To the question Who do you consider the greatest scientist of the 20th century? given by the author Scarface the best answer is Still Einstein. As one academician wrote on his centenary, “not everyone manages to create a picture of the world.” And it’s not just about the theory of relativity - this is precisely not the greatest achievement yet, although the most “promoted”.1. It was Einstein who finally proved the existence of atoms and molecules (the theory of Brownian motion). It’s paradoxical, but until 1905 there were scientists, world-famous ones at that, who did not believe in this. After Einstein's work was published, they too gave up.2. Quantum mechanics. Again, paradoxically, Planck himself did not believe in the quantum nature of light. And it was not Planck, nor Bohr and Rutherford, nor Dirac who really proved this - they developed quantum mechanics, but it was Einstein who founded it. And he also proved the quantum nature of light, explaining the phenomenon of the photoelectric effect (Nobel Prize).3. And finally, SRT and GTO. In general, for all science and in general for understanding the nature of things, it is very important to understand what kind of world we live in. Until the middle of the 19th century. everything was simple and clear - all observed phenomena could be explained from the point of view of Newtonian mechanics. BUT then misunderstandings began - ether, Michelson's experiment... And again Einstein's theory explained the observed phenomena and gave a consistent picture of the world. And if anyone hasn’t seen twins with a beard/pacifier, then you guys are just looking in the wrong place - the “twin paradox” is experimentally observed for relativistic elementary particles, relativistic time dilation has been experimentally established and is even taken into account in space flights (for example, in GPS -systems use the atomic frequency standard of fucking accuracy, and without taking into account the effects of STR, this simply wouldn’t work), the shift of the perihelion of Mercury’s orbit coincides with the conclusions of GTR, and so on. At the same time, I still consider the greatest discovery of the 20th century not all of this, but discovery of DNA. But the greatest scientist is still old Einstein.

Reply from Џ [guru]
And Einstein

Reply from Igor[guru]
Likhachev

Reply from Mota-Mota[guru]
Einstein. Undoubtedly.

Reply from Stanley13[guru]
Einstein, of course! Well, Bohr, maybe...

Reply from User deleted[newbie]
Nikola Tesla anyway :)

Reply from INESGEN[guru]
I'm also for Einstein

Reply from User deleted[guru]
Richard Feynman

Reply from L.K.G.[guru]
Tesla, Einstein... people know physics by Hollywood films. Bohr... Well, let's add Rutherford, Curie and others to the company and a prize for the nuclear guillotine hanging over humanity. Feynman... is this the one who left the army in World War II and coated plastic with chrome? And when they sold it to the client, it peeled off? There were a lot of scientists and it was difficult to give priority to anyone. Let's say Jean Paul Dirac predicted complete heresy at 20-something years ago - a positive electron! Hop! And he was discovered. Then the magnetic monopole! They are still looking...Kapitsa, Prokhorov, damn this is physics! And Vavilov? And Wiener? And Tsiolkovsky (just don’t talk about the fact that he had no titles!) What did Einstein discover? ONE HUNDRED? You didn’t guess - 19th century, Umov. Einstein's theory confirmed? Yes? Have you seen twins - one with a beard, the other with a pacifier? Do they often talk about him on TV? About diapers even more often;))) So, the greatest scientist is PAMPERS!!! (Lithuanian, or what?)

Reply from Mastermind[active]
There are a lot of scientists who are much cooler than anyone we know, they have passed away, leaving us with a mystery that they have solved and we will never know about them! And of the famous ones, it is impossible to reduce everything to one thing. Einstein was not the only one who created the theory of relativity, which poses more questions than it answers... Max Planck, Feynman... Tesla... In general, the coolest ones were Gauss, Newton, Euler, Fermat...

The most amazing thing is that in 1900 the persistent Planck deduceda formula that very well described the behavior of energy in the notorious spectrum of the mentioned absolutely black body. True, the conclusions from this formula followed fictionchesical Receivedb that energy is not emitted evenly, as was actually expected from it, but in pieces - in quanta. At first Planck himself doubted his own conclusions, but on December 14, 1900, he stilllived about them Germanmu physical societywoo. Yes, just in case.
Planck was not simply taken at his word. Based on his findings in 1905 Albert Einstein created the quantum theory of the photoelectric effect, and soon Niels Bohr built the first model of the atom, consistingconsisting of a nucleus and electrons flying in certain orbits. And it started spreading all over the planet! Overestimate the consequences of openThe creation that Max Planck made is practically impossible. Chooseany words - brilliant, incredible, amazing, wow! - everything will not be enough.

