Uranus and the Death Star: the discoveries of William Herschel. Biography of William Herschel Observations of double stars

22.06.2019

William Herschel. Photo: gutenberg.org

233 years ago, on March 13, 1781, at number 19 New King Street in Bath, Somerset, English astronomer William Herschel discovered Uranus. Seventh Planet solar system brought him fame and wrote his name in history..

Uranus

Before William Herschel, everyone who observed Uranus mistook it for a star. John Flamsteed missed his chance in 1690, Pierre Lemonnier between 1750 and 1769 (and he, it should be noted, saw Uranus at least 12 times).

On March 13, 1781, using a telescope of his own design, Herschel discovered a celestial body. He noted in his diary that he may have seen a comet. Subsequent weeks showed the object moving across the sky. Then the scientist became even more confident in his hypothesis.

Uranus and its satellite Ariel ( white dot against the backdrop of the planet). Photo: solarsystem.nasa.gov

However, a few months later, a Russian astronomer with Finnish-Swedish roots, Andrei Ivanovich Lexel, together with his Parisian colleague Pierre Laplace, calculated the orbit of a celestial body and proved that the discovered object was a planet.

The planet was located at a distance of almost 3 billion kilometers from the Sun and was more than 60 times the volume of the Earth. Herschel proposed calling it Georgium Sidus - "Star of George" - in honor of the reigning King George III. He motivated this by the fact that in enlightened times it would be very strange to give planets names in honor of Greek gods or heroes. Moreover, according to Herschel, when talking about any event, the question always arises - when did it happen. And the name "George's Star" would definitely indicate the era.

However, outside Britain, the name proposed by Herschel did not gain popularity, and alternative versions soon appeared. It was proposed to name Uranus in honor of its discoverer, and versions of “Neptune”, “Neptune of George III” and even “Neptune of Great Britain” were also put forward. In 1850, the name we are used to today was approved.

Moons of Uranus and Saturn

In the 18th century, five celestial bodies were discovered, not counting the comet. And all these achievements belong to Herschel.

Six years after the discovery of Uranus, Herschel discovered the planet's first satellites. On January 11, 1787, Titania and Oberon were discovered. True, they did not receive names immediately and for more than 60 years they appeared as Uranus-II and Uranus-IV. Numbers I and III were Ariel and Umbriel, discovered by William Lassell in 1851. The names of the satellites were given by Herschel's son, John. Departing from the established tradition of naming celestial bodies in honor of the characters Greek mythology, he chose magical characters - the queen and king of the fairies Titania and Oberon from the comedy "Dream in summer night"William Shakespeare and the sylph Ariel and the dwarf Umbriel from the poem "The Rape of the Lock" by Alexander Pope.
By the way, the satellites discovered by Herschel were at that time visible only through his telescope.

Saturn's moon Mimas. Photo: nasa.gov

In 1789, with a difference of about 20 days, the astronomer discovered two satellites of Saturn: on August 28, he discovered Enceladus, and on September 17, Mimas. Initially - Saturn I and Saturn II, respectively. John Herschel also gave them names. But, unlike Uranus, Saturn already had previously discovered satellites. Therefore, the new names were associated with Greek mythology.

An interesting observation made by fans of the fantastic saga is connected with Mimas." Star wars"If you look at the satellite from a certain angle, it resembles the Death Star battle station."

Double stars

When Herschel began studying astronomy, he focused his observations on pairs of stars that were too close to each other. Previously, it was believed that their rapprochement was accidental. But Herschel proved that this was not so. Observing them through a telescope, he discovered that the stars revolve around one another in an orbit, similar to the rotation of the planets.

This is how double stars were discovered - stars bound into one system by gravitational forces. About half the stars in our galaxy are binary. Such a system may include black holes or neutron stars, so Herschel’s discovery was of great importance for astrophysics.

Infrared radiation

In February 1800, Herschel tested filters of various colors to observe sunspots. He noticed that some of them got hotter than others. Then, using a prism and a thermometer, he tried to determine the temperature of various parts of the visible spectrum. When moving from the purple stripe to the red one, the thermometer column crawled up.

Opening infrared radiation. Photo: nasa.gov

Herschel thought that where it ends visible part red spectrum, the thermometer will show room temperature. But to his surprise, the temperature continued to rise. This was the beginning of the study of infrared radiation.

Corals

Herschel left his mark not only in astronomy, but also in biology. Not much is known about this side of his activities. However, Herschel was the first to prove that corals are not plants. Despite the fact that the medieval Asian scientist Al-Biruni classified sponges and corals as animals, noting their reaction to touch, they continued to be considered plants.

William Herschel, using a microscope, determined that corals have a cell membrane, like animals.

Did you know...

Before he became interested in astronomy and made his amazing discoveries, William Herschel was a musician. He was a regimental oboist in Hanover, then moved to England, where he found work as an organist and music teacher. While studying music theory, Herschel became interested in mathematics, then optics, and finally astronomy.
He wrote in total 24 symphonies for large and small orchestras, 12 oboe concertos, two organ concertos, six sonatas for violin, cello and harpsichord, 12 solo works for violin and bass continuo (general bass), 24 capriccios and one sonata for violin - solo, one andante for two basset horns, oboes and bassoons.
His works are still performed by orchestras and can be listen.

