The procedure for vaccinations. Organization and implementation of preventive vaccinations. Preparing a child for vaccinations and vaccinations
Vaccinations are a way to prevent infectious diseases that have serious consequences. A vaccine causes a reaction that produces immunity against a specific disease.
Schedules for preventive vaccinationsVaccination can be planned or for epidemiological reasons. The latter is carried out in cases of outbreaks dangerous diseases in some region. But most often people are faced with routine preventive vaccinations. They are performed according to a specific schedule.
Thus, the temporal history of vaccination provides insight into the shifts of modern statehood and the cyclical nature of sentiments, appeals, and interventions. This change in mentality is not least due to semantic changes in the vaccination discourse. In addition, the concepts of vaccination have always been bound by military dictates. There were widespread demands for systematic “blocking” vaccinations after fighting diseases “to the last drop of vaccine” or “mobilizing” “epidemic intervention reserves.”
Organization and procedure for vaccination
Only now has the fundamental right to physical integrity laid the foundation political culture. The relationship between precaution and social orders is most clearly understood in the German-German comparison. On the one side, social features arise in contrast to the two countries. On the other hand, the comparison makes it clear that these features must be explained precisely by interweaving, primarily by competition. They provided an opportunity for exchange as well as an opportunity for discussion. Finally, precautions and continuity were reinforced by transnational links.
Some vaccinations are mandatory for everyone. These include BCG, CCP, DTP. Others are carried out exclusively for those who have an increased risk of contracting any disease, for example, due to work. It could be typhus, plague.
The vaccination calendar is developed taking into account many factors. Experts have provided different schemes administration of drugs, the possibility of their combination. The national calendar is valid throughout the country. It may be revised to reflect any new data.
But it would be too easy to see such self-descriptions as evidence of constant confrontation. On the one hand, competition for the best precautionary measure, primarily domestic political objectives, was fulfilled by distancing Western vaccination programs as an expression of the company's own image. Ultimately, the Wall separated various precautionary concepts and corporate projects. However, it offered little protection against infectious diseases that even crossed the Iron Curtain.
Vaccinations are among the most important and effective preventive measures available in medicine. Leading scientists agree on this. And yet they are contradictory and often emotional. Critics argue that vaccines are unnecessary, harmful and controlled by pharmaceutical industry interests. Advocates point to successes such as the dramatic reduction and even eradication of infectious diseases. And between them is a not insignificant group of skeptics. This is paradoxical, but it is reinforced, among other things, by the success of vaccination.
In Russia, the national calendar includes everything necessary vaccinations for all ages.
There are also regional calendars. For example, residents of Western Siberia are given additional doses because this infection is widespread there.
Vaccination and vaccination against hepatitis
Because diphtheria, infantile paralysis and other diseases are virtually unknown today due to vaccination sequences, some consider vaccination unnecessary. In reality, the relationships, causes and consequences of vaccination are complex. The brochure aims to promote greater transparency and show how vaccination is regulated from a public health perspective.
Internist, Tropical Medicine, Vaccine Specialist in Infectious Diseases. In addition, there are demonstration vaccinations that make sense due to a special event such as travel or occupational exposure. More than 20 different infectious diseases are currently being vaccinated.
In Ukraine, the vaccination schedule is slightly different.
The procedure for carrying out preventive vaccinations
In order to administer a vaccine to a child or adult, a number of conditions must be met. The organization and conduct of preventive vaccinations is regulated regulatory documents. The procedure can be carried out exclusively in clinics or specialized private medical institutions. The establishment must have a separate vaccination room for such manipulations, which must also meet certain requirements:
Costs for additional vaccinations may be reimbursed on a voluntary basis. Many health insurance companies, but not all, will cover vaccination costs that go beyond the protective vaccination directive. In all federal states, there are regional vaccination agreements between Kassenjärtsilen associations and health insurance funds, in which the doctor's fee is fixed.
Can a child develop a fever after vaccination?
That's why most vaccinations can be handled with a health insurance card. Exceptions include vaccinations that are reimbursed by health insurance funds on a voluntary basis, outside the protective vaccination guidelines. Here, the insured must first enter into an advance and then send an invoice using the vaccine to their cash register.
- it should contain: a refrigerator, sterile instruments, a changing table, a table, a cabinet for medicines, a disinfection solution;
- all used material and tools must be placed in a container with a disinfectant solution;
- It is necessary to have medications for anti-shock therapy;
- It is necessary to keep instructions for all medications;
- The office must be cleaned twice a day.
It is also important that vaccination against tuberculosis (BCG) should be carried out either in a separate room or exclusively on certain days.
Unlike with drugs, insured individuals do not have to pay for vaccinations according to vaccination guidelines. Although vaccinations have great importance Not only for the individual, but also for the general public, vaccination is not mandatory in Germany. Each person can decide whether they want to vaccinate themselves. Parents decide for their children. Help in this decision is provided by family doctors and pediatricians. In the event of an emergency, a vaccination obligation can be imposed on the basis of the Infection Protection Act.