Thanks to Planck, atomic science developedI am energy, electronics, gennaI am an engineer, chemistry, physics, and astronomy received a powerful boost. Because it was Planck who co determined the boundary where the Newtonian macrocosm ends (in which matter, as is known, is measured in kilograms) and the microcosm begins, in which it is impossible not to take into accountinfluence of acceptance l n and other individual atoms. And in addition, thanks to Planck, we know at what energy levels electrons live and how comfortable they are there.

2. The second decade of the 20th century brought the world one additional discovery that changed the minds of almost everyonescientists - although the minds of decent scientists are already askew. In 1916 Albert Einstein completed work ond general relativity(OTO). In due course, it is also called the theory of gravity. reportdifferent from this theory, gravity is not the result of interactionsVia bodies and fields in spacese, but a consequence of the curvature of four-dimensional space-time. Once he proved it, everything turned blue and green. I mean, everyone understoodthe essence of things and rejoiced.

Most paradoxesgreasy and contrary to “common sense” effects that arise at near-light speeds were predicted by general relativity. The most famous is the effect of time dilation,in which a clock moving relative to an observer goes slower for him than an unmistakably similar clock on his hand. In this case, the length of the moving object along the axis of motion is compressed. usThe general theory of relativity applies to all frames of reference (and not just to those moving at a constant speed relative to each other).

However, the complexity of the calculations meant that the work took 11 years to complete. The theory received its first confirmation when, with its help, it was possible to describe the rather crooked orbit of Mercury - and inThey all took a breath of relief. after general relativity explained the curvature of rays from starswhen they pass near the Sun, we observe a red shifts in the telescopes of the starsd and galaxies. But the most important confirmation of general relativity were black holes. Calculations have shown that if the Sun is compressed to a radius of three meters, the power of its attraction will become such that light will not be able to leave the star. And in recent years Scientists have found whole mountains of such stars!

3. When Bor And Rutherford in 1911 it was suggested that the atomtriple in the image and likeness of the solar system, physicists rejoiced. Based on p planetary The model, supplemented by the ideas of Planck and Einstein about the nature of light, managed to calculate the spectrum of the hydrogen atom. The difficulties began when we started next element-helium. All p The calculations showed a result directly opposite to the experiments.By the early 1920s, Bohr's theory had faded. young germanphysicist Heisenberg deleted from theory Bora everything is prep deposits, leaving only what could be measured using floor scales.

He eventually determined that the speed and location of electrons could not be measured simultaneously. The ratio is called “Heisenberg uncertainty principle”, and electrons have acquired a reputation as flighty beauties. Which are now in the candy store,and tomorrow - blondes. However, this is where the strangeness comes from elementary particles not finished. By the twenties, physicists had already gotten used to it mu, h t o light can exhibit wave propertiesand particles, no matter how paradoxical it may seemlinen And in 1923 a Frenchman de Broglie suggested that wave properties can also be exhibited by “ordinary” particles, clearly demonstrating the wave properties of an electron.

De Broglie's experiments were instantly confirmed in several countries. In 1926, combining the mathematical description of the wave and an analogue Maxwell's equations for light, Austrian f izik Shr dinger described de Broglie's material waves. And a colleague at Cambridge University D Iraq brought out general theory, of which the theories of Schrödinger and Heisenberg became special cases. Although in the twenties about manyelementary particles, now known to any schoolchild, physicistThey didn’t even suspect that their theory of quantum mechanics perfectly describes movement in the microworld. And over the past 90 years, its fundamentals have not changed.

Quantum mechanics is now used in all natural sciences when they reach the atomiclevel - from medicine and biology to chemistry and mineralogy, as well as in all engineering sciences. With its help, in particular, molecular orbitals were calculated (which is an extremely useful thing in the household). The result was an invention, let's say, lasers, transistors, superconductivity, and at the same time computers. And in addition, physics has been developed solid, thanks to which: a) each year of singing more and more new ones are coming in terials, b ) the opportunity arose to clearly see the structure of the substance. in addition, we would like to adapt solid state physics to sex life- and then every man will be blessedgift to reprimand the name Heisenberg.