Maryana Piskareva

William Herschel is an outstanding English astronomer of German origin.

Born in Hanover (Germany) on November 15, 1738 in the family of a musician. Having received home education and becoming, like his father, a musician, he entered the military orchestra as an oboist and was sent to England as part of the regiment. Then he left with military service and taught music for some time. Wrote 24 symphonies.

In 1789 he was elected a foreign honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. He died on August 23, 1822. On his gravestone it is written: “Broken the bolts of heaven.”

Passion for astronomy

Gradually, while studying composition and music theory, Herschel came to mathematics, from mathematics to optics, and from optics to astronomy. He was 35 years old at that time. Without the funds to buy a large telescope, in 1773 he began polishing mirrors himself and constructing telescopes and other optical instruments, both for his own observations and for sale. The English King George III, himself a lover of astronomy, promoted Herschel to the rank of Astronomer Royal and provided him with the funds to build a separate observatory. Since 1782, Herschel and his sister Caroline, who assisted him, constantly worked to improve telescopes and astronomical observations. Herschel managed to convey his passion for astronomy to his family and friends. His sister Caroline, as already mentioned, helped him a lot in scientific work.

Having studied mathematics and astronomy under the guidance of her brother, Caroline independently processed his observations and prepared catalogs of Herschel’s nebulae and star clusters for publication. Caroline discovered 8 new comets and 14 nebulae. She was the first female researcher to be accepted as an equal into the cohort of English and European astronomers, who elected her an honorary member of the Royal Astronomical Society of London and the Irish royal academy. His brother also helped him Alexander. Son John, born in 1792, already in childhood showed remarkable abilities. He became one of the most famous English astronomers and physicists of the 19th century. His popular book “Essays on Astronomy” was translated into Russian and played a major role in the dissemination of astronomical knowledge in Russia.

Thanks to some technical improvements and an increase in the diameter of the mirrors, Herschel in 1789 produced the largest telescope of his time (focal length 12 meters, mirror diameter 49½ inches (126 cm)). However, Herschel's main works relate to stellar astronomy.

Observations of double stars

Herschel observed double stars to determine parallaxes(changes in the apparent position of an object relative to a distant background depending on the position of the observer). As a result of this, he concluded about the existence of star systems. Previously, it was believed that double stars were only randomly located in the sky in such a way that they appeared nearby when observed. Herschel established that double and multiple stars exist as systems of stars physically connected to each other and revolving around a common center of gravity.

By 1802, Herschel had discovered more than 2 thousand new nebulae and hundreds of new visual double stars. He also observed nebulae and comets and compiled their descriptions and catalogs (prepared for publication by his sister, Caroline Herschel).

Star scoop method

To study the structure of the stellar system, Herschel developed new method, based on statistical counts of stars in different parts of the sky, called the “star scoop” method. Using this method, he established that all the observed stars constitute a huge oblate system - the Milky Way (or Galaxy). He studied the structure Milky Way and came to the conclusion that the Milky Way has the shape of a disk, and the Solar system is part of the Milky Way. Herschel considered the study of the structure of our Galaxy to be his main task. He proved that the Sun with all its planets is moving towards the constellation Hercules. While studying the spectrum of the Sun, Herschel discovered the infrared invisible part of it - this happened in 1800. The discovery was made during the following experiment: by splitting sunlight prism, Herschel placed the thermometer just beyond the red band of the visible spectrum and showed that the temperature was rising, and, therefore, the thermometer was exposed to light radiation inaccessible to the human eye.

Discovery of the planet Uranus

Uranus- the seventh planet in terms of distance from the Sun, the third in diameter and fourth in mass. Herschel discovered it in 1781. Named after greek god the sky of Uranus, the father of Kronos (in Roman mythology, Saturn) and the grandfather of Zeus.

Uranus became the first planet discovered in modern times using a telescope. William Herschel announced the discovery of Uranus on March 13, 1781. Although Uranus is sometimes visible to the naked eye, earlier observers did not realize it was a planet due to its dimness and slow motion.

Herschel's astronomical discoveries

Planet Uranus On March 13, 1781, Herschel dedicated this discovery to King George III and called open planet in his honor - "George's Star", but the name did not come into use.
Saturn's moons Mimas and Enceladus in 1789
Moons of Uranus Titania and Oberon.
Introduced the term "asteroid".
Defined movement of the solar system towards the constellation Hercules.
Opened infrared radiation.
Installed that galaxies are collected in huge “layers”, among which he singled out the supercluster in the constellation Coma Berenices. He was the first to express the idea of cosmic evolution under the influence of gravity.

First game of the Second Team Tournament.

Participants

Ilya Ganchukov

Hasmik Garyaka

Mikhail Karpuk

Ilya Ganchukov, laboratory assistant from Novosibirsk
Hasmik Garyaka, programmer from Yerevan
Mikhail Karpuk, lawyer from Minsk

Progress of the game

First round

Topics:

US Presidents
Tigers
Musical instruments
Red and white
Press

US Presidents (400)

In writing his epitaph, Thomas Jefferson brushed aside this fact, apparently considering it unimportant.

Hasmik answers.
Correct answer: The fact of the US presidency

Tigers (500)

In memory of the battle (500)

Cat in a poke. Subject: In memory of the battle. The cast-iron obelisk on the Red Hill of Kulikovo Field, created according to the design of Alexander Bryullov and approved by Nicholas I, ended in exactly this way. Miraculously in the 1930s. the monument survived. What is this column crowned with?

