Vocabulary work. Emotion is a mental experience, feeling. Emotional – 1) saturated with emotions, expressing them; 2) subject to emotions. Assignment: make up 2 phrases with the word emotion so that in the first the emotion word is the main one, and in the second it is the dependent word.

Abstract. Types of offers for emotional coloring Exclamatory - sentences in which ... are expressed ... - pronounced ... - at the end of the sentence is put ... Non-exclamatory - sentences in which ... are not expressed - are pronounced ... - at the end of the sentence is ...

Abstract. Types of sentences by emotional coloring Exclamatory - sentences in which any feelings are expressed - pronounced with emotional intonation - placed at the end of the sentence! Non-exclamatory - sentences in which no feelings are expressed - pronounced without emotion - placed at the end of the sentence. ?

Assignment: write down the sentences, put a completion mark at the end, determine the type of sentence based on the purpose of the statement and the emotional coloring. 1. Where does the snow come from at this time 2. It’s good in the forest 3. On long years I remember the farewell cry of beautiful birds 4. Don’t ruin anthills 5. Listen to the phrase to the end
Independent work. Exercise Find the boundaries of sentences, put a completion sign. 2. Emphasize grammatical basis(subject and predicate). 3. Determine the type of sentences based on the purpose of the statement and the emotional coloring.

Exclamation marks sentences express the emotions of the speaker, which is conveyed by a special exclamatory intonation. Declarative, interrogative, and incentive sentences can also be exclamatory.

He faced death face to face, as a fighter should in battle!(narrative-exclamatory);

- Who would dare to ask Ishmael about that?!(interrogative-exclamation);

My friend, let’s dedicate our souls to our homeland with wonderful impulses!(motivating exclamation).

Grammatical means The formatting of exclamation sentences is as follows:

1) intonation, conveying a variety of feelings: joy, annoyance, grief, anger, surprise, etc. (exclamatory sentences are pronounced in a higher tone, highlighting the word that directly expresses the emotion) (Farewell, letter of love, goodbye!; Kuma, apparently, is an infidel! Wait, my dear!; Appear, breathe delight and zeal to the regiments you left!);

2) interjections, For example: Ah, this man always causes me terrible distress!; ...And, alas, my champagne triumphs over the power of her magnetic eyes!, Wow! the food is good here! Ahti, good!; Ugh, Lord, forgive me! Repeats the same thing five thousand times!;;

3) exclamation particles interjection, pronominal and adverbial origin, imparting an emotional coloring to what is being expressed: well, oh, well, where, how, what, what etc., for example: What a neck! What eyes!; Well, here's some fun for you! How cute!; Only thing is Kyiv! What a land!; Wow, what a thing! Don't say a word to her!

Non-exclamatory - a sentence that does not have additional emotional intonation.

5. System of structural-semantic types of a simple sentence:

a) by modality.

According to the nature of predicative relations, sentences are divided into:

affirmative;

negative.

The sentence is called affirmative , if the connection established in it between the subject of speech and what is expressed about it is recognized as really existing (In the course of two days my affairs have progressed terribly- expresses the existence of a connection between the idea of ​​affairs as the subject of speech and what is said about them - advanced).

The sentence is called negative , if this connection is denied, i.e. is perceived as not existing in reality ( Fortunately, due to an unsuccessful hunt, our horses were not exhausted the absence of connection between the subject of speech and its attribute is expressed, i.e. the belonging of a given feature to a given subject is denied).

Grammatically, negation is usually expressed by the particle NOT, and the statement is its absence.

Negation May be

1. partial.

Complete denial is achieved by placing the particle Not before the predicate, such a sentence is called generally negative.

Particle Not expresses before other members of the proposal partial negation. Such proposals are called partial negative, since as a whole they conclude the statement. For example, in the sentence But Kochubey is rich and proud not of long-maned horses, not of gold, tribute from the Crimean hordes, not of his family farms, old Kochubey is proud of his beautiful daughter(P.) it is affirmed that this attribute is rich and proud of the given subject Kochubey and only the fact that Kochubey is rich in gold and horses is denied. In a sentence Speech between us doesn't flow so playfully(P.) negation refers to the circumstance and in a certain respect limits the statement expressed by the sentence as a whole.