4. The thirties can safely be called radioactive. In every sense of the word. True, in addition in 1920 Ernest Rutherford at the meetingBritish Association for the Advancement of Science expressed a rather strange (according tomeanwhile, of course, timeenam) hypothesis. In an attempt to explain why positiveheated protons do not run away in panic from each other, he said: in additionpositively charged particles in the nucleusThe atom also contains some neutral particles equal in mass to a proton. By analogy with protons and electrons, he proposed the nameemit them with neutrons. The Association winced and chose to neglectRutherford's extravagant escapade. And only throughten years, in 1930, the Germans Bothe And Becker noticed that when beryllium or boron is irradiated with alpha particles,t unusual radiation. Unlike alpha particles, the unknown things flying out of the reactor hadmuch greater penetrating power. And in general, the parameters of these particles were different.

Two years later, January 18, 1932, Irene And Frederic Joliot-Curie, indulging in sweet marital amusements, directed the Bothe-Becker radiation to heavier atohms. And they found out that under the influence of Bothe-Becker rays they become radioactive. Sowas open artificial radioactivity. And on February 27 of the same year James Chadwick checked the Joliot-Curie attempt. And he not only confirmed, but found out that they were to blame forknocking kernels out ofatoms are new, uncharged particles with a mass slightly greater than that of a proton. It was their neutrality that made it possible to freely break into the core and destabilize it. So Chadwick is finally discovered the neutron.

This discovery brought O Humanity faces many hardships and changes. By the end of the 1930s, physicists had proven that atomic nuclei fission under the influence of neutrons. And whatin addition, more neutrons are released. This led, on the one hand, to the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, to decades of the Cold War, on the other, to the development of nuclear energy, and on the third, tothe widespread use of radioisotopes in a wide variety of unclassified scientific fields.

5. Development quantum theory not only allowed scientists to understand what was happening inside the substance. The next step wasattempt to influence these processes. What this led to in the case of the neutron is described above. And on December 16, 1947, employeesAmerican company AT&T Bell Laboratories John Bardeen, Walter Br attain And William Shockley nawchil with the help of a malax currents to manage large currents flowing through semiconductors (Nobel Prize 1966). So it was transistor invented- an instrument consisting of two p-n junctions directed towards each otherto a friend. Current through such a junction can only flow in one direction.

And if the polarity is changed at the junction, the current stops flowing. Two transitions, directed from friend to friend, provided simply unique opportunities for playing with electricity. The transistor became the basis for the development of all sciences, including veterinary medicine. He knocked the lamps out of the electronics, which dramatically reduced the weight and volume of all equipment (and the amount of dust in theshih houses). Opened the way for the emergence of logical microscircuits, which ultimately led to the appearance of the microprocessor in 1971 and the creation of modern computersditch What about computers - now there is not a single device in the world, not a singlea car, not a single apartment in which transistors are not used.

6. German Karl Waldemar Ziegler was a chemist. No, really, this is an incredibly exciting story. This means that this same Karl Waldemar was a German and a chemist. And he was greatly impressed by the Grignard reaction, in which scientists greatly simplified the synthesisorganic substances. And our Karl tried to understand: is it possible to do this?Is it the same with other metals? Well timed, the question was not idle, because Ziegler worked at the Kaiser Institute for Coal Research. And since a byproduct of the coal industry is ethylene, itrecycling has become a problem. In 1952, he studied the decay of one of the reagents - lithiumlkyl to lithium hydride and olefin. And I received PND - low polyethylene yes phenomena. But it was not possible to completely polymerize ethylene.

