The second side of the stylistic coloring is emotionally expressive stylistic coloring. It is associated with the ability of speech to influence the emotions of the recipient of speech, to evoke certain feelings in him and convey the emotions of the speaker, as well as to enhance expressiveness, i.e., the expressiveness of speech. So, for example, the word children stylistically neutral (both in terms of functional-style coloring and in terms of emotional-expressiveness), since there are no connotations in it beyond its lexical meaning; the same denotation can be indicated by the word Guys(Wed: The children were playing in the yard near the school/The children were playing in the yard near the school), which is characterized colloquial functional and stylistic coloring, but it is devoid of emotional and expressive coloring, like the word children. Unlike those given, the words kids to kids, in addition to conversational functional-style coloring, they also have emotional-expressive coloring, since their main lexical meaning connotations of familiarity and endearment are layered. To determine the types of emotional-expressive coloring, one should consider the content and relationship of four concepts: emotionality, evaluativeness, imagery And expressiveness.

The emotionality of speech is the expression in speech of the speaker’s feelings and the impact of speech on the feelings of the listener; it is conveyed by various linguistic means. These include: 1) intonation, in writing, conveyed by punctuation and other graphic signs, as well as by violation of the objective word order, i.e. inversion; For example: Moscow! How much has merged in this sound for the Russian heart...(Pushkin) (the so-called exclamatory intonation formalizes the isolated theme (nominative theme), conveying the solemnly excited emotional state of the author); Mom, I got my feet wet...(colloquial speech): here, in the phrase with control, the objective order of the main and dependent components is violated, since with the objective order of words in the phrase with the connection of control, the main component must be in preposition, and the dependent - in postposition; violation of this norm of word order at the level of phrases is marked by the appearance emphatic stress on a prepositive managed component; Wed with a phrase without inversion: got my feet wet. In oral speech, an indicator of its emotional coloring can be the pronunciation of vowel sounds as long, “extended”; For example, common question formalized using a pronoun What?; which is pronounced with the usual [o] stress, and the same question, but complicated by emotions of surprise or indignation, indignation, will sound with a long, “extended”: What-o-o?/tone will go up sharply; in this case, the diphthongoid character will be revealed more clearly, i.e. the presence of [y] in the excursion phase: [O]; 2) repetitions: I explain to you, I explain,- and all to no avail!(Speaking); 3) rhetorical exclamations And rhetorical questions For example: Gentlemen of the Duma! Are we really indifferent to the fate of our children, the fate of our youth, our future?!(publicistic speech); 4) some categories of words, for example, interjections and such particles, which do not contain evaluation and express “pure” emotions: joy, surprise, fear, fear, grief, horror, regret, etc.; For example: Fathers! Look... look... he's dead! Killed!(M. Gorky). Really?!

Among other parts of speech, it is difficult to detect actual emotional words, since in them the expression of the speaker’s feelings is already superimposed grade- approval or disapproval. For example, eh in combination with second person pronouns (Eh, you/or Eh, you!) serves to express a negative attitude towards the interlocutor, his condemnation: Our commanders fled, our commanders sold out. We are running around like sheep.- Eh, you! - That’s all Khvedin said to this.- Eh, you landlubbers! (A. Tolstoy).

Thus, the concepts of emotionality and evaluativeness are closely related, but not identical. Emotionality is associated exclusively with the mental side of the personality and with the expression of emotions in speech, and evaluativeness is associated with both the psyche and the mental activity of the speaker. Emotional words, in particular: emotional interjections and particles, do not contain evaluation; evaluative words are usually emotional. Let us give examples of words-characteristics with different functional-style connotations, i.e. belonging to different functional styles, conveying an emotional attitude towards the denoted, its emotional assessment: marvelous, initiator, exciting(For example, spectacle), bribe-taker, antediluvian, practical, to gnaw(translated), rub out(translated), boring, poking around(in meaning hesitate), shepherd, good, virtue, meekness, gangs, extremists; examples of words with subjective evaluation suffixes: sunshine, old man, hands, coat.

As we see, the emotional assessment is superimposed in all cases on the nominative, conceptual meaning of the word, and is not reduced to it. Therefore, such words in which it is the assessment, and not the emotional, but the intellectual, that constitutes the very nominative content of the word, cannot be qualified as emotional-evaluative, for example: bad, good, approve, disapprove, positive, negative, true, false etc. They should be characterized from the point of view of emotionally expressive stylistic coloring as neutral.

When it comes to emotionally expressive stylistic coloring, one of its sides, one of its components, is also connotation imagery. Naturally, we find examples of figurative speech most often in fiction, but elements of imagery may also be in texts written in newspaper-journalistic, church-religious and conversational styles(more about this below, as well as when characterizing functional styles).

Imagery- this is the descriptive quality of a word, the quality of speech, thanks to which linguistic means, naming objects, signs or actions, simultaneously evoke in the addressee an idea, an image of the designated; For example: Maple leaves, like paws, stood out sharply on the yellow sand of the alley(A. Chekhov). Also AL. Potebnya spoke about the figurativeness of the word, connecting this concept with the concept internal form words first introduced into linguistics by W. Humboldt. According to the concept of A.A. Potebny, every word at the moment of its occurrence includes three elements: 1) sound (= external sign of meaning), 2) representation (= internal sign of meaning, or internal form) and 3) self-meaning. The sound and meaning in a word always exist, but the idea that forms the basis for naming can disappear and be erased over time. When this idea is alive, the inner form of the word is also alive, and then the word is figurative; and if a word has lost its internal form, it becomes ugly. AL. Potebnya writes: “All meanings in language are figurative in origin, each can become ugly over time... The development of language occurs through the darkening of representation and emergence, due to this and due to new perceptions, new figurative words” (Potebnya 1905:302 ; 22). Echoing A.A. Potebney, French researcher J.-P. Richter figuratively called language a “graveyard of metaphors.” When do native speakers use words now? minute, inch, shore, sour cream, they do not feel their inner form; but when these words appeared, the basis was based on ideas about small, petty(from here - minute), O thumb(from here - inch), oh woe(cf. German Bergw Russian shore), about action sweep, remove from the surface(hence the word sour cream). Thus, AL. Potebnya connects imagery with the internal form of the word and extends the concept of imagery to language in general. Evaluating this concept, we can conclude that the scientist is right when he believes that, in principle, every word has the ability to become figurative, that is, to convey a phenomenon in its concreteness and clarity; but it is not at all necessary to associate such an ability only with the presence or revival, revitalization of the internal form of the word. If we compare it with the stated concept of A.A. Take a look at the views of such scientists as A.M. Peshkovsky, G.O. Vinokur, V.V. Vinogradov, then you can find that they are in solidarity with AL. What’s more interesting is that imagery is not limited only to the use of any tropes (comparisons, metaphors, epithets, etc.), but is understood broadly; they also believe that, in principle, any linguistic means can evoke a concrete sensory representation of the signified. However, unlike A.A. Potebnya, he sees the condition for this not in the presence or revival of the internal form of the word, but in the presence context with a figurative task, i.e. context artistic speech. Only here, in a literary text, the most diverse, often neutral in themselves, linguistic means “work” to create an image. (Let us recall an example from A.S. Pushkin’s poem “Count Nulin”: p. 61). Imagery here is achieved by the system of all linguistic means used by the writer. So, analyzing " Dead Souls» Gogol, A.M. Peshkovsky writes that for readers, Chichikov’s imagery is made up of all the words of “Dead Souls” that depict Chichikov directly or indirectly. Developing the thought of A.M. Peshkovsky, GO. Vinokur emphasizes that the figurativeness of language is the use of language in its aesthetic function. He writes that the literary word is figurative not only in the sense that it is metaphorical. The fact is that the real meaning of an artistic word is never confined to its literal meaning. Here, the broader content is often conveyed in the form of another word, taken literally. For example, in the story by A.N. Tolstoy “Bread”, the word in the title has the meaning that is inherent in it in the general literary language, and at the same time, as GO writes. Vinokur, it “represents famous image, conveying in artistic synthesis one of the major events of the revolution and civil war"(Vinokur 1959:247). This phenomenon is called increase in meaning. The increase in meaning creates the imagery of artistic speech. V.V. Vinogradov also wrote about this, noting that the word in a work of art, coinciding in its external form with the word of the corresponding national linguistic system and relying on its meaning, is also addressed to the world of artistic reality. It is two-dimensional in its semantic orientation and, therefore, figurative. So, broadly understood imagery (not reducible to the internal form of the word) is a property of artistic speech only.

