A message about the Yakuts and their traditions. Customs and holidays of the Yakuts. Festive customs of the Yakuts

03.05.2019

Due to the fact that these people live far from civilization, and they themselves sometimes live hundreds of kilometers from each other, polygamy is common among the Yakuts. This is also due to the fact that there are not enough men, and they are the main force in housekeeping. The woman looks after the home, and the man sometimes goes to the pastures for months to feed the horses. They are the main source of food for this people.

There can be as many wives as you like. The main task of a husband is to be able to feed his family. The first wife is given a place of honor. She is in charge over all the other wives, who must obey her unquestioningly in everything.

As soon as the guy chooses his betrothed, matchmaking begins. The final word remains with the young man. If she agrees to leave the house and become a wife, she silently nods her head at the groom’s proposal.

After deciding to get married, the groom's father or older brother goes to the young woman. Their task is to agree on the dowry. In most cases it is determined by the number of horses and meat. The bride's family gives them irds. This is a ransom gift, which in terms of its value should be several times cheaper than the bride price.
It should be noted that Yakut weddings are very interesting from the point of view of national rituals, costumes and the musical component. Therefore, based on these traditions, Moscow wedding agencies often hold thematic and stylized events, inviting real shamans and Yakut artists.

Yakuts hold weddings in winter. It is in frosty conditions that animal meat can be stored well and for a long time. Many bags of horse meat are brought to the bride's house. This is not only bride price, but also the main treat at the wedding table. The groom is the last to enter the house. He enters the house with his eyes closed and his head bowed. With his hand he holds on to the whip, by which his older brother leads him.
He kneels down and receives a blessing from the bride’s parents in front of the icon. Since turnkey weddings are held only in the European version, the main thing is actor A shaman performs at a ritual wedding. He circles around the groom with a tambourine, predicting him future fate and conjuring the happiness and well-being of a young family.

After the ceremony, it is time for dinner, and all the guests sit down at the table. Nobody goes home. Everyone stays overnight at the bride's house. At this time and for the next few days, the bride lives with her relatives.

The next morning the guests leave. Only the young parents and the groom remain in the house. He will have to go through a series of tests that his future father-in-law has prepared for him. After a few days he is released home. Now he has the right to come to his beloved’s house at any time and see her.

The bride also undergoes the same test, after which she has the right to stay in the groom's house.

According to Yakut law, they are now husband and wife.

The husband has the right to terminate the relationship if the woman does not bear him a son. In this case, the girl’s father is obliged to return the entire bride price. If the young couple do not get along in character, they can divorce, but in this case the bride price remains in the young woman’s house.

The Yakuts, who call themselves Sakha (Sakhalar) are a people that, according to archaeological and ethnographic research, was formed as a result of the mixing of Turkic tribes with the population in the region of the middle reaches of the Lena River. The process of formation of the nationality ended approximately in the 14th – 15th centuries. Some groups, for example, the Yakut reindeer herders, formed much later as a result of mixing with the Evenks in the north-west of the region.

The Sakha belong to the North Asian type of the Mongoloid race. The life and culture of the Yakuts are closely intertwined with the Central Asian peoples of Turkic origin, however, due to a number of factors, it differs significantly from them.

The Yakuts live in a region with a sharply continental climate, but at the same time they have managed to master cattle breeding and even agriculture. Severe weather conditions also affected national clothes. Yakut brides even use fur coats as wedding attire.

Culture and life of the people of Yakutia

The Yakuts trace their ancestry back to nomadic tribes. That's why they live in yurts. However, unlike the Mongolian felt yurts, the round dwelling of the Yakuts is built from the trunks of small trees with a cone-shaped steel roof. There are many windows in the walls, under which sun loungers are located at different heights. Partitions are installed between them, forming a semblance of rooms, and a smear hearth is tripled in the center. In the summer, temporary birch bark yurts - uras - can be erected. And since the 20th century, some Yakuts have been settling in huts.

Their life is connected with shamanism. Building a house, having children and many other aspects of life do not take place without the participation of a shaman. On the other hand, a significant part of the half-million Yakut population professes Orthodox Christianity or even adheres to agnostic beliefs.

The most characteristic cultural phenomenon is the poetic stories of the Olonkho, which can number up to 36 thousand rhymed lines. The epic is passed down from generation to generation between master performers, and more recently these stories have been included in the list of intangible cultural heritage UNESCO. Good memory and high life expectancy are some of the distinctive features of the Yakuts.

In connection with this feature, a custom arose according to which a dying person old man calls for someone from younger generation and tells him about all his social connections - friends, enemies. The Yakuts are distinguished by their social activity, even though their settlements consist of several yurts located at an impressive distance. The main social relations take place during major holidays, the main one of which is the holiday of kumis - Ysyakh.

No less characteristic of Yakut culture is throat singing and playing music in national instrument khomus, one of the variants of the mouth harp. Yakut knives with an asymmetrical blade deserve special attention. Almost every family has a similar knife.

Traditions and customs of the people of Yakutia

The customs and rituals of the Yakuts are closely related to folk beliefs. Even many Orthodox or agnostics follow them. The structure of beliefs is very similar to Shintoism - each manifestation of nature has its own spirit, and shamans communicate with them. The foundation of a yurt and the birth of a child, marriage and burial are not complete without rituals.

It is noteworthy that until recently, Yakut families were polygamous, each wife of one husband had her own household and home. Apparently, under the influence of assimilation with the Russians, the Yakuts nevertheless switched to monogamous cells of society.

Important place In the life of every Yakut, the holiday of kumys Ysyakh takes place. Various rituals are designed to appease the gods. Hunters glorify Baya-Bayanaya, women - Aiyysyt. The holiday is crowned by a general sun dance - osoukhai. All participants join hands and arrange a huge round dance.

