Artistic style used in fiction. It influences the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the wealth of vocabulary, possibilities different styles, characterized by imagery and emotionality of speech.

The emotionality of an artistic style differs from the emotionality of colloquial and journalistic styles. Emotionality artistic speech performs an aesthetic function. Artistic style requires pre-selection linguistic means; All language means are used to create images.

Genre as a concept appeared a long time ago, back in the ancient world. At the same time, a typology of genres appeared. Today, text typologies are more strict and have clear boundaries. Moreover, they are used in all spheres of life - in government activities, V professional fields, theater, medicine and even everyday life.

Genres in fiction are a special difficult question. As you know, all literary works, depending on the nature of what is depicted, belong to one of three genres: epic, lyric or drama. A literary genre is a generalized name for a group of works depending on the nature of the reflection of reality.

EPOS(from the Greek “narration”) is a generalized name for works depicting events external to the author.

LYRICS(from the Greek “performed to the lyre”) is a generalized name for works in which there is no plot, but the feelings, thoughts, experiences of the author or his lyrical hero are depicted.

DRAMA(from the Greek “action”) - a generalized name for works intended for production on stage; The drama is dominated by character dialogues, and the author's input is kept to a minimum.

Varieties of epic, lyrical and dramatic works are called types of literary works .

Type and genre - concepts in literary criticism very close .

Genres are called variations of the form literary work. For example, the genre variety of a story can be fantastic or historical story, and the genre variety of comedy is vaudeville, etc. Strictly speaking, a literary genre is a historically established type of artistic work that contains certain structural features and aesthetic quality characteristic of a given group of works.

TYPES (GENRES) OF EPIC WORKS:

epic, novel, tale, story, fairy tale, fable, legend.

EPIC– large work of art narrating significant historical events. In ancient times - a narrative poem of heroic content. In the literature of the 19th and 20th centuries, the genre of the epic novel appeared - this is a work in which the formation of the characters of the main characters occurs during their participation in historical events.

NOVEL- a large narrative work of fiction with complex plot, in the center of which is the fate of the individual.

STORY- a work of fiction that occupies a middle position between a novel and a short story in terms of volume and complexity of the plot. In ancient times, any narrative work was called a story.

STORY- a work of art of small size, based on an episode, an incident from the life of the hero.

FAIRY TALE- a work about fictional events and characters, usually involving magical, fantastic forces.

FABLE(from “bayat” - to tell) is a narrative work in poetic form, small in size, of a moralizing or satirical nature.

TYPES (GENRES) OF LYRIC WORKS:

ode, hymn, song, elegy, sonnet, epigram, message.

ODE(from Greek “song”) – a choral, solemn song.

HYMN(from Greek “praise”) is a solemn song based on programmatic verses.

EPIGRAM(from Greek “inscription”) is a short satirical poem of a mocking nature that arose in the 3rd century BC. e.

ELEGY- a genre of lyrics dedicated to sad thoughts or a lyric poem imbued with sadness. Belinsky called elegy “a song of sad content.” The word "elegy" is translated as "reed flute" or "plaintive song." Elegy arose in Ancient Greece in the 7th century BC e.

MESSAGE– a poetic letter, an appeal to a specific person, a request, a wish, a confession.

SONNET(from the Provencal sonette - “song”) is a poem of 14 lines, which has a certain rhyme system and strict stylistic laws. The sonnet originated in Italy in the 13th century (the creator was the poet Jacopo da Lentini), in England it appeared in the first half of the 16th century (G. Sarri), and in Russia in the 18th century. The main types of sonnet are Italian (from 2 quatrains and 2 tercets) and English (from 3 quatrains and a final couplet).

LYROEPIC TYPES (GENRES):

poem, ballad.

POEM(from Greek poieio - “I do, I create”) is a large poetic work with a narrative or lyrical plot, usually on a historical or legendary theme.

BALLAD- a plot song with dramatic content, a story in verse.

TYPES (GENRES) OF DRAMATIC WORKS:

tragedy, comedy, drama (in the narrow sense).

TRAGEDY(from Greek tragos ode - “goat song”) - a dramatic work depicting an intense struggle strong characters and passions, which usually ends in the death of the hero.