A negation placed before the subject does not deprive a sentence of its general affirmative meaning, for example: “Hello, young, unfamiliar tribe! I won't see your mighty late age..." (P.).

Thus, the category of negation is directly related to the category of predicate: “It is only the negation that stands with the predicate that makes the entire statement negative, while the negation that stands with any other member does not shake the general affirmative meaning of the statement.” (A.M. Peshkovsky “Russian syntax in scientific coverage”).

However, the particle not, even with a predicate, does not always serve as a sign of a negative sentence. The sentence loses its negative meaning,

firstly, when repeating the particle not, for example: I couldn’t help but laugh (P.);- a sentence with double negative, i.e. it is affirmative.

secondly, when acquiring a particle NOT other shades of meaning, for example: assumptions - You've scoured the world, do you want to get married?(Gr.); generalizations - Who hasn't cursed the stationmasters?( P.); fears - No matter what happens!(Ch.); approval - Well, why not work!; necessary - How can I not cry!

A particle can act as a negative particle NI, introducing an additional intensifying shade of meaning: Not a soul in the living room (Ch.).

Strengthening negation is also achieved with the help of negative pronouns and adverbs: Nothing there were no signs of bad weather.

The particle NI does not always express a negative meaning: it can only act as an intensifying particle when conveying an affirmative meaning. This is typical for parts of a complex sentence that have a concessive connotation of meaning: But no matter how girls all over the world talk, everything becomes sweet in their mouths (Fad.).

A grammatical sign of a negative sentence can be a special negative word NO, performing the function of the main member in an impersonal sentence: There is no stronger beast than a cat (Kr.); It has no equal river in the world (G.).

Denial can be expressed without the participation of special lexical means - with the help of intonation, word order, and some emotional particles. Such constructions are characteristic of the conversational style and are accompanied by subjective modal meanings. They are always expressive. For example: Where should I dance (M. G.); Just wait, I’ll be silent! (A. Ostr.); So I will be waiting for you! I also found a commander!

b) if possible, syntactic clarity;

If syntactic clarity is possible, simple sentences are divided into:

1) articulated , that is, having members of the sentence;

2) indivisible (word-sentences) , that is, deprived of the ability to identify members of a sentence in their composition (Eh! Of course. Well. Yes. No.). Indivisible sentences either consist of one non-significant word, hence the traditional name "word-sentences", or from combinations of particles, modals and interjections.

Among the indivisible sentences there are:

affirmative (Yes, sure);

negative (No, what else);

interrogative (Really? Really?,

incentives: Come on, Vaughn! Well! Shh!);

emotional-evaluative ( Hooray! Alas! Eh-eh!)

Among the indivisible word-sentences there are a large number of so-called etiquette words type Thank you, Please, Goodbye, etc.., which some scientists consider as part of interjections. Sentence words are used in dialogical speech. They are characteristic only of spoken language.

Indivisible sentences should be distinguished from some one-part and incomplete sentences. For example, sentences Spring. Evening. It's getting light. do not belong to the indivisible, since, firstly, they contain sentence members, which is not observed in the composition of words-sentences, and, secondly, they are formed by significant words, and not particles, interjections and modal words, which are not are members of the proposal.

c) by the presence of one or two main members of the sentence;

Remember what types of sentences with the presence of one or two main members of the sentence do you know from school?

Dividable sentences by the presence of one or two the main members of the proposal can be:

one-piece , that is, having one main member as the organizing center of the proposal (To someonebrought from the master casket);

two-part , that is, having two main members as organizing centers of the proposal (I love fatherlandI , but with a strange love!).

d) by the presence or absence of minor members of the sentence;

Based on the presence or absence of minor members of the sentence, they are distinguished:

common offers;

undisclosed proposals.

Common suggestions – sentences having, along with the main ones, secondary members (At night hazy distance clouded .).

Unexpanded offers – sentences having only the positions of the main members - subject and predicate (She didn't answer and turned away . Insomnia .).

e) in terms of structural and semantic completeness;

In accordance with structural and semantic completeness proposals are divided into:

1) full;

2) incomplete.

Complete sentences – sentences that include all the necessary members of a given sentence structure.

Incomplete sentences – proposals in which one or more necessary members of a given sentence structure are omitted due to the conditions of the context or setting (Yermolai shot, as always, victoriously, I shot rather poorly, as usual (I. Turgenev). In the second part of this complex sentence, the predicate shot is missing, which is easily restored from the previous sentence).

