In the tragedy "Hamlet" William Shakespeare, reworking the plot medieval legend and old English play about Prince Hamlet, with the greatest depth reflected the tragedy of humanism in the contemporary world.
Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, - beautiful image a humanist who faced a world hostile to humanism. The insidious murder of his father reveals to his son the evil that rules the country. For Hamlet, the obligation to avenge the murder of his father is not an ordinary blood feud. For him it grows into a social duty to fight for a just cause, into a great and difficult historical task. However, Hamlet hesitates in this struggle, sometimes cruelly reproaching himself for inactivity. Sometimes the idea is expressed that Hamlet is a naturally weak-willed person, a thinker and observer, incapable of decisive action. But that's not true. The heroic tragedy also shows the powerful power of feelings that distinguished the people of the Renaissance. He is grieving the death of his father and the shameful marriage of his mother. Hamlet loves Ophelia, but does not find happiness with her. His cruelty and hurtful words towards the girl testify to the power of love and disappointment. Hamlet is distinguished by his nobility and comes from high humanistic ideas about man. It is from here that his colossal bitterness stems when he is faced with the world of lies and crime, insidiousness and blasphemy around him. Hamlet is capable of great and faithful friendship. In his relationships, he is alien to feudal prejudice; he values ​​people for their personal qualities, and not for the position they occupy. His only close friend turns out to be student Horatio. Disregarding the courtiers, Hamlet friendly greets people of art - actors. The people love him, as the king speaks with concern about. Hamlet is a man philosophical thought. He knows how to see in individual facts the expression of large general phenomena. But it is not the ability to think itself that delays his actions in the struggle, but the pessimistic conclusions that he comes to as a result of thinking about everything around him. The events that take place at court lead Hamlet to general conclusions about man and the world in general. If such evil is possible in the world, if honesty, love, friendship, human dignity perish in it, then indeed “time has gone crazy.” Hamlet imagines the world as either a vegetable garden where weeds abound, or a well-maintained prison, with casemates, cells and dungeons. Hamlet calls the world a “lush garden” that only produces wild and reckless seed. He declares to his comrades who arrive that “To be or not to be,” Hamlet expresses doubts about the value of life itself. Recounting the various misfortunes of man, he depicts the customs of society. He perceives poverty as unbearably difficult for a person, because he has to endure it. So, Hamlet is amazed not only by the crime of Claudius, but also by the entire system of principles of life and moral concepts alien to him. The hero knows that he cannot limit himself to revenge alone, since the murder of Claudius will not change the world. Hamlet does not give up revenge, but at the same time he realizes that his task is much broader - to counteract evil in general. The greatness of the task and its objective impracticability predetermine its extreme complexity inner life and Hamlet's actions. In the life of a “dishonest game”, “entangled in networks of meanness”, it is difficult for him to determine his own place and find real means of struggle. The scale of evil depresses Hamlet, causing him disappointment and awareness of the meagerness of his powers. Man and the world are not perceived as they seemed to him before. Thus, Hamlet is faced not with a random crime, not with a single enemy, but with an entire enemy society. And precisely because his far-sighted philosophical thought reveals to him the laws of this society, he feels his powerlessness in the fight against evil. The content of the tragedy "Hamlet" is inspired by the social conditions of England at that time, but its significance goes far beyond the borders of one country and one historical period. The picture of oppression and lies shown in it, in particular tyranny, turned out to be true in long time. Hence the undying interest in Hamlet, the noble and lonely fighter against evil and injustice, over the centuries.

Composition

In the tragedy “Hamlet” (1601), William Shakespeare, having reworked the plot of a medieval legend and an old English play about Prince Amlet, depicted with the greatest depth the tragedy of humanism in the contemporary world. Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, is a wonderful image of a humanist who faced a world hostile to

humanism. The insidious murder of his father reveals to his son the evil that rules the country. For Hamlet, the obligation to avenge the murder of his father is not an ordinary blood feud. For him it grows into a social duty to fight for a just cause, into a great and difficult historical task.

Our time has gone crazy.

My talent is damned

Why should I correct that dislocation!