Ilya plays. The bet is 500.
Correct answer: Church onion with a cross

Uranium (400)

This offensive operation of three fronts Soviet troops was codenamed "Uranus".

Ilya answers.
Correct answer: Stalingradskaya

Tigers (400)

He was born in the Khumbu region of Nepal and his autobiography is titled Tiger of the Snows.

Ilya answers.
Correct answer: Tenzing Norgay

Tigers (300)

In 2010, the Tiger Summit was held in St. Petersburg with the participation of delegations from 13 countries - according to their number.

Mikhail answers.
Correct answer: Countries where tigers live

Tigers (200)

This subspecies of tiger is the most numerous. Zoologists count up to two thousand individuals.

Ilya answers.
Correct answer: Bengali (Indian)

Uranium (300)

According to the ancient Greeks, she was both mother and wife to Uranus.

Mikhail answers.
Correct answer: Gaia

Musical instruments (300)

In the century before last, Kalioppa - just such an organ - shocked not so much listeners as spectators.

Ilya answers.
Correct answer: Steam

Tiger (100)

Merging with it, the Tigris forms the Shatt al-Arab River.

Ilya answers.
Correct answer: Euphrates

Uranium (200)

In addition to gold and diamonds, the depths of this republic conceal more than half of Russia's uranium reserves.

Hasmik answers.
Correct answer: Yakutia

US Presidents (300)

Lyndon Johnson loved giving electric toothbrushes as gifts. So, the author of this work received as many as 12 brushes from Johnson! True, in 10 years.

Ilya answers.
Correct answer: "Johnson's Biography"

Uranium (100)

Even the discoverer of uranium, William Herschel, suggested that the planet has this “decoration”, seen only in the 20th century.

Mikhail answers.
Correct answer: Rings

Musical instruments (500)

The violinophone, invented by Johann Stroch, is a variation of this instrument, but to amplify the sound, it is not the body that is used, but a metal bell.

Mikhail answers.
Correct answer: Violin

Musical instruments (200)

IN symphonic fairy tale“Peter and the Wolf” its theme is led by three horns.

Ilya answers.
Correct answer: Wolf

US Presidents (200)

This favorite animal of Harry Truman grazed on the lawn in front of the White House.

Hasmik answers.
Correct answer: Goat

Press (500)

Auction. The reader of the French newspaper “Sapper's Candle” dated February 29, 2012 will learn the answer to the published crossword puzzle only on that day.

Ilya plays. The bet is 1,300.
Correct answer: 29.02.2016

US Presidents (100)

Americans also approved of this World War II commander for his recipe for an exquisite vegetable soup with nasturtium stems.

Mikhail answers.
Correct answer: Dwight David Eisenhower

Red-white (300)

Auction. Kazemir Malevich’s painting “Pictorial Realism of a Peasant Woman in Two Dimensions” looks exactly like this.

Mikhail plays. The bet is 1,300.
Correct answer: Red square on white background

Red-white (400)

The seventh was released in October 2010 studio album this Moldovan rock band "White Wine/Red Wine".

Ilya answers.
Correct answer: Zdob şi Zdub

Press (400)

Excerpts from " Quiet Don“This French newspaper was the first to publish in the West.

Hasmik answers.
Correct answer: "Humanité"

Press (500)

The sky is calling! (500)

Cat in a poke. Subject: The sky is calling!. On October 19, 1901, 28-year-old Brazilian Alberto Santos Dumont flew this from Parc Saint-Claude to the Eiffel Tower and back in half an hour. He became famous throughout the world and won a prize of 100 thousand francs.

Mikhail plays. The bet is 500.
Correct answer: Airship

Red and white (200)

According to the visiting Englishman Fletcher, at the end of the 16th century, Muscovites, trying to hide this, “whitened and blushed so much that anyone could notice.”

Ilya answers.
Correct answer: Bad complexion

Press (200)

Hasmik answers.
Correct answer: "Youth"

Press (100)

The album, released for the 180th anniversary of this newspaper, told about its origins and development from Pushkin to the present day.

Hasmik answers.
Correct answer: "Literary newspaper"

Musical instruments (100)

In March 1945, during an attack on the Nazi rear headquarters, British soldier David Kirkpatrick supported the attackers with sounds.

Mikhail answers.
Correct answer: Bagpipes

Red and white (100)

This striped caramel is most often wrapped in a red and white candy wrapper.

Hasmik answers.
Correct answer: "Cancer necks"

Round result

Ilya - 4 300
Hasmik - 1 600
Mikhail - 3 200

Second round

Topics:

Artists
"Something with something"
It's necessary, Fedya!
Questions from…
It's in the bag
…Wow…

...wow... (1,000)

Vegetables and fruits (200)

Cat in a poke. Subject: Vegetables and fruits. Ontario's Jim Bryson and his twelve-year-old daughter Kelsey raised just that together. The fruit of family labor weighed almost 824 kg.

Mikhail plays. The bet is 200.
Correct answer: Pumpkin

...wow... (600)

In this novel by Yuri German, the prototype of Doctor Ustimenko was the head physician of the Sestroretsk city hospital, Nikolai Slupsky.