A couple of months later, an incident occurred in Ziegler’s laboratory. At the end of the reaction, not a polymer, but a dimer (a compound of two ethylene molecules) - alpha-butene - suddenly fell out of the flask. It turned out that the careless student simply did not properly clean the reactor from nickel salts. And although these very salts remained on the walls in microscopic quantities, this was enough to completely kill the baseov reaction. But here’s what’s curious - analysis of the mixture showed that the nickel salts did not change during the reaction or

Then they acted as a catalyst for dimerization. This conclusion promised huge profits - after all, to obtain polyethylene at first it was necessary to add much more organoaluminum to ethylene. again, high pressure and high temperature added problems to the synthesis. Having spat on aluminum, Ziegler began sorting through transition metals in search of the ideal catalyst. And found it instantly in 1953about several. The most powerful were complexes based on titanium chlorides. Ziegler spoke about his discovery at the Italian company Montecatini, and there his catalysts were used on another monomer - propylene. A by-product of oil refining, propylene was ten times cheaper than ethylene, and it gave the opportunity to play with the structure of the polymer. The games led to small modificationscatalyst, due to which Natta obtained stereoregular polypropylene. In it, all propylene molecules were located equally.

Kata Ziegler-Nattadali lysers give chemists incomparable control over polymerization. With their help, suppose chemists created an artificial analogue of rubber. Organometallic catalysts, which have made most syntheses easier and cheaper, are used in almost all chemical plants around the world. But the main place is still occupied by the polymerization of ethylene and propylene. Ziegler himself, despite the industrial application of his work, always considered himself a theoretical scientist. And the student who didn’t clean the reactor well was demoted to a laboratory mouse.

7. On April 12, 1961, at 9:07 a.m., an event occurred that, no doubt stirred complete peace. With the words “Let's go!” from the “second platform” the first man went into space. Of course, this was not the first rocket to fly around the Earth - the firstartificial satellite launched on October 4, 1957. But exactly Yuri Gagarin became the real embodiment of humanity's dream of the stars. ForThe launch of man into space literally catalyzed the scientific and technological revolution. It was found that not only bacteria, plants and Belka and Strelka, but also humans can live peacefully in weightlessness. And most importantly, it turned out that the space between the planets is surmountable.

Man has already been to the moon. Now an expedition to Mars is being prepared. The devices of all kinds of space agencies literally flooded solar system. They revolve around Jupiter, Saturn, roam the Kuiper Belt, and ride through the Martian deserts. And the number of satellites near the Earth has exceeded several thousand. These include meteorological instruments, scientific instruments (including the famous orbital telescopes), and commercial communications satellites. Thanks to the latter, in good time, you can safely call theanywhere in the world. Sitting in Moscow, chat with people from Sydney, Cape Town and New York. Browse through several thousand television channels from around the world. Or send an email to email to Antarctica - especially since no one will answer anyway.

8. On July 26, 1978, a daughter, Louise, was born into the family of Leslie and Gilbert Brown. Observing the caesarean section, gynecologist Patrick Steptoe and embryologist Bob Edwards almost burst with pride, because they did what the whole world is having sex for - they conceived Louise. Mmmm... no need to think about indecent things. Nothing pornographic actually happened. It’s just that Madame Leslie Brown, Louise’s mother, suffered from obstruction of the fallopian tubes and, like many millions of women on Earth, could not conceive on her own. She tried, in good time, for more than nine years - but alas. Everything went in, but nothing came out. To solve the problem, Steptoe and Edwards made several scientific discoveries instantly. They figured out how to extract an egg from a woman without damaging it, how to create conditions for this very egg to normal life in vitro, how to fertilize it and at what point to return it back. again, without damaging. Both parents and scientists soon became convinced that the girl was completely normal.on. Soon she got a sister in the same way, and by 2007, thanks to in vitro fertilization (IVF) technique Approximately two million children were born worldwide. Which would never have happened if not for the experiments of Steptoe and Edwards.

Yes, in general, now it’s creepy to say what’s going on. Grown-up ladies give birth to their own granddaughters if their daughters are unable to bear children, and wives give birth to children from dead husbands. Numerous experiments have confirmed that “test tube babies” are no different from those conceived naturally, so every year the IVF technique is gaining more and more reputation. Hm. Although the old fashioned way is still much nicer.

9. In 1985 Robert Curl, Harold Croteau, Richard Smalley and Heath O'Brien studied the mass spectra of graphite vapors that were formed under the influencelaser onto a solid sample. And they discovered strange peaks that corresponded atomic masses 720 and 840 units. It soon became clear that scientists discovered a new variation of carbon, which received the name “fullerene”- named after the engineer R. Buckminster Fuller, whose designs were very similar to the discovered molecules.