Before the procedure, the patient must pass the necessary tests and be examined by a doctor. During the appointment, the doctor asks about your health status. this moment, clarifies the presence of reactions to previous vaccinations. Based on this information, the doctor issues permission for the procedure.
The patient may be manipulated if contraindications to preventive vaccinations are identified. They can be permanent or temporary.
A subsequent national school vaccination campaign found that particularly older pupils and students with backgrounds showed significant gaps in their vaccination protection. The campaign could significantly improve vaccine protection. Despite all the efforts, there are still obvious impulses.
For example, travel vaccinations are related to this. - They protect against pathogens that are not present in the home or are minor in certain areas of the world. - But also ingestion of rotavirus vaccination for infants. Rotaviruses are highly persistent and cause diarrheal illness in approximately 90% of children under age, which can quickly lead to life-threatening dehydration. Pediatric doctors provide information about vaccination.
The former are not common and are most often a strong reaction to previous vaccinations.
Preventive vaccinations (vaccination) – introduction into the human body of microorganisms, their particles or chemical substances in order to prevent the development of infectious diseases.
Vaccination schedule for infants and young children up to 2 years of age
Which vaccinations are recommended for which ages and when is a refresher needed? Vaccination should be carried out as early as 6 weeks of age, depending on the vaccine used, 2 or 3 doses are required at least 4 weeks.
Vaccination schedule for children over 2 years old, young people and adults
One for all - all for one. The special thing about vaccinations is that they provide protection not only from the vaccine, but also from the general public. Once most of the population is vaccinated, pathogens are unlikely to spread.The main role of vaccinations is to build immunity against certain infectious diseases.
The mechanism of action of preventive vaccinations is the body's production of antibodies against specific infectious agents. Antibodies are produced against antigens of microorganisms that enter the body during vaccination, and the entire process of antibody production starts.
IN best case scenario they have even been eradicated. Infants or the chronically ill receive “protection from the herd” through the vaccine community. The health of the population as a whole is improving. Each vaccination is entered on a personal vaccination certificate. It provides added security by documenting vaccination status and providing information about when renewal injections are needed.
Independent institutions study and monitor the quality, safety and benefits of vaccination in Germany. Recommendations regarding vaccination, vaccine safety and effectiveness, as well as assumptions about the cost of vaccination are regulated in Germany. Participants are scientists from the Robert Koch Institute and the Paul Ehrlich Institute, experts from Standing Committee on vaccination and representatives of the Federal Joint Committee. The essential basis is provided by section 20 of the Infection Protection Act.
If a person has been vaccinated (vaccinated) against a certain disease, the necessary time has passed for the production of protective substances, the formation of immunity, then in case of contact with the causative agent of this disease, the vaccinated person will not get this infection or will suffer it in a milder form than those people who have not been vaccinated.
The main objectives are the detection, prevention and control of diseases, in particular infectious diseases. It belongs to the business unit of the Federal Ministry of Health. In particular, the Pohl-Ehrlich Institute operates. responsible for the approval and government release of biomedical drugs such as vaccines.
Standing Committee on Vaccination
Joint Federal Committee
It determines what benefits medical care, as well as vaccinations, are reimbursed by health insurance companies. In each federal state the competent government bodies publish recommendations on protective vaccinations. Thus, countries take on significant responsibility and are liable for compensation if vaccine damage occurs.Main types of vaccinations and vaccinations
Vaccination is mandatory (routine) and carried out according to epidemiological indications.
Mandatory vaccinations are those included in the preventive vaccination calendar.
Vaccination according to epidemiological indications is carried out in the presence of an unfavorable epidemic situation in the country for a specific disease, to urgently create immunity in people at risk of developing an infection, if it is necessary to travel to another region where dangerous infections are common. An example of an optional but widely available vaccine is the influenza vaccine. Another example of vaccination for epidemiological reasons is the vaccination of hospital staff during an outbreak of an infectious disease in a populated area.
No one would get measles if only at least 95% of children were fully vaccinated. But Germany missed the target. The goal of the World Health Organization and national health authorities is to achieve this also for measles and polio. Since then, “infantile paralysis” has occurred only in selected countries in Africa and Asia. Later a short time the virus was delivered to Russia. There, after 30 years without polio, the disease appeared for the first time.
But what can actors do in medicine? National vaccination goals link and justify competence regarding the meaning, benefits, risks and use of vaccinations for leaders public opinion. Increase continuous and systematic education on vaccinations in a wide range. Current vaccines have an adequate safety profile, although rare side effects may occur when large populations are vaccinated. This is why all countries have systems in place for reporting possible adverse events associated with the administration of vaccines, and it is important that medical personnel involved in vaccination take an active part in this monitoring. To ensure that vaccines are safe under real-world conditions of use, with careful monitoring of their use, to maintain confidence in vaccination, it is important that vaccinations are administered correctly to maximize benefit for the entire population. It is extremely important to know the contraindications and precautions of vaccines in order to minimize the possible risks of their administration. It is necessary to know false contraindications to avoid missed vaccination opportunities.