Ilya answers.
Player response: "The Case of Kukotsky".
Correct answer: "My dear man"

...wow... (800)

In this adaptation of Shakespeare, Keanu Reeves played Don Juan and almost received the Golden Raspberry for his righteous work.

Hasmik answers.
Correct answer: "Much ado about nothing"

It's in the bag (800)

Creativity (200)

Cat in a poke. Subject: Creation. According to legend, while working on Dante's Inferno, William Blake became so carried away that he spent the last shilling in the house on just this. Blake's portrait in the National Gallery also depicts this subject.

Ilya plays. The bet is 200.
Player response: Candle.
Correct answer: Pencil

It's necessary, Fedya! (1,000)

The soloist refused to sing on the eve of the performance, and the entrepreneur invited the 17-year-old soloist Fedya Chaliapin to sing Stolnik in this opera by Manyushko.
Mikhail answers.
Correct answer: "Pebble"

Artists (600)

On February 10, 1802, William Turner became the youngest artist to be awarded this title, but the painter was never knighted.

Mikhail answers.
Correct answer: Academician

Artists (800)

In his youth, Ivan Kramskoy worked in the best photographic studios in St. Petersburg, doing exactly this work.

Hasmik answers.
Correct answer: Retouching

“Something with something” (1,000)

Auction. Since the 18th century, the Black Forest has been famous throughout Europe for these household appliances.

Hasmik plays. The bet is 3,200.
Player response: Plates with flowers.
Correct answer: Cuckoo clock

Questions from… (1,000)

Questions from Alexander Shumakevich

Questions are asked by Shumakevich A.F., captain of the 2nd rank reserve. On the 72nd day of sailing forward, the looking Rodriguez de Trian shouted this word and went down in history forever.

Ilya answers.
Correct answer: Earth

Questions from… (800)

Peter I in 1716 introduced this title to be awarded to graduates of the Maritime Academy. This title lasted 201 years.

Hasmik answers.
Correct answer: Midshipman

Questions from… (600)

The sailors who rounded Cape Horn wore this item, which protected against rheumatism and weakened vision.

Ilya answers.
Correct answer: Gold earring in the right ear

Questions from… (400)

This object was nailed to the mast of Horatio Nelson's flagship, and the Victoria was lucky.

Ilya answers.
Correct answer: Horseshoe

Questions from… (200)

Its traditional difference is the pipe.

Ilya answers.
Correct answer: Boatswain

Artists (200)

In 1914, 44-year-old Henri Matisse was denied this request: his health had failed.

Hasmik answers.
Correct answer: Join the army as a volunteer

Artists (1,000)

At 42 he became People's Artist USSR; later, his personal museum opened near the Kremlin, and he received countless awards and prizes.

Hasmik answers.
Player response: Ilya Glazunov.
Correct answer: Shilov

It's necessary, Fedya! (800)

This head of the NIICHAVO department demanded from Cristobal Junta a bottle of Amontillado from the “Toland reserves” for the poached laboratory assistant.

Hasmik answers.
Correct answer: Kivrin

“Something with something” (800)

Robert Zemeckis was afraid that someone from the film group might actually be kidnapped in Colombia, and he shot this film in Mexico.

Mikhail answers.
Correct answer: "Romancing the Stone"

Artists (400)

Jean-Louis David presented this painting to the Convention with the words: “The people called: “David, grab your brushes and take revenge”... I have fulfilled the will of the people.”

Mikhail answers.
Correct answer: "The Death of Marat"

...wow... (400)

The name of this African state is translated from the Ewe language as “the land beyond the lagoons.”

Mikhail answers.
Correct answer: Togo

“Something with something” (400)

In Holland, such coffee is called “wrong” - “coffee ferkeerd”.

Hasmik answers.
Correct answer: Coffee with milk

It's in the bag (600)

For her visit to Professor Higgins, she wore a hat with three ostrich feathers: orange, sky blue and red.

Ilya answers.
Correct answer: Eliza Doolittle

It's necessary, Fedya! (600)

Auction. The Boryas demanded from Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich a divorce from his beloved wife Irina, justifying their demands precisely on this.

Ilya plays. The bet is 2,200.
Player response: They were related.
Correct answer: The wife of Fyodor Ioannovich was barren

It's in the bag (400)

When selecting for Eurovision, this group performed the song “Long, long birch bark and how to make an aishon out of it,” that is, a national headdress.

Ilya answers.
Correct answer: "Buranovsky grandmothers"

It's necessary, Fedya! (400)

In this movie young actor Fedya Stukov, at the director’s behest, played the girl Irishka.

Hasmik answers.
Correct answer: "Relatives"

“Something with something” (200)

When you see a graying brunette, these spices come to mind.

Ilya answers.
Correct answer: Pepper and salt

It's in the bag (200)

The red square biretta appeared in the 15th century and is now main symbol their vestments.

Mikhail answers.
Correct answer: Cardinals

It's necessary, Fedya! (200)

“The king’s word is harder than crackers. If he sends you to the bear, you will go to the bear, but what to do is necessary, Fedya!” The author of the tale...

Hasmik answers.
Correct answer: Leonid Filatov

...wow... (200)

In a letter to his wife, Pushkin announced Summer garden with this.