Both two-part and one-part sentences can be incomplete.

Incomplete sentences are characteristic primarily of colloquial speech and are widely used in fiction when conveying dialogue:

1) - Has this house been standing for a long time?

- For a long time. (I. Turgenev)

2) - Have you read it?

- What?

- Note (K. Fedin).

The response in the first example is an incomplete sentence in which the subject, predicate and modifier are omitted.

In the second example, all three cues are incomplete sentences: the first cue is missing an object, the other two are missing a grammatical stem.

f) by the presence or absence of complicating members of the sentence.

Based on the presence or absence of complicating members, sentences are:

complicated;

uncomplicated.

Complicated – sentences that have complicating structures: homogeneous and isolated members, introductory words, plug-in structures, appeals (Trees, houses, benches in the park were covered with snow.).

Uncomplicated – sentences that do not have complicating structures (And again the star plays in the light swell of the Neva waves...).

In terms of emotional coloring, sentences can be exclamatory or non-exclamatory.

Exclamation marks sentences - sentences that are accompanied by bright expressed feeling speaker.

Spring came! Leave him! How did you get here?!

Non-exclamation sentences - those that are not accompanied by a pronounced feeling of the speaker.

Types of sentences by structure

· by the number of predicative parts- simple and complex.

Simple sentences are those that consist of one predicative unit, it has one grammatical basis. For example: My brother is a teacher.

Complex sentences are those that consist of two or more predicative units. Complex sentences can be complex, complex, non-union complex, there are complex sentences with different types communications.

· according to the presence of members of the proposal– articulated and indivisible.

Articulated sentences contain sentence members (Do you like Tchaikovsky’s music? Morning.). These are sentences that contain at least one clause member.

Undivided proposals do not distinguish from their composition either the main or secondary members of the proposal. They consist of service units speech, interjections, modal words. Oh! Certainly. My God. Yes. No. Thank you. Well well. These are the times.

The following structural types of sentences are typical only for articulated sentences.

· by the presence of the main members of the sentence– two-part and one-part.

Two-piece- sentences in which the grammatical basis is made up of two main parts of the sentence - the subject and the predicate. The sun went out.

One-piece– sentences, the grammatical basis of which is one main member, and the other main member is absent, is not expected. I love the storm in early May. Night. You can't hear the city noise. It was getting dark. Candles were brought.

· by the presence of minor members of the sentence– common and not common.

Undistributed– sentences that contain only the main members of the sentence. Rain is coming.

Common- sentences in which, along with the main ones, there are also secondary members. It was getting dark quickly. An old lighthouse was lit on the dam (Paust.).

· by the presence of structurally necessary members of the sentence– complete and incomplete.

Full sentences contain all structurally necessary members of the sentence. He is writing a letter.

Incomplete sentences - those that lack structurally necessary members of the sentence. Came up to me and smiled(there is no subject, it is structurally necessary, because there is no such way of expressing predicates among one-part sentences).

The incompleteness of the sentence is filled in by the context and the situation. The structural incompleteness of a sentence is not its shortcoming, it is justified speech norms, allows you to succinctly express a thought, focusing on the most important thing in the message.

· according to complexity– complicated, uncomplicated.

Uncomplicated proposal – one that does not contain complicating components.

Complicated a sentence is one that contains any complicating elements. The proposal can be complicated:

A) homogeneous members;

b) dissociated members;

c) appeal;

d) introductory and plug-in structures.

MAIN MEMBERS OF THE PROPOSAL

1. The concept of members of a sentence. Main and minor members of the sentence.

3. Subject, its semantics and methods of expression.

4. Predicate, its semantics, types, methods of expression.

1. Members of the sentence– structural and semantic components of a sentence connected by syntactic relationships.

The members of the sentence are divided into main And minor . The basis for the distinction is their participation in the creation of the predicative basis.

The main members of the sentence constitute the structural minimum of the sentence, its predicative basis. The secondary members of the sentence are not included in the predicative basis. The main criterion here is structural: the main members of the sentence are mandatory from the point of view of structure; from a semantic point of view, they carry a minimum of information.

2. Subject is a grammatically independent main member of a sentence, denoting the subject of speech. It usually takes a position before the predicate (this is direct word order). For example: The old man thought about it. A tube his went out.