Fire has sacred properties at any time of the year. Therefore, every meal in a Yakut house begins with serving the fire - throwing food into the fire and sprinkling it with milk. Feeding the fire is one of the key moments of any holiday or business.

History and origin

According to a common hypothesis, the ancestors of modern Yakuts are a nomadic tribe , who lived until the 14th century in Transbaikalia. In turn, came to the lake area from across the river .

Most scientists believe that in - n. e. Yakuts in several waves from the lake area to the pool , And , where they partially assimilated and partially displaced (Tungus) and (oduls) who lived here earlier . The Yakuts traditionally engaged ( ), having received unique experience breeding cattle in a sharply continental climate in northern latitudes, ( ), fishing, hunting, developed trade, blacksmithing and military affairs.

According to Yakut legends , the ancestors of the Yakuts rafted down the Lena on rafts with livestock, household belongings and people until they discovered the valley - suitable for cattle breeding. Nowadays there is a modern . According to the same legends, the ancestors of the Yakuts were led by two leaders And .

According to archaeological and ethnographic data, the Yakuts were formed as a result of the absorption of local tribes from the middle reaches of the Lena by southern Turkic-speaking settlers. It is believed that the last wave of the southern ancestors of the Yakuts penetrated the Middle Lena in - . Racially, the Yakuts belong to the Central Asian anthropological type of the North Asian race. Compared to other Turkic-speaking peoples of Siberia, they are characterized by the strongest manifestation of the Mongoloid complex, the final formation of which took place in the middle of the second millennium AD already on the Lena.

About 94% of Yakuts genetically belong to . The common ancestor of all Yakut N1a1 lived 1300 years ago. They also have a certain distribution And .

It is assumed that some groups of Yakuts, for example, reindeer herders of the north-west, arose relatively recently as a result of the mixing of individual groups with the Yakuts, people from the central regions of Yakutia. In the process of resettlement to Eastern Siberia, the Yakuts mastered the northern river basins , , , And . Yakuts modified Tungus, created the Tungus-Yakut type of sled reindeer herding.

The coexistence of the Yakut nomads with other peoples was not always peaceful: for example, the legendary Khangalas toyon was killed by the Evenks (Tungus) who rebelled against him. His famous grandson Toyon unsuccessfully tried to unite the Yakut tribes in the 1620s, but ultimately was forced to submit to the Russians.

Some historians believe that the unification activities was caused by the transition of the Yakut tribes to an early class society and the prerequisites that arose then for the emergence of a proto-state among them. Others draw attention to the too harsh methods in his policy, which did not lead to the subordination of other clans, but, on the contrary, repelled even some associates, promoting decentralization.

The inclusion of the Yakuts in the Russian state in - years accelerated their socio-economic and cultural development. IN - the main occupation of the Yakuts was cattle breeding (breeding cattle and horses); from the second half of the 19th century, a significant part began to engage in agriculture; hunting and fishing played a supporting role. The main type of dwelling was a log booth, in summer - a collapsible . Clothes were made from skins and fur. In the second half most of the Yakuts were converted to , however, traditional beliefs were also preserved.

Under Russian influence, Christian Christianity spread among the Yakuts. , almost completely replacing pre-Christian Yakut names . Currently, the Yakuts have both names of Greek and Latin origin (Christian), and .

Culture and life

Yakuts ( )

In traditional farming and material culture Yakuts have many features similar to the culture of pastoralists . In the Middle Lena, a model of the Yakut economy has developed, combining cattle breeding and extensive types of trade (fishing and hunting) and their material culture, adapted to the climate of Eastern Siberia. In particular, we can note the unique breeds And perfectly adapted to life in harsh climatic conditions. In the north of Yakutia, a distinctive type of sled reindeer herding is also common.

The dwelling was a log booth ( booth ; Yakut ) And cheers ), covered with birch bark. Since the 20th century the Yakuts began to build .

In ancient times, the indigenous peoples of the north of Yakutia (including the Yakuts) bred a breed of dogs, which was called " " Also common is the courtyard breed of large , distinguished by their unpretentiousness.

An ancient epic passed down from generation to generation by storytellers ( Olonkho ) included in the list of World intangible heritage .

Yakut folk singers used .

The most famous musical instrument - Yakut version And string instrument kylykhakh (kyryimpa)

Just as at family gatherings the main role belongs to the elders, so in the family the first role belongs to the eldest: “who is older is the head, and the most important is the father.” The decrepitude of the parents leads, however, to the transfer of power in the family to the eldest of the rest, and then the position of the parents becomes extremely difficult.

Exogamy and stable marriage finally destroyed the independence of the Yakut woman, excluding her from members of the clan. There was no place for her outside the family, and at the head of the new family found herself her ruler - her husband, whose treatment was often distinguished by severity; the wife is just a powerless worker. The girl’s position after the death of her parents is also difficult: she is doomed to eternal submission and defiance of all her relatives. An orphaned daughter or a young childless widow is forced to wander from one guardian to another or live with one of them as a dumb worker.

For a wife, the bride price is usually paid. Parents sometimes marry their children at a very early age. The bride's participation in the conspiracy is very weak; Rarely will they ask for her consent, and this is a recent innovation. Violation of marital fidelity by a wife is usually condemned only in words, but in essence, except for the husband, everyone looks at it condescendingly. Yakuts generally do not see anything immoral in illegal love, unless no one suffers material damage from it.

The birth of an illegitimate child by a girl is not considered a disgrace; her parents reproach her only because matchmaking for her may reduce the size of the bride price. The feeling of love, however, is familiar; they know how to appreciate it, as can be seen in Yakut songs and epics, where the description of love scenes is distinguished by a bright, passionate color. The introduction of the bride into the groom's house is often accompanied by rituals simulating the abduction of the bride. All this, obviously, is a remnant of the past, when brides were taken from someone else’s family by abduction.

