Finno-Ugrians, their place in the history of the Russian nation and the Russian state is an academic question. However, in the last twenty years, at the level of the yellow press, the question of Finns and Ugrians they began to discuss the delitants. I do not consider myself an expert in anthropology, but I am able to identify the main problematic points that do not allow Ukrainians and Russians to find a common language and stick to the thread of the discussion.

The main problems in the issue of the history of the Finno-Ugric peoples, standing on the way to mutual understanding, are the following

Low level of education in the Internet era. Unfortunately, the majority of people do not strive for knowledge of academic ( scientific) parts of the question Slavs (including their appearance, jewelry, myths, tales, religion and culture) in the history of Russia. Unfortunately, reading academic literature is difficult because of the way the material is presented. And so it is! Read the yellow press on the topic " Slavs"(or similar) with loud anti-Ukrainian phrases and extreme statements is very simple and, most importantly, remembered easily and quickly! Unfortunately! Moreover, having access to the Internet does not help solve the issue, but on the contrary, it complicates it. Exciting prospects for "shut up “the opponent’s mouth on the forum and mixing everything into one pile outweighs common sense and - one’s own mythology and zombification about the Finno-Ugric people began...

Reluctance of the authorities to meet people halfway. The Russian authorities have this position Russian citizens extremely profitable: no expenses on the part of Russia for the publication and promotion of academic literature; publish yellow press not at the expense of the state, naturally, and it spreads like lightning. Lots of literature on the topic Finno-Ugrians(and not only) was published back in the last century and the century before last, and today new-fangled smart people haven’t come up with anything new on this issue, but rebroadcast those old sources, without even bothering to review them for refutations. In addition, it is much easier to control stupid and embittered people - point your finger and say: “Fass!”

As a result, the following problem emerges: looking for himself and can't find(or afraid). However, Karamzin had already “found” Russia at one time. Since then that Karamzin's story influenced to some extent another Russian historian, Klyuchevsky. This is how it has happened since then - the main beneficial provisions of history flow Russian state Karamzin from one textbook to another, forgetting about the population and equating it with the state, which is extremely wrong! In fact, Karamzin’s story became the first custom-made political version of Russian history, after which history moved from the plane of science to the plane of politics. It is possible that in Russia no one had studied history as a science before Karamzin. Otherwise, Karamzin would not have had to write it to the Tsar’s order.

What can help in resolving the issue of the Finno-Ugric peoples?

Separate the issues of language and DNA. It turns out that according to DNA (roots, clan), the population of Russia really consisted mostly of Finno-Ugric peoples ( read below). However, who said that the Finno-Ugrians cannot master Slavic language and, being essentially Finno-Ugric, speak Russian and beat your chest with your fist?

Having read all sorts of things about the Ukrainians from the times of Tsar Gorokh, the Russians, for some reason, accuse the Ukrainians of dislike for the Finno-Ugric people. We (Ukrainians) do not show dislike towards the Finno-Ugrians. We oppose the fact that the Russians themselves show dislike for the Finno-Ugrians, trying to disown kinship with them. As a result, the Russians are trying renounce a large part of yourself, and fill in this part, which is not relevant. I'm not saying that the Russians don't have nothing to do with, but the Russians pose the question this way that we (Ukrainians) remain out of work. As a result, the Russians themselves, with their behavior and lack of education, cause negativity on the part of Ukrainians, calling them names. Guys, Ukrainians by definition cannot! The question is, why do Russians disown their part of the Finno-Ugric heritage???

Lack of information gives rise to rumors and fabrications. In question with Finno-Ugric heritage on Russian territory the situation is similar. actively opposes filling in the blank spots in their Finno-Ugric history and this “forces” the Ukrainians (giving every reason and reason) to fill in these blank spots for the Russians, while stating, of course, your vision of the issue. But for all this responsibility The Russians themselves bear it - don’t be silent! Actively analyze yourself (and don’t invent) and thereby you will deprive your opponents of arguments. Who's stopping?

Additional information on the Finno-Ugric topic...

According to a successful comparison by academician Orest Borisovich Tkachenko, world famous Meryanist (a discipline in Finno-Ugric studies that deals with the study of the Meri people): " The Russian people, connected on the maternal side with the Slavic ancestral home, had a Finn as their father. On the paternal side, Russians go back to the Finno-Ugric peoples". This explanation makes clear many cultural facts in the life and development of the Russian nation. In the end, both Muscovite Rus' and Novgorod developed precisely on the lands inhabited by the Finno-Ugric tribes Chud, Meri and Meshchera, as well as on the Mordovian, Vepsian, Vodian-Izhora , Karelian and Permian territories.

The Slavs did not assimilate the Finnish tribes A. This Finno-Ugrians adapted to new language and accepted part of the Byzantine spiritual culture. Therefore, Russians have a choice. Realize your roots in this land, discern in your ancestors not only and not so much Slavs, feel that the culture of the Russian people is based on the Finno-Ugric basis.

Who are the Finno-Ugrians (literature on the topic)

Finno-Ugrians- an ethno-linguistic community of peoples numbering more than 20 million people. All Finno-Ugric peoples are indigenous to their territories. Ancestors of the Finno-Ugric peoples lived in Eastern Europe and in the Urals since Neolithic times (new Stone Age). From Baltic Sea to Western Siberia, from the forest-steppes of the Russian Plain to the Northern coast Arctic Ocean– primordial Finno-Ugric lands and the Samoyed peoples close to them.

Linguistically Finno-Ugrians are divided into several subgroups. The Permo-Finnish subgroup consists of the Komi, Udmurts and Besermyans. Volga-Finnish group: Mordovians (Erzyans and Mokshans) and Mari. The Balto-Finns include: Finns, Ingrian Finns, Estonians, Setos, Kvens in Norway, the mysterious Vod, Izhorians, Karelians, Vepsians and descendants of the Meri. To a separate Ugric group belong to the Khanty, Mansi and Hungarians. The descendants of the medieval Meshchera and Murom most likely belong to the Volga Finns.

Anthropologically Finno-Ugric peoples heterogeneous. Some scientists highlight a special Ural race, transitional between Caucasians and Mongoloids. All peoples of the Finno-Ugric group have both Caucasoid and Mongoloid characteristics. The Ob Ugrians (Khanty and Mansi), part of the Mari, and the Mordovians have more pronounced Mongoloid features. For the rest, these traits are either equally distributed, or the Caucasoid component dominates. But this does not testify in favor of the Indo-European origin of the Finno-Ugric peoples; Indo-European ones should be distinguished anthropological features from the Indo-European linguistic community.