General question to the subject: What does the sentence say? A typical subject can be asked a question Who? What?

Ways to Express Subject

1. Noun in I.p. or personal M in I.p. This is the standard of the subject.

Language grows with culture (A.N. Tolstoy). I I remember wonderful moment(A. Pushkin). Silence always beautiful, and the silent one is always more beautiful than the speaking one (F. Ven.)

2. Other M in I.p. (indicative, possessive, indefinite, negative, attributive, interrogative, relative). This Who? Nothing hasn't changed. All mixed up in the Oblonskys' house.

3. Any substantivated part of speech in I.p.: substantivized P., Pch, Ch (transformed into a noun). Big seen from a distance(Yesenin). Convicts They walked in stern, solemn silence. Seven is not divisible by two.

Any word can act as the subject if it is used in the meaning of a noun. Even an unchangeable word can have occasional (random) substantivization: Tomorrow it won't be like today. Here comes the "ay" in the distance. By- preposition.

4. Syntactically indecomposable phrases (SNP) with one of the words in the I.p.

Passed two hours (quantitative-nominal combination). Something graceful was in his movements. One of the boys ran to Levin (L.T.). Pechorin and I sat in a place of honor (L.). A lot of people gathered in the square.

5. Phraseologism. Its Achilles' heel Every person has it.

6. Infinitive. Travel Interesting. The infinitive subject can be verbose: Be simple and strong- Here line my life (Yu. Nagibin). Becoming a pilot is not easy.

The infinitive subject usually comes first in the sentence. Can be combined:

With an evaluative word ending in –o (cr. adjective): Learning is interesting.

With a noun: Study– ours task

Infinitive: Learn what to row against the stream.

Less often - with a conjugated verb: . Study Always will come in handy.

3. Predicate – this is the main member of the sentence, expressing the predicative (modal-temporal) feature of the subject of speech and grammatically depending only on the subject.

General question for the predicate: what does it say about the subject?

Private questions: what is he doing? what? what's happened? and so on.

Types of predicate

The variety of types of predicate can be reduced to the following: simple verbal predicate (PGS), compound verbal predicate (CGS), compound nominal predicate (SIS). In PGS, lexical and grammatical meaning is expressed in one word. In GHS and SIS lexical meaning expressed in the main part, grammatical - in the auxiliary part.

ASG = (GZ + LZ) SGS = (GZ) + (LZ) SIS = (GZ) + (LZ)

He studies. auxiliary part + infinitive auxiliary part + nominal part

He started studying. He became a teacher.

Secondary members of the sentence

1.2 Types of sentences according to the purpose of the statement and emotional coloring

According to their function, according to the purposefulness of the statements enclosed in sentences, they are divided into narrative, interrogative, and incentive. Sentences serve to convey, respectively, three main forms of thought - judgment: And along the gorge, in darkness and splashes, the stream rushes towards the sea, rattling stones... (M. Gorky); question: What did he see, the deceased Falcon, in this desert without bottom or edge? (M. Gorky); impulses: And you move to the edge of the gorge and throw yourself down (M. Gorky). Each type is characterized by a corresponding structural intonation and a set of formal indicators - verbal forms, function words and other factors. The sentences of each of the three functional types can be emotionally charged - using means of intonation, and possibly particles: The madness of the brave is the wisdom of life! (M. Gorky)

Depending on the purpose of the statement, there are declarative, interrogative and exclamatory sentences (13, p. 296)

Narrative sentences are sentences that contain a message about some fact of reality, phenomenon, or event. Contain a message or description, express a relatively complete thought based on a judgment. The completeness of thought is expressed in intonation: declarative sentences are characterized by a lower tone at the end of the sentence.

Narrative sentences are the most common type of sentences; they are very diverse in their content and structure, distinguished by the relative completeness of thought, conveyed by specific narrative intonation: a rise in tone on a logically distinguished word (or two or more, but one of the rises will be the largest) and calm lowering the tone at the end of the sentence: The carriage drove up to the porch of the commandant’s house. The people recognized Pugachev and ran after him in a crowd (A.S. Pushkin). The substantive essence of narrative sentences in the Russian language is that in a communicative sense they convey a complete thought about phenomena of reality, a fact, an event.