The Yakuts welcome children because they place hope in them as future breadwinners and support in old age. An abundance of children is considered a blessing from God and Yakut marriages are generally quite prolific. There is almost no childcare: in the summer they are completely left to their own devices. The Yakuts teach children to work gradually, from the very beginning. early childhood; from the age of 10, a Yakut child begins to be considered as a half-adult. Yakut children are diligent and understanding in science; in the Yakut gymnasium, especially in the lower classes, they are ahead of the Russians. All diseases, according to the Yakuts, come from evil spirits (yor); their treatment should consist of expelling spirits from the body or appeasing these uninvited guests (through fire or various shamanic rituals).

Natalia Karlova
Lesson summary “Introduction to Yakut traditions, rituals and customs”

Target:

Tasks: introduce cultural traditions and spiritual wealth Yakut people, expand knowledge about Yakut folklore, activate the dictionary, Yakut words(algys, uoot ichchite, ysyakh, kumys, tyusyulge, salama, osuokhay, choroon, toyuk, deybiir). To cultivate love for the native land, to protect and respect folk Yakut traditions.

Material: chooron, horse tail, birch bark, shavings, tray, sand, stones, jar, matches, kumiss, cake, stick, salamat, TSO.

Preliminary work:

I. Meeting guests. "Toyuk" (throat singing)

II. Getting to know the holiday"Ysyakh".

Today we are visiting the People of Sakha. The majority of the population in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) reside Yakuts who have customs and traditions, which are passed on from generation to generation. among the people They say: "No traditions, there are no people".

Why do you think? (children's answers)

If they are not followed traditions, then this people will be eradicated, that is, they will disappear and forget everything traditions.

One of customs We held the people of Sakha at the beginning classes- this is a greeting of guests with good wishes "Algys" and with the spirit of fire - "Woot ichchite". Each of us has this source of heat among our people.

Where do you think he is? What is the source of heat in the house? (children's answers)

Every house has a fireplace, in the apartments where you and I live there is an electric stove, and among the traveling reindeer herders and hunters there is a fire.

Why is it called that? "spirit of fire"? (children's answers)

Let's repeat it together "Woot ichchite".

In the people of Sakha, everyone worships and bless the spirit of fire; cajoles this one rite the oldest in age, and in the house this is done by the mistress.

Why is this being done, do you think? (children's answers)

This is done to ensure good luck and health for everyone.

III. Dynamic pause.

IV. All these rituals and customs meet on national holidays. And now we are with you Let's get acquainted with one of these Yakut holidays -"Ysyakh". "Ysyakh" for the people of Sakha it is a New Year holiday, the universal birthday of Nature and Man. The festival is held in the summer. The festival celebrates national heroes, the blessing of fire, water, hunting and the birth of a child.

Why do you think this holiday is called the birth of Nature and Man (children’s answers (awakening nature)

Let's repeat it together "Ysyakh". "Ysyakh"- got its name from the word "Ys"- sprinkle, sprinkle. (Repeat the word.)

Prepare for the holiday in advance. Before the holiday, they choose a place where the celebration should take place. This is a flat wide field called "Tyusulge". Repeat.

"Tyusulge" decorate around (planted) young birch trees, to which a rope is tied ponytail, and decorate the sacred place where the fire is lit. The rope decoration is called "Salamat".

After a long winter, the people of Sakha could gather together and have fun at the holiday from souls: drinking kumis, national dishes. "Koumiss"- this is the national drink Yakuts which is made from mare's milk (horses). Kumis is drunk from "Choroona"- This is a national dish made from a birch trunk, with carved patterns.

The elder kneels on his left knee in front of the fire, raising "Choroon" right hand and says good wishes. When casting a spell, sprays the horse's tail (daybiir) into kumys on fire. The elder casts a spell before bonfire:

Lord, Yuryung Aiyy, the day of your remembrance has come! I feed you through the fire, the sun, the man you created, I treat you through pure fire. I honor you through the fire, the sun!

And invoked God's blessing exclamations: “Uruuy, aikhal!”(says hello, stretching out his hands to the sun)

The call to repeat with children.

Who conducts holiday ritual?

What is the elder holding in his hands? (daybiir, choroon)

What's in Choroon?

What is Kumis?

"Ysyakh"- associated with a good and bright beginning and hopes for the future. The women wore all their best clothes and jewelry. At the festival, special attention is paid to the concert, national games and competitions, which are an exchange of luck and happiness. Competitions are held in jumping on one leg, tug-of-war, horse racing, and outdoor games. While applauding, the winners are awarded meat and kumis.

I suggest you hold small competitions too.

V. Dynamic pause.

"Kuobakhsyt" (Long jump on two legs)

"Tug of Stick"

VI. "Osuokhoy"

National holiday "Ysyakh" ends with a friendly circle dance "Osuokhoy" which is accompanied by singing. This dance symbolizes the single life circle of the Sun. And in our conclusion acquaintance I suggest you start dancing "Osuokhoy".

VII. Reflection.

Which holiday moment did you like best?

What words on Yakut language you remember?

Treat with kumis and flatbread.

Publications on the topic:

Integrated educational activity for children of senior preschool age “Acquaintance with Ukrainian folk traditions” Integrated educational activity for children of senior preschool age “Acquaintance with Ukrainian folk traditions» Purpose: -familiarization of elders.

Summary of educational activities for introducing children of the second junior group to the traditions of the family “Guests have come to us” Summary of educational activities with children of the 2nd junior group, teacher Rakova Faina Kirillovna Topic: “Guests have come to us.” Objectives: 1. Foster tolerance.

Abstract of GCD in the senior group “Acquaintance with the traditions of the Khakass and Russian peoples” Abstract directly educational activities in the senior group on the topic: familiarization with the traditions of the Khakass and Russian peoples.

