All words are sorted by parts of speech. For example, etc. It is quite easy to understand which word belongs to which group - you just need to ask the appropriate question, and everything immediately becomes clear. In addition, words also work in groups. They make sentences. Each word plays its role. It acts as a definite member of the sentence. In this case, words perform their grammatical function and do so in accordance with certain rules and laws. The main information is about who performs the action, what happens, with whom, where and when. The main and minor members of the sentence are responsible for all this. Let's look at them in more detail.

Main members of the proposal

These include subject and predicate. To understand what is what, just ask a question. The subject is “Who?”, “What?”. Predicate - “What does it do?” To be a subject, a word must be in the initial form, the infinitive. Otherwise, it becomes a minor member of the sentence. This grammatical topic is first introduced to children in 3rd grade. The main members of a sentence are quite easy to understand and learn with numerous examples. It is good if they are supplemented with illustrations or tables.

Subject

The question "Who/What?" immediately shows which member of the sentence is the subject. The word that answers it is the main member of the sentence, and it is with it that everything happens in the story. Most often the subject is a noun. can also be arranged in different orders. The subject most often comes first. It is emphasized in a sentence with one straight line.

Anna waters the flowers.

The book is on the shelf.

The phone rings loudly.

Sometimes the subject can also be an adjective. However, only when there is no suitable noun.

Green is on.

Black is slimming.

Predicate

The question “What does it do?” immediately allows you to determine the predicate in a sentence. It always goes together with the subject and describes what is happening to him. It is difficult to confuse the main and minor members of a sentence with each other if you immediately identify the main pair. The predicate in a sentence is expressed by a verb. It can also characterize the state of the subject. In a sentence, the predicate is emphasized by two straight parallel lines.

The house seemed huge against the backdrop of small garages and buildings.

Lena watches TV series every day.

Mom sat down at the house, waiting for the children from school.

Features of minor members of the sentence

They make the meaning of the main part of the sentence more precise, detailed, and complement it with details. From them we can learn about the place, time, mode of action of what is happening to someone or something. They can be identified by characteristic questions. The secondary members of a sentence (grade 3, Russian language textbook by O. D. Ushakova) are a circumstance (place, time, manner of action), a definition (whose/which?) and an addition (whom/what?, etc.). They are not part of the grammatical basis of sentences.

Definition

It can be expressed in several parts of speech. Nouns, adjectives, and even pronouns that replace nouns serve this purpose. The definition describes the subject. Typical questions for identification: “Which?”, “Whose?”. Used for underlining

The full moon came out from behind the clouds.

A large box blocked the road.

Addition

If a noun word does not answer the question “Who/What?”, it can definitely be said to be an object. It is expressed not only by nouns, but also by pronouns. In sentences, cases are used for emphasis to very accurately help to isolate the main and minor members of the sentence.

The neighbors bought a new car.

The grandmother picked up her granddaughter from kindergarten immediately after lunch.

The flowers were cut with a sharp knife.

Circumstance

It indicates the place, time, reason, purpose, course of action, clarifying, explaining and adding details to the description of what is happening. In each case, the circumstance answers the relevant questions. For example:

Place: Where does it happen/Where does it go/Where does it come from?

Mode of action: How did it happen/How did it happen?

Reason: Why did this happen/Why is this happening?

Time: Since when did it start/When did it start/How long will it last/How long to wait?

Purpose: Why is this/What is it for?

The role of adverbial adverb in a sentence can be played by a noun, adverb and pronoun. For underlining, a dash-dotted line consisting of dots and dashes is used.

A bunch of bananas lay on the table in the kitchen.

Friends canceled a trip to the beach due to bad weather.

He constantly reads a lot of books to appear smart.

Table "Main and secondary members of the sentence"

To remember the rules and learn to distinguish between main and minor members of a sentence, it is recommended to perform a number of special exercises in practice. They will give the necessary result in consolidating the skill.