Finno-Ugrians all over the world are united by a common material and spiritual culture. All true Finno-Ugric people live in harmony with nature, with the world around them and with neighboring peoples. Only the Finno-Ugric peoples, even at the beginning of the third millennium, preserved traditional culture in Europe in the fullest extent, including, paradoxically, Russian culture. However, this paradox can be explained. Unlike many peoples, Finno-Ugric people try to preserve as many customs and traditions as possible in their culture, including (perhaps in Russia this explains quite large number preserved ancient traditions and elements from the times of Rus').

The Karelian-Finnish epic "Kalevala" was preserved for history by the White Sea Karelians, and not by the urbanized Finns; almost all Russians ancient tales, epics and legends (epic folklore is the oldest of all forms of oral folk culture) were recorded by ethnographers at the end of the 19th century in the areas inhabited by Karelians, Vepsians and descendants of Finno-Ugric peoples in the Arkhangelsk province. Most of the monuments of ancient Russian wooden architecture were inherited from the Finno-Ugric lands. Several years ago, the epic of the Erzyan people “Mastorava” was recorded and restored, which in itself is unique.

The spiritual life of the Finno-Ugric people is impossible without folk beliefs. Even peoples who were baptized long ago retained a huge layer of culture associated with pre-Christian beliefs. And some, like the Mari, still adhere mainly to the traditional faith. These beliefs should not be confused with paganism. The Mari, Erzyans, part of the Udmurts, and the Ob Ugrians have national religions.

Finno-Ugric question– this is without a doubt a Russian question. Question of ethnic identification Great Russian ethnic group. In all the territories of the Russian Plain, where Russians now live, Finno-Ugric peoples used to live. Big problem what was the nature of Slavic colonization. After all, Russians preserve the same material and spiritual traditional culture precisely with the Finno-Ugric peoples, and not with South Slavs or Turks. Psychological characteristics population, its national character, especially in the north, northwest and northeast of the European part of Russia (the most indigenous part of Russia), Russians and Finno-Ugric peoples also have common ones.

I hope that the information presented above on the topic of Finno-Ugric peoples and Russia will help to find problem areas in the history of Russia and understand in which direction the history of Russia itself should be built, putting politics aside.

Also on topic:

• Crisis of national and ethnic identity as a diagnosis
• Fables about right and wrong nations. The Birth of Nations.
• Nationality: how to determine the nationality of a person (child) in our time
• Turning points in the formation of the Ukrainian nation: traditions, Ivan Franko
• Sheet to the Youth of Ivan Frank "The Sheet to the Galician Ukrainian Youth"
• Life of the nation. Vykoristanny of toponyms Rus', Muscovy, Ukraine, Russia
• Russian and Ukrainian historiography. Politics and history as science - how to tease out?
• The right of nations to self-determination. Bashkir experience in the Russian Federation
• A real state-forming nation has been formed in Ukraine and there is no place in it for the voters of Crimea and Donbass
• Development strategy of Ukraine - why is there no state development strategy in Ukraine?
• Russian friendship and its longevity as a kind of commercial project
• Finno-Ugric people and Russian culture. Finno-Ugrians are in the blood of Russians
• Russia is rewriting the history of neighboring peoples and states - why?
• Inheritance Birulevo - guest worker in Russia - support of Russia
• In Sochi, workers are not paid wages for three months - evidence from Roman Kuznetsov
• Unrest in Biryulyovo - redistribution of the land market and political raiding against the vegetable supply

Finno-Ugric languages ​​are related to modern Finnish and Hungarian. The peoples who speak them make up the Finno-Ugric ethnolinguistic group. Their origin, territory of settlement, commonality and differences in external features, culture, religion and traditions are the subjects of global research in the field of history, anthropology, geography, linguistics and a number of other sciences. This review article will try to briefly cover this topic.

Peoples included in the Finno-Ugric ethnolinguistic group

Based on the degree of similarity of languages, researchers divide the Finno-Ugric peoples into five subgroups.

The basis of the first, Baltic-Finnish, are Finns and Estonians - peoples with their own states. They also live in Russia. Setu - a small group of Estonians - settled in the Pskov region. The most numerous of the Baltic-Finnish peoples of Russia are the Karelians. In everyday life they use three autochthonous dialects, while Finnish is considered their literary language. In addition, the same subgroup includes the Vepsians and Izhorians - small peoples who have preserved their languages, as well as the Vod (there are less than a hundred people left, their own language has been lost) and the Livs.

The second is the Sami (or Lapp) subgroup. The main part of the peoples who gave it its name are settled in Scandinavia. In Russia, the Sami live on the Kola Peninsula. Researchers suggest that in ancient times these peoples occupied a larger territory, but were subsequently pushed further north. At the same time, their own language was replaced by one of the Finnish dialects.

The third subgroup that makes up the Finno-Ugric peoples - the Volga-Finnish - includes the Mari and Mordovians. The Mari are the main part of Mari El; they also live in Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Udmurtia and a number of other Russian regions. They have two literary languages ​​(with which, however, not all researchers agree). Mordva - autochthonous population of the Republic of Mordovia; at the same time, a significant part of the Mordvins are settled throughout Russia. This people includes two ethnographic groups, each with its own literary written language.

The fourth subgroup is called Permian. It also includes the Udmurts. Even before October 1917, in terms of literacy level (though in Russian), the Komi were approaching the highest educated peoples Russia - Jews and Russian Germans. As for the Udmurts, their dialect has been preserved for the most part in the villages of the Udmurt Republic. Residents of cities, as a rule, forget both the indigenous language and customs.

The fifth, Ugric, subgroup includes the Hungarians, Khanty and Mansi. Although the lower reaches of the Ob northern Urals separated from the Hungarian state on the Danube by many kilometers, these peoples are actually the closest relatives. The Khanty and Mansi belong to the small peoples of the North.

Disappeared Finno-Ugric tribes

The Finno-Ugric peoples also included tribes, mentions of which are currently preserved only in chronicles. Thus, the Merya people lived between the Volga and Oka rivers in the first millennium AD - there is a theory that they subsequently merged with the Eastern Slavs.

The same thing happened with Muroma. This is an even more ancient people of the Finno-Ugric ethno-linguistic group, which once inhabited the Oka basin.

The long-vanished Finnish tribes that lived along the Northern Dvina are called Chudya by researchers (according to one hypothesis, they were the ancestors of modern Estonians).

Commonality of languages ​​and culture

Having declared the Finno-Ugric languages ​​as a single group, researchers emphasize this commonality as the main factor uniting the peoples who speak them. However, the Ural ethnic groups, despite the similarity in the structure of their languages, still do not always understand each other. Thus, a Finn will certainly be able to communicate with an Estonian, an Erzyan with a Moksha, and an Udmurt with a Komi. However, the peoples of this group, geographically distant from each other, must make quite a lot of effort to identify in their languages common features that would help them carry on the conversation.