COMEDY(from Greek komos ode - “cheerful song”) - a dramatic work with a cheerful, funny plot, usually ridiculing social or everyday vices.

DRAMA(“action”) is a literary work in the form of a dialogue with a serious plot, depicting an individual in his dramatic relationship with society. Varieties of drama can be tragicomedy or melodrama.

VAUDEVILLE- a genre variety of comedy, this is a light comedy with singing couplets and dancing.

FARCE- a genre variety of comedy, it is a theatrical play of a light, playful nature with external comic effects, designed for rough tastes.

Then to:

a) learn mastery in your genre;
b) know exactly which publisher to offer the manuscript to;
c) study your target audience and offer the book not “to everyone,” but specifically to those people who may be interested in it.

What is fiction?

Fiction refers to all works that have a fictional plot and fictional characters: novels, stories, stories and plays.

Memoirs are classified as non-fiction because they are about non-fictional events, but they are written according to the canons fiction- with plot, characters, etc.

But poetry, including song lyrics, is fiction, even if the author recalls a past love that actually happened.

Types of Fiction for Adults

Works of fiction are divided into genre literature, mainstream and intellectual prose.

Genre literature

IN genre literature The plot plays the first fiddle, while it fits into certain, pre-known frameworks.

This does not mean that everything genre novels must be predictable. The skill of a writer lies precisely in creating, under given conditions, a unique world, unforgettable characters, and an interesting way to get from point “A” (the beginning) to point “B” (the outcome).

As a rule, genre work ends on a positive note, the author does not delve into psychology and other lofty matters and simply tries to entertain readers.

Basic plot schemes in genre literature

Detective: crime - investigation - exposing the criminal.

Romance novel: heroes meet - fall in love - fight for love - connect hearts.

Thriller: the hero lived his ordinary life- a threat arises - the hero tries to escape - the hero gets rid of the danger.

Adventures: the hero sets a goal for himself and, having overcome many obstacles, achieves what he wants.

When we talk about science fiction, fantasy, historical or modern novel, we are talking not so much about the plot as about the scenery, so when defining the genre, two or three terms are used that allow us to answer the questions: “What happens in the novel?” and “Where is it happening?” If we are talking about children's literature, then a corresponding note is made.

Examples: "modern" romance novel", "fantastic action movie" (action movie is an adventure), "historical detective story", "children's adventure story", "fairy tale for primary school age".

Genre prose is usually published in series - either original or general.

Mainstream

In the mainstream (from English. mainstream- main flow) readers expect from the author unexpected decisions. For this type of book, the most important thing is moral development heroes, philosophy and ideology. The requirements for a mainstream author are much higher than for writers working with genre prose: he must be not only an excellent storyteller, but also a good psychologist and a serious thinker.

Another important sign of the mainstream is that such books are written at the intersection of genres. For example, it is impossible to say unambiguously that “ Gone with the Wind" - This only romance novel or only historical drama.

By the way, the drama itself, that is, the story about the tragic experience of the heroes, is also a sign of the mainstream.

As a rule, novels of this type are published outside of series. This is due to the fact that serious works take a long time to write and forming a series out of them is quite problematic. Moreover, mainstream authors are so different from each other that it is difficult to group their books into anything other than “good book.”

When specifying a genre in mainstream novels, the emphasis is usually placed not so much on the plot, but on certain distinctive features of the book: historical drama, letter novel, fantasy saga, etc.

Origin of the term

The term “mainstream” itself arose thanks to American writer and criticism to William Dean Howells (1837–1920). As the editor of one of the most popular and influential literary magazines of its time The Atlantic Monthly, he gave a clear preference to works written in a realistic vein and focusing on moral and philosophical issues.

Thanks to Howells, realistic literature came into fashion, and for some time it was called the mainstream. The term stuck in English, and from there moved to Russia.

Intellectual prose

In the vast majority of cases, intellectual prose has a dark mood and is published outside of series.

Main genres of fiction

Approximate classification

When submitting an application to a publishing house, we must indicate the genre so that our manuscript is sent to the appropriate editor.