Summary of a lesson on introducing preschoolers to the traditions of celebrating Christmas among the Mordovians Goal: to introduce children to the national tradition of celebrating Russian Christmas and Mordovian peoples. Objectives: - To develop interest in children.

Consultation for teachers “Introducing preschoolers to the life and traditions of the Russian people” Consultation for teachers “Acquaintance of preschool children with the life and traditions of the Russian people” Education of patriotic, spiritual and moral people.

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Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution

Higher professional education

NATIONAL RESEARCH

IRKUTSK STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

Institute of Architecture and Construction

Department of Urban Construction and Economy

ABSTRACT

Yakuts: Ttradition, byt, Toculture

Completed by: student of group EUNbz-12 P.N. Sveshnikov

Accepted by: teacher V.G. Zhitov

Standard control V.G. Zhitov

Irkutsk 2014

Introduction

1.3 Culture

a) religion

b) art

1.4 Traditions

a) crafts

b) home

c) clothes

d) National cuisine

Conclusion

References

Introduction

We must always remember this. Almost four centuries have passed since Yakutia became part of the Russian state. The entire path traveled by the Yakuts and other northern peoples during this time, those historical events and the phenomena that occurred in their history during this period, the traditional friendship of the Yakut and Russian peoples irrefutably indicate that the entry of Yakutia into Russia was an event of enormous progressive significance.

The Yakuts are a people whose traditions and culture are little known to other peoples. That's why I became interested in this topic.

Friendship of peoples, harmony and peace between peoples is a very fragile and delicate thing. Therefore, in our time the national issue is very acute, and interethnic conflicts often arise. Some peoples consider themselves superior in importance and allow themselves to humiliate and destroy other peoples.

Objectives: To study the characteristics of the Yakuts as a people, to learn about their traditions, culture, way of life, language, clothing, national cuisine and faith.

To achieve the goal, I worked with literature in the city and school libraries, I used encyclopedias: Great encyclopedia Cyril and Methodius, Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Russia, theoretical materials textbooks for grades 8 and 9 on Russian geography (

I believe that the content of my work can be used in geography, history, etc. extracurricular activities and in elective courses.

I. Yakuts. Tradition. Life Culture

1.1 General characteristics of Yakutia

Self-name Sakha sakhauryanghai. The Yakuts have their own autonomy, the Republic of Yakutia (Sakha). YAKUTIA (Republic of Sakha), a republic in the Russian Federation. Area 3103.2 thousand km2 (including the New Siberian Islands). Population 973.8 thousand people (2001), urban 66%; Yakuts, Russians, Ukrainians, Evenks, Evens, Chukchi. 33 districts, 13 cities. The capital is Yakutsk. Yakutia (Republic of Sakha) is freely spread out in the northeast of the country. This is the largest of the Russian republics: its area is about 3 million km2, i.e. a fifth of the entire territory of the Russian Federation. How far Yakutia is from the European part of Russia can be judged simply because local time is six hours ahead of Moscow.

Yakutia is located in the north of Eastern Siberia and includes the New Siberian Islands. More than 1/3 of the territory is located beyond the Arctic Circle. Most of it is occupied by vast mountain systems, highlands and plateaus. In the west there is the Central Siberian Plateau, bounded on the east by the Central Yakut Lowland. In the east are the Verkhoyansky and Chersky ridges (height up to 3147 m) and the Yano-Oymyakon Highlands located between them. In the south are the Aldan Highlands and the border Stanovoy Range. In the northern part there are the North Siberian, Yana-Indigirsk and Kolyma lowlands. In the northeast is the Yukagir Plateau.

It is washed by the Laptev and East Siberian seas. Large rivers - Lena (with tributaries Olekma, Aldan and Vilyui), Anabar, Olenek, Yana, Indigirka, Alazeya, Kolyma. Vilyui Reservoir. Over 700 lakes: Mogotoevo, Nerpichye, Nedzheli, etc.

Most of the territory of Yakutia is located in the middle taiga zone, which to the north gives way to forest-tundra and tundra zones. The soils are predominantly frozen-taiga, sod-forest, alluvial-meadow, mountain-forest and tundra-gley.

Yakutia - plateaus, plateaus and mountains. In the northeast, the Verkhoyansk Range bends in a giant arc. Its peaks soared to a height of more than two kilometers. The chains of mountains separating the basins of the Yana, Indigirka and Kolyma rivers extend mainly in the northern and northwestern directions. Breaking through to the ocean, some rivers create narrow valleys in mountain ranges. The most striking example is the so-called Lena Pipe, 2-4 km wide. The lowlands - North Siberian, Yana-Indigirsk, Kolyma - stretch in the far north. The highest point of the region is Mount Pobeda (3147 m) in the Ulakhan-Chistai ridge. According to the geological age of Yakutia - ancient land, which over many millions of years has accumulated in its depths incalculable wealth and experienced various events. On its territory, even a trace from the impact of a huge meteorite body was found - the so-called Popigai crater. It was only in the 20th century that the treasures of this region began to be discovered; their exploration and development required enormous material costs, and above all, the courage and bravery of the pioneers.

Most of the plains and plateaus are covered with forests, dominated by Daurian larch (in Yakut “tit-mas”). The wide distribution of this tree is explained by its adaptability to harsh conditions. Pine forests are found on sandy terraces of large rivers - Lena, Aldan, Vilyuy, Olekma. The summer landscape in the Yakut taiga is very beautiful: the sun's glare falls on a carpet of moss and lingonberries. There is almost no undergrowth - only young larch trees with even more delicate colored needles. In autumn the forest turns golden; on cloudy September days it seems to be illuminated from within. Thanks to the windless weather, the taiga remains covered in gold until the snowfalls.