42. Minor members of a sentence are members of a sentence that depend on the main members of the sentence or on other minor members, and clarify, clarify or supplement the dominant words. Grammatical categories of minor members:

• definition (and application as a type of definition),
• addition,
• circumstance.

42.1. A definition is a minor member of a sentence that denotes a sign, quality or property of an object and answers the questions: what? whose?

Types of definitions:

• agreed rpirepeniv (consistent with the word being defined in number, case, singular - and gender; expressed by an adjective, pronoun-adjective, participle, ordinal number): The washed floors have not yet dried. There was a beautiful vase on the foot. I live on the fifth floor. The second aria from this opera was performed.
• inconsistent definition (connected with the main word by the method of control or adjacency, the connection is devoid of formally expressed agreement; expressed by nouns in indirect cases, personal pronouns, comparative adjectives, adverbs, infinitives, indecomposable phrases): The delegation is expected to arrive today. I really liked her plaid dress. He didn't keep his promise to come.

42.2. An application is a type of definition that is expressed by a noun that agrees with the word being defined in the case (hero city, rose flower).

A special type of application is inconsistent applications. This:

• names of works of literature, press organs, ships, factories, factories, etc.: the novel “Crime and Punishment”, near the Rossiya Hotel;
• nicknames: about Vsevolod the Big Nest.

Single applications and defined words are written:

Hyphenated if

1. the application is expressed by a common noun (design engineer);
2. the application is expressed by a proper name or geographical name and stands before the main word, which denotes a generic concept (Ivan Tsarevich, Moscow River).

Separately if

1. the application is expressed by a proper name or geographical name and comes after the main word, which denotes a generic concept (Tsarevich Ivan, the Moscow River);
2. the application that stands before the word being defined can be equated in meaning to the adjective definition (coward hare - cowardly hare);
3. in a combination of two common nouns, the first denotes a generic concept, and the second - a specific concept (rose flower);
4. the first elements in the phrase are the words comrade, master, citizen, our brother (=me and others like me): citizen policeman, our brother student.

42.3. A complement is a minor member of a sentence that denotes an object; we explain the word on which it depends and answers the questions of indirect cases.

Types of add-ons:

• direct object (expressed by the nominative case form without a preposition for transitive verbs and words of the state category and the genitive case form for transitive verbs with negation or if the action that the transitive verb expresses is not directed at the entire object, but only at its part): write a letter, it hurts your leg, don’t notice nonsense, drink milk;
• indirect object (all other objects): message about the tragedy, keg of beer, director of the plant.

42.4. A circumstance is a minor member of a sentence that explains a word with the meaning of an action or attribute and denotes how or under what circumstances the action is performed. Circumstances are expressed by adverbs, gerunds, nouns in oblique cases (with and without preposition), infinitives, adverbial phraseological units.

Types of circumstances:

• circumstance of time (indicates the temporary indicators of the action being performed): come early, work from morning to evening;
• adverb of place (indicates the place of action or direction of movement): wake up in a room, move forward;
• circumstance of measure and degree (denotes a measure of space, time, quantity or degree of quality): repeat three times, weighing sixty-three kilograms, run three hundred meters:
• circumstance of the manner of action (indicates the manner of performing the action): laugh loudly, walk quickly;
• circumstance of reason (indicates the reason for the action): turning blue from the cold, not coming due to illness;
• circumstance of the goal (indicates the purpose of the action): go on vacation;
• circumstance of condition (indicates a condition that must be met to complete the action): do not go out of town in case of snowfall;
• circumstance of concession (indicates the condition contrary to which the action is performed): to happen contrary to forecasts, to go despite warnings.

42.5. Two-part and one-part sentences. Based on their composition, simple sentences are divided into:

• one-part (with one main member of the sentence),
• two-part (the sentence has both a subject and a predicate).

One-part sentences are sentences represented by one grammatical structure: either a subject or a predicate.

Applications are usually considered as a type of definition.

