List of sulfonamide drugs for children. Group of sulfonamides and co-trimoxazole.

19.02.2019

Pharmacological action:

Indications:

Pharmacological action: Antimicrobial bacteriostatic agent, ultra-long-acting sulfonamide. The mechanism of action is due to competitive antagonism with PABA, inhibition of dihydropteroate synthetase, disruption of the synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid, necessary for the synthesis...

Myth: “Old” penicillin has long been overcome

There are many modern antibiotics, but Fleming's classic penicillin is used by doctors today, and in some cases they return to it after some experience with other drugs. The active substance still remains unchanged. He is the best at diagnosing. This applies, for example, to streptococcal angina or some pneumonia.

Myth: Antibiotics work on every infection

This is not true. Antibiotics treat only bacterial infections - they are effective, for example, in the case of streptococcal angina. There is no point in servicing them in case of viral infections. Therefore, influenza or jaundice do not apply. Most respiratory infections are viral in origin.

Indications: Infections caused by sensitive microorganisms: pneumonia, bronchitis, gonorrhea, sepsis, toxoplasmosis, sinusitis, otitis, inflammatory diseases of the biliary and urinary tract (cholecystitis, cystitis, pyelitis, urethritis), erysipelas, wound infections, trachoma, abscess...

Pharmacological action: Mafenide acetate is a sulfonamide, a broad-spectrum antimicrobial drug, active in vitro against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, pathogenic anaerobes (including Clostridium perfringens). Minimum bacteriostatic end...

Antibiotics and other interesting information

Human passions are stronger than the clinical contraindications caused by the above-mentioned serious conditions. Therefore, a potential group could use vasectomy, for example. Teratogenicity is defined as the development of fetal malformations, mainly due to factors such as various chemicals or radiation. The appearance of defects is difficult to tell at the beginning of pregnancy because they occur mainly during embryogenesis.

Gynecological care for women with epilepsy - contraception

Thalidomide granules androgen aminopterin, vitamin A, methotrexate B high doses retinoids: istretinoin, etretnik. Antiepileptic oral anticoagulants: coumarin, dicumarol. sex hormones female clomiphene rheumatoid arthritis streptomycin, digiddostreptomycin antiemetic: quinine, chloroquine, mefloquine mercury cytostatics. Specialists from different areas medicine has identified a list of diseases that should be especially careful when planning pregnancy, and in many medical institutions pregnancy is contraindicated.

Indications: Infected burns, purulent wounds, bedsores, trophic ulcers.

Pharmacological action: Antimicrobial bacteriostatic agent, sulfanilamide. The mechanism of action is due to competitive antagonism with PABA, inhibition of dihydropteroate synthetase, disruption of the synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid, necessary for the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines. ...

Optimal gynecological and obstetric care for women with epilepsy requires a multidisciplinary approach at different points in their lives. The use of antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy, their complex pharmacokinetics has a serious impact on birth defects in fetuses. The following antiepileptic contraceptives have been shown to reduce the effect of contraception.

The effect of antiepileptic drugs on oral contraceptives. Underestimation of the problems of serious internecine diseases poses many risks for women and their children, who are often diagnosed with birth defects development. The example of epilepsy is one of many. Chlorophyll, a healer, is a powerful and gentle microbial destroyer, but gentle on damaged tissue. Its mode of action is still the secret of nature, to the layman as true green magic. The greenery of living plants has always been a source of regeneration, relaxation, inspiration and healing.

Indications: Infections caused by sensitive microorganisms: diseases of the respiratory and biliary tract.

Pharmacological action: Antibacterial agent, has anti-inflammatory effect. Disintegrates in the intestines, forming 5-aminosalicylic acid and sulfadimethoxine, which have anti-inflammatory and antibacterial bacteriostatic effects (against diplococci, S...

Behind this color, the meaning of which is closely related to health and healing, has long been discovered important component plant life: chlorophyll. “Green blood,” as it is called, represents, along with other valuable compounds, fresh herbs the source of life, purification, restoration and healing of a person.

A ray of sun reaches a green leaf and a miracle is instantly created. The water and carbon dioxide molecules in the plant are disturbed - something that a chemist can obtain with difficulty and at high cost. At first there is only water and gas, and then, almost miraculously, these elements are transformed into living tissue and energy. Oxygen is released from plants to "liven" the air we breathe, sugar and other carbohydrates, and large number energy is quickly produced and developed on a living plant with complex photosynthetic processes.

Indications: Nonspecific ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease; rheumatoid arthritis (basic therapy).

Pharmacological action: Sulfanilamide drug for topical use. It has a wide spectrum of antibacterial action, which includes almost all microorganisms that can infect burn wounds: Escherichia coli, Proteus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Klebs...