In a number of works, imagery is interpreted, on the contrary, very narrowly: as the use in speech figurative meaning words, i.e. as the use of tropes, as well as the use of various figures of speech (comparisons, personifications, hyperboles, litotes, etc.)

Imagery in the broad sense is a property of the language of fiction, and figurative means of language in the narrow sense (epithets, comparisons, metaphors, personification, etc.), i.e., individual figurative elements, are also characteristic of journalistic, popular science, church -religious and colloquial speech. In popular scientific speech, for example, the purpose of using figurative elements is purely illustrative; they are intended to explain some idea of ​​the author, to make it more visual and therefore more accessible to the addressee; for example, D.I. Mendeleev compares in the text of the lecture the smell of ozone with the smell of boiled crayfish. Of the four concepts mentioned above, which are associated with the presence of emotionally expressive stylistic coloring (emotionality, evaluativeness, imagery and expressiveness), the broadest, including the rest, is concept of expressiveness.

Expressiveness is an increase in the expressiveness of speech, an increase in its influencing power. Any speech, if it has emotional, evaluative or figurative connotations, is expressive. At the same time, expressiveness does not necessarily come down to emotionality, evaluativeness and imagery. For example, from two statements: (1) Stand up.(2) Stand up/- the second statement, having neither evaluativeness, nor emotionality, nor imagery, can, nevertheless, be characterized in comparison with the first as more expressive, since the meaning of motivation, present in both cases, in the second is superimposed by two more connotative meanings: categorical , not allowing objections, and emphasized formality.

The expressive coloring of speech is created due to a variety of shades of a connotative nature, in particular, a shade of ease, liveliness of speech; let's compare: We go to him this way and that way, and he responds- (1) just silent(neutral) / (2) not a word(expressive) / (3) no goo-goo(even more expressively). Let us also compare the following series: got used to it/got used to it, stopped paying attention/gave up; suddenly screamed / as if he would scream.

It can also be a shade that conveys greater intensity of the manifestation of the characteristic; for example, the second (and third) members of the above series, which have this connotative element, are more expressive in comparison with the first: darkness/gloom/poke your eyes out; ask/beg/beg; a lot/lot/abyss; a little / the cat cried / with gulkin’s nose.

Sometimes contrasting shades of bookishness and colloquial speech are distinguished as two types of expression. For example, in Tendryakov’s stories:

(1) Chairman- So he’s Yurkin’s friend!

- I left. - Maybe they left you?(expression of colloquialism as a means of stylizing colloquial speech). An example of book expression is the description in “ Dead souls» N.V. Gogol of the Koshkarev library, where Chichikov found six huge volumes called “Preparatory introduction to the field of thinking. Community theory; totality, essence as applied to the understanding of the organic principles of the mutual bifurcation of the social producer. posts." Let us immediately emphasize that the two named shades can be spoken of as expressive primarily in relation to fiction, where stylization of either book or colloquial speech is carried out. But since both colloquial and book coloring are not emotionally expressive, but functional and stylistic, then, therefore, colloquial coloring will not have an expressive connotation in the context of colloquial speech (For example: Today we have fried for lunch potato) And bookish coloring will not be an expressive connotation in bookish styles (For example: Researched features of thinking patients with aphasia). In other words, the expression of colloquialism can arise when units with a colloquial coloring are transferred into texts of book styles or into the context of literary speech, and the expression of bookishness can arise when units with a general bookish functional-style coloring are transferred into the context of colloquial or artistic speech.

Since expressiveness is the broadest of all four of the above concepts, the linguistic means of enhancing the expressiveness of speech include all the emotional, emotional-evaluative, as well as figurative means discussed above. In addition, any deliberate violation of linguistic norms at all levels of the language structure also serves as the basis for the emergence of an expressive effect.

Thus, at the phonetic level, the basis for the expressive effect can be a deliberate change in standard pronunciation: for example, Chekhov’s heroine said: Here in Puturburg(the writer imitates cutesy pronunciation here); A. Kuprin in “Cadets” also uses the reproduction of profanity as a characterological feature: “Are you scrutinizing? Are you scrutinizing, Cossack?!” We see the same technique in Yu. Nagibin: “If there is an infection...” Shelukhin began importantly, proud of the word “infection” and pronouncing it with [e], but Rachmaninov did not let him finish... Also expressive is enhanced pronunciation of vowels or consonants, onomatopoeia, slow or, conversely, accelerated speech rate, special pausing, etc.

At the level of morphemes, the unusual use of word-forming affixes is expressive. Thus, the purpose of enhancing expression is served by the author's neologisms - occasionalisms created according to the existing word-formation model, but with a change in the usual affix composition; for example, well-known neologisms - occasionalisms of V. Mayakovsky: passport, hammer-handed, sickle-faced and so on.; by model haze - hazy, forest- wooded A.P. Chekhov from noun Frenchman creates an adjective franiusous and writes in a letter to Ya.P. Polonsky: Yut has nothing to do, wrote an empty, frankish vaudeville show called “The Bear.”

In morphology, emotionally expressive forms are those that appear in a meaning that is unusual for them, that is, when one form is used in the meaning of another (the phenomenon transpositions); For example: And so it could it offend you?!(about a man); the use of a neuter pronoun instead of a masculine one conveys the speaker’s contemptuous attitude towards the person - the subject of speech.

Expressively so-called present historical(Praesens historicum), i.e. the present tense form of the verb, used instead of and in the meaning of the past tense form; With the help of such a transposition, the speaker seems to bring an event that took place in the past closer to the moment of speech, making it concretely visual: And so a year or two passes. And finally three. And five years pass, and things are approaching our days. And then 1933 comes... So they go to Leningrad. They go to Astoria. Carpets. Tables. The orchestra is playing. Gorgeous couples dancing. So they sit down at the table, order chicken, and so on.(M. Zoshchenko). The use of this form is also expressive because, thanks to its use, the narration from the author is, as it were, translated into a narration plan from actor: events are presented as the character sees them.

Among the syntactic means of enhancing expressiveness, one can name the inversion already mentioned above; for example: 1) A lonely sail whitens in the blue sea fog(M. Lermontov); 2) The successes of Moscow builders this year are significant/(From newspapers). Sentences with objective word order would begin with a local determiner in the blue fog of the sea(in the first sentence) or temporal determinant this year(in the second), since it is they who in both cases serve as the theme in the actual division of these sentences; the determiner must be followed in the first sentence by a predicate-subject complex that performs the function of a rheme the sail turns white"What's going on? What's happening?)", and in the second sentence the determiner must be followed by an expanded subject successes of Moscow builders, which is the second component of a complex topic, and only after it should the predicate be located weighty(as an answer to the latent question: “What are the successes of Moscow builders this year?”) In this case, all phrases included in the topic or rheme would also have to have an objective word order in the non-expressive text (for example, in the blue fog). Deprived of inversion, sentences with objective word order would perform the same communicative task as sentences in real texts, would convey the same communicative meaning, but would be deprived of the expression that arises due to inversion; Let us compare with the given expressively colored sentences from the texts experimental sentences without inversion, which have the same actual division, but objective word order:

1) In the blue mist of the sea(expanded, widespread determinant - topic) // the lonely sail is white(predicate-subject complex = rheme);

2) This year / successes of Moscow builders(determinant + expanded subject = topic) // weighty(predicate = rheme).

As we can see, experimental sentences without inversion, with objective word order, lost expression.

The study and description of the expressive capabilities of linguistic means of all levels is dealt with by the stylistics of resources (they will be discussed in more detail in Chapter 3). The above examples are intended to show that, firstly, linguistic means of all levels can have an emotionally expressive coloring, and in -secondly, that the types of emotional-expressive coloring are extremely diverse and heterogeneous, therefore the classification of these types (or types) seems to be a very complex matter and there is no unity of views on this issue among linguists. Even the question of the emotionally expressive coloring of vocabulary is resolved ambiguously. At the same time, not all linguists distinguish between the two sides of stylistic coloring, as was done above. For example, A.N. Gvozdev in “Essays on Stylistics” identifies about 20 groups of emotionally expressive words; in particular:

Rhetorical (irresistible- "invincible" unforgettable-"memorable");

Poetic (azure- “blue”, cherish -"caress");

- “fresh words” (look -"look", look- "sight");

Folk poetic (comely- "Beautiful", darling -"native");

Pompous archaic-comic (gluttony - “gluttony”, mellifluous- “flattering”);

familiarly affectionate (grandma- "grandmother", birdie- “bird”); - disapproving (throw -"throw", shred- “cut”), etc.