Intonation narrative sentences are pronounced at an average pace: the tone of speech slowly increases, and towards the end of the sentence it gradually decreases. Declarative sentences can be non-extensive and widespread; by composition - two-part and one-part.

A declarative sentence can be:

Description: The rider sat in the saddle deftly and casually (M. Gorky); Narration of actions, events: The old man calmly and cheerfully walked from stone to stone and soon disappeared among them (M. Gorky);

A message about the desire or intention to perform an action: I would not have played like that (A. Tvardovsky);

Classifying narrative sentences, P. A. Lekant suggests various ways expressions of intonation. As mentioned above, such sentences are characterized by a lower tone at the end. The decrease is especially noticeable when in the middle of a sentence on a word the voice rises significantly. A noticeable decrease in tone is not observed in one-word sentences, for example in impersonal or nominative ones, but in this case the voice should not rise. In common nominative sentences, the voice gradually decreases from the beginning of the sentence to the end (11, p. 388)

There are also interrogative sentences. Interrogative sentences are those whose purpose is to encourage the interlocutor to express an idea that interests the speaker, that is, their purpose is cognitive. Interrogative sentences contain a question about something unknown to the speaker. The means of expressing interrogativeness are: special interrogative intonation, question words (pronouns and adverbs), interrogative particles (really, really, whether) and word order.

Interrogative sentences usually contain a question aimed at encouraging the interlocutor to express an idea that interests the speaker. It serves to express a question. With its help, the speaker seeks to obtain new information about something, confirmation or denial of any assumption. An interrogative sentence has its own grammatical form, which is represented by intonation, question words, particles, and is indicated in writing by a question mark.

Interrogative intonation is characterized by a more or less significant increase in tone at the end of a sentence, which is especially noticeable when compared with declarative sentences. An essential feature of interrogative intonation is the raising of tone on the word that contains the essence of the question, the emphasis of this word (cf.: Will Father arrive by this train? - Father will arrive by this train?) (9, pp. 206-214).

An interrogative sentence that, while maintaining structural features, common to a declarative sentence, acquires an interrogative function and may differ from a declarative sentence only in intonation. This makes it possible to understand an interrogative sentence as a transformation of a narrative one and to contrast non-interrogative and interrogative sentences. Especially in the texts of works of art, one can notice that in the Russian language interrogative sentences are formed using a variety of means and most actively with the help of interrogative words, which are most often interrogative pronouns, adverbs, particles, interrogative intonation in oral speech, as well as the order of words in a sentence. Also, attention is drawn to the fact that the interrogative sentence in the Russian language is also distinguished by a variety of intonation structures, which are directly dependent on the structure of the sentence and the substantive essence of the question.

Not every sentence that is interrogative in form contains a question. Therefore, Pavel Aleksandrovich Lekant divides these sentences according to the purposefulness of the statements: into actual interrogative ones and into sentences that do not contain a question, but have an interrogative form, which in turn can be divided into four groups: interrogative-rhetorical, interrogative-motivational, interrogative-negative, interrogative-affirmative (11, pp. 391-393).

In actual interrogative sentences, there is a question addressed to the interlocutor and requiring an answer or suggesting one. With the help of a question, the speaker seeks to find out something unknown. Based on the way the question is expressed, these sentences can be divided into pronominal and non-pronominal. Non-pronominal interrogative sentences presuppose an affirmative or negative answer, which is most briefly expressed in indivisible sentences with the words Yes and No. The speaker, when asking a question, is only waiting for confirmation or denial of something assumed. The interrogative meaning is expressed mainly by intonation, and the word or group of words that contains the essence of the question is highlighted. Very often to emphasize the meaning specific word, it is placed at the beginning or end of the sentence: Have I changed a lot since then? (A.P. Chekhov).

In addition to intonation, interrogative particles whether, perhaps, really, and others can be used. Whether the particle has a “pure” interrogative meaning: “Will he give it back?” And, for example, the particles really, really, in addition to the interrogative meaning, express surprise, doubt, and introduce a tinge of uncertainty into the sentence.

Pronominal interrogative sentences. They require a detailed answer and include question words - pronouns and pronominal adverbs: what, who, which, whose, why, where. The answers should contain new information about objects, signs, circumstances: “Where are you going?” - “Yes to you” (K. Paustovsky).