How the entire process of photosynthesis is created is still a mystery, and this is one of those vital secrets that the scientist Dr. Kirchner talks about, on the border between the intelligent and the invisible. The discovery of the chlorophyll complex and its key role in the processes of photosynthesis has brought a ray of light into unlocking the mysteries of the plant world, and has also enabled a deeper understanding of the processes by which “green foods” can be true natural medicines.

Chlorophyll heals in the 1940s scientific research could demonstrate the remarkable effects that chlorophyll generates on humans. Highlighting the effects of accelerating wound healing, restoring and improving blood quality, and even some deodorizing effects, this compound has led to a real explosion of chlorophyll-based products, from toothpaste to chewing gum, juices, or even some types of paper. Gradually, however, it faded from public attention, becoming a subject of study only by those who realized that the value of chlorophyll, in fact of all fresh vegetables, could be a very special treatment.

Indications: Infected superficial wounds and burns with weak exudation, bedsores, trophic and long-term non-healing ulcers (including stump wounds), abrasions, skin grafts.

Famous American specialist, Dr. Bernard Jensen has been studying this plant substance for over 40 years, and the results he came up with were astounding: from liver disease, to anemia, from digestive disorders to... serious illnesses health conditions such as diabetes, asthma or even cancer, chlorophyll extracts, “green drinks” or simply a predominant green intake can lead to dramatic improvements in health. In fact, the hundreds of cases healed, as well as the extent of Dr. Jensen's activity, especially in the 90s, truly demonstrate the effectiveness of his treatment.

Indications: Infected superficial wounds and burns with weak exudation, bedsores, trophic and long-term non-healing ulcers (including stump wounds), abrasions, skin grafts.

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But what is the secret that makes the natural ingredients of green plants, rich in chlorophyll, play the role of “drugs”, having the huge advantage of being completely free of toxicity, regardless of the form of administration: juices, breast or even enemas, tablets, injections?

If in the case of hemoglobin the main compounds are carbon, oxygen and nitrogen, grouped around the iron atom, then in the case of chlorophyll we will find the same components, but grouped around the magnesium atom. Based on these findings, it was easy for psychotherapists to captivate the universe with plants, discovering that the administration of chlorophyll-rich “natural concentrates” caused rapid improvements in the quality of human blood. Several cases of anemia, resistant to classical forms of treatment, improved significantly after two weeks of use of drugs.

Sulfonamide drugs include a group of compounds with a common structural formula:
General structure of sulfonamides Para-aminobenzoic acid
Sulfonamides can be considered as derivatives of sulfanilic acid amide.
The chemotherapeutic activity of sulfonamide drugs was first discovered in 1935 by the German physician and researcher G. Domagk, who published data on the successful clinical use of prontosil (red