The first carbon variation is known as “football”, and the second is called “rugben”, since they really look like soccer and rugby balls. Now fullerenes, due to their unique physical properties, are actively used in a wide variety of devices. However, this is not the main thing - based on the 1985 methodology, scientists figured out how to make carbon nanotubes, twisted and cross-linked layers of graphite. At the moment, nanotubes with a diameter of 5-7 nanometers and a length of up to 1 cm (!) are known. Despite being doneSince they are made only of carbon, such nanotubes exhibit a wide variety of physical properties - from metallic to semiconducting.

Based on them, new materials for fiber-optic communications, LEDs and displays are being developed. Nanotubes are used as capsules for delivering biologically active substances to the right place in the body, and also as nanopipettes. On their basis, ultra-sensitive chemical sensors have been developed, which are already used for monitoring environment, for military, medical and biotechnological purposes. They are used to make transistors, nanowires, and fuel cells. The latest news in the field of nanotubes is artificial muscles.

The work of scientists from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, published in July 2007, showed that it is possible to create a bundle of nanotubes that leadsitself like muscle tissue. It has the same electrical conductivity as muscles and does not wear out over time - the artificial muscle has withstood 500 thousand compressions at 15% of its original length, and its original shape, mechanical and conductive properties have not changed. This discovery will probably lead to the fact that soon all disabled people will receive new arms and legs, which can be controlled by the power of thought (after all, the idea for muscles looks like an electrical signal to “compress and unclench”). It's a pity, though, that some people can't have a new head attached to them. But this is probably a matter of the near future.

10. Born July 5, 1996 new era biotechnology. An ordinary sheep became the face and worthy representative of this era. Or rather, ordinary there was a sheep only in appearance - in fact, for the sake of its appearance, the staff of the Roslin Institute (UK) worked tirelessly for several years. An egg from which later Dolly the sheep appeared, gutted it, and then inserted the cell nucleus of an adult sheep into it. Afterwards, the developed embryo was placed back into the sheep’s uterus and they began to wait to see what would happen. It must be said that Dolly was not the only candidate for the vacancy “the first clone of a large animal in the world” - she had 296 competitors. But they all died at different stages of the experiment. But Dolly survived!

True, the poor woman’s further lot turned out to be unenviable. The terminal sections of DNA - telomeres, which serve as the body's biological clock, have already measured the 6 years that they have lived in Dolly's mother's body. Therefore, an additional 6 years later, on February 14, 2003, the cloned sheep died from the “old” diseases that had fallen on it - arthritis, specific pneumonia and many other ailments. However, Dolly's appearance on the cover of Nature in February 1997 created a true explosion - she became a symbol of the power of science and man's power over nature.
Over the eleven years since Dolly's birth, they have managed to clone a variety of animals - piglets, dogs, purebred bulls. Even second generation clones were obtained - clones from clones. However, until the problem with telomeres has not been completely resolved, human cloning is prohibited throughout the world. However, research continues.

Slide_image" src="https://fs1.ppt4web.ru/images/5552/84003/640/img1.jpg" alt=" Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky (1863-1944) The beginning of the 20th century was marked by amazing scientific discoveries and inventions, many of which were decades ahead of their time. Among them was color photography. In 1903, one of the pioneers.…" title="Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky (1863-1944) The beginning of the 20th century was marked by amazing scientific discoveries and inventions, many of which were decades ahead of their time. Among them is color photography. In 1903, one of the pioneers…">!}

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Presentation on the topic: Russian scientists and inventors

Slide no. 1 https://fs1.ppt4web.ru/images/5552/84003/310/img1.jpg" alt=" Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky (1863-1944) The beginning of the 20th century was marked by" title="Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky (1863-1944) The beginning of the 20th century was marked by">!}

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Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky (1863-1944) The beginning of the 20th century was marked by amazing scientific discoveries and inventions, many of which were decades ahead of their time. Among them is color photography. In 1903, one of the pioneers of color photography in Russia was Mendeleev’s student Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky. The photographs he took were of amazingly high quality.

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Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (1863-1945) Naturalist, major thinker and public figure XX century. Creator of many scientific schools. One of the representatives of Russian cosmism; The doctrine of the biosphere and noosphere, the creator of the science of biogeochemistry. His interests included geology and crystallography, mineralogy and geochemistry, organizational activities in science and social activities, radiogeology and biology, biogeochemistry and philosophy.