Hasmik answers.
Correct answer: Garden

Round result

Ilya - 4 700
Hasmik - 2 000
Mikhail - 6 800

Third round

Topics:

Heraldry
That's how it's a movie!
Nakhodki
Pyramids
Trees
Author!

Author! (900)

"Don Quixote", "Hamlet", "King Lear".

Ilya answers.
Player response: Shakespeare.
Hasmik answers.
Player response: Kolotozov.
Correct answer: Kozintsev.

Author! (600)

"Don Quixote", "La Bayadère", "Goldfish".

Hasmik answers.
Correct answer: Minkus.

Author! (1,200)

“Don Quixote”, “The Washerwoman”, “The Miller, His Son and the Donkey”.

Hasmik answers.
Player response: Picasso.
Correct answer: Honore Daumier.

Author! (1,500)

"Don Quixote", "Werther", "Manon".

Hasmik answers.
Player response: Puccini.
Correct answer: Jules Massenet.

Author! (300)

"Don Quixote", "Running", "Ivan Vasilyevich".

Ilya answers.
Correct answer: Bulgakov

Heraldry (1,500)

Auction. In 1953, this New Zealander was awarded a coat of arms with Tibetan prayer drums and snow-white mountain peaks.

Ilya plays. The bet is 1,600.
Correct answer: Edmund Percival Hillary

Heraldry (1,200)

On the coat of arms of the Sakhalin village of Nogliki, a fern leaf means rich vegetation, fish means fishing, drops mean exactly that.

Ilya answers.
Correct answer: Oil

Pyramids (1,200)

In this capital, Sir Norman Foster created the Pyramid of Peace specifically for holding congresses of leaders of world and traditional religions.

Hasmik answers.
Correct answer: Astana

Trees (1,500)

Ivan Kovtunenko developed a method for growing seedlings of this spruce from North American seeds. And he received the Stalin Prize.

Hasmik answers.
Correct answer: Blue spruce

Nakhodki (1,500)

Lewis Carroll (1,500)

Cat in a poke. Subject: Lewis Carroll. Little Englishmen actually kept domestic dormice in these objects filled with hay. That's where the March Hare and the Hatter stuff the Dormouse.

Mikhail plays. The bet is 1,500.
Correct answer: Into the teapot

Heraldry (900)

The basis of the coat of arms of the Evenki region Krasnoyarsk Territory there is an image of this instrument.

Hasmik answers.
Player response: Organ.
Correct answer: Shaman's drum

Heraldry (900)

These flowers on the coat of arms of the Queen of England until 1801 meant a claim to the French kingdom.

Ilya answers.
Correct answer: Lilies

Nakhodki (1,200)

Haydn’s half-forgotten opera “An Unexpected Meeting” was staged on the stage of the Chamber musical theater thanks to this find in the Saltykov-Shchedrin library.

Hasmik answers.
Correct answer: Score

Trees (1,200)

Heavy rain during a walk drove Louis XVI and this maid of honor under an oak tree. The oak tree did not save us from the rain, but the romance began.

Hasmik answers.
Correct answer: Louise de La Valliere

That's how it's a movie! (1,200)

Of all the poets, the most films have been made about Byron, of the composers - about Franz Liszt, of the scientists - about this Austrian.

Mikhail answers.
Player response: Einstein.
Hasmik answers.
Correct answer: Freud

That's how it's a movie! (900)

In 1954, he received four Oscars for four different films: animated, short and two documentaries.

Mikhail answers.
Correct answer: Disney

Nakhodki (900)

Auction. On the centenary of the Battle of Borodino, a circular was sent out throughout the empire with instructions to find them.

Hasmik plays. The bet is 5,600.
Correct answer: Those participants in the Battle of Borodino who are still alive

Trees (900)

She was brought from afar to the lands where feather grasses rustle. How difficult it was for her to get used to the fire of the Volgograd land,” Lyudmila Zykina sang of her.

Hasmik answers.
Correct answer: Birch

Pyramids (900)

If the base of the pyramid is a regular polygon, and the vertex is projected into the center of the base, then the pyramid is just that.

Hasmik answers.
Correct answer: Correct

That's how it's a movie! (600)

King Vidor worked in this capacity for no less than 67 years!

Ilya answers.
Player response: Film critic.
Correct answer: Director

Trees (600)

Pies (900)

The evergreen capitate dogwood has red spherical fruits reminiscent of a garden berry, hence the second name of this tree.

Ilya answers.
Player response: Malina.
Correct answer: Strawberry

Nakhodki (600)

Scientists have recently discovered reserves of this “mineral” in Africa, especially in Libya, Algeria and Chad.

Ilya answers.
Correct answer: Fresh water

Pyramids (600)

I don’t see eye to eye with this building egyptian pyramid V poem of the same name Evgenia Yevtushenko.

Ilya answers.
Correct answer: Bratsk hydroelectric power station

That's how it's a movie! (300)

This role was played by Theodore Roosevelt, Fidel Castro, Vladimir Zhirinovsky...

Ilya answers.
Correct answer: Yourself

Nakhodki (300)

In addition to 200,000 rubles, this was in the wallet, and Saratov schoolboy Vanya Sokov returned the find to the owner.

Ilya answers.
Player response: Passport.
Correct answer: Business card with address and phone number

Pyramids (300)

The village of Pyramid in Western Spitsbergen, where these hard workers lived, has now become a “ghost town”.