nal streptocide), synthesized as a dye. It was soon established that the “active principle” of red streptocide is sulfonamide (streptocide) formed during metabolism.
Subsequently, based on the sulfanilamide molecule, a large number of its derivatives were synthesized, some of which were widely used in medicine. The synthesis of various modifications of sulfonamides was carried out in the direction of creating more effective, long-acting and less toxic drugs.
For recent years use of sulfonamides in clinical practice decreased, since they are significantly inferior in activity to modern antibiotics and have relatively high toxicity. In addition, due to many years of, often uncontrolled and unjustified use of sulfonamides, most microorganisms have developed resistance to them.
Sulfonamides have a bacteriostatic effect on microorganisms. The mechanism of the bacteriostatic effect of sulfonamides is that these substances, having a structural similarity to para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), compete with it in the synthesis of folic acid, which is a growth factor for microorganisms.
Sulfonamides competitively inhibit dihydropteroate synthetase and also prevent the incorporation of para-aminobenzoic acid into dihydrofolic acid. Impaired synthesis of dihydrofolic acid reduces the formation of tetrahydrofolic acid from it, which is necessary for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidine bases (Fig. 37.1). As a result, synthesis is suppressed nucleic acids, which leads to inhibition of the growth and reproduction of microorganisms.
Sulfonamides do not disrupt the synthesis of dihydrofolic acid in the cells of the macroorganism, since the latter do not synthesize, but utilize the finished dihydrofolic acid.
In environments where there is a lot of PABA (pus, tissue decay), sulfonamides are ineffective. For the same reason, they have little effect in the presence of procaine (novocaine) and benzocaine (anesthesin), which hydrolyze to form PABA.
Long-term use of sulfonamides leads to the emergence of resistance on the part of microorganisms.
Initially, sulfonamides were active against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, but currently
Para-aminobenzoic acid ^ Dihydropteroate synthetase - *-» | Synthesis of purines and thymidine
DNA and RNA synthesis
Growth and reproduction of microorganisms Fig. 37.1. Mechanism of action of sulfonamides and trimethoprim.
many strains of staphylococci, streptococci, pneumococci, gonococci, and meningococci have become resistant. Sulfonamides retained their activity against nocardia, toxoplasma, chlamydia, malarial plasmodia and actinomycetes.
The main indications for prescribing sulfonamides are: nocardiosis, toxoplasmosis, tropical malaria resistant to chloroquine. In some cases, sulfonamides are used for coccal infections, bacillary dysentery, and infections caused by Escherichia coli.
Sulfonamides practically do not differ from each other in their spectrum of activity. The main difference between sulfonamides lies in their pharmacokinetic properties. Sulfonamides for resorptive action (well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract) Short-acting (t1/2 action (t1/210-24 h)
Sulfadiazine (Sulfazine), sulfamethoxazole. Long-acting (tI/2 24-48 h)
Sulfadimethoxine, sulfamonomethoxine. Extra long-acting (t]/2>48 h)
Sulfamethoxypyrazine (Sulfalene). Sulfonamides acting in the intestinal lumen (poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract)
Phthalylsulfathiazole (Fthalazol), sulfaguanidine (Sulgin). Sulfonamides for topical use
Sulfacetamide (Sulfacyl sodium, Albucid), silver sulfadiazine, silver sulfathiazole (Argosulfan). Combined preparations of sulfonamides and salicylic acid
Salazosulfapyridine (Sulfasalazine), salazopyridazine (Salazodin), Salazodimethoxine. Combination preparations of sulfonamides with trimethoprim
Co-trimoxazole (Bactrim, Biseptol), lidaprim, sulfatone, poteseptil.
Drugs for resorptive action are well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. The highest concentrations in the blood are created by drugs with short and medium duration of action. Long- and extra-long-acting drugs bind to blood plasma proteins to a greater extent. They are distributed throughout all tissues, pass through the blood-brain barrier, the placenta, and accumulate in the serous cavities of the body. The main pathway for the conversion of sulfonamides in the body is acetylation, which occurs in the liver. The degree of acetylation varies for different drugs. Acetylated metabolites are pharmacologically inactive. The solubility of acetylated metabolites is significantly worse than that of the parent sulfonamides, especially at acidic urine pH, which can lead to the formation of crystals in the urine (crystalluria). Sulfonamides and their metabolites are excreted primarily by the kidneys.
Sulfanilamide is one of the first antimicrobial drugs with a sulfanilamide structure. Currently, the drug is practically not used due to low efficiency and high toxicity.
Sulfathiazole, sulphaethidol, sulfadimidine and sulphacarbamide are used 4-6 times a day. Urosulfan is used to treat
urinary tract infections, since the drug is excreted unchanged by the kidneys and creates high concentrations in the urine. Sulfamethoxazole is part of the combination drug “Co-trimoxazole”. Sulfa - monomethoxine and Sulfadimethoxine are prescribed 1-2 times a day.
Sulfamethoxypyrazine is used daily for acute or rapidly occurring infectious processes, once every 7-10 days for chronic, long-term infections.
Resorptive sulfonamides cause many side effects. When used, blood system disorders (anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia), hepatotoxicity, allergic reactions (skin rashes, fever, agranulocytosis), and dyspeptic disorders are possible. With acidic urine pH values, crystalluria occurs. To prevent the occurrence of crystalluria, sulfonamides must be taken with alkaline mineral water or soda solution.
Sulfonamides acting in the intestinal lumen are practically not absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and create high concentrations in the intestinal lumen, therefore they are used in the treatment of intestinal infections (bacillary dysentery, enterocolitis), as well as for the prevention of intestinal infections in the postoperative period. However, at present, many strains of intestinal pathogens have acquired resistance to sulfonamides. To increase the effectiveness of treatment, simultaneously with sulfonamides acting in the intestinal lumen, it is advisable to prescribe well-absorbed drugs (Etazol, Sulfadimezin, etc.), since the causative agents of intestinal infections are localized not only in the lumen, but also in the intestinal wall. When taking drugs of this group, B vitamins should be prescribed, since sulfonamides inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli, which is involved in the synthesis of B vitamins.
Silver sulfadiazine
Phthalylsulfathiazole has an antimicrobial effect after the cleavage of phthalic acid and the release of the amino group. The active principle of phthalylsulfathiazole is norsulfazole.
Phthalylsulfathiazole is prescribed 4-6 times a day. The drug is low toxic. There are practically no side effects.
Sulfaguanidine is similar in action to phthalylsulfathiazole.
Sulfacetamide is a sulfonamide for topical use, which is used in ophthalmic practice in the form of solutions (10-20-30%) and ointments (10-20-30%) for conjunctivitis, blepharitis, purulent corneal ulcers and gonorrheal eye diseases. The drug is usually well tolerated. Sometimes, especially when using more concentrated solutions, it is observed irritant effect; in these cases, solutions of lower concentrations are prescribed.
Silver sulfadiazine and silver sulfate azole are distinguished by the presence of a silver atom in the molecule, which enhances their antibacterial effect. The drugs are used topically in the form of ointments for burn and wound infections.
tions, trophic ulcers, bedsores. When using drugs, allergic skin reactions may develop.
Combination drugs that combine fragments of sulfanilamide and salicylic acid in their structure include salazosulfapyridine, salazopyridazine, salazodimethoxin. In the large intestine, under the influence of microflora, hydrolysis of these compounds occurs to 5-aminosalicylic acid and the sulfanilamide component. All these drugs have antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects. Used for nonspecific ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, as well as basic agents in the treatment rheumatoid arthritis.
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Salazosulfapyridine
Salazosulfapyridine (sulfasalazine) is an azo compound of sulfapyridine with salicylic acid. The drug is prescribed orally. When taking the drug, allergic reactions, dyspeptic symptoms, burning in the rectum, and leukopenia may occur.
Salazopyridazine and salazodimethoxine have similar properties.
Trimethoprim is a pyrimidine derivative that has a bacteriostatic effect. The drug blocks the reduction of dihydrofolic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid due to inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase.
The affinity of trimethoprim for bacterial dihydrofolate reductase is 50,000 times higher than for mammalian cell dihydrofolate reductase.
The combination of trimethoprim with sulfonamides is characterized by a bactericidal effect and a wide spectrum of antibacterial action, including microflora resistant to many antibiotics and conventional sulfonamides.
The most well-known drug from this group is Co-trimoxazol, which is a combination of 5 parts of sulfamethoxazole (sulfonamide of medium duration of action) and 1 part of trimethoprim. The choice of sulfamethoxazole as a component of Co-trimoxazole is due to the fact that it has the same elimination rate as trimethoprim.
Co-trimoxazole is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, penetrates many organs and tissues, and creates high concentrations in bronchial secretions, bile, urine, and prostate gland. Penetrates through the BBB, especially during inflammation of the meninges. It is excreted mainly in the urine.
The drug is used for respiratory and urinary tract infections, surgical and wound infections, and brucellosis.