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Nikolai Dmitrievich Pilchikov (1857-1908) Physicist, for the first time in the world created and successfully demonstrated a wireless control system. Pilchikov - the founder of the theory of anomalies of terrestrial magnetism - studied in detail the Kursk magnetic anomaly and scientifically argued the claim about the rich deposits of iron ore located there, for which he received awarded the Big Silver Medal of the Russian Geographical Society in 1884. He discovered the phenomenon of electronic photography and formulated its principles, conducted basic research ionization of the atmosphere and polarization of light, created many amazing, original instruments and devices, many of which bear his name, including the prototype of the modern spacesuit.

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Vladimir Kuzmich Zvorykin (1888-1982) The beginning of the 20th century was a harsh period in the history of Russia. First world war, revolution, civil war. Many scientists were forced to emigrate to America. One of them was V.K. Zvorykin. There he became a great scientist. Heading the electronics laboratory, he created the world's first electron scanning microscope. He is also called the “father of television.” created an iconoscope (kinescope) and a diagram of a television system. He has 120 patents for various inventions.

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Alexander Matveevich Ponyatov (1892-1980) Russian and American electrical engineer who introduced a number of innovations in the field of magnetic sound and video recording, television and radio broadcasting. Under his leadership, the company he created produced the first commercial video recorder in 1956.

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M.O. Dolivo-Dobrovolsky (1862-1919) Petersburger Dolivo-Dobrovolsky graduated from the Riga Polytechnic Institute. He invented the three-phase current system, the first to build a three-phase transformer with energy transmission over a distance of about 170 km. improved electromagnetic ammeters and voltmeters for measuring direct and alternating currents. For various types of measuring instruments, he successfully applied the principle of a motor with a rotating magnetic field. He also created devices for eliminating interference in telephones from electrical networks of high currents, etc.

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Valentin Petrovich Vologdin (1881-1953) Another St. Petersburg resident V. P. Vologdin became the first laureate of the gold medal named after A. S. Popov. He created the world's first high-voltage mercury rectifier with a liquid cathode. He developed induction furnaces. He invented several types of high-frequency electric machines to power radio stations.

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Oleg Vladimirovich Losev (1903-1942) Our fellow countryman. Born in Tver. Pioneer of semiconductor electronics. Inventor of cristadine in 1929. In those years, amateur radio began to take on a mass character. But there weren’t enough vacuum tubes, and they were expensive, and they also required a special power source, and Losev’s circuit could run on three or four batteries for a flashlight! Oleg Vladimirovich Losev immortalized his name with two discoveries: he was the first in the world to show that a semiconductor crystal can amplify and generate high-frequency radio signals; he discovered the electroluminescence of semiconductors, i.e. their emission of light when electric current flows. Died of starvation in besieged Leningrad.

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Vyacheslav Izmailovich Sreznevsky (1849-1937) An amazingly multifaceted personality. He was a philologist, sports figure, and publisher, but he went down in history as an inventor. He invented the world's first aerial camera. He created a portable traveling laboratory apparatus, a special camera for the expedition of N. M. Przhevalsky, resistant to external influences, a waterproof camera for marine photography, a special camera for recording the phases of a solar eclipse; developed special photographic plates for aerial photography.

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Dmitry Pavlovich Grigorovich (1883-1938) Soviet aircraft designer. Created approx. 80 aircraft designs, many of which were mass-produced and were in service with domestic aviation. In 1916, G. built the world's first seaplane fighter M-11, which had armor, as well as a twin-engine torpedo bomber aircraft.

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Sikorsky's plane "Ilya Muromets" The first in the world to build a multi-engine aircraft. He was the first in the world to make a long-distance flight "St. Petersburg - Kyiv". In 1919 he was forced to emigrate. In exile, he founded the Sikorsky aviation “Russian company”, which took a leading position in the aircraft industry. Creator of airliners for transatlantic flights, seaplanes, inventor of the helicopter, and the world's first bomber.

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Gleb Evgenievich Kotelnikov (1872-1944) In 1911 he created the first aviation backpack parachute. In 1912 the parachute successfully passed repeated tests, but was initially rejected by the Russian military department. Only in 1914, during the First World War, was it used to equip pilots flying the Ilya Muromets bombers. In the years Soviet power He significantly improved the design of his parachute, creating new models and a number of cargo parachutes.