Ilya answers.
Correct answer: Miners

Trees (300)

The Cherokee chief was renamed George Hess, and his Indian name was given to the tree.

Ilya answers.
Player response: Geronimo.
Correct answer: Sequoia

Round result

Ilya - 7 500
Hasmik - 13 300
Mikhail - 8 000

Final round

Subject: Patrons

Every year this philanthropist allocated 20,000 rubles; over 35 years, scientists received 55 full bonuses of five thousand rubles and 220 half ones. Not so long ago, the tradition was resumed in Yekaterinburg.

Ilya's answer: Demidov
The bet is 5,500.

Hasmik's answer: Mamontov
The bet is 3,300.

Mikhail's answer: Demidov
The bet is 2,100.

Correct answer: Demidov

Game summary

Ilya - 13 000
Hasmik - 10 000
Mikhail - 10 100

Ilya Ganchukov is declared the winner of the game.

Uranus - discovered by William Herschel in 1781. Uranus has 27 moons and 11 rings.
Average distance from the Sun	2871 million km.
Weight	8.68 10 25 kg
Density	1.30 g/cm 3
Equatorial diameter	51118 km
Effective temperature	57 K
Period of rotation around an axis	0.72 Earth days
Period of rotation around the Sun	84.02 Earth years
Largest satellites	Titania, Oberon, Ariel, Umbriel
Titania - discovered by W. Herschel in 1787
Average distance to planet	436298 km
Equatorial diameter	1577.8 km
Period of revolution around the planet	8.7 Earth days

Among the most important discoveries, which belong to researchers of the Universe, one of the first places is occupied by the discovery of the seventh big planet Solar system - Uranus. There has never been another event like this in history, and it deserves to be told about it in more detail. It started when a young man came to England in search of work German musician named William Herschel (1738-1822).

As a child, William came across Robert Smith's book "The System of Optics", and under its influence he developed a great desire for astronomy.

Early in 1774, William built his first reflecting telescope with focal length about 2 m. In March of the same year, he began regular observations of the starry sky, having previously given himself the word “not to leave even the most insignificant piece of the sky without proper research.” No one has ever made such observations. Thus began William Herschel's career as an astronomer. Herschel's faithful assistant in all his affairs was Caroline Herschel (1750-1848). This selfless woman was able to subordinate her personal interests to her brother’s scientific hobbies. And her brother, who had set himself a grandiose “stellar goal,” constantly strived to improve his means of observation. Following the 7-foot telescope, he builds a 10-foot one and then a 20-foot one.

Seven years of intense exploration of the immeasurable stellar “ocean” were already behind us when the evening of March 13, 1781 came. Taking advantage of the clear weather, William decided to continue his observations; The journal entries were kept by my sister. On that memorable evening, he set out to determine the position of some double stars in the region of the sky located between the “horns” of Taurus and the “feet” of Gemini. Suspecting nothing, William pointed his 7-foot telescope there and was amazed: one of the stars glowed in the form of a small disk.

All stars, without exception, are visible through a telescope as luminous points, and Herschel immediately realized that the strange luminary was not a star. To finally make sure of this, he twice replaced the telescope eyepiece with a stronger one. With increasing magnification of the tube, the diameter of the disk of the unknown object also increased, while nothing similar was observed for neighboring stars. Moving away from the telescope, Herschel began to peer into the night sky: the mysterious luminary was barely visible to the naked eye...

Uranus moves around the Sun in an elliptical orbit, the semi-major axis of which (the average heliocentric distance) is 19.182 times greater than that of the Earth, and amounts to 2871 million km. The orbital eccentricity is 0.047, which means the orbit is quite close to circular. The orbital plane is inclined to the ecliptic at an angle of 0.8°. Uranus completes one revolution around the Sun in 84.01 Earth years. The period of Uranus's own rotation is approximately 17 hours. The existing scatter in determining the values of this period is due to several reasons, of which two are main: the gas surface of the planet does not rotate as a single whole and, in addition, no noticeable local inhomogeneities were found on the surface of Uranus that would help clarify the length of the day on the planet.
The rotation of Uranus has a number of distinctive features: the axis of rotation is almost perpendicular (98°) to the orbital plane, and the direction of rotation is opposite to the direction of revolution around the Sun, that is, the opposite (of all other major planets the opposite direction of rotation is observed only on Venus).

Further observations showed that the mysterious object has own movement relative to the stars around it. From this fact, Herschel concluded that he had discovered a comet, although no tail or foggy shell characteristic of comets was visible. Herschel did not even think about the fact that this could be a new planet.

On April 26, 1781, Herschel presented Royal Society(English Academy of Sciences) "Comet Report." Soon, astronomers began observing the new “comet.” They were looking forward to the hour when Herschel's comet would approach the Sun and give people an enchanting spectacle. But the “comet” was still slowly making its way somewhere near the borders of the solar domain.