The linguistic kinship of the Finno-Ugric peoples is primarily traced in the similarity of linguistic constructions. This significantly influences the formation of the thinking and worldview of peoples. Despite the differences in cultures, this circumstance contributes to the emergence of mutual understanding between these ethnic groups.

At the same time, the peculiar psychology determined by the thought process in these languages ​​enriches universal human culture with their unique vision of the world. Thus, unlike the Indo-Europeans, the representative of the Finno-Ugric people is inclined to treat nature with exceptional respect. Finno-Ugric culture also largely contributed to the desire of these peoples to peacefully adapt to their neighbors - as a rule, they preferred not to fight, but to migrate, preserving their identity.

Also, a characteristic feature of the peoples of this group is openness to ethnocultural exchange. In search of ways to strengthen relationships with related peoples, they maintain cultural contacts with all those who surround them. Basically, the Finno-Ugric people managed to preserve their languages ​​and basic cultural elements. Contact with ethnic traditions in this area can be traced in their national songs, dancing, music, traditional dishes, clothes. Also, many elements of their ancient rituals have survived to this day: wedding, funeral, memorial.

Brief history of the Finno-Ugric peoples

The origin and early history of the Finno-Ugric peoples remain the subject of scientific debate to this day. The most common opinion among researchers is that in ancient times there was a single group of people who spoke a common Finno-Ugric proto-language. The ancestors of the current Finno-Ugric peoples until the end of the third millennium BC. e. maintained relative unity. They were settled in the Urals and the western Urals, and possibly also in some adjacent areas.

In that era, called Finno-Ugric, their tribes came into contact with the Indo-Iranians, which was reflected in myths and languages. Between the third and second millennia BC. e. The Ugric and Finno-Permian branches separated from each other. Among the peoples of the latter, who settled in a western direction, independent subgroups of languages ​​gradually emerged and became distinct (Baltic-Finnish, Volga-Finnish, Permian). As a result of the transition of the autochthonous population of the Far North to one of the Finno-Ugric dialects, the Sami were formed.

The Ugric group of languages ​​disintegrated by the middle of the 1st millennium BC. e. The Baltic-Finnish division occurred at the beginning of our era. Perm lasted a little longer - until the eighth century. Contacts of Finno-Ugric tribes with Baltic, Iranian, Slavic, Turkic, and Germanic peoples played a major role in the separate development of these languages.

Settlement area

Finno-Ugric peoples today mainly live in Northwestern Europe. Geographically, they are settled over a vast territory from Scandinavia to the Urals, Volga-Kama, lower and middle Tobol region. Hungarians - the only people Finno-Ugric ethno-linguistic group, who formed their own state away from other related tribes - in the Carpathian-Danube region.

Number of Finno-Ugric peoples

The total number of peoples speaking Uralic languages ​​(these include Finno-Ugric and Samoyed) is 23-24 million people. The most numerous representatives are Hungarians. There are more than 15 million of them in the world. They are followed by Finns and Estonians (5 and 1 million people, respectively). Most other Finno-Ugric ethnic groups live in modern Russia.

Finno-Ugric ethnic groups in Russia

Russian settlers flocked en masse to the lands of the Finno-Ugrians in the 16th-18th centuries. Most often, the process of their settlement in these areas occurred peacefully, but some indigenous peoples (for example, the Mari) for a long time and fiercely resisted the annexation of their region to the Russian state.

The Christian religion, writing, and urban culture, introduced by the Russians, over time began to displace local beliefs and dialects. People moved to cities, moved to Siberian and Altai lands - where Russian was the main and common language. However, he (especially his northern dialect) absorbed many Finno-Ugric words - this is most noticeable in the field of toponyms and names of natural phenomena.

In some places, the Finno-Ugric peoples of Russia mixed with the Turks, converting to Islam. However, a significant part of them were still assimilated by the Russians. Therefore, these peoples do not constitute a majority anywhere - even in those republics that bear their name.

However, according to the 2002 population census, there are very significant Finno-Ugric groups in Russia. These are the Mordovians (843 thousand people), Udmurts (almost 637 thousand), Mari (604 thousand), Komi-Zyryans (293 thousand), Komi-Permyaks (125 thousand), Karelians (93 thousand). The number of some peoples does not exceed thirty thousand people: Khanty, Mansi, Vepsians. The Izhorians number 327 people, and the Vod people number only 73 people. Hungarians, Finns, Estonians, and Sami also live in Russia.

Development of Finno-Ugric culture in Russia

In total, sixteen Finno-Ugric peoples live in Russia. Five of them have their own national-state entities, and two have national-territorial ones. Others are dispersed throughout the country.

In Russia, considerable attention is paid to the preservation of original cultural traditions inhabiting it. At the national and local level, programs are being developed with the support of which the culture of the Finno-Ugric peoples, their customs and dialects is being studied.

Thus, Sami, Khanty, Mansi are taught in primary school, and Komi, Mari, Udmurt, Mordovian languages ​​- in secondary schools in those regions where large groups of the corresponding ethnic groups live. There are special laws on culture and languages ​​(Mari El, Komi). Thus, in the Republic of Karelia there is a law on education that enshrines the right of Vepsians and Karelians to study in their own language. native language. The priority for the development of the cultural traditions of these peoples is determined by the Law on Culture.

Also, the republics of Mari El, Udmurtia, Komi, Mordovia, and the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug have their own concepts and programs national development. The Foundation for the Development of Cultures of the Finno-Ugric Peoples has been created and operates (on the territory of the Mari El Republic).

Finno-Ugric peoples: appearance

The ancestors of the current Finno-Ugrians were the result of a mixture of Paleo-European and Paleo-Asian tribes. Therefore, the appearance of all the peoples of this group contains both Caucasoid and Mongoloid features. Some scientists even put forward a theory about the existence of an independent race - the Ural, which is “intermediate” between Europeans and Asians, but this version has few supporters.

Finno-Ugrians are heterogeneous in anthropological terms. However, any representative of the Finno-Ugric people possesses characteristic “Ural” features to one degree or another. This is, as a rule, of average height, very light hair color, wide face, sparse beard. But these features manifest themselves in different ways. Thus, the Erzya Mordvins are tall, have blond hair and blue eyes. Mordvins-Moksha - on the contrary, are shorter, with wide cheekbones, and darker hair. The Udmurts and Mari often have characteristic “Mongolian” eyes with a special fold at the inner corner of the eye - epicanthus, very wide faces, and a thin beard. But at the same time, their hair, as a rule, is blond and red, and their eyes are blue or gray, which is typical for Europeans, but not Mongoloids. The “Mongolian fold” is also found among the Izhorians, Vodians, Karelians and even Estonians. Komi people look different. Where they are mixed marriages with the Nenets, representatives of this people have braids and black hair. Other Komi, on the contrary, are more like Scandinavians, but have wider faces.