I.N. Shmeleva divides all Russian words literary language from the point of view of their stylistic coloring on two groups. IN first group includes the words:

Ceremonial: aspirations, led, glorify, accomplished, coming, indestructible, crucible, deeds, forever;

Official: henceforth..., search (of funds), name, inform, assign, activities, assign (title, degree), present(meaning “this”);

Spoken: record book, oatmeal, stupid, run out of steam(meaning “to get tired”), sunbathe(meaning “not to work”);

Colloquial-familiar: delicious, laugh(meaning “to laugh”).

Although the author of this classification indicates that these words are united by the fact that they show one or another correlation with functional styles, however, it is obvious that the distinction between the functional-style and emotional-expressive sides of stylistic coloring is not made here, as a result of which the classification turns out to be inconsistent.

In second The group includes “specially colored elements of artistic speech that do not correlate with functional speech styles”:

Traditionally poetic: flame, adjacent, from youth, silent, forehead, fire, eyelids, palace, fire, foam;

Folk-peasant (words that “bear the stamp of primordially Russian, peasant origin. They are rarely used in the living speech of modern speakers of a literary language, but are used in artistic creativity How means of expression with a special “folk-peasant” flavor”): dawn, darling, salt lick;

Regional: base, siverko, hut;

Non-normative (this is a group of words entrenched in fiction as a means speech characteristics): teacher, goodbye, risky;

Folk poetic: fire, oak grove, beauty(Shmeleva 1975).

The second group is also allocated inconsistently, since the characteristics "regional" And "obscene" language do not belong to varieties of emotional-expressive coloring, and in addition, these are words that are not included in the lexical system of the literary language. Thus, stylistic literature reveals, firstly, a lack of unity among linguists on the issue of the nature and types of stylistic coloring of vocabulary; secondly, the non-distinction between the language of fiction and the literary language, the consequence of which is the inclusion in the stylistically colored layers of the vocabulary of the literary language of those words that are used in literary texts, but as dialectisms or colloquial elements, i.e. non-literary lexical means that do not lose with such use of their functional affiliation and not turning into “artistic” linguistic units; thirdly, the non-distinction between the functional-style and emotional-expressive sides of stylistic coloring, which is manifested, in particular, in the following: in the classification of words as rhetorical (for example, by A.N. Gvozdev) and with newspaper-journalistic functional-style coloring (irresistible), and with emotionally expressive (unforgettable), and in the fact that solemn words (this term speaks of an emotional-expressive coloring) and official, colloquial words (terms characterizing a functional-style coloring) are placed on the same row (for example, in I.N. Shmeleva).

Since the types of emotional-expressive coloring do not represent a closed, finite list, we can dwell (with a certain degree of convention) on such a classification of types of emotional-expressive coloring, which will bring it closer to the scale of functional-style characteristics presented above, which, as we remember, consisted of: of three divisions: + (plus) / O (zero) / - (minus).

Let's highlight three main types of emotional-expressive coloring

(we repeat, very conditionally):

\) stylistic+ (plus): a) sublime, solemn and b) meliorative (with a positive emotional and evaluative connotation);

2) stylistic 0 (zero): neutral;

3) stylistic - (minus): a) reduced, familiar and b) pejorative (with a negative emotional-evaluative connotation).

Since emotionally expressive stylistic coloring is associated with the expression of feelings in speech, with the impact of speech on feelings, with increased expressiveness of the word, it is clear that the variety of emotions, assessments, and expressive connotations in no way allows such a classification to be made strictly logical, and the list of types of coloring to be closed. It is possible to suggest only for the convenience of analysis this typology as allowing one to fairly consistently characterize vocabulary in terms of both functional-style and emotional-expressive stylistic coloring.

Sublime, solemn, emotionally expressive stylistic coloring characterizes texts that are distinguished by an elevated, solemn emotional tone. This takes place in oratory public speech, designed in (1) newspaper-journalistic or (2) church-religious styles. For example: (1) Let us praise all the women of the world - workers, creators, friends and mothers!(2) Sisters and brothers! Let us rejoice and give praise to the Almighty!

The following words, for example, have a sublime, solemn emotional and expressive connotation: hour, crucible, comrade-in-arms, forever, from now on, all-victorious, driven, all-conquering, coming, invincible, unforgettable, inscribe, glorify.

Reclamative vocabulary, i.e., positive-evaluative, also has connotations of an emotionally expressive nature “with a + sign”: initiator, innovator, worker, champion, righteous, merciful, God-saving.

The following words, for example, can be considered neutral in terms of emotional-expressive coloring: inflection, protocol, beginning, stable, popular, quickly, a lot, five, and, know, work, good, negative.

A reduced, familiar, emotionally expressive stylistic coloring is observed in cases where speech is distinguished by an extreme degree of ease; For example: grandma, dodger, cutie, face, chatterbox, thrashing, centurion, shirking, stretching("fell"), yell, scream, useless, shaggy, quickly, five.

The emotional-evaluative connotation “with a - (minus)” sign, i.e. negatively evaluative, is called pejorative. This stylistic coloring is characteristic of, for example, words as a voyage, a bandit, an accomplice, an aggressor, a scoundrel, a little bastard, a Satan, a demonic one.

When establishing stylistic coloring, it is important to remember that an emotionally expressively colored linguistic device (in particular a word) is capable of coloring speech in a certain way, that is, enriching it with appropriate connotations. Without them, speech is perceived as not emotionally expressive; For example: The initiator of these cases is a boy from the fifth “B” grade. This sentence does not convey the speaker’s subjective attitude either to the fact described in it or to the message itself. On the contrary, the proposal The instigator of these affairs is a boy from the fifth “B”! - is perceived as emotionally expressively colored, since the denotative content (it is the same in both cases) in the second sentence is layered with emotional and evaluative connotations. Therefore words like kindness, affectionate, rudeness, be rude, politeness, love, sadness etc. cannot be considered stylistically colored: what is associated with emotions and evaluation constitutes the very nominative meaning of these words, and beyond the nominative meaning they do not contain any stylistic connotations. Therefore, according to such a statement as He showed kindness again it is impossible to judge the speaker’s attitude to the phenomenon designated by the word kindness(example by E.F. Petrishcheva). On the contrary, in the sentence He wanted to seem nice again! the speaker’s negative emotional attitude towards the designated event is expressed and at the same time the speaker’s assessment of his speech as relaxed, familiar. Consequently, there are connotations of a functional-style and emotional-expressive nature.

A sentence is the minimum unit of human speech, which is a group of words (sometimes one word) related to each other grammatically and in meaning.

Composition of the proposal

The words that make up a sentence are divided into main (they form the grammatical basis) and secondary (they serve to clarify, supplement, clarify the subject and predicate) members. The main parts of a sentence include the subject and the predicate.

Subject serves to indicate the name of an object, an actor, the attribute of which is determined by the predicate and answers the questions who? What?. The subject is usually expressed by a noun in the nominative case or a pronoun:

The book is lying there. He arrived an hour later. Who called?

Predicate serves to indicate the attribute of an object and answers the questions what to do? what to do? what is he doing? what will he do? what? which? etc. The predicate is usually expressed in various forms of the verb, or by adjectives:

The book is lying there. We'll walk until sunset. He is motionless.

The secondary members of the sentence include the definition, the complement and the circumstance. Definition serves to explain a word with an objective meaning and indicates a sign, quality or property of an object. Answers the questions which? which? whose?. As a rule, the definition is expressed by an adjective or a noun with a preposition:

lies A new book. She came in a skirt.

Addition explains a word with the meaning of an action, object or attribute and denotes an object in some relation to the action or attribute. Expressed by a noun in the indirect case:

Today I will finish work early.

Circumstance explains a word with the meaning of an action or sign and denoting under what circumstances the action or sign took place, or to what extent they were manifested. Expressed by adverbs, indirect cases of nouns, gerunds, adverbs:

Tomorrow we'll go fishing. We went swimming at the lake.

Thus, each member of the sentence carries its own semantic load.

Types of sentences according to the purpose of the statement

There are three types of sentences based on the purpose of the statement: narrative, incentive and interrogative. Narrative sentences serve to express a relatively complete thought. In colloquial speech this is expressed by lowering the intonation at the end of a sentence.