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Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky (1853-1935) Truly unusual and tragic is the fate of Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky - a genius of science, the world's first theorist of space exploration and an ordinary school teacher. He never thought about personal enrichment. All efforts were devoted to progress for the benefit of humanity. Konstantin Eduardovich is the founder of the theory of interplanetary communications. He put forward a number of ideas that found application in rocket science.

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S.P. Korolev is the creator of Soviet rocket and space technology, which ensured strategic parity and made the USSR an advanced rocket and space power (ballistic missile). He is a key figure in human space exploration, the creator of practical astronautics. Thanks to his ideas, the first artificial satellite Earth and the first cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin.

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Valentin Petrovich Glushko (1908 – 1989) Companion of S.P. Queen. Together they stood at the origins of rocket science and continued the common cause after the death of Sergei Pavlovich. He was the chief designer of the design bureau for the creation of the world's first electric/thermal rocket engine. At his suggestion and under his leadership, the Energia-Buran reusable space system was created. He led efforts to improve manned spaceships"Soyuz", cargo ship "Progress", orbital stations "Salyut", the creation of the orbital station "Mir".

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A.M. Prokhorov, N.G. Basov, Nobel Prize laureates. They came up with the idea of ​​​​the possibility of extending the principles and methods of quantum radiophysics to the optical frequency range. Created the world's first quantum generator - maser, laser. Developed lasers various types, including powerful short-pulse and multi-channel ones. Uses of laser: measuring the distance to the Moon, creating artificial reference stars, photochemistry, laser weapons, laser heat treatment, medicine, storing information on optical media (CD, DVD, etc.), optical communications, optical computers, holography, laser displays, laser printers, laser show

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Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (1921-1989) Worked in the field of development of thermonuclear weapons, participated in the design and development of the first Soviet hydrogen bomb according to a scheme called “Sakharov’s layer”. At the same time, Sakharov, together with I. Tamm, in 1950–51. carried out pioneering work on controlled thermonuclear reactions. Since the late 1950s, he has actively campaigned for an end to nuclear weapons testing. Contributed to the conclusion of the Moscow Test Ban Treaty in three areas. Since the late 1960s, he has been one of the leaders of the human rights movement in the USSR.

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Igor Vasilyevich Kurchatov (1903-1960) Academician Igor Vasilyevich Kurchatov occupies a special place in the science of the 20th century. and in the history of our country. He, an outstanding physicist, played an exceptional role in the development of scientific and technical problems of mastering nuclear energy in the Soviet Union. The solution to this Herculean task, the creation in a short time of the nuclear shield of the Motherland in one of the most dramatic periods in the history of our country, the development of problems of the peaceful use of nuclear energy was the main work of his life. The world's first nuclear power plant.

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Tupolev Andrey Nikolaevich (1888-1972) Student of the “father of Russian aviation” Nikolai Egorovich Zhukovsky. L. N. Tupolev devoted his entire life to the creation of aircraft. Under his leadership, more than 50 original aircraft and about 100 different modifications were created. Tupolev Design Bureau's aircraft have set about 100 world records for payload, range and flight speed. The most famous is the first in the country and the second in the world jet passenger aircraft TU-104.

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Yakovlev Alexander Sergeevich (1906-1989) Tupolev’s ally, aircraft designer A.S. Yakovlev, is no less famous. Among the designs created by Yakovlev are the Yak-15, Yak-17, Yak-23 jet fighters; Yak-25 (the first all-weather interceptor), Yak-28 (the first Soviet supersonic front-line bomber); the first Soviet vertical take-off and landing aircraft, the Yak-36 and its combat deck version, the Yak-38; landing glider Yak-14; twin-rotor longitudinal helicopter Yak-24; training aircraft Yak-11, etc., multi-purpose aircraft Yak-12; sports aircraft Yak-18P, Yak-18PM, Yak-50, Yak-55 (on which Soviet pilots won the World and European Aerobatics Championships); jet passenger aircraft Yak-40 and Yak-42.

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Tikhov Gabriel Andrianovich Astronomer. He studied the optical properties of the earth's atmosphere. For the first time in the world, he established that the Earth, when observed from space, should have a blue color. Later, as we know, this was confirmed when filming our planet from space. When observing the 1936 eclipse, he first noted that the solar corona consists of two parts: a structureless “matte” corona and jets of a “radiant” corona piercing it. Estimated the color temperature of the crown.