Charans are often found - areas where vegetation is combined with bare soils. Birch trees grow from trees in such bald spots, feather grass and other representatives of the steppes grow from grasses. It’s a paradox, but southern plants come very close to the Arctic Circle. The reason lies in the peculiarities of the climate (in summer in Yakutia it is similar to the steppe), as well as in the nature of the soils, which are well moistened when the upper frozen layer melts.

As a result of the melting of ice, alases are formed - shallow (up to 6 - 10 m) depressions of varying areas (from hundreds to tens of thousands of square meters). The bottom of the alass is flat; in its center you can sometimes see an overgrown lake. Usually the alas are treeless, only occasionally do birches grow on them - singly or in groups, and mostly dense grass dominates. The soil of the Yakut alas is highly saline, often salty and the water in short-lived lakes. Therefore, before brewing tea - thick in Yakut style - the traveler should taste the lake water. Alas attract elk, wapiti, and roe deer, which come to feast on the lush grass and exposed salt.

At higher elevations, the taiga gradually thins out and turns into thin-trunked forest; then swamps with hummocks and blueberry thickets appear. Even higher begins the belt of shrubs or dwarf cedar, moving along which is reminiscent of walking on a trampoline: the creeping branches spring and throw the traveler up. The most high peaks They are chars covered with kurums, tongues of “stone rivers” descending into the forest zone. Under a pile of stones, at a depth of one and a half meters, you can see ice; In such natural freezers, hunters preserve meat for future use.

In the north of Yakutia, the taiga gives way to forest-tundra, and on the coast of the Arctic Ocean, a wide border of lichen tundra extends. There is even a strip of arctic tundra (in the northwest). Tiny creeping birches grow on the flat, swampy interfluves. The frozen ground is covered with cracks, which fill with water in the summer. In the valleys of large rivers, the landscape comes to life: meadows and low-growing larches appear, bent by the winds. Perhaps, if you choose a symbol of the Republic of Sakha, then the larch would be the most suitable.

Natural conditions also determine the nature of the animal world. In the past, sable was considered the main wealth of Yakutia. Centuries of predatory extermination have led to the fact that this animal is only occasionally found in inaccessible areas. Now the main game animals are squirrel, arctic fox, mountain hare, fox, ermine, weasel.

A small, fluffy chipmunk is often encountered. If, having met him, you stop for a while and freeze, he will definitely try to get a better look at the stranger. Another animal that lives in the tundra is the lemming. It is covered with thick fur, which protects it from the cold. The Yakuts know: there are a lot of lemmings - the main food of arctic foxes - and the hunting season will be successful.

Of the large ungulates, the taiga is home to elk, wapiti, musk deer, and roe deer. In the past, wild deer were hunted, but now this animal is rare; its place was taken by domestic deer, which is used as a draft animal.

The large bighorn sheep found in the mountains is protected. The Ussuri tiger can occasionally wander into the south-eastern regions of Yakutia from the Ussuri forests. A stuffed tiger killed in 1905 is on display in the Yakutsk Museum. near the village of Ust-Maya on Aldan. The predator then killed several herd horses and was discovered by huge tracks.

Numerous water arteries intersect from south to north of the territory of Yakutia. Lena, Anabar, Olenyok, Yana, Indigirka, Kolyma and other rivers carry their waters to the Arctic Ocean. The warmest of the rivers “heat” the bottoms of the valleys, as a result of which areas of soil in frozen rocks thaw. The Lena (over 4400 km) is one of the top ten largest rivers in the world. In total, in Yakutia there are over 700 thousand rivers and streams and about the same number of lakes. When asked about the number of lakes in the region local residents They answer that there are as many of them “as there are stars in the sky.”

The main transport route of Yakutia is the Lena River. From the end of May - beginning of June, ships with equipment, fuel, food and other cargo move along it in a continuous stream. Navigation is a busy time; only four months in the center of the republic and two or three in the north are allotted for crossing everything necessary by the cheapest waterway. Large ships, carrying two to three thousand tons, scurry up and down the Lena, Aldan and Vilyuy, as well as along large tributaries. Even “sailors” - sea vessels with a displacement of 5 thousand tons - big water they go to the port of Osetrovo to collect cargo for all of Yakutia.

In the city of Aldan there is a remarkable monument - an old truck is placed on a pedestal. Such vehicles delivered goods from the village of Never, through which the Trans-Siberian Railway passes, to the Aldan gold mines. After the Trans-Siberian Railway was extended to Yakutsk, communications with many settlements. A highway has been built from the port of Lensk to the city of Mirny (the center of the diamond mining industry).

The Baikal-Amur Mainline connected the Chulmanovsky coking coal deposits with industrial centers. In the future, it is planned to continue the BAM rails to the cities of Aldan and Tommot, and in the 21st century, perhaps, the turn will come to Yakutsk.

Airplanes appeared in Yakutia in the early 30s. and immediately gained popularity because they connected remote corners with the center. The population of Yakutia is the most “flying” in Russia, and perhaps in the world. At the airport of a small village you can meet a Yakut woman who is rushing to catch a plane to visit her granddaughter who lives 500 km away.

The economy of the region is mainly based on the natural wealth of the Yakut subsoil. There are over 40 thousand mineral deposits in the republic. During the existence of the mining industry of Yakutia, 1.5 thousand tons of gold alone were extracted. The region gave the country many millions of tons of coal, millions of cubic meters natural gas. However, according to many scientists, the main riches are still awaiting development. The region may truly make a statement about them in the 21st century.

There are up to 40 species of fish in rivers and lakes: among them taimen, broad whitefish, perch, pike, omul, nelma, muksun, vendace, peled, crucian carp. In Lena they catch the Siberian king fish - the Khatysa sturgeon. The beautiful grayling lives in mountain rivers. There could have been much more fish if they had not died due to lack of food and lack of oxygen in freezing reservoirs.