I came briefly to pick up my things.

Incentives sentences typically serve to get others to do something (less often, to demonstrate the speaker's intention to do something). They may contain various shades of expression of will: request, wish, order, plea, advice, threat, wish, warning, etc.:

Please go and get his signature.

Interrogative sentences, as the name suggests, are used to ask the question: Where did you go after work?

Types of sentences by emotional coloring

By emotional coloring offers are divided into exclamation marks And non-exclamatory. Any of the sentences regarding the purpose of the statement can become exclamatory if the speaker adds additional emotionality to his words.

Proposals for emotional coloring are divided into:

- exclamation marks;

- non-exclamatory

Narrative, incentive and interrogative sentences may have an emotional connotation, i.e. express the attitude of the speaker. If emotionality is conveyed using intonation or special function words, then such a sentence is exclamatory .

Feelings of joy, admiration, anger, fear, contempt, surprise, etc. can be conveyed using exclamatory intonation.

For example:

Oh, how bitter you are, desperately, later, you need youth!(Tv.) - the sentence for the purpose of the statement is narrative, it contains a message, and with the help of exclamatory intonation, as well as interjections, a feeling of bitterness and regret is expressed;

Come on, Tanya, speak up!(M.G.) - the sentence is motivating, emotional in intonation - exclamatory, it expresses impatience, annoyance;

“What are you doing,- he screams angrily and rudely,- Why are you baring your teeth, girl?”(M.G.) - the sentence expresses a question with an emotional assessment (rage, anger)

In exclamatory sentences, emotionality is also created with the help of exclamatory particles how, what, what, here, like this, well, well and etc.

For example:

HowWhat is dear to me in my native people is that youthful spirit that has always called them to freedom, to a dream that has lived from time immemorial!(TV)

End of work -

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Subject of studying the syntax of the Russian language

Place of discipline in educational process.. the discipline belongs to the cycle of general professional disciplines of OP and .. the main provisions of the discipline should be used in the future when studying the following disciplines of stylistics and ..

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Explanatory note
In the section “Syntax. Punctuation", according to the State educational standard, the following topics should be studied: - the subject of syntax;

- phrase;
Disciplines

Type of work Labor intensity, hours Total labor intensity Classroom work
Syntax concept

The syntax section is the last, final section of the modern Russian language course.
There is no clear answer to the question of what is the subject of the syntax of the Russian language.

There are four scientific directions on this issue in the science of the Russian language.
Syntactic means of the Russian language Syntactic means

in the Russian language, with the help of which sentences and phrases are constructed, are varied.

The main forms are sl
Syntax is a section of grammar that studies the rules for combining words in coherent speech; is the science of connecting words.

The subject of syntax is the word in
The concept of a phrase as a nominative unit of language

The term “phrase” has been and is understood by linguists in different ways. For some, it means any grammatical combination of full-valued words, including a sentence. Such a look
Composition of the phrase

The phrase is two-term. It distinguishes between a grammatically dominant member and a grammatically dependent, subordinate member.
So, in the phrase:

Syntactic relations between members of a phrase
Words in a phrase enter into not only grammatical connections with each other, but also mental relationships. The relationship between the dominant and subordinate members of a phrase can be expressed in general terms

Types of connections between words in a phrase
The dependence of the subordinate member on the dominant one is expressed in the phrase by formal means: - inflections;

- official words;
- position (position) of words from Types of phrases depending on the morphological expression of the core word The structural and semantic features of a phrase largely depend on which part of speech the dominant member is expressed. Therefore, the syntax considers the classification

Verb phrases
In verbal phrases, the dominant member can be expressed by one or another verbal form, namely: 1. the form of the infinitive (read

Substantive phrases
In substantive phrases, the dominant member is expressed by a noun or a substantivized word (

big house , random passer-by, p Adjective phrases

A phrase is a combination of two or more significant words that are related to each other in meaning and grammatically.

Simple
Concept of offer

The sentence is the basic unit of syntax. A sentence is the main means of expressing and communicating thoughts. Its main function in language is communicative
Predicativity

Predicativity is the relation of the statement contained in a sentence to reality, established and expressed by the speaker. Predicativeness manifests itself and reveals
Message intonation

The intonation of a sentence has a closed structure: - beginning;
- development; - completion.

Without these elements of intonation, construct a real sentence
Grammatical organization

Along with predicativeness and intonation of the message as the main features, the sentence is characterized by grammatical organization. It manifests itself as the presence of a connection between words (this
Current division of the proposal

Actual (or communicative) division of a sentence, which has a nature other than grammatical, is carried out in the process of speech, in a certain communication situation, taking into account the connection
Types of sentences according to the purpose of the statement

Proposals based on the purpose of the statement are divided into: - narrative;
- interrogative;

- incentive.
Declarative sentences

A declarative sentence expresses a message. It can be: 1) description: The rider sat in the saddle deftly and casually (M. G.); In Quarantine
Incentive offers

An incentive sentence expresses will, an incentive to action. It is addressed to the interlocutor or a third party. The object of motivation can be several (or many

Interrogative sentences
An interrogative sentence is used to express a question addressed to the interlocutor. With the help of a question, the speaker seeks to obtain new information about something, confirmation or denial of some

Exercises for independent work and subsequent analysis
In Russian, a simple sentence is varied in structure and semantics. Differences in structure are associated with the structure of the predicative core, with the ratio of main and secondary parts

Two-Part Sentences
The main members, subject and predicate, are the predicative basis of a two-part sentence. First of all, they express the main categories of proposals

Subject
In Russian, the subject is an absolutely independent main member of a two-part sentence. The grammatical indicators of subject independence are

Predicate
The grammatical dependence of the predicate on the subject lies in the fact that the predicate plays an active role in expressing the predicative connection of the main members of the sentence. Forms with

One-part sentences
One-part sentences are an independent structural-semantic type of simple sentence, opposed to two-part ones. Their specificity lies in the fact that

Verb one-part sentences
Verbal one-part sentences are varied in structure and grammatical meanings. In the expression of the basic elements of predicativity - modality, tense, person - the decisive role of belonging

Definitely personal proposals
One-part definite-personal sentences express an action (attribute) correlated with a specific agent (the bearer of the attribute), who, however, is not verbally designated. Indication for specific

Vaguely personal proposals
In one-part indefinite-personal sentences, an independent action (attribute) is expressed. The agent (the bearer of the attribute) is not named, but is grammatically presented as indefinite.

For example
Generalized-personal proposals

In single-component generalized personal sentences an independent action (attribute) is expressed. The actor is not verbally designated, but is grammatically presented as generalized. Indication of attribution to the product
Impersonal offers

In single-component impersonal sentences, an independent action is expressed without regard to the actor. The verb forms of the main member of the sentence do not indicate the doer and are not able to do this according to
Substantive one-part sentences

Substantive one-part sentences are fundamentally verbless, i.e. not only do they not contain either “physical” verbal forms or zero forms, but they also do not imply
One-part nominative sentences express the existence of an object in the present tense. Both the existential meaning and the indication of the coincidence of being with the moment of speech are manifested in the main member, not

Genitive sentences
According to the basic meanings of beingness and the present tense, expressed in the main member, genitive sentences are similar to nominative ones. However, the genitive quantitative (quantitative) introduces d

Indefinable sentences
The main structural types of a simple sentence - two-part and one-part - in the Russian language are contrasted with so-called indivisible sentences.

For example:
Common offers

The main structural types of a simple sentence: - two-part: The children woke up; The winter was snowy; The sun was starting to get hot; Teaching children is not an easy task;
- Definition A definition is a minor member of a sentence that expresses

general meaning
attribute, which is realized in diverse private meanings. The proposal includes

Circumstances
This type of minor members of a sentence is very diverse and heterogeneous in meaning and form. The adverbial minor members of the sentence characterize the action or Complete and incomplete sentences Distinguishing between complete and incomplete sentences is very important for

linguistic theory
and educational practice. In theoretical terms, the concept of completeness/incompleteness is associated with the very essence of the proposal.

Proposals complicated by detached members
The structure of a simple common sentence containing one or another number of minor members can be further complicated by isolating one (or several) of

Separate definitions
Isolating definitions is a productive technique for complicating the structure of a simple sentence. Thanks to isolation, the attribute expressed by the definition is updated, and everything is contained Special circumstances The isolation of circumstances is determined, first of all, by general conditions. However, particular and additional conditions are of considerable importance. Taking into account

various conditions
can be highlighted

Comparative turnover
The specificity of this type of isolated structures is manifested both in meaning and in design; The conditions for their isolation are also special.