- Initiating vaccination campaigns targeting specific groups.
- Promotes competent and transparent handling of media.
Depending on the components of vaccines, they can all be divided into 3 main groups - live, inactivated and artificial.
Live vaccines contain live but weakened microorganisms that are not highly infectious or dangerous. Such microorganisms multiply in the body, cause an asymptomatic infection, and the artificial immunity developed in this case is practically no different from what is formed after an infection. Live vaccines are used to prevent the development of polio, tularemia, measles, mumps, and yellow fever. Even a single injection of a live vaccine provides long-term immunity to infection.
Vaccines, like any other biological or pharmaceutical product, do not contain adverse reactions. Most are mild, well tolerated and acceptable, although in rare cases serious consequences may occur. Some vaccine adverse reactions are so rare that they are only assessed after widespread use after vaccination.
Vaccines are usually administered to healthy populations, especially children, so the required safety guarantees are maximum. It is important to ensure public confidence in vaccines. Throughout the history of vaccination in different countries There were phenomena of loss of confidence in vaccination associated with information that called into question the safety of some vaccines and led to a decrease in vaccination coverage. These situations have caused periodic outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases, with morbidity and, sometimes, significant mortality.
Inactivated vaccines are made from killed microorganisms and their individual antigens. Inactivated vaccines are devoid of ballast substances, so the frequency of side effects after their administration is lower than after the administration of live vaccines. At the same time, the immunity that is formed after their administration is not so stable; there is a need for repeated administration of such vaccines. TO inactivated vaccines include anti-plague, anti-rabies, influenza and anthrax vaccines.
Artificial vaccines can be obtained by genetic engineering or completely synthesized. An example of an artificial vaccine is the Grippol influenza vaccine.
There are monovalent and polyvalent (associated) vaccines. Monovalent drugs are used to create immunity to one pathogen (BCG vaccine). Associated vaccines achieve multiple immunity through simultaneous immunization. The most well-known associated vaccine is DTP (adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccine).
The main methods of administering vaccine preparations are orally, subcutaneously, intradermally, intranasally (dropped into the nose), inhalation and parenterally (for example, intramuscularly - the drug is injected into the buttock).
Indications and contraindications for the administration of vaccines
IN childhood Every person should be vaccinated against polio, measles, tuberculosis, whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus, rubella, mumps and hepatitis B. The timing of the administration of vaccines against these diseases is regulated by the preventive vaccination calendar.
According to epidemiological indications, influenza vaccine prophylaxis can be carried out.
Also, indications for the administration of vaccines are the emergence or threat of spread of infectious diseases, the occurrence of outbreaks or epidemics of certain infections.
Contraindications are individual for each vaccine and are indicated in the instructions for its use.
General contraindications to the administration of vaccines - the presence of acute infectious or non-infectious diseases, chronic diseases internal organs(liver, pancreas, spleen) during exacerbation, allergic conditions, serious illnesses cardiovascular system, diseases of the central nervous system, malignant neoplasms, severe immunodeficiencies.
After the administration of vaccines, body temperature may rise for a short time, and local reactions may appear in the form of redness and swelling at the injection site. These post-vaccination reactions are not contraindications to the administration of the drug.
Complications after vaccination
All vaccine products require General requirements– they must be safe, capable of forming immunity to a specific disease, and must not cause allergic reactions, oncological diseases or developmental defects in the fetus. In addition, the vaccine must have a long shelf life, its use must be simple and accessible for mass use.
However, if the vaccine manufacturing process is violated, if the above rules are not followed, and when vaccination is performed if there are contraindications to its administration, complications may develop in the form of:
- local reactions - abscesses and phlegmons;
- complications from the central nervous system - convulsive syndrome, encephalopathy, post-vaccination encephalitis;
- complications of an allergic nature - asthmatic syndrome, collaptoid conditions and even anaphylactic shock;
- exacerbation or first manifestations of chronic diseases;
- complications from various organs and systems - kidneys, heart, joints, gastrointestinal tract;
- lethal outcome.
IN Lately Vaccination is a topic that generates a lot of controversy and disagreement. Some people are anti-vaxxers, while others understand the importance of preventive vaccinations. It must be remembered that vaccination is the most effective way combat many infectious diseases. Of course, there is a risk of developing side effects after administering the vaccine, but when correct implementation vaccinations, the use of vaccines, for which all the rules and conditions during production, storage and transportation were observed, it is negligible.
To avoid the development of complications due to vaccination, it is necessary to carefully examine the child before vaccination, inform the doctor about existing chronic diseases, side effects that arose after previous vaccinations (if any).