Finno-Ugric traditional cuisine in Russia

Most of the dishes of traditional Finno-Ugric and Trans-Ural cuisines, in fact, have not been preserved or have been significantly distorted. However, ethnographers manage to trace some general patterns.

The main food product of the Finno-Ugrians was fish. It was not only processed in different ways (fried, dried, boiled, fermented, dried, eaten raw), but each type was also prepared in its own way, which would better convey the taste.

Before the advent of firearms, the main method of hunting in the forest was snares. Caught mainly forest bird(grouse, wood grouse) and small animals, mainly hares. Meat and poultry were stewed, boiled and baked, and much less often, fried.

Turnips and radishes were used as vegetables, herbs- watercress, hogweed, horseradish, onions, and young mushrooms growing in the forest. Western Finno-Ugric peoples practically did not consume mushrooms; at the same time, for the eastern ones they constituted a significant part of the diet. Oldest species grains known to these peoples are barley and wheat (spelt). They were used to prepare porridges, hot jelly, and also as a filling for homemade sausages.

The modern culinary repertoire of the Finno-Ugric people contains very few national traits, since it has been strongly influenced by Russian, Bashkir, Tatar, Chuvash and other cuisines. However, almost every nation has preserved one or two traditional, ritual or holiday dishes, which have survived to this day. Taken together, they allow us to get a general idea of ​​Finno-Ugric cooking.

Finno-Ugric peoples: religion

Most Finno-Ugrians profess the Christian faith. Finns, Estonians and Western Sami are Lutherans. Catholics predominate among Hungarians, although you can also meet Calvinists and Lutherans.

Finno-Ugrians living in are predominantly Orthodox Christians. However, the Udmurts and Mari in some places managed to preserve the ancient (animistic) religion, and the Samoyed peoples and inhabitants of Siberia - shamanism.

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The classification of Finno-Ugric languages ​​began in the 17th century, when the German scientist Martin Vogel proved the kinship of the Finnish, Sami and Hungarian languages. This classification was substantiated more fully and thoroughly in the 18th century. In the works of the Swedish scientist Philipp Johann von Stralenberg, a former Poltava officer-prisoner.

Having described in detail the peoples known in Western Europe from a number of works under the general name “Tatars,” F. Stralenberg showed that some of them living in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia are incorrectly considered Tatars. He attached a table to the book, grouping all these peoples, including the Tatar, according to linguistic principles, into six language classes: 1) Finno-Ugric; 2) Turkic; 3) Samoyed; 4) Kalmyk, Manchu and Tangut; 5) Tunguska; 6) Caucasian. Stralenberg included Finnish, Hungarian, Mordovian, Mari, Permyak, Udmurt, Khanty and Mansi to the class of Finno-Ugric languages, noting that the ancestors of the peoples speaking these languages ​​and living partly in Europe, partly in Asia (in Siberia), in ancient times lived in one place and were one people.

The conclusions of M. Vogel and F. Stralenberg about the kinship of the Finno-Ugric languages, their origin from the “universal beginning”, “one beginning” were supported and further developed in the works of Russian scientists of the 18th century. V. N. Tatishcheva, P. I. Rychkova, M. V. Lomonosova and others.

A very interesting conclusion about the origin of the Finno-Ugric peoples was made by Professor of the University of Helsingfors I.R. Aspelin based on the results of expeditions of the Finnish Archaeological Society to Orkhon. Below I give brief overview these studies.

According to Chinese sources, the Wusun people (aka Turks) are known - blue-eyed (green-eyed) red-bearded cattle breeders of the Country of the Turks, similar in life and blood to the khans (Huns, Huns).

Turk and Ugor means “highlander” in the modern sense.

These are the Aryan pastoral peoples of the Afanasyevskaya culture. At the same time, “Turk” should be considered a derivative of the branch of the Aryan people of Turan, mentioned in the Avesta (academic history considers the Turans less cultural than the original branch of the RACE, the Mongols themselves from Skitia).

Academicians from history also talk about the Power of the Turks in the 61st (6) century from China to Byzantium.

After the Khans (Huns) left for Skitia in the warm period of Years 6023-6323 (515-815), in Summer 6060 (552) the Turkic Kaganate (state) was created.

In Summer 6253 (745) the Ugric Kaganate was formed.

After 25 years, fair-haired, blue-eyed Kirghiz came from the North to Orkhon and settled.

The Kirghiz are a Slavic-Aryan militarized class of cattle breeders, / moreover, sedentary, raising mainly cows and pigs /. That is, like the Cossacks - who were a militarized class of farmers, who were actually Asami - they are also khans (Huns), they are also monasteries, they are Russians...

With the arrival of the Kyrgyz in Summer 6348 (840), the Turks (Ugric) living in the Orkhon region began to move due to overpopulation:

* to the South, to the Chinese wall (they were completely destroyed in the 71-72 (16-17) centuries by Kalmyks who came from China);

* to the southwest (they were ethnically destroyed - partly in the 71-72 (16-17) centuries by the Kalmyks who came from behind the Chinese wall and created Dzungaria from Myanmar to modern Kalmykia, and finally after the occupation by the Chinese in the years 7225-7266 (1717-1758) .), immediately after climate warming);

*not west, on Kola Peninsula Those Ugrians who today have preserved their primogeniture have left - these Ugrians today call themselves Finns.

Official history tells of the wild khans (Huns) who tormented Venea (Europe.)

In fact, on the contrary, the settlers in Venea - the Ases (from Asia, Asia) gave Europe modern culture, based on “Odinism” (God Odin).

One can draw a conclusion about ethnic roots using the example of the largest Finno-Ugric people - the Hungarians.

According to legend, the Hungarians are a union of seven tribes, two of which were Ugric, and the rest were Turks and Indo-Iranians.

Despite the fact that the Hungarian language belongs to the Finno-Ugric group of the Uralic language family, the Hungarians themselves consider themselves Magyars, and prefer to call their country Magyaristan. That is, the Hungarians believe that in culture they are closer to the ancient Hunnic-Turkic tribes of Central Asia. And since the Sarmatians, the Huns, the Magyars, and the Kipchaks come from the Kazakh steppes, the Hungarians half-jokingly call themselves the most western of the Kazakhs, and the Kazakhs the most eastern of the Hungarians. Hence the Magyars’ craving for everything nomadic, for the Turkic in particular, and for their ancestral home – Kazakhstan. Regularly public organization“Turan-Hungary” organizes the traditional Kurultai of the Hunnic-Turkic peoples in the camp:

Modern linguists pay attention to the fact that there are a lot of ancient Turkic borrowings in the Hungarian language. This is evidenced by the phonetic and morphological similarities of these languages. Linguists believe that the Turkic influence on the Hungarian language dates back to ancient times, when at the beginning of our era the ancestors of the Hungarians lived in the vicinity of the middle reaches of the Volga and Kama.