Secondary members are directly or indirectly related to the grammatical basis, that is, from the grammatical basis you can ask a question to a minor member, from this minor member to another, etc.

The frightened face of a young girl peeked out from behind the trees.(Turgenev).

Grammar basis - face peeked out. From the subject you can ask questions to two words: face(which?) scared; face(whose?) girls. From definition girls you can ask a question about one word girls(Which?) young. Predicate looked out associated with a noun with a preposition: looked out(where?) from behind the trees.

Thus, one sentence includes all words that are somehow related to the grammatical basis. This is especially important when placing punctuation marks in a complex sentence. Commas (less often other symbols) separate parts of a complex sentence from each other. Therefore, to check punctuation marks, you need to clearly understand where these boundaries are.

In the evening, while we were silently waiting for Asya, I was finally convinced of the need for separation.(Turgenev).

To correctly place punctuation marks in this sentence, you need to:
a) highlight grammatical basics;
b) establish which words are associated with these stems.

There are two grammatical bases in this sentence:

1 - I'm convinced; 2 - we expected.

This means the proposal is complex.

The words associated with the first grammatical stem are: convinced(How?) finally; convinced(in what?) in need; convinced(When?) In the evening; in need(what?) separation. Therefore, the first sentence will look like: In the evening I was finally convinced of the need for separation.

The words associated with the second grammatical basis are: expected(whom?) Asya; expected(How?) silently. Bye is a temporary conjunction in a subordinate clause. Therefore, the second sentence will look like: while we silently waited for Asya, and it is located inside the main clause.

So, punctuation marks in a complex sentence should be arranged as follows:
In the evening, while we were silently waiting for Asya, I was finally convinced of the need for separation.

But for the correct placement of punctuation marks, it is necessary not only to identify all the minor members of the sentence, but also to determine their specific type (definition, addition, circumstance), since each of the minor members has its own rules of isolation. Consequently, incorrect parsing of minor terms can lead to errors in punctuation.

Each of the minor members has its own system of questions.

• Definition answers which questions? whose?

  Red dress; happy boy.

• Addition answers questions about indirect cases.

  I saw a friend.

• Circumstances answer questions with adverbs: Where? When? How? Why? and etc.

  They waited in silence.

Note!

Several different questions can sometimes be asked of the same minor member. This happens especially often if the secondary member is expressed by a noun or a noun pronoun. You can always ask them a morphological question of the indirect case. But not always a noun or pronoun will be an addition. The syntax issue may be different.

For example, in combination girl's face You can ask a morphological question to a noun in the genitive case: face(whom?) girls. But noun girls in a sentence will be a definition, not an addition, because the syntactic question will be different: face(whose?) girls.

Every sentence has a grammatical basis consisting of a subject and a predicate. If the sentence is not widespread, then it consists only of them, and if it is widespread, then minor members of the sentence are added to the grammatical basis. This topic, which is studied in grade 5, is very important for the development of competent oral and written speech and understanding of the structure of language.

What are minor members of a sentence

Secondary members of a sentence are all significant words in a sentence, except for the grammatical basis. Each of them is asked a question - sometimes directly from the subject or predicate, sometimes from other members of the sentence. A table of minor members of a sentence will help you understand the essence of the issue.

Minor member name	Minor Member Function	Questions that are asked to him	How does it express itself?
Addition	Indicates an item	All questions of indirect cases	Mostly nouns, sometimes pronouns, always in the indirect case
Definition	Indicates the attribute of this item	Which? Whose? – in different cases and persons	Adjectives
Circumstance	Indicates a time, place or manner of action	Where? How? Where? Where? For what? Why?	Adverbs, as well as nouns in the indirect case

Confusion often arises with nouns or pronouns in the indirect case - they are automatically classified as objects, but they can also be adverbs. Therefore, it is very important to correctly ask the question to such a member of the sentence.