By the summer of 1781, the number of observations of the strange comet was already quite sufficient for an unambiguous calculation of its orbit. They were performed with great skill by the St. Petersburg academician Andrei Ivanovich Leksel (1740-1784). He was the first to establish that Herschel did not discover a comet at all, but a new one, not yet known to anyone known planet, which moves in a nearly circular orbit located 2 times further from the Sun than the orbit of Saturn and 19 times further than the orbit of the Earth. Lexel also determined the period of revolution of the new planet around the Sun: it was equal to 84 years. So, William Herschel turned out to be the discoverer of the seventh planet in the solar system. With its appearance, the radius of the planetary system immediately doubled! Nobody expected such a surprise.

The news of the discovery of a new large planet quickly spread throughout the world. Herschel was awarded a gold medal, elected a member of the Royal Society, and was awarded many scientific degrees, including an honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. And, of course, the English King George III himself wanted to see the modest “star lover,” who suddenly became a world celebrity. By order of King Herschel, he and his instruments were taken to the royal residence, and the entire court became interested in astronomical observations. Fascinated by Herschel's story, the king promoted him to the position of court astronomer with an annual salary of 200 pounds. Now Herschel was able to devote himself entirely to astronomy, and music remained for him only a pleasant entertainment. At the suggestion of the French astronomer Joseph Lalande, the planet for some time bore the name of Herschel, and later, according to tradition, it was given the mythological name - Uranus. So in Ancient Greece was called the god of the sky.

Having received a new appointment, Herschel settled with his sister in the town of Slow, near Windsor Castle - his summer residence English kings. With redoubled energy he set about organizing a new observatory.

It's impossible to even list everything scientific achievements Herschel. They discovered hundreds of double, multiple and variable stars, thousands of nebulae and star clusters, satellites of planets and much more. But only the discovery of Uranus would be enough for the name of the inquisitive, self-taught astronomer to forever go down in the history of the development of world science. And the house in Slow, where William Herschel once lived and worked, is now known as the “Observatory House”. Dominique François Arago called it "a corner of the world in which greatest number discoveries."

We will begin the story about this amazing and in many ways unique planet of the solar system with the history of its discovery. How it all began...

Since ancient times, people have known about the existence of five planets that are visible to the naked eye: Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn.

The earth in ancient times, of course, was not considered a planet; it was the center of the world, or the center of the Universe, until Copernicus appeared with his heliocentric system peace.

Naked eye observations of Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn are not particularly difficult, unless, of course, at the moment the planet is not covered by the disk of the Sun. It is most difficult to observe due to its proximity to the Sun. They say that Nicolaus Copernicus died without ever seeing this planet.

The next planet, located behind Saturn, Uranus was discovered already in late XVIII century by the famous English astronomer William Herschel (1738-1822). It seems that until that time, astronomers did not even think that in addition to the five planets observed for many centuries, there could be some other unknown planets in the solar system. But even Giordano Bruno (1548-1600), born five years after the death of Copernicus, was sure that there could be other planets in the solar system that had not yet been discovered by astronomers.

And so on March 13, 1781, during the next regular review starry sky William Herschel pointed a reflector telescope he made with his own hands towards the constellation Gemini. Herschel's reflector had a mirror with a diameter of only 150 mm, but the astronomer was able to see a bright volumetric, small, but clearly not a point object. Observations over subsequent nights showed that the object was moving across the sky.

Herschel suggested that he saw a comet. In a message about the discovery of the “comet”, he wrote, in particular: “... when I was studying faint stars in the neighborhood of H Gemini, I noticed one that looked larger than the rest. Surprised by its unusual size, I compared it with H Gemini and a small star in the square between the constellations Auriga and Gemini and found that it was much larger than either of them. I suspected that it was a comet."

Immediately after Herschel’s message, the best mathematicians in Europe sat down to do the calculations. It should be noted that in Herschel’s time such calculations were extremely labor-intensive because they required manual execution. huge amount calculations.

Herschel continued to observe an unusual celestial object in the form of a small, pronounced disk that was slowly moving along the ecliptic. A few months later, two famous scientists - academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences Andrei Leskel and academician of the Paris Academy of Sciences Pierre Laplace completed the calculation of the orbit of the open celestial body and proved that Herschel had discovered a planet located beyond Saturn. The planet, later named Uranus, was almost 3 billion km away from the Sun. and exceeded the volume of the Earth by more than 60 times.

It was greatest discovery. For the first time in the history of science, a new planet has been discovered in addition to the previously known five planets that have been observed in the sky since time immemorial. With the discovery of Uranus, the boundaries of the solar system seemed to expand more than twice (it was considered the farthest planet in the solar system until 1781, and is located at an average distance from the Sun of 1427 million km).

As it became known later, Uranus was observed long before Herschel at least 20 times, but each time the planet was mistaken for a star. In the practice of astronomical search, this is not uncommon.

But this fact does not in any way detract from the significance of William Herschel’s scientific feat. Here we consider it appropriate to note the hard work and determination of this outstanding astronomer, who, by the way, began his career as a copyist of music in London, and then as a conductor and music teacher. An accomplished observer and avid explorer of planets and nebulae, Herschel was also a skilled designer of telescopes. For his observations, he ground mirrors by hand, often working for 10 or even 15 hours without a break. In the telescope he built in 1789 with a tube length of 12 meters, the mirror had a diameter of 122 cm. This telescope remained unsurpassed until 1845, when the Irish astronomer Parsons built a telescope about 18 meters long with a mirror with a diameter of 183 cm.