This is not surprising when you consider that chlorophyll is one of the best and most complete mineral supplements in the plant kingdom. Additionally, unlike mineral supplements that are currently sold on a large scale, these extracts are extremely easy for the body to absorb, absorbing into the bloodstream soon after ingestion.

Health disorders that can be treated with chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is one of the best stimulants for red blood cell regeneration. Due to its composition being very similar to that of hemoglobin, a 1-2 month treatment with the "green elixir" can radically change the condition of those suffering from anemia. Slow inaccuracies due to jamming, rotting colitis. Cooked foods, as well as “modern” foods, break down in the intestines faster than natural herbs. In the intestines, meat rots and degrades faster than any other food.

When using the drug there are side effects, characteristic of sulfonamides with resorptive action. Co-trimoxazole is contraindicated in cases of severe dysfunction of the liver, kidneys and hematopoiesis. The drug should not be prescribed during pregnancy.
Similar drugs are: lidaprim (sulfametrol + trimethoprim), sulfatone (sulfamonomethoxine + trimethoprim), poteseptil (sulfadimezin + trimethoprim).

For most people, after several decades of life, the colon is already heavily loaded with sediment that cannot be eliminated, creating a constant source of toxicity for the body. Chlorophyll, due to their dramatic action, antiseptic and anti-personnel effects, stops and eliminates the problems caused by such foods. Liver disorders. Unpleasant odors bodies. Menstrual irregularities, eczema, which occur due to endocrine imbalances, acne in all forms.

Especially long and painful menstruation, uterine bleeding and disorders of the gonad and adrenal cortex that tend to return and resist traditional treatments can be significantly improved by consuming chlorophyll daily gastritis, stomach ulcers and other stomach problems. Recent studies in Germany on dozens of patients with stomach ulcers have shown that chlorophyll extracts can significantly speed up regeneration and recovery. Significant pain relief occurred within 24 to 72 hours of administration, and in 78% of the patients participating in the experiment, the ulcers were completely cured within a period of 2 to 7 weeks at the start of intensive therapy.