In the 4th century. n. e. part of the Ugric tribes moved to the south of Eastern Europe, while part of the more western tribes remained and gradually dissolved into Turkic tribes. At the end of the 9th century. n. e. The Ugro-Hungarians entered the territory of their current homeland, occupied mainly by the Slavs and the remnants of the Avar tribes, where they managed to firmly establish themselves.

The Hungarian ethnologist Andras Biro, who studies Bashkir-Hungarian and Turkic-Hungarian connections, claims that the ancient Magyars and Bashkirs lived together on Southern Urals. More than a thousand years ago, the Magyars went to the West, to Central Europe, but their still The ancient culture of nomads is united by the grammar of languages ​​and even national cuisine.

Many researchers are amazed at the similarity between the Northern Altaians and the Finns. Thus, in the notes of the traveler G.P. von Helmersen, who visited Altai in 1834, we read about the similarity between the Kumandins and the Finns that struck him. Their appearance and culture are so close that the author of the notes sometimes forgot which lake it was located at - Teletskoye or Ladyzhskoye. In Kumandin clothes he saw a resemblance to Mordovian and Cheremis costumes, and in appearance he saw a resemblance to the Chukhons: beardless, high-cheeky faces with straight blond hair and half-closed eyes.

It is very interesting that the famous onomastic scientist V. A. Nikonov comes to the same conclusions, but on the basis of... cosmonyms. “Cosmononyms,” he writes, are the names of space objects... They can tell a lot about the previous movements of peoples and their connections.

How different peoples saw the same space object differently is shown by the names of the Milky Way. For some it is the Ski Trail, for others it is the Silver River... With such a variety of names (even within the same language they are called differently) random coincidence Its names among neighboring peoples are incredible.

And in the Volga region, not two or three, but most neighboring peoples have semantically homogeneous names for the Milky Way.

Turkic: Tatar Kiek kaz yuly ‘wild goose path’, Bashkir Kaz yuly and Chuvash Khurkaynak sule - with the same etymological meaning; Finno-Ugric; Mari Kayykkombo Korno is the same, Erzya and Moksha Kargon ki ‘crane path’, Moksha also has Narmon ki ‘bird path’.

It is easy to assume that neighbors adopted cosmonyms from each other.

To determine which of them has it originally, you need to find out what the Milky Way is called in related languages. There's a surprise here. Among the Suomi Finns, Linnunrata, among the Estonians, Linnunree also meant “bird path”; it is preserved among the Komi and in the dialects of the Mansi language; among the Hungarians, after their resettlement to the Danube, it still held on for several centuries.

IN Turkic languages names with the same meaning are known among the Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, and Turkmens. An amazing unity was revealed from the Finns of the Baltic to the Kyrgyz of the Tien Shan, who did not touch anywhere. This means that the distant ancestors of both the Turkic and Finno-Ugric peoples either descended from the same source or lived nearby in close, long-term contact.”

The question of the origin of the Finno-Ugric peoples is being put to rest today by scientists of the modern science of DNA genealogy, whose conclusions are confirmed by the research of other scientists cited above.

The fact is that human DNA has a mark of an ancient family, called “snip,” which defines a haplogroup, which is the definition of an ancient family.

Moreover, unlike the nationality written in the passport, which can always be changed, unlike the language, which adapts to the environment over time, unlike ethnographic factors, which are subject to fairly rapid changes, the haplogroup does not assimilate. It is determined by the “pattern” of mutations in the male Y chromosome of DNA, which is passed from father to son over hundreds and thousands of generations.

As a result of fairly simple and reliable tests, it is possible to determine to what genus any person belongs. So: The clan of all Finno-Ugric and Slavic peoples- one, but the tribes are different.

Finno-Ugrians who came from Siberia to the Russian northwest 3500 - 2700 BC.

(??here the archaeological dating is given earlier than the dating of geneticists)

Unfortunately, scientists find it difficult to accurately establish the age of the common ancestral ethnic group of the Finno-Ugrians and Slavic tribes. Presumably, this age should be about 10-12 thousand years or more. It takes us far beyond the boundaries of written history.

But more precisely it turned out to be possible to determine that the Slavic ancestor of the Eastern Slavs lived 5000±200 years ago, and the common ancestor of the Slavic Finno-Ugric haplotypes lived approximately 3700±200 years ago (a thousand years later). Other genealogical lines later came from him (Finns, Estonians, Hungarians, Komi, Mari, Mordovians, Udmurts, Chuvashs).

What are the genetic differences between these tribes?

Today's genetics can easily determine the history of the descendants of one chromosome - the one in which a rare point mutation once occurred. So, among the Finns - the closest relatives of some ethnic groups of the Urals - a high frequency of Y-chromosomes was discovered containing a replacement of thymidine (T-allele) with cytosine (C-allele) in a certain place on the chromosome. This replacement is not found in other countries Western Europe, neither in North America, nor in Australia.

But chromosomes with the C allele are found in some other Asian ethnic groups, for example, among the Buryats. The common Y chromosome, found with noticeable frequency in both peoples, indicates an obvious genetic relationship. Is this possible? It turns out that there is a lot of evidence of this, which we find in cultural and territorial factors. For example, between Finland and Buryatia you can find territories inhabited by various nationalities related to the Finns and Buryats.

The presence of a significant proportion of Y chromosomes carrying the C allele was also shown genetic research Ural populations belonging to Finno-Ugric ethnic groups. But perhaps the most unexpected fact was that the proportion of this chromosome turned out to be unusually high among the Yakuts - about 80 percent!

This means that somewhere at the base of the branch of Finno-Ugric peoples there were not only Slavs, but also the ancestors of the Yakuts and Buryats, whose roots stretch to Southeast Asia.

Genetic scientists have also established the path of movement of the Slavic and Finno-Ugric tribes to their common place settlement - to the Central Russian Plain: the Slavs moved from the west - from the Danube, from the Balkans, from the Carpathians, and the Finno-Ugric peoples, also known as the Urals, also known as the Altaians, moved along their arc from the northeast, and earlier - from the south of Siberia.

Thus, having converged in the northeast, in the area of ​​​​the future Novgorod-Ivanovo-Vologda, these Plimen formed an alliance that became Ugro-Slavic, and then Russian (Russian is a definition meaning belonging to the same kind of Rus, that is, light), in the first half of the first millennium AD, and possibly much earlier.

It is estimated that at that time there were four times more Eastern Slavs than Finno-Ugric people.