Below is a rough list of genres as they are understood by publishers and bookstores.

• Avant-garde literature. Characterized by violation of canons and language and plot experiments. As a rule, avant-garde works are published in very small editions. Closely intertwined with intellectual prose.
• Action. Targeted primarily at a male audience. The basis of the plot is fights, chases, saving beauties, etc.
• Detective. The main storyline is solving a crime.
• Historical novel. The time of action is the past. The plot is usually tied to significant historical events.
• Romance novel. Heroes find love.
• Mysticism. The plot is based on supernatural events.
• Adventures. The heroes get involved in an adventure and/or go on a risky journey.
• Thriller/horror. The heroes are in mortal danger, from which they are trying to get rid of.
• Fantastic. The plot takes place in a hypothetical future or parallel world. One of the types of fiction is alternative history.
• Fantasy/fairy tales. The main features of the genre are fairy-tale worlds, magic, unprecedented creatures, talking animals, etc. It is often based on folklore.

What is non-fiction?

Non-fiction books are classified by topic (for example, gardening, history, etc.) and type (scientific monograph, collection of articles, photo album, etc.).

Below is a classification of non-fiction books, as it is done in bookstores. When submitting an application to a publisher, indicate the topic and type of book - for example, a textbook on writing.

Classification of non-fiction literature

• autobiographies, biographies and memoirs;
• architecture and art;
• astrology and esoterics;
• business and finance;
• armed forces;
• upbringing and education;
• house, garden, vegetable garden;
• health;
• story;
• career;
• computers;
• local history;
• love and family relationships;
• fashion and beauty;
• music, cinema, radio;
• science and technology;
• food and cooking;
• gift editions;
• politics, economics, law;
• guidebooks and travel books;
• religion;
• self-development and psychology;
• agriculture;
• dictionaries and encyclopedias;
• sport;
• philosophy;
• hobby;
• school textbooks;
• linguistics and literature.

Every literary genre is divided into genres, which are characterized by common features for a group of works. There are epic, lyrical, lyric epic genres, genres of drama.