Like the circulatory system, the rivers of Yakutia bring life to all remote parts of the region. the main arteries are the Lena and its branched tributaries. Other large rivers - Olenyok, Yana, Indigirka, Kolyma - do not directly communicate with the Lena and with each other, but they are all united by the Arctic Ocean, where they flow. The Lena and its tributaries collect most of their waters south of Yakutia, in the mountains of Southern Siberia. The basin of this river is exceptionally large in area, which also explains its abundance.

Since ancient times, rivers have been routes along which peoples migrated. In summer they moved by boats, in winter - on ice. Housing was also built along the banks.

The modern name of the republic is derived from the ethnic names of the indigenous population: Sakha - a self-name and Yakut - a Russian name borrowed in the 17th century. among the Evens. Yakutsk, founded in 1632, from the very beginning developed as an administrative and shopping mall Eastern Siberia. In the 19th century it became notorious as a place of political criminals.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the city had approximately 6 thousand inhabitants. Along with houses there were also yurts; however they worked 16 educational institutions, including a theological seminary, there was a museum, a printing house, and two libraries.

During the years of Soviet power, the appearance of Yakutsk began to change rapidly. In place of workshops and small enterprises, a diversified industry arose. There is a powerful ship repair plant, miners of the Kangalas coal mine extract coal, and there are modern power plants - state district power station and thermal power plant. The population of Yakutsk exceeded 200 thousand people. The capital of the Sakha Republic is multinational; a significant part of the population are Yakuts.

The city has a university and an agricultural institute, three theaters, several dozen museums; The Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences unites about 30 research centers. At the entrance to the only Institute of Permafrost Science in Russia there is a sculpture of a mammoth. The Shergin mine, a 116.6 m deep well dug in the mid-19th century, is still used to study permafrost.

1.2 Features of the Yakut language

Yakut language, one of the Turkic languages; forms the Yakut subgroup of the Uighur-Oguz (according to the classification of N.A. Baskakov) group or belongs to the conditionally distinguished “northeastern” group. Distributed in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), where, along with Russian, it is a state language (and, according to the Constitution of the republic, is called in the Sakha language - by the self-name of the Yakuts), in the Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) Autonomous Okrug and some other regions of Eastern Siberia and the Far East. The number of speakers is about 390 thousand people, and Yakut is spoken not only by ethnic Yakuts, but also by representatives of a number of other peoples. Previously, the Yakut language served as a regional language of interethnic communication in the North-East of Siberia. 65% of Yakuts speak Russian fluently; Russian-Yakut-Evenki, Russian-Yakut-Evenki, Russian-Yakut-Yukaghir and some other types of multilingualism are also widespread.

Three groups of dialects are distinguished: western (left bank of the Lena: Vilyui and northwestern dialects), eastern (right bank of the Lena: central and northeastern dialects) and the Dolgan dialect (Taimyr and Anabar region of the Republic of Sakha), which is spoken by the small Dolgan people and which sometimes considered as a separate language.

Like Chuvash language, Yakut is located on the geographical periphery of the Turkic-speaking world and is very different (by the standards of the Turkic family) from other languages included in it. In phonetics, the Yakut language is characterized by the preservation of primary long vowels and diphthongs, which have disappeared in most Turkic languages; in grammar - unchangeable personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd persons, a rich system of cases (in the absence of common Turkic genitive and local - a unique feature of the Yakut language), a variety of ways of expression direct object and some other features. The syntax remains typically Turkic. The specificity of the Yakut language in the field of vocabulary is very significant, which is associated with the numerous borrowings from the Mongolian, Evenki and Russian languages; The Dolgan dialect was especially strongly influenced by the Evenki dialect. The active vocabulary of the Yakut language contains about 2.5 thousand words of Mongolian origin; As for Russian borrowings, there were already more than 3 thousand of them in the pre-revolutionary period, and in some borrowings words that had fallen out of active use in the Russian language itself were preserved, for example, araspaanya “surname” from the Russian nickname or solkuobai “ruble” from the Russian ruble. In the language of the press, the share of Russian borrowings reaches 42%.

The literary Yakut language was formed under the influence of the language of folklore in the late 19th - early 20th centuries. based on central dialects; Translated missionary literature has been published since the 19th century. (the first book was published in 1812). Several writing systems were used (all on a Cyrillic basis): missionary, in which mainly church literature was published; Bötlingkovskaya, where scientific publications and the first periodicals; and writing in the Russian civil alphabet. In 1922, S.A. Novgorodov’s alphabet was introduced, created on the basis of international phonetic transcription; in the 1930-1940s there was writing on a Latin basis, since 1940 - on the basis of Russian graphics with some additional letters. Teaching is conducted in the Yakut language, including in higher education (Yakut and Turkic philology and culture), periodicals and a variety of literature are published, and radio and television broadcasts are conducted.

The Yakut language is one of the most well-studied Turkic languages.

Yakutia culture life traditions

1.3 Culture

The stage of formation of the Yakut culture is associated with the Baikal Kurykans, which included not only a Turkic basis, but also Mongolian and Tungusic components. It is among the Kurykans that the integration of different ethnic groups takes place. cultural traditions, which laid the foundation for Yakut semi-sedentary cattle breeding, a number of elements of material culture, and the anthropological characteristics of the Yakuts. In the X-XI centuries. The Kurykans were strongly influenced by their Mongol-speaking neighbors, which is clearly visible in the vocabulary of the Yakut language. The Mongols also influenced the subsequent migration of the ancestors of the Yakuts down the Lena. The inclusion of the Kipchak component (ethnonymy, language, rituals) in the ancestors of the Yakuts dates back to the same time, which makes it possible to distinguish two Turkic cultural and chronological layers in the culture of the Yakuts; ancient Turkic, which has correspondences in the culture of the Sagais, Beltyrs, Tuvans and Kypchak - separate groups of West Siberian Tatars, northern Altaians, Kachins and Kyzyls.