Constructions not included in the sentence structure
Along with sentences containing a message, motivation or question, constructions are used in speech that are not independent sentences and are not part of the structure of the sentence.

A declarative sentence expresses a message. It can be: 1) description: The rider sat in the saddle deftly and casually (M. G.); In Quarantine
Exercise 1 Identify the following structural oppositions in a number of sentences: - two-part - one-part sentences;

- undisciplined

Interrogative sentences
The subject and predicate are the predicative basis of a two-part sentence. First of all, they express the main categories of the sentence - modalities

1. The concept of a complex sentence.

2. Conjunctive complex sentences: - complex sentences;
- complex sentences: - undivided complex sentences

The concept of a complex sentence
Conjunctive complex sentences

The structure of conjunctive complex sentences is determined by the number of predicative parts and their structure, and the grammatical form is represented by conjunctive means: conjunctions, conjunctive (relative
Compound Sentences

A compound sentence (CSS) expresses the meaning of grammatical equivalence. The main indicator of this value, and at the same time a means of connecting the parts
Connecting sentences

In complex connecting sentences, the meaning of homogeneity is expressed in the listing of similar events and situations, which is formalized by connecting conjunctions. Basics
Opposing proposals

Compound adversative sentences express relations of opposition and incompatibility; their grammatical form is created by the conjunctions a, but, yes, however, same,
Joining proposals

Compound connecting sentences combine the meaning of grammatical equivalence and addition: the first part is semantically complete, autonomous, and the second
More complex proposals

As we have seen, the minimum composition of a complex sentence is determined by the content of the relationships between its parts. Some relationships determine a closed structure (comparison, opposition
Complex sentences

A complex sentence (CSS) consists of two unequal predicative parts; this is its elementary structure: the dominant part is the “main sentence”
In pronominal-correlative sentences, the contact word - the demonstrative pronominal word - performs several functions simultaneously.

Firstly, it organizes
Explanatory complex sentences

The structure of explanatory complex sentences is determined by the valence of contact words and the need to “spread” them. Valence is formed not so much
Divided complex sentences

The main structural feature of dissected complex sentences is the correlation of the predicative parts (main and subordinate) as a whole; there is no conventional connection between them
Comparative clauses

Comparative clauses are added to the main part of a complex sentence using conjunctions while, meanwhile, if...then, then as.
Subordinate clauses

Conditional clauses are added to the main part of a complex sentence through conjunctions if (then), as well as stylistically colored if, if, once
Subordinate clauses

Subordinate clauses indicate a goal, a motive that explains the content of the main part of a complex sentence. They join by means of unions so that (verbal
Subordinate clauses Concessionary relations have complex nature

. To explain them, they say that the subordinate part (concessive) of a complex sentence denotes the opposite condition
Connecting This special kind

a complex sentence that is neither undivided nor dissected. On the one hand, complex sentences with subordinate clauses

The term “complex sentence” should, strictly speaking, denote only a two-component complex sentence, i.e., consisting of a main part and a subordinate clause. This is an element
Non-union complex sentences

A non-union complex sentence is one of the two main structural types of a complex sentence in the Russian language, which is distinguished by a formal criterion.
Bessoyuzi Non-union complex sentences with a complex structure Complex sentences with non-union connection have a flexible structure. It can be formatted as

individual species
relations (enumeration, explanation, conditionality, etc.), as well as their various combinations. Etc Polynomial complex sentences The term “polynomial complex sentences” denotes a variety of constructions that have two

A declarative sentence expresses a message. It can be: 1) description: The rider sat in the saddle deftly and casually (M. G.); In Quarantine
Exercise 1 Prove that these sentences are complex.

Something began to seem to me, as if I had a dream at night, from which I remained

A complex sentence is a structural, semantic and intonation combination of predicative units that are grammatically similar to a simple sentence
Concept of speech and text The structural means of language, its units are actually embodied in speech activity

person. The units of syntax we have considered are phrases and sentences.
Distinctive features of the text According to L.M. Maidanova, the definition of the concept “text” includes three distinctive feature

text: - integrity;
ORT turned its face to the kids

Channel One intended to take a closer look at the “children’s issue” last fall. It's hard to say what exactly bothered my colleagues. Most likely a crisis. And now it’s autumn again, and now you get everything from them
Types and types of texts IN linguistic literature a typology of texts was carried out, which showed that on the same basis it is possible to classify all famous texts

. For example, by type
Build your home

...The village of Pronkino. It is noticeably younger. New quality houses are appearing. The villagers build them themselves. The board of the collective farm named after Frunze allocates cash loans and helps with transport
An American satellite has disappeared in orbit around Mars.

We'll have to wait for news about Martian weather. The world's first interplanetary meteorological satellite, Mars Climb Orbiter, was lost while approaching the “red planet.” NA specialists
Miss student appeared in Orenburg

The inter-university beauty contest “Miss Student” was held. Girls from four universities took part in it: OSU, OGAU, OGMA, OGUA.
In the hall of the house of culture "Russia" the atmosphere

Here are the texts for analysis

Text task: Indicate the features of description and narration in the given text.
About half a century ago in the holiday village of Kuokkala stood not far from

Text is a specific product, the result of speech activity. It is built according to abstract grammatical schemes, according to general rules, but it concludes specifically
Main types of speech errors

Speech errors of grammatical type associated with violation of the agreement of sentence members
For example: Consultations were given to teachers who asked for help.

The time allocated for teacher training was clearly insufficient.
Incorrect word order in a sentence

Speech errors can be associated with incorrect word order and sentences.
For example: The cosmodrome is warmed by the sun's warm rays.

The phrase turned out to be two-shift. Not
Some features of word order in a simple sentence I. In the Russian language, sentences with direct order of the main members are widespread, when the subject (or group of the subject, i.e. the subject with words dependent on it) stands Word order in sentences with separate and non-separated common definitions

I.
Participial

and an adjective with dependent words must come before or after the noun to which they refer and must not include it in their composition.
Nap Replacing subordinate clauses with participial and participial phrases I. The participial phrase is close in meaning to the attributive clause.

A declarative sentence expresses a message. It can be: 1) description: The rider sat in the saddle deftly and casually (M. G.); In Quarantine
For example: Happy is the traveler who finds himself in untouched lands

Interrogative sentences
Material

1. List the main types of speech errors.
2. Tell us about

speech errors
associated with incorrect pronunciation and use of individual words and word forms.

3.
Exercise 1 Read, indicate cases of inversion.

1. The season began with “The Singer from Palermo.” Of course, I was the most worried (F.
1. The concept of punctuation.

In words with homogeneous terms
I. Between homogeneous members connected by repeating conjunctions (and...and, neither...nor, yes...yes, or...or, either...or, then...that, not that.. .not that), a comma is added.

For example
Separate members of the sentence

Isolated members are members of a sentence that are distinguished by meaning and intonation. The following are separate: a) definitions;
b) applications;

1. The season began with “The Singer from Palermo.” Of course, I was the most worried (F.
Separation of definitions

1. Single and common agreed definitions are isolated and separated in writing by commas if they refer to a personal pronoun.
For example:

various conditions
Clarifying members of a sentence are highlighted by intonation when spoken, and by commas when written.

1. Most often, clarifying circumstances are isolated
Separating add-ons Supplements with prepositions except, instead of, apart from, except for, including, excluding others are isolated. For example: Who, besides the hunter, experienced how gratifying it would be to

Circumstances expressed by comparative phrases beginning with conjunctions like, as if, precisely, as if, as if, that, than, rather than, etc., are separated by commas.
Introductory words and introductory sentences

Introductory words
- these are words (or phrases) with the help of which the speaker expresses his attitude to what he is communicating. Most often as introductory words

Punctuation marks in a complex sentence
I. 1. Each of the sentences included in the compound is separated from the other by a comma.

For example: Both friends kissed very hard, and Manilov took his guest away
One subordinate clause

Subordinate clauses are connected to the main clause using subordinating conjunctions or allied words.

Conjunctions, connecting the subordinate clause with the main clause, are not, however, members

and an adjective with dependent words must come before or after the noun to which they refer and must not include it in their composition.
1. Define punctuation.