One way or another, there was no particular hostility between them, there was peaceful assimilation. Peaceful existence.

40 000
250-400

Archaeological culture Language Religion

Finno-Ugric peoples (Finno-Ugrians listen)) - a linguistic community of peoples speaking Finno-Ugric languages ​​living in Western Siberia, Central, Northern and Eastern Europe.

Classification and numbers

Finno-Ugric peoples are divided into two groups: Finnish and Ugric.

The total number of Finno-Ugric peoples is estimated at 25 million people. Of these, there are about 14 million Hungarians, 5 million Finns, about 1 million Estonians, 843 thousand Mordvins, 637 thousand Udmurts, 614 thousand Mari.

Finno-Permian group

Baltic-Finnish subgroup

• Finns (Suomi) - 6,000,000: 4,800,000 - in Finland, 300,000 - in Sweden, 300,000 people - in the USA, 50 people - in Kazakhstan.
  • Ingrians - 32,231: 20,300 - in Russia, 10,639 - in Estonia.
  • Kvens - 10,000 - 60,000 - in Norway.
• Estonians - 1,050,000: 920,000 - in Estonia (), 39,763 - in Finland (), 28,113 - in Russia (2002), 25,509 - in Sweden (), 25,000 - USA ().
  • Võru - 74,000 in Estonia.
  • Setu - 10,000: 10,000 in Estonia, 214 in Russia (2010).
• Karelians - 120,000: 93,344 - in Russia (2002), 20,000 - in Finland.
• Vepsians - 8,240 people in Russia (2002).
• Izhorians - 700 people: 327 people - in Russia (2002).
• Livs - 250-400 people (in Latvia).
• Vod - 100 people: 73 - in Russia (2002).

Sami subgroup

• Sami - 30,000-70,000: 40,000 in Norway, 20,000 in Sweden, 6,500 in Finland, 1.8 thousand people in Russia (2010).

Volga-Finnish subgroup

• Mordva - 744,237 in Russia (2010)
  • Mokshane - 49,624 in Russia (2002)
  • Erzyans - 84,407 in Russia (2002)
• Mari - 547,605 in Russia (2010)

Perm subgroup

• Udmurts - 636,906 in Russia (2002).
  • Besermyans - 3,122 in Russia (2002).
• Komi-Zyrians - 293,406 in Russia (2002).
  • Komi-Izhemtsy - 15,607 in Russia (2002).
• Komi-Permyaks - 125,235 in Russia (2002).
  • Komi-Yazvintsy - 5,000 in Russia.

Ugric group

Danube subgroup

• Hungarians - 14,500,000: 9,416,015 - in Hungary (), 1,563,081 - in the USA (), 1,433,073 - in Romania (), 520,528 - in Slovakia (), 315,510 - in Canada (), 293 299 - in Serbia (), 156,600 - in Ukraine ().
  • Yassy (medieval Alan people assimilated by the Hungarians)

Ob subgroup

• Khanty - 28,678 people in Russia (2002).
• Mansi - 11,432 people in Russia (2002).

Classification of state-territorial entities

Modern independent Finno-Ugric states

Modern Finno-Ugric national autonomies

Romania Russia

Archeology

• Cherkaskul culture - culture Bronze Age in the south of the Urals and Western Siberia

• Mezhovskaya culture - Bronze Age culture in the Trans-Urals and Western Siberia

• Ananyinskaya culture - Iron Age culture in the Middle Volga region

• Pianoborskaya culture - Iron Age culture in the Volga region and the Urals

• Bakhmutin culture and the Kama region

• Dyakovo culture - Iron Age culture in Central Russia

• Gorodets culture - Iron Age culture in Southern Russia and the Volga region

• Karayakup culture - Iron Age culture in the Southern Urals

• Kushnarenkovskaya culture - Iron Age culture in the Southern Urals

• Mazuninskaya culture - Iron Age culture in the Kama region and on the lower reaches of the Belaya River

• Sargat culture - Iron Age culture in Western Siberia

Story

Linguistic analysis shows the presence of direct contacts between the population of the Indo-Iranian group and the population of the Finno-Ugric language group. V.N. Chernetsov point to the presence of many Iranian features in the language, folklore and rituals of the later Ugric population of Western Siberia (Khanty and Mansi).

Genetics

According to the latest genetic data, the tribes that spread haplogroup N migrated from Southern Siberia.

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Notes

Literature

• Bongard-Levin G. M., Grantovsky E. A. From Scythia to India. M., 2000.
• Bernshtam T. A. Christianization in the ethnocultural processes of the Finno-Ugric peoples of the European North and the Volga region (comparative generalization) // Modern Finno-Ugric Studies. Experience and problems. Collection scientific works State Museum of Ethnography of the Peoples of the USSR. - L., 1990. - P. 133-140.
• Worldview of the Finno-Ugric peoples. M., 1990.
• Napolskikh V.V. Introduction to historical uralistics. Izhevsk: UdmIYAL, 1997.
• Peoples of the Volga and Urals regions. Komi-Zyryans. Komi-Permyaks. Mari. Mordva. Udmurts. M., 2000.
• Ryabinin E. A. Finno-Ugric tribes consisting of Ancient Rus'. St. Petersburg : St. Petersburg State University Publishing House, 1997.
• Khelimsky E. A. Comparative studies, uralistics: Lectures and articles. M.: Languages ​​of Russian culture, 2000.
• Fedyanovich T. L. Family customs and rituals of the Finno-Ugric peoples of the Volga region. M., 1997.