Epic genres

Fairy tale(literary) - a work in prose or poetic form, based on folklore traditions folk tale(one storyline, fiction, depiction of the struggle between good and evil, antithesis and repetition as the leading principles of composition). For example, satirical tales M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin.
Parable(from the Greek parabole - “located (placed) behind”) - a minor genre of epic, a small narrative work of an edifying nature, containing moral or religious teaching based on broad generalization and the use of allegories. Russian writers often used parables as an interpolated episode in their works to fill out the narrative. deep meaning. Let's remember Kalmyk fairy tale, told by Pugachev to Pyotr Grinev (A. Pushkin “ Captain's daughter") - in fact, this is the culmination in revealing the image of Emelyan Pugachev: “Why eat carrion for three hundred years, better time get drunk on living blood, and then what God wills!” The plot of the parable about the resurrection of Lazarus, which Sonechka Marmeladova read to Rodion Raskolnikov, prompts the reader to think about the possible spiritual rebirth of the main character of the novel F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". In M. Gorky’s play “At the Depth,” the wanderer Luke tells a parable “about the righteous land” to show how dangerous the truth can be for weak and desperate people.
Fable- small epic genre; The fable, complete in plot and having an allegorical meaning, is an illustration of a well-known everyday or moral rule. A fable differs from a parable in the completeness of the plot; a fable is characterized by unity of action, conciseness of presentation, the absence of detailed characteristics and other elements of a non-narrative nature that hinder the development of the plot. Typically, a fable consists of 2 parts: 1) a story about an event that is specific but easily generalizable, 2) a moral lesson that follows or precedes the story.
Essay- genre, hallmark which is “writing from life.” The role of the plot is weakened in the essay, because... fiction is of little importance here. The author of an essay, as a rule, narrates in the first person, which allows him to include his thoughts in the text, make comparisons and analogies - i.e. use the means of journalism and science. An example of the use of the essay genre in literature is “Notes of a Hunter” by I.S. Turgenev.
Novella(Italian novella - news) is a type of story, an epic action-packed work with an unexpected outcome, characterized by brevity, a neutral style of presentation, and a lack of psychologism. Chance, the intervention of fate, plays a large role in the development of the action of the novella. A typical example of a Russian short story is the cycle of stories by I.A. Bunin " Dark alleys": the author does not psychologically draw the characters of his characters; a whim of fate, blind chance brings them together for a while and separates them forever.
Story— epic genre small volume with a small number of characters and the short duration of the events depicted. At the center of the story is an image of some event or life phenomenon. In Russian classical literature recognized masters of storytelling were A.S. Pushkin, N.V. Gogol, I.S. Turgenev, L.N. Tolstoy, A.P. Chekhov, I.A. Bunin, M. Gorky, A.I. Kuprin et al.
Tale— prose genre, which does not have a stable volume and occupies an intermediate place between the novel, on the one hand, and the story and short story on the other, gravitating towards a chronicle plot that reproduces the natural course of life. A story differs from a short story and a novel in the volume of text, the number of characters and problems raised, the complexity of the conflict, etc. In a story, it is not so much the movement of the plot that is important, but the descriptions: characters, places of action, psychological state person. For example: “The Enchanted Wanderer” by N.S. Leskova, “Steppe” by A.P. Chekhov, “Village” by I.A. Bunina. In the story, episodes often follow one after another according to the principle of chronicle, there is no internal connection between them, or it is weakened, so the story is often structured as a biography or autobiography: “Childhood”, “Adolescence”, “Youth” by L.N. Tolstoy, “The Life of Arsenyev” by I.A. Bunin, etc. (Literature and language. Modern illustrated encyclopedia / edited by Prof. A.P. Gorkin. - M.: Rosman, 2006.)
Novel(French roman - a work written in one of the “living” Romance languages, and not in “dead” Latin) - an epic genre, the subject of the image in which is a certain period or whole life person; What is this novel? - the novel is characterized by the duration of the events described, the presence of several storylines and a system of characters, which includes groups of equal characters (for example: main characters, secondary, episodic); works of this genre cover big circle life phenomena and a wide range of socially significant problems. There are different approaches to classifying novels: 1) according to structural features (parable novel, myth novel, dystopian novel, travel novel, novel in verse, etc.); 2) on issues (family and everyday life, social and everyday life, socio-psychological, psychological, philosophical, historical, adventurous, fantastic, sentimental, satirical, etc.); 3) according to the era in which one or another type of novel dominated (knightly, enlightenment, Victorian, Gothic, modernist, etc.). It should be noted that the exact classification genre varieties The novel has not yet been established. There are works whose ideological and artistic originality does not fit into the framework of any one method of classification. For example, the work of M.A. Bulgakov's "The Master and Margarita" contains both acute social and philosophical issues, in it the events of biblical history (in the author’s interpretation) and the author’s contemporary Moscow life of the 20-30s of the XX century develop in parallel, scenes full of drama are interspersed with satirical ones. Based on these features of the work, it can be classified as a socio-philosophical satirical myth novel.
Epic novel- this is a work in which the subject of the image is not history privacy, and the fate of the entire people or the whole social group; the plot is built on the basis of nodes - key, turning points historical events. At the same time, in the fate of the heroes, like in a drop of water, the fate of the people is reflected and, on the other hand, the picture folk life consists of individual destinies, private life stories. An integral part of the epic are crowd scenes, thanks to which the author creates a generalized picture of the flow of people's life and the movement of history. When creating an epic, the artist is required to have the highest skill in connecting episodes (scenes of private life and public scenes), psychological authenticity in depicting characters, historicism of artistic thinking - all this makes the epic the pinnacle of literary creativity, which not every writer can reach. That is why only two works created in the epic genre are known in Russian literature: “War and Peace” by L.N. Tolstoy, “Quiet Don” by M.A. Sholokhov.