Minor members of the sentence during parsing

When parsing a sentence, it is important not only to highlight its grammatical basis, but also to correctly identify all other members, if any. To do this, you need to ask a question about the selected significant word; they usually start with the subject and predicate, then move on to the secondary members of the sentence. Thus, the sentence is conditionally divided into separate parts - phrases.

For example, a definition can extend not only the subject, but also the object, compare: A beautiful face was framed by lush hair. In this sentence, the definition lush spreads the subject hair, and the definition beautiful spreads the subject face.

They are emphasized as follows: addition - with a dotted line, definition - with a wavy line, circumstance - with alternating dotted lines and dots.

Even if the meaning of the preposition is included in a secondary member of the sentence, during analysis it is not emphasized, like other auxiliary parts of speech that do not have their own meaning.

What have we learned?

In addition to the main members in the sentence, there are also those that distribute them, that is, secondary ones. There are three of them in the Russian language: definition, circumstance and addition. They answer different questions that are asked both from the subject or predicate, and from other significant words in the sentence. When parsing, they are emphasized with different types of lines for clarity.

Secondary members of the sentence - these are members of the sentence that are not included in the grammatical basis of the sentence. The term " minor members of the sentence"has no evaluative meaning, it simply indicates (emphasizes) that such members of the sentence are not included in the grammatical basis and are grouped around the main members (subject and predicate) and grammatically depend on them (or on minor members higher rank). As for the semantic (informative) significance minor members in a sentence, they play an important role, reflecting the various relationships that exist in reality, and often even carry the main semantic and communicative load: The school is located next to the house.

Traditionally minor members are divided into additions, definitions and circumstances.

Addition

Addition - this is a minor member of the sentence that answers questions of indirect cases and denotes the object (subject) to which the action is directed or associated or (less often) in relation to which a qualitative attribute is manifested. Sometimes addition denotes the subject of an action or state. For example: The old man was catching fish with a seine (A. Pushkin); He was not at all inclined to humility and meekness (K. Chukovsky); I can’t sleep, there’s no fire... (A. Pushkin).

Add-ons, expressing the object of action, are used with verbs, as well as with nouns formed from them: deliver goods- cargo delivery; work on the article- working on the article.

Add-ons, naming an object in relation to which a qualitative attribute is manifested, are used with adjectives and nouns formed from them: faithful to duty- loyalty to duty; stingy in his movements- stinginess in movements.

Add-ons are divided into straight And indirect.

Direct addition - This addition, which depends on a transitive verb and is expressed by a noun or pronoun (as well as any part of speech used in the meaning of a noun) in the accusative case without a preposition: see picture, sing a song, fix the iron , write a letter , solve a problem , to see him , meet a friend .

Direct addition can also be expressed by a noun in the genitive case without a preposition. The genitive case is used instead of the accusative in two cases: 1) if there is a negative particle Not before a transitive verb: felt joy- did not feel joy; heard voices- did not hear voices; 2) if the action does not transfer to the entire object, but only to a part: bought bread- of bread; drank water- water: ...The gun commander did not leave the firing position, he asked to bring him shells from the broken guns (V. Astafiev); Don’t sing, beauty, in front of me you sing the songs of sad Georgia... (A. Pushkin).

Direct addition denotes an object to which an action is directly directed, which can arise, be created or disappear, or be destroyed during the action: knit a sweater, write an essay, decorate a room, check a dictation, break a tree, demolish a house and so on.

Other additions are indirect, they express different relations of action or attribute to objects: I won't regret it about roses, withered with a light spring (A. Pushkin); Aksinya remembered her youth and all her life, poor in joys (M. Sholokhov).

Add-ons can be expressed:

1) a noun in any indirect case with or without a preposition: The village was doused with a golden ray (A. Maikov);

2) pronoun: I could never argue with them (M. Lermontov);

3) cardinal number: Divide thirty-six by two;

4) any part of speech in the meaning of a noun: I ran to my grandmother and asked her about the forgotten (M. Gorky);

5) infinitive: Everyone asked her to sing something (M. Lermontov);

6) syntactically integral phrases and phraseological units (the same as the subject): The hunters killed seventeen snipe (L. Tolstoy).