Links

Finno-Ugric tribes and peoples Volga Perm Baltic Sami Severnofinskie 3 Ugrians

An excerpt characterizing the Finno-Ugric peoples

Chernyshev sat with a book French novel at the window of the first room. This room was probably formerly a hall; there was still an organ in it, on which some carpets were piled, and in one corner stood the folding bed of Adjutant Bennigsen. This adjutant was here. He, apparently exhausted by a feast or business, sat on a rolled up bed and dozed. Two doors led from the hall: one straight into the former living room, the other to the right into the office. From the first door one could hear voices speaking in German and occasionally in French. There, in the former living room, at the sovereign’s request, not a military council was gathered (the sovereign loved uncertainty), but some people whose opinions on the upcoming difficulties he wanted to know. This was not a military council, but, as it were, a council of those elected to clarify certain issues personally for the sovereign. Invited to this semi-council were: the Swedish General Armfeld, Adjutant General Wolzogen, Wintzingerode, whom Napoleon called a fugitive French subject, Michaud, Tol, not a military man at all - Count Stein and, finally, Pfuel himself, who, as Prince Andrei heard, was la cheville ouvriere [the basis] of the whole matter. Prince Andrei had the opportunity to take a good look at him, since Pfuhl arrived soon after him and walked into the living room, stopping for a minute to talk with Chernyshev.
At first glance, Pfuel, in his poorly tailored Russian general's uniform, which sat awkwardly on him, as if dressed up, seemed familiar to Prince Andrei, although he had never seen him. It included Weyrother, Mack, Schmidt, and many other German theoretic generals whom Prince Andrei managed to see in 1805; but he was more typical than all of them. Prince Andrei had never seen such a German theoretician, who combined in himself everything that was in those Germans.
Pfuel was short, very thin, but broad-boned, of a rough, healthy build, with a wide pelvis and bony shoulder blades. His face was very wrinkled, with deep-set eyes. His hair in front, near his temples, was obviously hastily smoothed with a brush, and naively stuck out with tassels at the back. He, looking around restlessly and angrily, entered the room, as if he was afraid of everything in the large room into which he entered. He, holding his sword with an awkward movement, turned to Chernyshev, asking in German where the sovereign was. He apparently wanted to go through the rooms as quickly as possible, finish bowing and greetings and sit down to work in front of the map, where he felt at home. He hastily nodded his head at Chernyshev’s words and smiled ironically, listening to his words that the sovereign was inspecting the fortifications that he, Pfuel himself, had laid down according to his theory. He grumbled something bassily and coolly, as self-confident Germans say, to himself: Dummkopf... or: zu Grunde die ganze Geschichte... or: s"wird was gescheites d"raus werden... [nonsense... to hell with the whole thing... (German) ] Prince Andrei did not hear and wanted to pass, but Chernyshev introduced Prince Andrei to Pful, noting that Prince Andrei came from Turkey, where the war was so happily over. Pful almost looked not so much at Prince Andrei as through him, and said laughing: “Da muss ein schoner taktischcr Krieg gewesen sein.” [“It must have been a correctly tactical war.” (German)] - And, laughing contemptuously, he walked into the room from which voices were heard.
Apparently, Pfuhl, who was always ready for ironic irritation, was now especially excited by the fact that they dared to inspect his camp without him and judge him. Prince Andrei, from this one short meeting with Pfuel, thanks to his Austerlitz memories, compiled a clear description of this man. Pfuel was one of those hopelessly, invariably, self-confident people to the point of martyrdom, which only Germans can be, and precisely because only Germans are self-confident on the basis of an abstract idea - science, that is, the imaginary knowledge of perfect truth. The Frenchman is self-confident because he considers himself personally, both in mind and body, to be irresistibly charming to both men and women. An Englishman is self-confident on the grounds that he is a citizen of the most comfortable state in the world, and therefore, as an Englishman, he always knows what he needs to do, and knows that everything he does as an Englishman is undoubtedly good. The Italian is self-confident because he is excited and easily forgets himself and others. The Russian is self-confident precisely because he knows nothing and does not want to know, because he does not believe that it is possible to completely know anything. The German is the worst self-confident of all, and the firmest of all, and the most disgusting of all, because he imagines that he knows the truth, a science that he himself invented, but which is for him absolute truth. This, obviously, was Pfuhl. He had a science - the theory of physical movement, which he derived from the history of the wars of Frederick the Great, and everything that he encountered in the modern history of the wars of Frederick the Great, and everything that he encountered in the latest military history, seemed to him nonsense, barbarism, an ugly clash, in which so many mistakes were made on both sides that these wars could not be called wars: they did not fit the theory and could not serve as the subject of science.
In 1806, Pfuhl was one of the drafters of the plan for the war that ended with Jena and Auerstätt; but in the outcome of this war he did not see the slightest proof of the incorrectness of his theory. On the contrary, the deviations made from his theory, according to his concepts, were the only reason for the entire failure, and he, with his characteristic joyful irony, said: “Ich sagte ja, daji die ganze Geschichte zum Teufel gehen wird.” [After all, I said that the whole thing would go to hell (German)] Pfuel was one of those theorists who love their theory so much that they forget the purpose of theory - its application to practice; In his love for theory, he hated all practice and did not want to know it. He even rejoiced at failure, because failure, which resulted from a deviation in practice from theory, only proved to him the validity of his theory.
He said a few words with Prince Andrei and Chernyshev about real war with the expression of a man who knows in advance that everything will be bad and is not even dissatisfied with it. The unkempt tufts of hair sticking out at the back of his head and the hastily slicked temples especially eloquently confirmed this.
He walked into another room, and from there the bassy and grumbling sounds of his voice were immediately heard.

Before Prince Andrei had time to follow Pfuel with his eyes, Count Bennigsen hurriedly entered the room and, nodding his head to Bolkonsky, without stopping, walked into the office, giving some orders to his adjutant. The Emperor was following him, and Bennigsen hurried forward to prepare something and have time to meet the Emperor. Chernyshev and Prince Andrei went out onto the porch. The Emperor got off his horse with a tired look. Marquis Paulucci said something to the sovereign. The Emperor, bowing his head to the left, listened with a dissatisfied look to Paulucci, who spoke with particular fervor. The Emperor moved forward, apparently wanting to end the conversation, but the flushed, excited Italian, forgetting decency, followed him, continuing to say:
“Quant a celui qui a conseille ce camp, le camp de Drissa, [As for the one who advised the Drissa camp,” said Paulucci, while the sovereign, entering the steps and noticing Prince Andrei, peered into an unfamiliar face .

1. Title

The Finno-Ugric people were an autochthonous population between the Oka and Volga rivers; their tribes, the Estonians, All, Merya, Mordovians, and Cheremis, were part of the Gothic kingdom of Germanaric in the 4th century. The chronicler Nestor in the Ipatiev Chronicle indicates about twenty tribes of the Ural group (Ugric Finians): Chud, Livs, Vodi, Yam (Ӕm), all (also Severo ѿ of them on Belya ѡzerѣ sѣdѧt Vѣs), Karelians, Yugra, caves, Samoyeds, Permyaks (Perm ), Cheremis, casting, Zimgola, Cors, Norom, Mordovians, Meria (and on the Rostov ѡzere, and on the tick -blessed and ѡzer - the same), Murom (and ѡ ѡ ѡ ѡ ѡ ѡ ѡ ѡ ѡ ѡ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕ ӕs The Muscovites called all local tribes Chud from the indigenous Chud, and accompanied this name with irony, explaining it through the Muscovite weird, weird, strange. Now these peoples are completely assimilated by the Russians, they disappeared with ethnic map modern Russia forever, adding to the number of Russians and leaving only a wide range of their ethnic geographical names.