However, Hamlet hesitates in this struggle, sometimes cruelly reproaching himself for inactivity. Sometimes the idea is expressed that Hamlet is a naturally weak-willed person, a thinker and observer, incapable of decisive action. But that's not true.

The heroic tragedy also shows the powerful power of feelings that distinguished the people of the Renaissance. He is grieving the death of his father and the shameful marriage of his mother. Hamlet loves Ophelia, but does not find happiness with her. His cruelty and hurtful words towards the girl testify to the power of love and disappointment.

Hamlet is distinguished by his nobility and comes from high humanistic ideas about man. It is from here that his colossal bitterness stems when he is faced with the world of lies and crime, insidiousness and blasphemy around him.

Hamlet is capable of great and faithful friendship. In his relationships, he is alien to feudal prejudice; he values ​​people for their personal qualities, and not for the position they occupy. His only close friend turns out to be student Horatio. Disregarding the courtiers, Hamlet friendly greets people of art - actors. The people love him, as the king speaks with concern about.

Hamlet is a man of philosophical thought. He knows how to see in individual facts the expression of large general phenomena. But it is not the ability to think itself that delays his actions in the struggle, but the pessimistic conclusions that he comes to as a result of thinking about everything around him. The events that take place at court lead Hamlet to general conclusions about man and the world in general. If such evil is possible in the world, if honesty, love, friendship, human dignity perish in it, then indeed “time has gone crazy.” Hamlet imagines the world as either a vegetable garden where weeds abound, or a well-maintained prison, with casemates, cells and dungeons. Hamlet calls the world a “lush garden” that only produces wild and reckless seed. He declares to his comrades who arrive that “To be or not to be,” Hamlet expresses doubts about the value of life itself. Recounting the various misfortunes of man, he depicts the customs of society. He perceives poverty as unbearably difficult for a person, because he has to endure

...scourges and desecration of time

So, Hamlet is amazed not only by the crime of Claudius, but also by the entire system of principles of life and moral concepts alien to him. The hero knows that he cannot limit himself to revenge alone, since the murder of Claudius will not change the world. Hamlet does not give up revenge, but at the same time he realizes that his task is much broader - to counteract evil in general.

The greatness of the task and its objective impracticability predetermine the extreme complexity of Hamlet’s inner life and actions. In the life of a “dishonest game”, “entangled in networks of meanness”, it is difficult for him to determine his own place and find real means of struggle. The scale of evil depresses Hamlet, causing him disappointment and awareness of the meagerness of his powers. Man and the world are not perceived as they seemed to him before.

Thus, Hamlet is faced not with a random crime, not with a single enemy, but with an entire enemy society. And precisely because his far-sighted philosophical thought reveals to him the laws of this society, he feels his powerlessness in the fight against evil.

The content of the tragedy "Hamlet" is inspired by the social conditions of England at that time, but its significance goes far beyond the borders of one country and one historical period. The picture it showed of oppression and lies, in particular tyranny, turned out to be true for a long time. Hence the undying interest in Hamlet, the noble and lonely fighter against evil and injustice, over the centuries.

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Hamlet — central character tragedy of the same name Shakespeare. It has long been noted that almost all of Shakespeare's heroes are inclined to think rather than to act. This applies to the greatest extent to G., inner world which is steadily collapsing under the double onslaught: painful emotional experiences caused by external circumstances ( terrible death father, the meanness of his uncle, the betrayal of his mother and friends), are aggravated by destructive thoughts that lead him to re-evaluate everything that previously had value and meaning. Honor, love, loyalty - these ideals are mercilessly trampled by harsh reality. G. understands that he must fight evil, that he is obliged to act, but his will is paralyzed, because he is possessed by the most terrible doubt for a person: “To be or not to be?” In his denial of the surrounding reality, G. goes so far that he is ready to see only evil in the world. But if the world is so terrible, then life is not worth living. Only one thing stops G., whose faith in the Creator’s providence and divine justice is shaken: will this existence continue beyond the grave, or will non-existence await him? The figure of G., whose youth was spent not in idle fun and rough entertainment, but within the walls of the University of Wittenberg, symbolizes a new consciousness, a new worldview, for which “the connection of times has fallen apart.”