Definition

Definition - a minor member of a sentence that denotes a feature of an object and answers questions Which? whose?

Definitions always depend on words with a subject meaning (that is, on nouns or its equivalents).

Definitions are divided into agreed upon And inconsistent.

Agreed definition - This definition, which is associated with the agreement defined by the word.

Agreed definition can be expressed:

1) adjective: An old disabled man, sitting on a table, was sewing a blue patch onto the elbow of his green uniform (A. Pushkin);

2) ordinal numbers: The second lesson in literature was in fifth grade (A. Chekhov);

3) pronoun: He was carrying some kind of bundle under his arm (M. Lermontov);

4) participle: The sun's rays did not penetrate here through the lowered curtains (A. Chekhov);

5) cardinal numbers in indirect cases: We talked about five new books.

Inconsistent definition - This definition, which is associated with a word-defined control or adjacency.

Inconsistent definition can be expressed:

1) a noun in indirect cases with or without a preposition: A woodcutter’s ax was heard in the forest (N. Nekrasov);

2) possessive pronouns (unchangeable): I agreed to his proposal and, before even reaching Lgov, I had already managed to learn its story (I. Turgenev);

3) a simple form of the comparative degree of the adjective: He was connected by friendship with a girl older than him... (K. Fedin);

4) adverb: After a horseback ride, tea, jam, crackers and butter seemed very tasty (A. Chekhov);

5) infinitive: ...He had the lucky talent to touch lightly on everything without coercion in a conversation, to remain silent in an important dispute with the learned air of an expert and to arouse the smile of ladies with the fire of unexpected epigrams (A. Pushkin);

6) whole phrases: Red Army soldiers of the guard company (M. Sholokhov) scurried around the square; ...A young officer of short stature came in to see me... (A. Pushkin).

Application

Application - this is a special type of definition expressed by a noun, which either agrees with the word being defined in the case, or stands with the word being defined in the nominative case (regardless of what case the word being defined is in): general practitioner, with a general practitioner, to a general practitioner; newspaper "Trud", from the newspaper "Trud", in the newspaper "Trud".

The nominative case form is used almost exclusively in cases where application is a proper name (usually not personal): Lake Baikal, on Lake Baikal etc.

In some cases application in the nominative case it is attached to the defined noun using words indicating the nature of the proper name (by nickname, last name, nickname): a dog named Druzhok, a person named..., named..., nicknamed.

Originality applications is that with their help relations of identity are expressed. This is manifested in the fact that the word being defined and application give different designations for one object, since the attribute of the application object is expressed by an additional (repeated) name of the same object.

Unlike applications an inconsistent definition expressed by a noun always expresses a feature of an object by indicating its relationship with another object. Wed: cat Vaska (Vaska- application) And cat Vaska (Vaska- inconsistent definition); sister-teacher And teacher's sister.

Signs expressed application, very diverse. Applications can denote qualities, properties of an object (clever girl, giant plant), characterize the purpose of an object (trap car), specify an object by indicating its own name (Moskva river), indicate the age, rank, occupation of a person (i.e. indicate what type of item this item belongs to: schoolgirl, Ossetian cab driver) and so on.

Applications can be non-separate and separate; can be expressed by one noun and a combination of words.

For example: You know Gavrila, the suburban carpenter, right? (I. Turgenev); A French girl, brought from abroad, came in to offer her to get dressed (I. Turgenev); The miller Pankrat (K. Paustovsky) took the horse for himself; The owner of the house, named Lyusya, timidly looked towards the soldiers... (V. Astafiev); The snake street winds (V. Mayakovsky).

Unlike combinations with other types of definitions, in combination with application subordinating relations are often erased, obscured: it is not always clear which noun is the main word, which application; both nouns combined with application often perceived as relatively equal, e.g. student friends.