2. What are the main directions when studying punctuation? Tell us about the features of each.
3. What is a punctogram?

1. The season began with “The Singer from Palermo.” Of course, I was the most worried (F.
4. When

The concept of punctuation
Exercise 1 A. Read, highlight the phrases in each sentence, identify the main and dependent words in them and indicate the way they are connected.

Exercise 3 Read, indicate among the complex sentences compound, complex, and non-conjunctive. Rewrite, emphasizing the grammatical basis of each simple sentence.
Members of the proposal Exercise 7 Read, indicate homogeneous members of the sentence. What members of the sentence are they, how are they connected? Rewrite using missing punctuation marks Punctuation marks in a simple sentence

Exercise 13 Rewrite, inserting missing letters and adding punctuation. Do
parsing

In words with homogeneous terms
simple sentences, indicating: 1) the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (by

Using a dash between parts of a sentence
Exercise 14 Rewrite, indicating the subject and predicate and placing a dash where necessary. 1. The Don is a capricious river (Paust.). 2. Exercise 18 Read, highlight homogeneous members and indicate how they are related. Rewrite, placing the missing punctuation marks, underline the conjunctions connecting homogeneous members, mark

Isolated members are members of a sentence that are distinguished by meaning and intonation. The following are separate: a) definitions;
Punctuation marks for isolated parts of a sentence

1. Single and common agreed definitions are isolated and separated in writing by commas if they refer to a personal pronoun.
Exercise 23 Read. Specify

various conditions
separate members

sentences and explain the punctuation with them.
1. The flame of our fire illuminates it [the stone] from the side, facing

Exercise 24 Rewrite, adding the missing punctuation marks. Explain punctuation in isolated definitions.
I. 1. For the house

Exercise 24 Rewrite, adding the missing punctuation marks. Explain punctuation in isolated definitions.
Exercise 57 Read. Indicate the subordinate clauses, note what conjunction or allied word each of them is connected with the main one, what meaning it has. Rewrite it, oh

punctuation in them
Exercise 64 Read and establish semantic relationships between simple sentences included in a complex non-union sentence. Rewrite, adding missing punctuation marks

Punctuation marks for direct speech and dialogue
Exercise 70 A. Rewrite, adding missing punctuation marks and replacing where necessary, lower case in capitals.

1. He raised his head and looked
Quotes and punctuation marks with them

Exercise 72 Form these statements as quotes, accompanying them with the words of the author. The place where these words should be inserted is marked with ||.

1. Use words
Punctuation is a collection of rules for placing punctuation marks; placement of punctuation marks in the text; same as punctuation marks.

Criteria for assessing knowledge, skills and abilities of students
The final form of control of knowledge, skills and abilities in the discipline “Modern Russian language: Syntax. Punctuation" is an exam.

The exam is conducted orally, the student is offered
Fund of control tasks for the discipline

“Modern Russian language: Syntax.
Punctuation" (for students of the specialty "Journalism") Note: Fund Control

Sentence as a basic syntactic unit
Task 24 Define a simple sentence: A) I opened my eyes.

B) In the foggy sky on th
Simple sentence

Task 32 Define a one-part sentence: A) It was getting light.
Q) Will I have to go back?

C) Behind the glass everything was snowy and silent
Difficult sentence

Task 62 Define a complex sentence: A) I began to imagine.
B) That night the rain rustled in the garden, and then a few Punctuation Task 88 Define the exclamatory sentence: A) More alive, horses, more alive.

B) We drove into the bushes.

C) The road became rougher.
1. By modality: real or unreal.

2. By the nature of predicative relations: affirmative or negative.
1. By modality: real or unreal.

3. According to the purpose of the statement: narrative,
1. By modality: real or unreal.

Non-union complex sentence (BSP)
Polynomial Complex Sentence (MCS)

How Gray was saved
We sometimes turn out to be worthy of our honest and incorruptible dogs. This gray dog ​​has stirred the souls of the regulars of the Nizhny Novgorod market. The dog whined pitifully, instead of a front paw - to Healthy men cried like children

Fifteen minutes ago an explosion occurred deep underground. But at the entrance
shopping mall

– there’s already a whole crowd of onlookers. They interfere with the work of firefighters and employees of the Emergency Medical Center. “What the
Connections Nomination chain

1. Means of interphrase communication 1. Structure of the nominative semantic type: buds: a) means of connecting interconcepts - a) bases
Dialogue concept

(excerpt from the book “Educational opportunities for communication in the activities of a journalist) For a journalist, it is especially important to understand that the success of his de
Wingless flyers On the warm days of Indian summer or a little later, but in good weather, you will certainly see wingless little flyers. A spider sits on a twig and releases a silver flexible The train can't leave without you It seems to me that we have known each other for a long time, although only six years have passed since the exhibition called “ Magic square

" in the museum

fine arts

I saw it for the first time

Classification of sentences by emotional coloring.

Classification of sentences according to the purpose of the statement.

Plan

CLASSIFICATION OF OFFERS

1.Lecture 7

1. Classification of sentences by structure. A sentence is a multidimensional unit, therefore, it has a large typology (many classifications). All sentences are primarily classified according to their structure, purpose of utterance (function in communication) and the presence or absence of emotional overtones. It would seem that in the first case the structural features of the unit are taken into account, in the second and third – semantic (content) features. In reality, each classification takes both into account, i.e. the leading one is the structural-semantic principle. In the first case, it is the structure that comes first, and from it they go to the meaning. And in the second and third cases, semantics is placed in the foreground, and from it they move to form, means of expression, structure. And Classification of sentences according to structural criteria.. A simple sentence consists of 1 grammatical stem (grammatical core) and expresses one predicative meaning. Therefore, a simple sentence is one monopredicative.

The ball flew into the sky. Students record the lecture.

A complex sentence consists of two or more predicative centers. This polypredicative unit. When the teacher gives a lecture, students take notes.

Simple and complex sentences differ both in content and in the volume of messages they convey. A simple sentence often reports about one event, while a complex sentence often reports several situations and the relationships between them. Thus, a complex sentence contains a more complex proposition.

Although a complex sentence is built from simple ones, the latter, when acting as part of a complex sentence, lose their semantic and intonation completeness, therefore they cannot be considered sentences in the full sense of the word.

The division of sentences according to communicative goal setting has been carried out since the very beginning of syntax. However, views on this classification have changed. First, for example, the sentences were highlighted declarative, interrogative and exclamatory, thereby combining two different characteristics in one classification, which is certainly incorrect. Then they began to highlight narrative, interrogative and incentive proposals (the most common approach in university and school practice). IN Lately This division began to be reduced to two types of opposition: interrogative and non-interrogative sentences (V.A. Beloshapkova, N.Yu. Shvedova in Academic Grammar).

Let's compare points 2 and 3.

Non-interrogative sentences differ from interrogative sentences in that their main purpose is to convey certain information to listeners.

The purpose of interrogative sentences is not to convey information, but to search for it (the desire to receive). They express a special form of thought - a question.

Based on the nature of the information conveyed, non-interrogative sentences are divided into 3 types: a) narrative, b) incentive, c) optative (expressing desire).

Narrative sentences are actually informative sentences. They tell about any facts, phenomena, events (both real and unreal). This is the most common type of sentence. Grammatically, they usually have indicative forms as their predicative basis. Love for all ages. I love the storm in early May. Less common forms of the subjunctive mood. My son would study better.

A clear means of expressing the meaning of a narrative is a specific narrative intonation: a calm, even tone, rising to the highest pitch. meaningful word and falling towards the end of the sentence.

Incentive offers express an expression of will, a demand, a request that requires execution. The incentive is formalized: a) forms of the imperative mood of the verb: Go to the humiliated, go to the offended...; b) morphological means used in language to express motivation (particles yes, let him, come on; verbs in the indicative mood Darling, let’s sit next to each other and look into each other’s eyes...; infinitive Be silent!); c) various “verbless” means: Don `t move! To me! March! Come on! Tsits!.

An important means of formalizing the expression of motivation in oral speech is the intonation of motivation. For example, when there is a demand – a high tone, great tension.

Optative sentences express the meaning of desire (modality of desirability), i.e. modal-volitional aspirations for the action to be carried out. At least someone would come and visit! If only it were cold today! If only no one gets sick!

Outwardly, they are usually expressed by the form of the subjunctive mood of the verb, in which the particles would goes with words at least, even if, okay etc., forming peculiar composite particles (optitative particles) let it be, it would be nice if etc.