What kind of connection is this? For a Christian, this has always been unshakable and unreasoning faith. But within the walls of the university, G. learned the power of another force - reason, and now these two forces, faith and reason, are waging a fierce struggle in his soul. What to do if a reasonable understanding of life leads to its denial! G.’s tragedy is that he, placing a high value on reason, forces himself not to reason, but to act, because “thought makes us cowards, / And so the natural color of determination / Withers under the pale patina of thought, / And undertakings, those who ascended powerfully, / Turning aside their move, / Lose the name of action.” It is symbolic that G. pretends to be insane in order to fulfill his plan: madness is back side prudence that has reached a dead end in attempts to grasp the immensity - the meaning of being. G. is a person who stands on the threshold of a new time, but the principles and ideals of the past still rule over him. For G., revenge on his father’s murderer is a heavy duty, a duty, but not a sacred right. And what is the point in taking revenge on Claudius, as if he alone is the embodiment of evil! The whole world has succumbed to corruption, and, in the words of the guard officer, “something has rotted in the Danish state.” In addition, G. is no longer able to live, submitting to the authority of age-old wisdom, its unambiguous norms, which firmly established what is good and what is evil. He states: “...there is nothing either good or bad; thinking makes everything so.” And yet Shakespeare is far from showing his hero as a complete cynic and pessimist. The determination to fight evil in spite of everything, the willingness to die in this unequal battle, the awareness of the insignificance of the results of this struggle - all this elevates G. both above the low vanity of everyday life, and even above the philosophical detachment and wise moderation of his friend Horatio, the only one who was not harmed -* la general moral corruption. Shakespeare shows how hard thoughts, doubts and cruel trials in the end do not destroy G.’s faith in man and in his mind, but strengthen it: “What is a man when he is busy only with / Sleeping and eating? An animal, nothing more. /He who created us with such a vast thought, /Looking both forward and backward, /Put into us/ /Not for this purpose a god-like mind, /So that it would moldy idly.”

Revenge theme

The theme of revenge in Shakespeare's tragedy Hamlet is embodied in the characters of Hamlet, Laertes and Fortinbras. Compositionally, Hamlet stands in the center, and not only because of his personal significance. Hamlet's father was killed, but Hamlet's father killed Fortinbras' father, and Hamlet himself kills Laertes' father.

Theme of morality

In Shakespeare's tragedy, two principles, two systems of public morality collided: humanism, which asserts the right of every person to his share of earthly goods, and predatory individualism, which allows one to trample on others and even everyone.

For Prince Hamlet, the basis of order and justice is morality. He abandons revenge as an outdated form of punishment. He dreams of justice and tries to assert it with his actions. However, the prince, like his ancestors, usurps the right to decide a person's fate. The goal of his life becomes the establishment of moral laws in his father’s country through the disgrace or destruction of those responsible, in his opinion, for the fact that “something has rotted in our Danish state.”

Shakespeare shows that not only is the reality in which evil is so powerful tragic, but it is also tragic that this reality can lead wonderful person, as Hamlet is, into an almost hopeless state.

Theme of life and death

The theme of death constantly arises in Hamlet's reasoning: it is in direct connection with the awareness of the frailty of existence.

Life is so hard that to get rid of its horrors it is not difficult to commit suicide. Death is like a dream. But Hamlet is not sure whether a person’s mental torment ends with death. Dead flesh cannot suffer. But the soul is immortal. What kind of future is prepared for her “in the sleep of death”? A person cannot know this, for on the other side of life is “an unknown land from where there is no return for earthly wanderers.”

Characteristics of the main character

Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, is the main character of William Shakespeare's tragedy. His image is central to the tragedy. The bearer of the main idea and philosophical conclusions of the entire work is Hamlet. The hero's speeches are full of aphorisms, apt observations, wit and sarcasm. Shakespeare accomplished the most difficult of artistic tasks- created the image of a great thinker.