This feature gives rise to a tendency to merge the defined word and the application into a single member of the sentence, and sometimes even into a single word (often the full name of an object involves the simultaneous use of a common noun and a proper name, for example: Prince Andrey, Taimyr Peninsula and under.

Are not applications: 1) combinations of synonyms or antonyms: way-road, buying and selling; 2) combinations of words by association: bread and salt; 3) complex words: raincoat, sofa bed.

Circumstance

Circumstance - this is a minor member of a sentence, denoting a sign of an action or other sign.

By value circumstances are divided into the following categories:

1. Circumstances way of action. They answer questions How? how? and denote a qualitative characteristic of an action or a method of its implementation (“mode of action”). Circumstances modes of action depend on the verb (they worked well, amicably, without tension, together, by hand): Tarantas jumped unevenly on round logs: I got out and walked (I. Turgenev); The skies are blue and shining (A. Pushkin).

2.Circumstances degrees. They answer questions How? in what degree? how much? and indicate the degree of manifestation of the characteristic (doubled in size, a little older, absolutely uninteresting): I did not stop talking: my jokes were smart to the point of stupidity, my ridicule... were angry to the point of fury... (M. Lermontov); The old woman really fell in love with reasonable and good advice... (A. Pushkin).

Circumstances degrees can depend on adjectives, adverbs, verbs, i.e. from words of those parts of speech that denote a sign:

late

very, too, a little late

I'm late

3.Circumstances places. They answer questions Where? Where? where? and indicate the place of action or direction of movement (above, at the top- up, up; ahead- forward): At Lukomorye there is a green oak (A. Pushkin); The tongue will take you to Kyiv (proverb).

4. Circumstances time. They answer questions When? since when? How long? how long? and indicate the time and duration of the described phenomena and events (yesterday, once upon a time, a long time ago, about a week, all winter, not for long And T. d.): Returning home, I sat on horseback and galloped off into the steppe... (M. Lermontov); Ah, the young grass keeps this song to this day- steppe malachite (M. Svetlov); Oh! Tell love the end of the one who goes away for three years (A. Griboyedov).

5. Circumstances causes. They answer questions Why? for what reason? and indicate the cause of the event (for some reason, because of the heat, because of the rain, thanks to support, due to circumstances etc.): Idleness causes mental and physical flabbiness (D. Pisarev);
...The maid did not tell anyone about anything, fearing the anger of the masters (A. Pushkin).

6. Circumstances goals. They answer questions For what? for what purpose? and indicate the purpose of the action (went for help; raised his collar, blocking the wind; for the sake of pleasure, came to say goodbye): I, your old matchmaker and godfather, did not come to make peace with you for the sake of a quarrel... (I. Krylov); Wasn’t it you who at first so viciously persecuted his free, bold gift and fanned the slightly hidden fire for fun? (M. Lermontov).

7. Circumstances conditions. They answer the question under what condition? and indicate conditions that can cause a certain consequence: Without knowing the history of culture, it is impossible to be a cultured person... (M. Gorky); Only if there is an attack on Tsaritsyn can we talk about establishing a unified command (M. Sholokhov).

Due to his bookishness circumstances conditions are rarely used.

8.Circumstances concessions. They answer questions no matter what? in spite of what? and denote phenomena that interfere with or do not correspond to the actions or states reported in the grammatical basis of the sentence.

Offers with circumstances concessions seem to be the opposite of proposals with circumstances reasons conveying natural correspondence between phenomena. In sentences with circumstances concessions talk about phenomena that are observed contrary to circumstances: Contrary to the prediction of my companion, the weather cleared up and promised us a quiet morning... (M. Lermontov); ...Sleptsov, despite his illness, did not stop his intense creative work (K. Chukovsky).Circumstances can be expressed:

1) adverb: Blue eyes look evenly, calmly... (V. Korolenko); |