These are all the names of rivers from ending-wa: Moscow, Protva, Kosva, Silva, Sosva, Izva, etc. The Kama River has about 20 tributaries, the names of which end in na-va, means "water" in Finnish. From the very beginning, the Muscovite tribes felt their superiority over the local Finno-Ugric peoples. However, Finno-Ugric place names are found not only where these peoples today make up a significant part of the population, forming autonomous republics and national districts. Their distribution area is much larger, for example, Moscow.

According to archaeological data, the settlement area of ​​the Chud tribes in Eastern Europe remained unchanged for 2 thousand years. Beginning in the 9th century, the Finno-Ugric tribes of the European part of what is now Russia were gradually assimilated by Slavic colonists who came from Kievan Rus. This process formed the basis for the formation of modern Russian nation.

The Finno-Ugric tribes belong to the Ural-Altai group and a thousand years ago they were close to the Pechenegs, Cumans and Khazars, but were at a significantly lower level of social development than the others; in fact, the ancestors of the Russians were the same Pechenegs, only forest ones. At that time, these were the primitive and culturally most backward tribes of Europe. Not only in the distant past, but even at the turn of the 1st and 2nd millennia they were cannibals. The Greek historian Herodotus (5th century BC) called them androphages (eaters of people), and the chronicler Nestor, already during the period of the Russian state, called Samoyeds (Samoyed) .

Finno-Ugric tribes of a primitive gathering-hunting culture were the ancestors of the Russians. Scientists claim that the Moscow people received the greatest admixture of the Mongoloid race through the assimilation of the Finno-Ugric people, who came to Europe from Asia and partially absorbed the Caucasoid admixture even before the arrival of the Slavs. A mixture of Finno-Ugric, Mongolian and Tatar ethnic components contributed to the ethnogenesis of the Russians, which was formed with the participation of the Slavic tribes of the Radimichi and Vyatichi. Due to ethnic mixing with the Ugrofinans, and later with the Tatars and partly with the Mongols, Russians have an anthropological type that is different from the Kiev-Russian (Ukrainian). The Ukrainian diaspora jokes about this: “The eyes are narrow, the nose is plus - completely Russian.” Under the influence of the Finno-Ugric language environment, the formation of the Russian phonetic system (akanye, gekanya, ticking) took place. Today, “Ural” features are inherent to one degree or another in all the peoples of Russia: average height, wide face, nose, called “snub-nosed,” and sparse beard. The Mari and Udmurts often have eyes with the so-called Mongolian fold - epicanthus; they have very wide cheekbones and a thin beard. But at the same time she has blond and red hair, blue and gray eyes. The Mongolian fold is sometimes found among Estonians and Karelians. Komi are different: in those places where there are mixed marriages with adults, they are dark-haired and slanted, others are more reminiscent of Scandinavians, but with a slightly wider face.

According to the research of Meryanist Orest Tkachenko, “In the Russian people, connected on the maternal side with the Slavic ancestral home, the father was a Finn. On the paternal side, Russians descended from the Finno-Ugric peoples.” It should be noted that according to modern research halotypes of the Y-chromosome, in fact the situation was the opposite - Slavic men married women of the local Finno-Ugric population. According to Mikhail Pokrovsky, Russians are an ethnic mixture, in which Finns belong to 4/5, and Slavs -1/5. Remnants of Finno-Ugric culture in Russian culture can be traced in such features that are not found among other Slavic peoples: women's kokoshnik and sundress , men's shirt-shirt, bast shoes (bast shoes) in national costume, dumplings in dishes, style of folk architecture (tent buildings, porch), Russian bathhouse, sacred animal - bear, 5-tone singing scale, a-touch and vowel reduction, paired words like stitches-paths, arms-legs, alive and well, so-and-so, turnover I have(instead of I, characteristic of other Slavs) a fairytale beginning “once upon a time,” the absence of a rusal cycle, carols, the cult of Perun, the presence of a cult of birch rather than oak.

Not everyone knows that there is nothing Slavic in the surnames Shukshin, Vedenyapin, Piyashev, but they come from the name of the Shuksha tribe, the name of the war goddess Vedeno Ala, and the pre-Christian name Piyash. Thus, a significant part of the Finno-Ugrians was assimilated by the Slavs, and some, having converted to Islam, mixed with the Turks. Therefore, today Ugrofins do not make up the majority of the population even in the republics to which they gave their name. But, having dissolved in the mass of Russians (Rus. Russians), Ugrofins have retained their anthropological type, which is now perceived as typically Russian (Rus. Russian ) .

According to the vast majority of historians, the Finnish tribes had an extremely peaceful and gentle disposition. This is how the Muscovites themselves explain the peaceful nature of colonization, declaring that there were no military clashes, because written sources do not remember anything like that. However, as the same V.O. Klyuchevsky notes, “in the legends of Great Russia, some vague memories of the struggle that broke out in some places survived.”

3. Toponymy

Toponyms of Meryan-Erzyan origin in Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Ivanovo, Vologda, Tver, Vladimir, Moscow regions account for 70-80% (Vexa, Voksenga, Elenga, Kovonga, Koloksa, Kukoboy, lekht, Melexa, Nadoxa, Nero (Inero), Nux, Nuksha, Palenga, Peleng, Pelenda, Peksoma, Puzhbol, Pulokhta, Sara, Seleksha, Sonokhta, Tolgobol, otherwise, Sheksheboy, Shekhroma, Shileksha, Shoksha, Shopsha, Yakhrenga, Yakhrobol(Yaroslavl region, 70-80%), Andoba, Vandoga, Vokhma, Vokhtoga, Voroksa, Lynger, Mezenda, Meremsha, Monza, Nerekhta (flicker), Neya, Notelga, Onga, Pechegda, Picherga, Poksha, Pong, Simonga, Sudolga, Toekhta, Urma, Shunga, Yakshanga(Kostroma region, 90-100%), Vazopol, Vichuga, Kineshma, Kistega, Kokhma, Ksty, Landeh, Nodoga, Paks, Palekh, Parsha, Pokshenga, Reshma, Sarokhta, Ukhtoma, Ukhtokhma, Shacha, Shizhegda, Shileksa, Shuya, Yukhma etc. (Ivanovo region), Vokhtoga, Selma, Senga, Solokhta, Sot, Tolshma, Shuya and others. (Vologda region),"" Valdai, Koy, Koksha, Koivushka, Lama, Maksatikha, Palenga, Palenka, Raida, Seliger, Siksha, Syshko, Talalga, Udomlya, Urdoma, Shomushka, Shosha, Yakhroma etc. (Tver region), Arsemaki, Velga, Voininga, Vorsha, Ineksha, Kirzhach, Klyazma, Koloksha, Mstera, Moloksha, Mothra, Nerl, Peksha, Pichegino, Soima, Sudogda, Suzdal, Tumonga, Undol etc. (Vladimir region), Vereya, Vorya, Volgusha, Lama,