is immortal. The characters of the heroes, their actions and their relationships, described in the comedy, are still found today, therefore, comedy is immortal.

WORTH FROM MIND? lit. ũmas "meaning" is probably borrowed. from glory Related Lit. aumuõ “reason”, perhaps, is connected with the Old Slav. awiti "obviously". lit. ũmas "meaning" is probably borrowed. from glory Related Lit. aumuõ “mind”, possibly related to the Old Slav. awiti "obviously". lit.ũmas lit.aumuõst. - glorious.explicitly lit.ũmas lit.aumuõst. - famous.explicitly

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CONCLUSION THREE 39 Each product of the activity of the mind carries both positive and negative sides Therefore, there really is grief from the mind. Each product of the activity of the mind carries both positive and negative sides, therefore, there really is grief from the mind.

Aphorisms from the comedy Aphorisms from the comedy Smoke of the Fatherland is sweet and pleasant to us. The smoke of the Fatherland is sweet and pleasant to us. I would be glad to serve, but being served is sickening. I would be glad to serve, but being served is sickening. Who are the judges? Who are the judges? Evil tongues are worse than a gun. Evil tongues are worse than a gun. Pass us away more than all sorrows, and lordly anger and lordly love. Pass us away more than all sorrows, and lordly anger and lordly love. Happy hours are not observed. Happy hours are not observed.

And grief awaits around the corner. And grief awaits around the corner. Hero... Not of my novel. Hero... Not of my novel. If only I could become a general! If only I could become a general! Whoever was not smart enough to have children. Whoever was not smart enough to have children. Carriage for me, carriage! Carriage for me, carriage! Bah! All familiar faces! Bah! All familiar faces! Although they are animals, they are still kings! Although they are animals, they are still kings!