The meaning of desire, on the one hand, is similar to the meaning of narrative, since it does not contain an appeal to other persons in order to induce them to action. For this reason, some scientists consider optative sentences together with narrative ones (see Modern Russian language. Edited by P.A. Lekant. - M., 2000. P.337-338.)

On the other hand, it is close to the meaning of motivation, since it contains an element of volitional aspiration. Therefore, such proposals are considered together with incentive ones (school textbook edited by V.V. Babaytseva).

Like imperative sentences, optative sentences are not converted into interrogative sentences.

Interrogative sentences. Their meaning is associated with the target task of obtaining information: the speaker wants to receive information from another person and for this purpose asks a question. In terms of modality, interrogative sentences, just like non-interrogative ones, can express real and unreal modality.

Means of expressing (formatting) interrogative:

1) interrogative intonation - raising the tone on a question word or the word that contains the meaning of the question;

2) word order: often the word containing the question is placed at the beginning or end of the sentence Did you pass the exam? Did you pass the exam? Did you pass the exam?;

3) interrogative words: adverbs, pronouns, particles What is he looking for in a distant country, what has he abandoned in his native land? (Lermontov); Whose tireless horse is this that runs untamed in the steppe? (Pushkin).

Interrogative sentences are heterogeneous in their meaning and communicative purpose.

Not every sentence that is interrogative in form contains a question. Therefore, according to their communicative purpose, interrogative sentences are divided into actually interrogative And improperly interrogative, not containing a question.

Actually, interrogative sentences contain a question addressed to the interlocutor and requiring an answer or suggesting one. According to the ways of expressing the question, these sentences are divided into non-pronominal (general interrogative) And pronominal (frequent interrogative).

Non-pronominal interrogative sentences suggest an affirmative or negative answer, which can be expressed in indivisible words-sentences Yes or No. For example: Have you read Pushkin? Are you familiar with Murakami's work?

The interrogative meaning is expressed mainly through intonation, and the word (or group of words) where the essence of the question is contained is highlighted: You Very was she loved? Strongly he has changed since ours last meeting? In addition to intonation, interrogative particles can be used, whether, whether, really, really, etc.

Pronominal interrogative sentences require a detailed answer. They include interrogative words - pronouns or pronominal adverbs. Answers to such questions should contain new information about objects, signs, circumstances, and actions. For example: What time does the train arrive? Who will answer?

Improper interrogative sentences are not aimed at obtaining information (do not require a mandatory response). They only have the form of interrogative sentences. There are interrogative-rhetorical and interrogative-incentive sentences.

Interrogative-rhetorical sentences do not imply or require an answer. They can express the feelings and experiences of the speaker. Where, where have you gone, golden days of my spring? What does the coming day have in store for me? (Pushkin). Such sentences are found mainly in artistic speech and create an emotionally charged, excited tone of the narrative.

Interrogative and incentive sentences serve to express motivation. They have no actual interrogative meaning. How long will I beg you to eat porridge? - Mom started to get angry. The impulse may be accompanied by shades of impatience, frustration, and indignation.

P.A. Among non-interrogative sentences, Lekant identifies two more groups - interrogative-negative sentences and interrogative-affirmative sentences. The first ones have a form that matches the interrogative sentences themselves, but they contain not a question, but a message. For example: What's better in the world? songbird? =There is nothing in the world better than a songbird; What kind of hunter are you? It’s better for you to lie on the stove in the kitchen and crush cockroaches. And not to poison foxes. (Chekhov). Interrogative-negative sentences express various modal shades (impossibility, inexpediency, etc.) with the help of so-called interrogative words (which do not express a question here) and intonation. Which differs from the actual interrogative in that the tone at the end of the sentence rises much less.

Interrogative-affirmative sentences contain interrogative particles, pronouns, adverbs in combination with a negative particle Not. However, in such sentences this particle does not express negation. For example: Who in childhood did not besiege ancient castles or perish on a ship with sails torn to shreds? (Paustovsky). Question words and particles can be used in combination with the word No, this construction also has an affirmative meaning. Such constructions are very emotional and expressive, therefore they are actively used in literary texts to express a strong statement.

3. Classification of sentences by emotional coloring. All sentences, regardless of the purpose of the statement and structure, in Russian can be exclamatory or non-exclamatory. Exclamatory sentences have an emotional connotation, i.e. express the speaker's attitude towards what is being communicated. For example: He faced death face to face, as a fighter should in battle! ( narration, exc. . - Delight); Will you finally shut up?! ( inquire . – indignation, demand); Hands up! ( weekday, sunday . – order); If I were president! ( optantive, wax . - daydreaming).

The main means of expressing an exclamatory sentence is a special exclamatory intonation: the tone is high, with the greatest increase in tone occurring in words expressing feelings. Interjections can also be used in exclamatory sentences Ah, this man always causes me terrible distress (Griboyedov). exclamation particles What kind of commission, creator, is it to be a father to an adult daughter?! (Griboyedov).

1.2 Types of sentences according to the purpose of the statement and emotional coloring

According to their function, according to the purposefulness of the statements enclosed in sentences, they are divided into narrative, interrogative, and incentive. Sentences serve to convey, respectively, three main forms of thought - judgment: And along the gorge, in darkness and splashes, the stream rushes towards the sea, rattling stones... (M. Gorky); question: What did he see, the deceased Falcon, in this desert without bottom or edge? (M. Gorky); impulses: And you move to the edge of the gorge and throw yourself down (M. Gorky). Each type is characterized by a corresponding structural intonation and a set of formal indicators - verbal forms, function words and other factors. The sentences of each of the three functional types can be emotionally charged - using means of intonation, and possibly particles: The madness of the brave is the wisdom of life! (M. Gorky)

Depending on the purpose of the statement, there are declarative, interrogative and exclamatory sentences (13, p. 296)

Narrative sentences are sentences that contain a message about some fact of reality, phenomenon, or event. Contain a message or description, express a relatively complete thought based on a judgment. The completeness of thought is expressed in intonation: declarative sentences are characterized by a lower tone at the end of the sentence.

Narrative sentences are the most common type of sentences; they are very diverse in their content and structure, distinguished by the relative completeness of thought, conveyed by specific narrative intonation: a rise in tone on a logically distinguished word (or two or more, but one of the rises will be the largest) and calm lowering the tone at the end of the sentence: The carriage drove up to the porch of the commandant’s house. The people recognized Pugachev and ran after him in a crowd (A.S. Pushkin). The substantive essence of narrative sentences in the Russian language is that in a communicative sense they convey a complete thought about phenomena of reality, a fact, an event.

Intonation narrative sentences are pronounced at an average pace: the tone of speech slowly increases, and towards the end of the sentence it gradually decreases. Declarative sentences can be non-extensive and widespread; by composition - two-part and one-part.

A declarative sentence can be:

Description: The rider sat in the saddle deftly and casually (M. Gorky); Narration of actions, events: The old man calmly and cheerfully walked from stone to stone and soon disappeared among them (M. Gorky);

A message about the desire or intention to perform an action: I would not have played like that (A. Tvardovsky);

Classifying narrative sentences, P. A. Lekant offers various ways of expressing intonation. As mentioned above, such sentences are characterized by a lower tone at the end. The decrease is especially noticeable when in the middle of a sentence on a word the voice rises significantly. A noticeable decrease in tone is not observed in one-word sentences, for example in impersonal or nominative ones, but in this case the voice should not rise. In common nominative sentences, the voice gradually decreases from the beginning of the sentence to the end (11, p. 388)

There are also interrogative sentences. Interrogative sentences are those whose purpose is to encourage the interlocutor to express an idea that interests the speaker, that is, their purpose is cognitive. Interrogative sentences contain a question about something unknown to the speaker. The means of expressing interrogativeness are: special interrogative intonation, interrogative words (pronouns and adverbs), interrogative particles (really, really) and word order.

Interrogative sentences usually contain a question aimed at encouraging the interlocutor to express an idea that interests the speaker. It serves to express a question. With its help, the speaker seeks to obtain new information about something, confirmation or denial of any assumption. An interrogative sentence has its own grammatical form, which is represented by intonation, question words, particles, and is indicated in writing by a question mark.

Interrogative intonation is characterized by a more or less significant increase in tone at the end of a sentence, which is especially noticeable when compared with declarative sentences. An essential feature of interrogative intonation is the raising of tone on the word that contains the essence of the question, the emphasis of this word (cf.: Will Father arrive by this train? - Father will arrive by this train?) (9, pp. 206-214).