Plunging into the events of Shakespeare's tragedy, we observe all the versatility of the protagonist's character. Hamlet is a man not only of strong passions, but also high intelligence, a person thinking about the meaning of life, about ways to fight evil. He is a man of his era, who carries within himself its duality. On the one hand, Hamlet understands that “man is the beauty of the universe! The crown of all living things!”; on the other hand, “the quintessence of dust. Not a single person makes me happy.”

the main objective For this hero, from the beginning of the play, revenge for the murder of his father is contrary to his nature, because... Hamlet is a man of modern times, an adherent of humanistic views and he is incapable of causing pain and suffering to other people. But, having learned the bitterness of disappointment, the torment through which he goes, Hamlet comes to the realization that, fighting for justice, he will have to resort to force.

Around him he sees only treason, insidiousness, betrayal, “that you can live with a smile and with a smile be a scoundrel; By at least, in Denmark". He is disappointed in his “despicable love”, in his mother, uncle - “Oh, destructive woman! Scoundrel, smiling scoundrel, damned scoundrel! His thoughts about the purpose of man, about the meaning of life take on a tragic overtones. Before our eyes, the hero is going through a difficult struggle between a sense of duty and his own convictions.

Hamlet is capable of great and faithful friendship. In his relationships, he is alien to feudal prejudices: he values ​​people by their personal qualities, and not by the position they occupy.

Hamlet's monologues reveal internal struggle which he conducts with himself. He constantly reproaches himself for his inactivity, trying to understand whether he is capable of any action at all. He even thinks about suicide:

Shakespeare shows the consistent development of Hamlet's character. The power of this image is not in what actions it does, but in what it feels and forces the readers to experience.

Minor characters

Image Hamlet is revealed in its entirety in relationships with all characters. The space of tragedy is a multi-vector structure, almost every vector of which makes visible the existing confrontation between the main character and certain characters in the play. All the characters in Hamlet are direct participants in the dramatic action and can be united according to their own characteristics.

Conventionally, the first vector on the field dramatic conflict represented by Claudius and Gertrude. The mother and uncle of the main character of the tragedy are the ruler who usurped power.

The second is Polonius and Osric. The Chancellor of the Danish Kingdom, who is at the top of feudal society, is a poor copy of a talented intriguer, united in their readiness to carry out any order from the authorities, without forgetting their own benefit.

The third is Ophelia and Laertes, the daughter and son of Polonius, whose fate is directly connected with the actions of Hamlet.

The fourth is Horatio, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, Hamlet's fellow students at the University of Wittenberg.

The fifth is Prince Fortinbras. Hamlet will not meet him on stage, but the feeling that Fortinbras is a kind of double of the protagonist does not disappear. Some events in the life of the Norwegian prince coincide with the story of Prince Hamlet (as, by the way, with the story of Laertes), however, life priorities everyone defines it differently. In the real space of the tragedy, Fortinbras can be a mate to his father, killed by King Hamlet, to Hamlet himself and Laertes.

Outside the system is real acting heroes remains the character who creates the plot of the main storyline- This is the Ghost, the shadow of Hamlet's father.

Claudius

The image of Claudius captures the type of bloody usurper monarch.

“Murderer and slave;

Smerd, twenty times one tenth smaller

The one who was your husband; jester on the throne;

The thief who stole power and the state,

Who pulled off the precious crown

And put it in his pocket

While maintaining the mask of a respectable person, a caring ruler, a gentle spouse, this “smiling scoundrel” does not bind himself to any moral standards: he breaks his oath, seduces the queen, kills his brother, and carries out insidious plans against the rightful heir. At court, he revives old feudal customs, indulges in espionage and denunciations. “The wild and the evil reign here.”

Endowed with “the magic of the mind, the black gift of deceit,” Claudius is insightful and careful: he cleverly prevents Fortinbras’s campaign against Denmark, quickly extinguishes the anger of Laertes, turning him into a weapon for reprisal against Hamlet, and creates the appearance of collegiality in government. Fearing that the people will stand up for the prince, the king conducts intrigues against him very carefully: he does not believe the rumor about Hamlet’s madness.

The conflict between the humanist Hamlet and the tyrant Claudius is a conflict between old and new times.