Lyric genres

Song- a small poetic lyrical genre characterized by simplicity of musical and verbal construction.
Elegy(Greek elegeia, elegos - plaintive song) - a poem of meditative or emotional content, dedicated to philosophical thoughts caused by contemplation of nature or deeply personal experiences about life and death, about unrequited (as a rule) love; The prevailing mood of the elegy is sadness, light sadness. Elegy is V.A.’s favorite genre. Zhukovsky (“Sea”, “Evening”, “Singer”, etc.).
Sonnet(Italian sonetto, from Italian sonare - to sound) is a lyric poem of 14 lines in the form of a complex stanza. The lines of a sonnet can be arranged in two ways: two quatrains and two tercets, or three quatrains and a distich. Quatrains can have only two rhymes, while terzettos can have two or three.
The Italian (Petrarccan) sonnet consists of two quatrains with the rhyme abba abba or abab abab and two tercets with the rhyme cdc dcd or cde cde, less often cde edc. French sonnet form: abba abba ccd eed. English (Shakespearean) - with rhyme scheme abab cdcd efef gg.
The classic sonnet assumes a certain sequence of thought development: thesis - antithesis - synthesis - denouement. Judging by the name of this genre, special importance is attached to the musicality of the sonnet, which is achieved by alternating male and female rhymes.
European poets have developed many original types sonnet, as well as a wreath of sonnets - one of the most difficult literary forms.
Russian poets turned to the sonnet genre: A.S. Pushkin (“Sonnet”, “To the Poet”, “Madonna”, etc.), A.A. Fet (“Sonnet”, “Rendezvous in the Forest”), poets Silver Age(V.Ya. Bryusov, K.D. Balmont, A.A. Blok, I.A. Bunin).
Message(Greek epistole - epistole) - a poetic letter, in the time of Horace - philosophical and didactic content, later - of any nature: narrative, satirical, love, friendly, etc. A mandatory feature of a message is the presence of an appeal to a specific addressee, motives for wishes, requests. For example: “My Penates” by K.N. Batyushkova, “Pushchina”, “Message to the Censor” by A.S. Pushkin, etc.
Epigram(Greek epgramma - inscription) - a short satirical poem that is a teaching, as well as a direct response to topical events, often political. For example: epigrams by A.S. Pushkin on A.A. Arakcheeva, F.V. Bulgarin, Sasha Cherny’s epigram “In the album to Bryusov”, etc.
Ode(from Greek ōdḗ, Latin ode, oda - song) - solemn, pathetic, glorifying lyrical work, dedicated to the depiction of major historical events or persons, talking about significant topics religious and philosophical content. The ode genre was widespread in Russian XVIII literature — early XIX centuries in the works of M.V. Lomonosov, G.R. Derzhavina, in early work V.A. Zhukovsky, A.S. Pushkina, F.I. Tyutchev, but at the end of the 20s of the XIX century. Ode was replaced by other genres. Some attempts by some authors to create an ode do not correspond to the canons of this genre (“Ode to the Revolution” by V.V. Mayakovsky, etc.).
Lyric poem- small poetic work, in which there is no plot; the author's focus is inner world, intimate experiences, reflections, moods of the lyrical hero (author of the lyric poem and lyrical hero- not the same person).

Lyric epic genres

Ballad(Provençal ballada, from ballar - to dance; Italian - ballata) - a plot poem, that is, a story of a historical, mythical or heroic character, presented in poetic form. Typically, a ballad is built on the basis of dialogue between characters, while the plot has no independent meaning - it is a means of creating a certain mood, subtext. Thus, “Song of prophetic Oleg» A.S. Pushkin has philosophical implications, “Borodino” M.Yu. Lermontov - socio-psychological.
Poem(Greek poiein - “to create”, “creation”) - a large or medium-sized poetic work with a narrative or lyrical plot (for example, “ Bronze Horseman» A.S. Pushkin, “Mtsyri” by M.Yu. Lermontov, “The Twelve” by A.A. Blok, etc.), the system of images of the poem may include a lyrical hero (for example, “Requiem” by A.A. Akhmatova).
Prose poem- a small lyrical work in prose form, characterized by increased emotionality, expressing subjective experiences and impressions. For example: “Russian language” by I.S. Turgenev.