A little information for those interested: a telescope whose objective is a lens is called a refractor. A telescope whose objective is not a lens, but a concave mirror, is called a reflector. The first reflecting telescope was built by Isaac Newton.

So, already in 1781, scientists determined that the orbit of Uranus is typically planetary, almost circular. But astronomers’ troubles with this planet were just beginning. Observations soon showed that the movement of Uranus does not quite follow the “rules” of movement prescribed by Kepler’s classical laws of planetary motion. This was manifested in the fact that Uranus moved ahead compared to the calculated movement. It was not so difficult for astronomers to notice this, because by the end of the 18th century, the average accuracy of observations of stars and planets was already quite high - up to three arc seconds.

In 1784, three years after the discovery of Uranus, mathematicians calculated a more accurate elliptical orbit for the planet. But already in 1788 it became clear that the adjustment of the orbital elements did not produce noticeable results, and the discrepancy between the calculated and real positions of the planet continued to increase.

Every phenomenon in nature and life has its own reasons. It was clear to scientists that the orbit of Uranus would be strictly elliptical only if only one force acted on the planet - the gravity of the Sun. To determine the exact trajectory and nature of the movement of Uranus, it was necessary to take into account gravitational disturbances from the planets and, first of all, from Jupiter and Saturn. For a modern researcher, “armed” with a powerful computer with the ability to simulate a wide variety of situations, solving such a problem would take no more than one or two days. But at the end of the 18th century, the necessary mathematical apparatus had not yet been created to solve equations with dozens of variables; calculations turned into lengthy and painstaking work. Such famous mathematicians as Lagrange, Clairaut, Laplace and others took part in the calculations. The great Leonhard Euler also contributed to this work, but not personally, of course, because already in 1783 he died, but with his own method of determining the orbits of celestial bodies from several observations, developed back in 1744.

Finally, in 1790, new tables of the movements of Uranus were compiled, taking into account the gravitational influences from Jupiter and Saturn. Scientists understood, of course, that the movement of Uranus was also influenced to a certain extent by terrestrial planets and even large asteroids, but at that time it seemed that possible amendments to trajectory calculations taking this influence into account would have to be made in a fairly distant future. The problem was considered generally solved. And soon the Napoleonic wars began, and all of Europe had no time for science. People, including amateur astronomers, needed to look into rifle and cannon sights much more often than into the eyepieces of telescopes.

But after finishing Napoleonic wars The scientific activity of European astronomers was restored again.

And then it turned out that Uranus was again moving not as it was prescribed famous mathematicians. Assuming that an error had been made in previous calculations, scientists rechecked the calculations taking into account the gravitational influence of Jupiter and Saturn. The possible influence of other planets turned out to be so insignificant compared to the observed deviation in the movement of Uranus that they rightly decided to neglect this influence. Mathematically, the calculations turned out to be flawless, but the difference between the calculated position of Uranus and its actual position in the sky continued to increase. The French astronomer Alexis Bouvard, who completed these additional calculations in 1820, wrote that such a difference could be explained by “some external and unknown influence.” Various hypotheses have been put forward about the nature of the “unknown influence”, including the following:
resistance of gas and dust cosmic clouds;
impact of an unknown satellite;
the collision of Uranus with a comet shortly before its discovery by Herschel;
inapplicability in cases of large distances between bodies;
the impact of a new, not yet discovered planet.

By 1832, Uranus was already 30 arc seconds behind the position calculated by A. Bouvard, and this lag was increasing by 6-7 seconds per year. For A. Bouvard's calculations, this meant complete collapse. Of the listed hypotheses, only two have stood the test of time: the imperfection of Newton’s law and the influence of an unknown planet. The search for the unknown planet began, as expected, with the calculation of its position in the sky. Events full of drama unfolded around the discovery of a new planet. It ended up being new planet in 1845 he discovered “at the tip of the pen”, i.e. By calculation, the English mathematician John Adams found the place where it should be looked for in the sky. A year later, independently of him, the same calculations, but more accurately, were performed by the French mathematician Urbain Laverrier. And a new planet was discovered in the sky on the night of September 23, 1846 by two Germans: an assistant at the Berlin Observatory, Johann Halle, and his student Heinrich d’Arrest. The planet was named Neptune. But that's another story. We touched upon the history of the discovery of Neptune solely because this discovery of astronomers was prompted by the “abnormal” behavior of Uranus in orbit, abnormal from the point of view classical theory planetary movements.

How did Uranus get its name?

And now briefly about how Uranus got this name. French scientists, who always competed with the British in science, had nothing against the new planet being named after Herschel, its discoverer. But the English Royal Society and Herschel himself proposed to name the planet Georgium Sidus in honor of King George III of England. It must be said that this proposal was made not only for political reasons. This English monarch was a great lover of astronomy and, having appointed Herschel “Royal Astronomer” in 1782, allocated him the necessary funds for the construction and equipment of a separate observatory near Windsor.

But this proposal was not accepted by scientists in many countries. Then the German astronomer Johann Bode, apparently following the established tradition of naming planets and other celestial bodies after the names of mythical gods, proposed calling the new planet Uranus. According to Greek mythology, Uranus is the god of the sky and the father of Saturn, and Saturn Chronos is the god of time and fate.

But not everyone liked names associated with myths. And only 70 years later, in mid-19th century century, the name Uranus was accepted by the scientific community.

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