Olonkho is the general name of the works of the Yakut heroic epic. The works of the epic are called by the names of their heroes (“Nyurgunt Bootur”, “Ebekhtei Bergen”, “Muldyu the Strong”, etc.). All works of Olonkho are more or less similar only in style, but also in composition; They are also united by the traditional images of all Olonkho (heroes - heroes, heroines, ancestors, the sage Seerkeen, Sesen, the slave Ssimehsin, the cannibals "abasasy!", the evil diege-baaba, etc.). The main content of the epic reflects the period of decomposition of ordinary people among the Yakuts, inter-tribal and inter-clan relations. Olonkho raziers reach 10-15 thousand or more poetic lines. The plots of Olonkho are based on the struggle of the warriors of the “aiyy aimanga” tribe with mythical monsters the Abaas tribe, who kill people, ravage the country, and kidnap women. The heroes of Olonkho defend the peaceful, happy life of their tribe from monsters and usually emerge victorious. At the same time, aggressive goals are alien to them. Affirmation of peaceful life with fair relations people is the main idea of Olonkho. The Olonkho style is characterized by techniques of fairy-tale fiction, contrast and exaggeration of images, complex epithets and comparisons. The extensive descriptions contained in the epic speak in detail about the nature of the country, dwellings, clothing, and tools. These descriptions, often repeated, generally occupy at least half of the epic. Olonkho is the most valuable cultural monument of the Yakut people.

Olonkhust is a storyteller, performer of the Yakut heroic epic Olonkho. The performance of Olonkho is not accompanied by a musical accompaniment. The speeches of the heroes and other characters of Olonkho are sung, the rest - the narrative part - is expressed in recitative. The names of outstanding Olonkhusts are popular among the people. This is (D.M. Govorov, T.V. Zakharov, etc.)

The subsequent formation of the Yakut culture proper, the basis of which was semi-sedentary cattle breeding at high latitudes, took place in the Middle Lena basin. Here the ancestors of the Yakuts appear at the end of the 13th - beginning of the 14th centuries. The archeology of this region illustrates the subsequent evolution of Yakut culture up to the XVII-XVIII centuries. It is here that a special model of the Yakut economy is formed, combining cattle breeding and extensive types of crafts (fishing and hunting), material culture adapted to the harsh climate of Eastern Siberia, distinguishing the Yakuts from their southern neighbors pastoralists, while preserving many of the underlying features of the common Turkic cultural tradition (worldview, folklore, ornament, language).

a) religion

Orthodoxy spread in the 18th and 19th centuries. The Christian cult was combined with belief in good and evil spirits, the spirits of deceased shamans, master spirits, etc. Elements of totemism were preserved: the clan had a patron animal, which was forbidden to kill, call by name, etc. The world consisted of several tiers, the head of the upper one was considered Yuryung ayi toyon, the lower one - Ala buurai toyon, etc. The cult of the female fertility deity Aiyysyt was important. Horses were sacrificed to the spirits living in the upper world, and cows to the spirits living in the lower world. Main holiday- spring-summer koumiss festival (Ysyakh), accompanied by libations of koumiss from large wooden cups (choroon), games, sports competitions, etc. Shamanism was developed. Shamanic drums (dyungyur) are close to Evenki ones.

b) art

In folklore, the heroic epic (olonkho) was developed, performed in recitative by special storytellers (olonkhosut) in front of a large crowd of people; historical legends, fairy tales, especially tales about animals, proverbs, songs. Traditional musical instruments - harp (khomus), violin (kyryimpa), percussion. The most common dances are the round dance osuokhai, play dances etc.

1.4 Traditions

a) crafts

The main traditional occupations are horse breeding (in Russian documents of the 17th century, the Yakuts were called “horse people”) and cattle breeding. Men looked after horses, women looked after cattle. In the north, deer were bred. Cattle were kept on pasture in the summer and in barns (khotons) in the winter. Haymaking was known before the arrival of the Russians. Yakut cattle breeds were distinguished by their endurance, but were unproductive.

Fishing was also developed. We fished mainly in the summer, but also in the ice hole in the winter; In the fall, a collective seine was organized with the division of the spoils between all participants. For poor people who did not have livestock, fishing was the main occupation (in documents of the 17th century, the term “fisherman” - balyksyt - is used in the meaning of “poor man”), some tribes also specialized in it - the so-called “foot Yakuts” - Osekui, Ontuls, Kokui, Kirikians, Kyrgydais, Orgots and others.

Hunting was especially widespread in the north, constituting the main source of food here (arctic fox, hare, reindeer, elk, poultry). In the taiga, before the arrival of the Russians, both meat and fur hunting (bear, elk, squirrel, fox, hare, bird, etc.) were known; later, due to the decrease in the number of animals, its importance fell. Specific hunting techniques are characteristic: with a bull (the hunter sneaks up on the prey, hiding behind the bull), horseback pursuit of the animal along the trail, sometimes with dogs.

There was gathering - the collection of pine and larch sapwood (the inner layer of bark), which was stored in dried form for the winter, roots (saran, mint, etc.), greens (wild onions, horseradish, sorrel); raspberries, which were considered unclean, were not consumed from the berries.