Interrogative rhetorical sentences do not imply or require an answer. They express various feelings and experiences of the speaker - thoughts, doubt, sadness, regret: What does the coming day have in store for me? (A.S. Pushkin). Such proposals are very common in works of art and create an emotionally charged, excited tone of the narrative.

Interrogative sentences are used to express motivation. They do not have a proper interrogative meaning. The speaker does not intend to obtain new information, but encourages the interlocutor to take some action or invites him to do something together: “Are we going to catch tits, uncle?” (M. Gorky).

The impulse is often accompanied by shades of annoyance and impatience. Therefore, interrogative and incentive sentences are emotional, expressive and can be used instead of actual incentive sentences.

Interrogative-negative sentences have the same form as actual interrogative ones. They use interrogative pronouns, adverbs, particles, but these sentences do not have an interrogative meaning, but contain a message. Although they do not contain special negative words, they express the impossibility of any action, state, the impossibility of attributing any sign to an object: What kind of hunter are you? You should lie on the stove in the kitchen and crush cockroaches, not poison foxes (A.P. Chekhov).

Interrogative-negative sentences express various modal shades (impossibility, inexpediency) with the help of so-called interrogative words (they do not contain a question in these sentences) and intonation, which differs from the actual interrogative by a smaller rise in tone at the end.

Interrogative-affirmative sentences contain interrogative particles, pronouns, adverbs in combination with the negative particle not. However, this particle in these sentences does not express negation. Against. Sentences with combinations isn't it, who isn't, where isn't. They express statements colored by modal meanings of inevitability and confidence: Who in childhood did not besiege ancient castles or die on a ship with sails torn to shreds? (K. Paustovsky). Question words and particles can be combined with the verb word no; this construction also has an affirmative meaning: And where are we not?!

Interrogative-affirmative sentences are emotional, expressive, they are used in literary texts to express a strong statement: Ah! Sophia! Was Molchalin really chosen by her? Why not a husband? (A. S. Griboyedov)

Also, one of the types of sentences for the purpose of the statement is incentive sentences. They express will, the urge to action. Such offers are addressed to the interlocutor or a third party. The object of motivation can be several persons: Bloom, young and healthy in body (S. Yesenin). Those sentences in which the expression of will is expressed as the desire or intention of oneself are not motivating. talking man perform an action.(6, p.210)

The motivation has varying degrees of categoricalness. Depending on this, types of incentives are distinguished: orders, request, advice, permission or consent, call. These forms of motivation, in turn, can have shades of command - sharp, categorical or soft, which is achieved with the help of particles: Get out of the way, girl! (M. Gorky).

Motivation is expressed through various means. Incentive sentences are characterized by intonation of incentive (raising the tone, strengthening the voice), as well as special grammatical forms of words.

Incentive sentences use the forms imperative mood verb:

1. Second person singular and plural forms. These forms can be used with the particle - ka, usually softening the command;

2. Third person analytical forms with particles let, yes;

3. First person form plural, expressing an invitation together with talking face perform an action;

With the meaning of motivation, the forms of the indicative and subjunctive moods, as well as the infinitive, are used. Incentive sentences can be built without a verb - from adverbs or indirect case forms of a noun, indicating the direction of movement, the object of action and: Into the corner! And also the impulse can be expressed descriptively, without the help of special word forms (11, pp. 388-390)

Narrative, motivating and interrogative sentences can have an emotional connotation, that is, they express the attitude of the speaker. If emotionality is conveyed using intonation or special function words, then such a sentence is exclamatory. Exclamatory sentences are emotionally charged sentences that are conveyed with a special exclamatory intonation; the expression of the content is accompanied by special sensitivity.

With the help of exclamatory intonation, feelings of joy, admiration, anger, and fear can be conveyed. It is possible that the sentence for the purpose of the statement is narrative, but with the help of exclamatory intonation, as well as interjections, any other feeling is expressed: Come on, Tanya, speak! (M. Gorky) - the sentence is motivating, emotional in intonation - exclamatory, it expresses impatience and annoyance.

In exclamatory sentences, emotionality is created with the help of exclamatory particles like, which, what, here, well, and other particles. Exclamation particles interjection, pronominal and adverbial origin, giving the expressed emotional coloring. In them, the expression of content is accompanied by the expression of the speaker’s feelings. Exclamatory sentences can express intellectual states (surprise, bewilderment, doubt, contempt), various feelings (anger, hatred, fear) and motivation (order, call, request) (11, pp. 394-395).