Genres of drama

Tragedy- a dramatic work, the main conflict of which is caused by exceptional circumstances and insoluble contradictions that lead the hero to death.
Drama- a play whose content is related to the image everyday life; Despite the depth and seriousness, the conflict, as a rule, concerns private life and can be resolved without a tragic outcome.
Comedy- a dramatic work in which action and characters are presented in funny forms; The comedy is distinguished by the rapid development of action, the presence of complex, intricate plot lines, a happy ending and simplicity of style. There are sitcoms based on cunning intrigue, a special set of circumstances, and comedies of manners (characters), based on ridicule of human vices and shortcomings, high comedy, everyday comedy, satirical comedy, etc. For example, “Woe from Wit” by A.S. Griboyedova - high comedy, “Minor” D.I. Fonvizina is satirical.

Which are combined on the basis of formal and substantive characteristics. They develop historically, experiencing emergence, flourishing, and some decline. These include novels, stories, elegies, feuilletons, stories, comedies, etc. The concept of literary genres is narrower than literary genera. Each contains several genres. For example, a story, a short story, a novel are included in the author's epic kind literature.

The first attempt to systematize literary genres was made in his work. He presented them as something natural, established once and for all. The author only had to fit into the norms of the genre to which he turned. This understanding led to the emergence of a kind of textbooks on normative poetics. The most famous among them was the treatise “Poetic Art” by N. Boileau. Of course, since the time of Aristotle, literary types and genres have not remained absolutely unchanged, but theorists have preferred either not to notice innovations or to reject them. This lasted until it became impossible not to notice the processes taking place in literature. Some genres of literary works unexpectedly took off and died out just as quickly, only occasionally flaring up on the creative horizon (as was the case with the ballad). Others, on the contrary, emerged from an undeserved “imprisonment” (for example, an affair).

In Russian literary criticism, the theory that substantiates literary genres and genera belongs to V. G. Belinsky. He identified three types, depending on the author’s approach to the way of presenting the subject of conversation: epic, drama and lyric.

Assigning a work to a specific genre depends on what criterion is taken as a basis. If the literary genre (drama, lyric, epic) is taken into account, then all genres are divided, respectively, into dramatic, lyrical and epic.

Works representing the dramatic genre of literature are comedy, drama and tragedy.

Comedy is designed to reflect something incongruous in life, to ridicule everyday or social phenomenon, human character traits, sometimes absurd behavior.

Drama is a work that depicts a complex conflict that has arisen between several characters, a serious opposition between them.

Tragedy is a work in which the character actor reveals itself in a struggle leading to his death, or in conditions from which he sees absolutely no way out.

Literary works representing the epic genre of literature are divided into three groups:

Large (novel and epic);

Middle (story);

Small (short story, essay, short story).

Also included in this genre are fairy tales, epics, ballads, fables, historical song and myth.

Works representing the lyrical genre of literature are stanzas, odes, elegy and epistle.

An elegy is a short poem completely imbued with slight sadness. The most famous are the elegies of the classics of the 19th century.

An epistle is a work written in the form of a poetic appeal to one person or several persons.

An ode is a poem in honor of a past or upcoming celebration, in honor of a person, characterized by enthusiasm.

In addition, on modern stage Literary scholars identify another, lyric-epic type of literature. It combines the features of the lyrical and epic and is represented by a poem. This work really shows itself ambiguously. On the one hand, it tells in detail about some event or character (like an epic), and on the other hand, it conveys the feelings, moods, experiences of the hero or the narrator himself, the inner world, thereby approaching the lyrics.

IN lately new genres did not appear in literature.

by content

Links

• Sysoeva O. A. Genre approach to the study of literature within the framework of additional education (using the example of Sasha Sokolov’s novel “School for Fools”)
• Theoretical poetics: concepts and definitions. Reader for students of philological faculties. Author-compiler N. D. Tamarchenko

Literature

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See what “Literary genre” is in other dictionaries:

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Elegy (έλεγεία) is a lyrical poem of a sad, thoughtful mood: this is the content that is now usually put into a word that had a different meaning in previous poetics. Its etymology is controversial: it is derived from the supposed refrain έ λέγε ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

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A; m. [French] genre] 1. A historically established type of art or literature, characterized by certain plot, compositional, stylistic and other features; individual species of this genus. Musical and literary genres... Encyclopedic Dictionary