Wood processing (artistic carving, painting with alder decoction), birch bark, fur, leather was developed; dishes were made from leather, rugs were made from horse and cow skins sewn in a checkerboard pattern, blankets were made from hare fur, etc.; cords were hand-twisted from horsehair, woven, and embroidered. There was no spinning, weaving or felting of felt. The production of molded ceramics, which distinguished the Yakuts from other peoples of Siberia, has been preserved. The smelting and forging of iron, which had commercial value, as well as the smelting and minting of silver, copper, etc., were developed, and from the 19th century, mammoth ivory carving was developed. They moved mainly on horseback, and carried loads in packs. There were known skis lined with horse camus, sleighs (silis syarga, later - sleighs of the Russian wood type), usually harnessed to oxen, and in the north - straight-hoofed reindeer sledges; The types of boats are common with the Evenks - birch bark (tyy) or flat-bottomed from boards.

b) home

Winter settlements (kystyk) were located near the meadows, consisting of 1-3 yurts, summer settlements - near pastures, numbering up to 10 yurts. The winter yurt (booth, diye) had sloping walls made of standing thin logs on a rectangular log frame and a low gable roof. The walls were coated on the outside with clay and manure, the roof was covered with bark and earth on top of the log flooring. The house was placed in the cardinal directions, the entrance was located in the east, the windows were in the south and west, the roof was oriented from north to south. To the right of the entrance, in the north-eastern corner, there was a fireplace (osoh) - a pipe made of poles coated with clay, going out through the roof. Plank bunks (oron) were arranged along the walls. The most honorable was the southwestern corner. The master's place was located near the western wall. The bunks to the left of the entrance were intended for male youth and workers, and to the right, by the hearth, for women. A table (ostuol) and stools were placed in the front corner. On the northern side of the yurt a stable (khoton) was attached, often under the same roof as the living quarters; the door to it from the yurt was located behind the fireplace. A canopy or canopy was installed in front of the entrance to the yurt. The yurt was surrounded by a low embankment, often with a fence. A hitching post was placed near the house, often decorated with carvings. Summer yurts differed little from winter ones. Instead of a hoton, a stable for calves (titik), sheds, etc. were placed at a distance. There was a conical structure made of poles covered with birch bark (urasa), and in the north - with turf (kalyman, holuman). Since the end of the 18th century, polygonal log yurts with a pyramidal roof have been known. From the 2nd half of the 18th century, Russian huts spread.

c) clothes

Traditional men's and women's clothing - short leather trousers, fur belly, leather leggings, single-breasted caftan (sleep), in winter - fur, in summer - from horse or cow hide with the hair inside, for the rich - from fabric. Later, fabric shirts with a turn-down collar (yrbakhy) appeared. Men girded themselves with a leather belt with a knife and flint, and for the rich, with silver and copper plaques. A typical women's wedding fur caftan (sangiyakh), embroidered with red and green cloth and gold braid; an elegant women's fur hat made of expensive fur, descending to the back and shoulders, with a high cloth, velvet or brocade top with a silver plaque (tuosakhta) and other decorations sewn onto it. Women's silver and gold jewelry is common. Footwear - winter high boots made of reindeer or horse skins with the hair facing out (eterbes), summer boots made of soft leather (saars) with a boot covered with cloth, for women - with appliqué, long fur stockings.

d) National cuisine

The main food is dairy, especially in summer: from mare's milk - kumiss, from cow's milk - yogurt (suorat, sora), cream (kuerchekh), butter; they drank butter melted or with kumiss; suorat was prepared frozen for the winter (tar) with the addition of berries, roots, etc.; from it, with the addition of water, flour, roots, pine sapwood, etc., a stew (butugas) was prepared. Fish food played a major role for the poor, and in the northern regions, where there were no livestock, meat was consumed mainly by the rich. Horsemeat was especially prized. In the 19th century, barley flour came into use: unleavened flatbreads, pancakes, and salamat stew were made from it. Vegetables were known in the Olekminsky district.

Conclusion

Using the example of the Yakut people, I wanted to prove that we need to treat other peoples favorably, and I hope I succeeded. Each nation has its own pros and cons of their way of life and existing traditions. Yakut people formed on the Lena as a result of the absorption of local tribes by southern Turkic-speaking settlers. The economy and material culture of the Yakuts are dominated by features similar to the culture of the pastoralists of Central Asia, but there are also northern taiga elements. The main occupation of the Yakuts from the time of entry into the Russian state (17th century) until the mid-19th century. There was semi-nomadic cattle breeding. They raised cattle and horses. In the 17th century, individual Yakut households began to switch to agriculture, but a massive transition took place in the 2nd half of the 19th century. With the exception of certain areas, hunting and fishing played an auxiliary role, but for the poor, fishing was an important branch of the economy. Among the crafts, blacksmithing received a well-known development. The Yakuts knew how to smelt iron from ore. Like many peoples of Russia, the Yakuts have a rich oral folk art: the heroic epic Olonkho. Bone and wood carvings are common, traditional embroidery on tortoises, mittens, turtles.

I believe that other peoples, including Russians, have a lot to learn from the Yakuts. We should be proud that peoples such as the Yakuts are part of our country. It is necessary to take into account that Yakutia occupies vast territories of Russia. The Yakut people have their own unique features in life, traditions and culture. Nowadays, there are many interethnic conflicts and I hope that soon people will come to their senses and they will not exist. Russian people should always remember that Russia is a multinational country, this is our strength, the versatility of ideas and strength of spirit.

References

1. Alekseev A.I. and others. Geography of Russia: Economy and geographical areas: Textbook. for 8-9 grades general education institutions.. - M.: Bustard, 2005. - P. 153-160.

2. Great Russian Encyclopedia / Chairman of scientific editor. Council of Yu.S. Osipov. Rep. ed. S.L. Kravets. T..- M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2004.- P. 420-451.

3. Great Soviet Encyclopedia / Ch. ed. Vvedensky B.A. T. 49 .- M: Great Soviet Encyclopedia.-S 49-60

4. Encyclopedia for children. Countries, peoples, Civilizations/ Chapter. ed. M.D. Aksyonova - M.: Avanta+, 2001..- P 457-466

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