Studying the works of P. A. Lekant, N. G. Goltsov, V. P. Zhukov, one can come to the conclusion that the classification of sentences in the Russian language by structure is stepwise: at the first stage, the most common types, each of which, in turn, is represented by a certain system of subtypes and varieties, therefore, the most important thing is the opposition of simple and complex sentences. The fact is that a simple sentence has one predicative core: There was a shooting in the city. They walked with flags (A.N. Tolstoy); complex - two or more: The sun was shining high in the sky, and the mountains were scorching hot simple sentence maybe several subjects breathed into the sky, and the waves below beat against the stone (M. Gorky). In predicates, but they form one predicative core: Today, young and old had fun and sang.

Conclusions on the first chapter

Having studied and analyzed theoretical material on the research topic “Types of sentences for the purpose of statements in print advertising”, we came to the following conclusions:

Firstly, a sentence is one of the basic units of syntax; it carries a message, has a predicate and is built according to a certain grammatical principle. It is distinguished by a certain intonation, corresponding to the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement. The sentence also serves to express emotions and expressions of will that fall within the spheres of feeling and will.

Secondly, following from what was discussed above, we can say that a sentence is the minimum unit of human speech, which is a grammatical combination of words (or one word) that has semantic and intonation completeness, a predicate, and a grammatical basis.

Thirdly, a sentence regarding the purpose of the statement may contain a message, a question and an incentive (advice, order, request). The classification of sentence types according to the purpose of the statement is multidimensional; they are divided according to the principle of the statement contained in them.

Fourthly, each type is characterized by a corresponding structural intonation and a set of formal indicators - verbal forms, function words and other factors. And, sentences can also be emotionally colored using intonation or corresponding particles.

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A sentence is the minimum unit of human speech, which is a group of words (sometimes one word) related to each other grammatically and in meaning.

Composition of the proposal

The words that make up a sentence are divided into main (they form the grammatical basis) and secondary (they serve to clarify, supplement, clarify the subject and predicate) members. The main parts of a sentence include the subject and the predicate.

Subject serves to indicate the name of an item, actor, the attribute of which is determined by the predicate and answers the questions who? What?. The subject is usually expressed by a noun in the nominative case or a pronoun:

The book is lying there. He arrived an hour later. Who called?

Predicate serves to indicate the attribute of an object and answers the questions what to do? what to do? what is he doing? what will he do? what? which? etc. The predicate is usually expressed various forms verb or adjective:

The book is lying there. We'll walk until sunset. He is motionless.

TO minor members sentences include definition, complement and circumstance. Definition serves to explain a word with an objective meaning and indicates a sign, quality or property of an object. Answers the questions which? which? whose?. As a rule, the definition is expressed by an adjective or a noun with a preposition:

lies A new book. She came in a skirt.

Addition explains a word with the meaning of an action, object or attribute and denotes an object in some relation to the action or attribute. Expressed by a noun in the indirect case:

Today I will finish work early.

Circumstance explains a word with the meaning of an action or sign and denoting under what circumstances the action or sign took place, or to what extent they were manifested. Expressed by adverbs, indirect cases of nouns, gerunds, adverbs:

Tomorrow we'll go fishing. We went swimming in the lake.

Thus, each member of the sentence carries its own semantic load.

Types of sentences according to the purpose of the statement

There are three types of sentences based on the purpose of the statement: narrative, incentive and interrogative. Narrative sentences serve to express a relatively complete thought. IN colloquial speech this is expressed by lowering intonation at the end of a sentence.

I came briefly to pick up my things.

Incentives sentences typically serve to get others to do something (less often, to demonstrate the speaker's intention to do something). They may contain various shades of expression of will: request, wish, order, plea, advice, threat, wish, warning, etc.:

Please go and get his signature.

Interrogative sentences, as the name suggests, are used to ask the question: Where did you go after work?

Types of sentences by emotional coloring

According to emotional coloring, sentences are divided into exclamation marks And non-exclamatory. Any of the sentences regarding the purpose of the statement can become exclamatory if the speaker adds additional emotionality to his words.