Gertrude

The queen evokes a difficult feeling. Gertrude is “my seemingly pure wife,” a weak-willed, although not stupid, woman, “she has had enough of heaven and thorns that live in her chest, ulcerating and stinging.”

Behind her majesty and external charm, you cannot immediately determine that the queen has neither marital fidelity nor maternal sensitivity. The people of Denmark are distant and alien to the queen. When people dissatisfied with the king burst into the palace with Laertes, she shouts to them:

Hamlet's biting, frank reproaches addressed to the Queen Mother are fair. And although at the end of the tragedy her attitude towards Hamlet warms up, the accidental death of the queen does not evoke sympathy, since she is an indirect accomplice of Claudius, who herself turned out to be an unwitting victim of his vile crime. Submitting to Claudius, he dutifully helps carry out an “experiment” on the supposedly insane prince, which deeply hurts his feelings and causes disrespect for himself.

Polonium

Polonius is a resourceful courtier in the guise of a sage. Intrigue, hypocrisy, cunning became the norm of his behavior in the palace and own home. Everything with him is subject to calculation.

His distrust of people even extends to his own children. He sends a servant to spy on his son, makes his daughter Ophelia an accomplice in spying on Hamlet, without worrying about how this hurts her soul and how it humiliates her dignity. He will never understand Hamlet's sincere feelings for Ophelia, and he ruins him with his vulgar interference. He dies at the hands of Hamlet, as a spy, eavesdropping on the queen’s conversation with her son.

Ophelia

The image of Ophelia is one of the brightest examples Shakespeare's dramatic skill. Hamlet loves Ophelia, the meek daughter of the courtier Polonius. This girl is different from other Shakespearean heroines, who are characterized by determination and readiness to fight for their happiness: obedience to the father remains main feature her character.

Hamlet loves Ophelia, but does not find happiness with her. Fate is unkind to Ophelia: her father Polonius is on the side of Claudius, who is guilty of the death of Hamlet's father and is his desperate enemy. After Hamlet kills her father, a tragic breakdown occurs in the girl’s soul and she goes crazy.

"Sorrow and sadness, suffering, hell itself

It turns you into beauty and charm” (5, p.62)

The madness and death of this fragile, unprotected creature evokes sympathy. We hear a poetic account of how she died; that before her death she continued to sing and passed away in an unusually beautiful way, “weaving nettles, buttercups, irises, orchids into garlands,” breaking into a “sobbing stream.” This final poetic touch is extremely important for completion. poetic image Ophelia.

Finally, at her grave we hear Hamlet admit that he loved her, “as forty thousand brothers cannot love!” That is why the cruel words that he says to her are difficult for him, he pronounces them with despair, because, loving her, he realizes that she has become a weapon of his enemy against him and in order to carry out revenge he must renounce love. Hamlet suffers because he is forced to hurt Ophelia and, suppressing pity, is merciless in his condemnation of women.

Laertes

Laertes is the son of Polonius. He is straightforward, energetic, courageous, loves his sister tenderly in his own way, wishes her well and happiness. But judging by how, burdened by domestic care, Laertes strives to leave Elsinore, it is difficult to believe that he is very attached to his father. However, having heard about his death, Laertes is ready to execute the culprit, be it the king himself, to whom he took the oath of allegiance.

“I’m not afraid of death. I declare

That both worlds are despicable for me,

And come what may; just for my father

Take revenge as it should" (5, p. 51)

He is not interested in the circumstances under which his father died, and whether he was right or wrong. The main thing for him is to “take revenge as it should be.” The strength of his intentions to take revenge at any cost is so strong that he rebels against the king:

Laertes, having entered into an agreement with the king, and going out to compete with the prince, having a poisoned weapon, neglects knightly honor, dignity and generosity, because before the competition Hamlet explained himself to him and Laertes extended his hand to him. Only intimacy own death, the consciousness that he himself was a victim of Claudius’s treachery forces him to tell the truth and forgive Hamlet.