An interrogative sentence, which, while retaining structural features common to a narrative sentence, acquires an interrogative function and may differ from a narrative sentence only in intonation. This makes it possible to understand an interrogative sentence as a transformation of a narrative one and to contrast non-interrogative and interrogative sentences. Especially in the texts of works of art, one can notice that in the Russian language interrogative sentences are formed using a variety of means and most actively with the help of interrogative words, which are most often interrogative pronouns, adverbs, particles, interrogative intonation in oral speech, as well as the order of words in a sentence. Also, attention is drawn to the fact that the interrogative sentence in the Russian language is also distinguished by a variety of intonation structures, which are directly dependent on the structure of the sentence and the substantive essence of the question.

Not every sentence that is interrogative in form contains a question. Therefore, Pavel Aleksandrovich Lekant divides these sentences according to the purposefulness of the statements: into actual interrogative ones and into sentences that do not contain a question, but have an interrogative form, which in turn can be divided into four groups: interrogative-rhetorical, interrogative-motivational, interrogative-negative, interrogative-affirmative (11, pp. 391-393).

In actual interrogative sentences, there is a question addressed to the interlocutor and requiring an answer or suggesting one. With the help of a question, the speaker seeks to find out something unknown. Based on the way the question is expressed, these sentences can be divided into pronominal and non-pronominal. Non-pronominal interrogative sentences presuppose an affirmative or negative answer, which is most briefly expressed in indivisible sentences with the words Yes and No. The speaker, when asking a question, is only waiting for confirmation or denial of something assumed. The interrogative meaning is expressed mainly by intonation, and the word or group of words that contains the essence of the question is highlighted. Very often to emphasize the meaning specific word, it is placed at the beginning or end of the sentence: Have I changed a lot since then? (A.P. Chekhov).

In addition to intonation, interrogative particles whether, perhaps, really, and others can be used. Whether the particle has a “pure” interrogative meaning: “Will he give it back?” And, for example, the particles really, really, in addition to the interrogative meaning, express surprise, doubt, and introduce a tinge of uncertainty into the sentence.

Pronominal interrogative sentences. They require a detailed answer and include question words - pronouns and pronominal adverbs: what, who, which, whose, why, where. The answers should contain new information about objects, signs, circumstances: “Where are you going?” - “Yes to you” (K. Paustovsky).

Interrogative rhetorical sentences do not imply or require an answer. They express various feelings and experiences of the speaker - thoughts, doubt, sadness, regret: What does the coming day have in store for me? (A.S. Pushkin). Such sentences are very common in works of fiction and create an emotionally charged, excited tone for the narrative.

Interrogative sentences are used to express motivation. They do not have a proper interrogative meaning. The speaker does not intend to obtain new information, but encourages the interlocutor to take some action or invites them to do something together: “Are we going to catch tits, uncle?” (M. Gorky).

The impulse is often accompanied by shades of annoyance and impatience. Therefore, interrogative and incentive sentences are emotional, expressive and can be used instead of actual incentive sentences.

Interrogative-negative sentences have the same form as actual interrogative ones. They use interrogative pronouns, adverbs, particles, but these sentences do not have an interrogative meaning, but contain a message. Although they do not contain special negative words, they express the impossibility of any action, state, the impossibility of attributing any sign to an object: What kind of hunter are you? You should lie on the stove in the kitchen and crush cockroaches, not poison foxes (A.P. Chekhov).

Interrogative-negative sentences express various modal shades (impossibility, inexpediency) with the help of so-called interrogative words (they do not contain a question in these sentences) and intonation, which differs from the actual interrogative by a smaller rise in tone at the end.

Interrogative-affirmative sentences contain interrogative particles, pronouns, adverbs in combination with the negative particle not. However, this particle in these sentences does not express negation. Against. Sentences with combinations isn't it, who isn't, where isn't. They express statements colored by modal meanings of inevitability and confidence: Who in childhood did not besiege ancient castles or die on a ship with sails torn to shreds? (K. Paustovsky). Question words and particles can be combined with the verb word no; this construction also has an affirmative meaning: And where are we not?!

Interrogative-affirmative sentences are emotional, expressive, they are used in literary texts to express a strong statement: Ah! Sophia! Was Molchalin really chosen by her? Why not a husband? (A. S. Griboyedov)

Also, one of the types of sentences for the purpose of the statement is incentive sentences. They express will, the urge to action. Such offers are addressed to the interlocutor or a third party. The object of motivation can be several persons: Bloom, young and healthy in body (S. Yesenin). Those sentences in which the expression of will is expressed as the desire or intention of oneself are not motivating. talking man perform an action.(6, p.210)

The motivation has varying degrees of categoricalness. Depending on this, types of incentives are distinguished: orders, request, advice, permission or consent, call. These forms of motivation, in turn, can have shades of command - sharp, categorical or soft, which is achieved with the help of particles: Get out of the way, girl! (M. Gorky).

Motivation is expressed through various means. Incentive sentences are characterized by intonation of incentive (raising the tone, strengthening the voice), as well as special grammatical forms of words.

Imperative sentences use forms of the imperative mood of the verb:

1. Second person singular and plural forms. These forms can be used with the particle - ka, usually softening the command;

2. Third person analytical forms with particles let, yes;

3. The first person plural form, expressing an invitation to perform an action together with the speaker;

With the meaning of motivation, the indicative and subjunctive mood, as well as the infinitive. Incentive sentences can be built without a verb - from adverbs or indirect case forms of a noun, indicating the direction of movement, the object of action and: Into the corner! And also the impulse can be expressed descriptively, without the help of special word forms (11, pp. 388-390)

Narrative, motivating and interrogative sentences can have an emotional connotation, that is, they express the attitude of the speaker. If emotionality is conveyed using intonation or special function words, then such a sentence is exclamatory. Exclamatory sentences are emotionally charged sentences that are conveyed with a special exclamatory intonation; the expression of the content is accompanied by special sensitivity.

With the help of exclamatory intonation, feelings of joy, admiration, anger, and fear can be conveyed. It is possible that the sentence for the purpose of the statement is narrative, but with the help of exclamatory intonation, as well as interjections, any other feeling is expressed: Come on, Tanya, speak! (M. Gorky) - the sentence is motivating, emotional in intonation - exclamatory, it expresses impatience and annoyance.

In exclamatory sentences, emotionality is created with the help of exclamatory particles like, which, what, here, well, and other particles. Exclamatory particles of interjectional, pronominal and adverbial origin, giving an emotional coloring to the statement. In them, the expression of content is accompanied by the expression of the speaker’s feelings. Exclamatory sentences can express intellectual states (surprise, bewilderment, doubt, contempt), various feelings (anger, hatred, fear) and motivation (order, call, request) (11, pp. 394-395).

Studying the works of P. A. Lekant, N. G. Goltsov, V. P. Zhukov, one can come to the conclusion that the classification of sentences in the Russian language by structure is stepwise: at the first stage, the most general types are contrasted, each of which, in turn, is represented by a certain system of subtypes and varieties, therefore, the most important thing is the opposition of simple and complex sentences. The fact is that a simple sentence has one predicative core: There was a shooting in the city. They walked with flags (A.N. Tolstoy); complex - two or more: The sun shone high in the sky, and the mountains in the heat of a simple sentence may have several subjects and breathed into the sky, and the waves below beat against the stone (M. Gorky). In predicates, but they form one predicative core: Today, young and old had fun and sang.

Conclusions on the first chapter

Having studied and analyzed theoretical material on the research topic “Types of sentences for the purpose of statements in print advertising”, we came to the following conclusions:

Firstly, a sentence is one of the basic units of syntax; it carries a message, has a predicate and is built according to a certain grammatical principle. It is distinguished by a certain intonation, corresponding to the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement. The sentence also serves to express emotions and expressions of will that fall within the spheres of feeling and will.

Secondly, following from what was discussed above, we can say that a sentence is the minimum unit of human speech, which is a grammatical combination of words (or one word) that has semantic and intonation completeness, a predicate, and grammatical basis.

Thirdly, a sentence regarding the purpose of the statement may contain a message, a question and an incentive (advice, order, request). The classification of sentence types according to the purpose of the statement is multidimensional; they are divided according to the principle of the statement contained in them.

Fourthly, each type is characterized by a corresponding structural intonation and a set of formal indicators - verb forms, function words and other factors. And, sentences can also be emotionally colored using intonation or corresponding particles.

Chapter II Types of sentences according to the purpose of the statement in print advertising

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