Horatio

Horatio is Hamlet's friend. The hero considers Horatio himself best friend precisely because he sees in him a real person, untouched by general moral corruption, who has not become a “slave of passions,” in whom “blood and reason” are organically fused. This is a balanced, moderate and calm young man, for which Hamlet praises him:

Hamlet and Horatio are contrasted with the deceitful and two-faced Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, “his peers, with school years”, who agreed to spy on Hamlet for the king and find out “what secret is tormenting him and whether we have a cure for it.”

Horatio fully justifies Hamlet's trust, seeing that Hamlet is dying, he is ready to die with him, but he is stopped by the request of the hero, who assigns his friend an important role - to tell people the truth about him after death. And perhaps this truth will teach people to appreciate life, to better understand the shades of good and evil.

In the tragedy “Hamlet” (1601), William Shakespeare, having reworked the plot of a medieval legend and an old English play about Prince Amlet, depicted with the greatest depth the tragedy of humanism in the contemporary world. Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, is a wonderful image of a humanist who faced a world hostile to

humanism. The insidious murder of his father reveals to his son the evil that rules the country. For Hamlet, the obligation to avenge the murder of his father is not an ordinary blood feud. For him it grows into a social duty to fight for a just cause, into a great and difficult historical task.

Our time has gone crazy.

My talent is damned

Why should I correct that dislocation!

However, Hamlet hesitates in this struggle, sometimes cruelly reproaching himself for inactivity. Sometimes the idea is expressed that Hamlet is a naturally weak-willed person, a thinker and observer, incapable of decisive action. But that's not true.

The heroic tragedy also shows the powerful power of feelings that distinguished the people of the Renaissance. He is grieving the death of his father and the shameful marriage of his mother. Hamlet loves Ophelia, but does not find happiness with her. His cruelty and hurtful words towards the girl testify to the power of love and disappointment.

Hamlet is distinguished by his nobility and comes from high humanistic ideas about man. It is from here that his colossal bitterness stems when he is faced with the world of lies and crime, insidiousness and blasphemy around him.

Hamlet is capable of great and faithful friendship. In his relationships, he is alien to feudal prejudice; he values ​​people for their personal qualities, and not for the position they occupy. His only close friend turns out to be student Horatio. Disregarding the courtiers, Hamlet friendly greets people of art - actors. The people love him, as the king speaks with concern about.

Hamlet is a man of philosophical thought. He knows how to see in individual facts the expression of large general phenomena. But it is not the ability to think itself that delays his actions in the struggle, but the pessimistic conclusions that he comes to as a result of thinking about everything around him. The events that take place at court lead Hamlet to general conclusions about man and the world in general. If such evil is possible in the world, if honesty, love, friendship, human dignity perish in it, then indeed “time has gone crazy.” Hamlet imagines the world as either a vegetable garden where weeds abound, or a well-maintained prison, with casemates, cells and dungeons. Hamlet calls the world a “lush garden” that only produces wild and reckless seed. He declares to his comrades who arrive that “To be or not to be,” Hamlet expresses doubts about the value of life itself. Recounting the various misfortunes of man, he depicts the customs of society. He perceives poverty as unbearably difficult for a person, because he has to endure

...scourges and desecration of time

So, Hamlet is amazed not only by the crime of Claudius, but also by the entire system of principles of life and moral concepts alien to him. The hero knows that he cannot limit himself to revenge alone, since the murder of Claudius will not change the world. Hamlet does not give up revenge, but at the same time he realizes that his task is much broader - to counteract evil in general.

The greatness of the task and its objective impracticability predetermine the extreme complexity of Hamlet’s inner life and actions. In the life of a “dishonest game”, “entangled in networks of meanness”, it is difficult for him to determine his own place and find real means of struggle. The scale of evil

Lermontov's review of Hamlet must be considered against the background of the literary era. During the period of the highest rise of romanticism, Shakespeare becomes the banner, the greatest, unattainable example of high poetry. " Highest value Shakespeare had for French romanticism...

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1. New!

   The legend of Hamlet was first recorded at the end of the 11th century by the Danish historian Samson Grammaticus in his collection of legends and chronicles called The History of Denmark. This legend says that during pagan times one of the rulers of Jutland was killed at a feast by his brother...