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Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936) One of the most authoritative scientists in Russia, physiologist, psychologist, creator of the science of higher nervous activity and ideas about the processes of regulation of digestion; founder of the largest Russian physiological school. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology in 1904 “for his work on the physiology of digestion.”

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Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa (1894 - 1984) The experience of P. Kapitsa in measuring the characteristics of liquid helium is demonstrated. “We made a device like a Segner wheel with several legs emanating from a common volume, and then heated inner part this vessel with a beam of light. This “spider” began to move. In this way, heat was transferred into movement.” Largest Soviet physicist. Founder of the Institute of Physical Problems and the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. The first head of the Department of Low Temperature Physics of the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics (1978) for the discovery of the phenomenon of superfluidity of liquid helium, introduced the term “superfluidity” into scientific use. He is also known for his work in the field of low-temperature physics, the study of ultra-strong magnetic fields and the confinement of high-temperature plasma. Developed a high-performance industrial gas liquefaction plant (turboexpander). From 1921 to 1934 he worked in Cambridge under the leadership of Rutherford. In 1934, during a guest visit, he was forcibly left in the USSR.

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Sergei Petrovich Kapitsa (1928-2012) “Oh, how many wonderful discoveries we have, The spirit of enlightenment is being prepared, And experience, son difficult mistakes, And genius, friend of paradoxes..." A.S. PushkinSoviet and Russian physicist, TV presenter, editor-in-chief magazine "In the World of Science". Since 1973, he has continuously hosted the popular science television program “Obvious - Incredible.” Son of Nobel Prize laureate Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa. Author of 4 monographs, dozens of articles, 14 inventions and 1 discovery. Creator of a phenomenological mathematical model of hyperbolic growth of the Earth's population. For the first time he proved the fact of hyperbolic growth of the Earth's population up to 1 year AD. e.Considered one of the founders of cliodynamics.

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Almost everyone who is interested in the history of the development of science, technology and technology has at least once in their life thought about what path the development of humanity could take without knowledge of mathematics or, for example, if we did not have such a necessary object as a wheel, which has become almost the basis of human development. However, often only key discoveries are considered and given attention, while discoveries less known and widespread are sometimes simply not mentioned, which, however, does not make them insignificant, because each new knowledge gives humanity the opportunity to climb a step higher in its development.

The 20th century and its scientific discoveries turned into a real Rubicon, after crossing which progress accelerated its pace several times, identifying itself with a sports car that is impossible to keep up with. In order to stay on the crest of the scientific and technological wave now, considerable skills are needed. Of course, you can read scientific journals, various kinds of articles and works of scientists who are struggling to solve this or that problem, but even in this case it will not be possible to keep up with progress, and therefore it remains to catch up and observe.

As you know, in order to look into the future, you need to know the past. Therefore, today we will talk specifically about the 20th century, the century of discoveries, which changed the way of life and the world around us. It is worth noting right away that this will not be a list of the best discoveries of the century or any other top, it will be a brief overview of some of those discoveries that changed, and perhaps are changing, the world.

In order to talk about discoveries, the concept itself should be characterized. Let's take the following definition as a basis:

Discovery is a new achievement made in the process scientific knowledge nature and society; establishment of previously unknown, objectively existing patterns, properties and phenomena of the material world.

Top 25 great scientific discoveries of the 20th century

1. Planck's quantum theory. He derived a formula that determines the shape of the spectral radiation curve and the universal constant. He discovered the smallest particles - quanta and photons, with the help of which Einstein explained the nature of light. In the 1920s, quantum theory developed into quantum mechanics.
2. Discovery of X-rays - electromagnetic radiation with a wide range of wavelengths. The discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen greatly influenced human life and today it is impossible to imagine modern medicine without them.
3. Einstein's theory of relativity. In 1915, Einstein introduced the concept of relativity and derived an important formula connecting energy and mass. The theory of relativity explained the essence of gravity - it arises as a result of the curvature of four-dimensional space, and not as a result of the interaction of bodies in space.
4. Discovery of penicillin. The mold Penicillium notatum, when it gets into the culture of bacteria, causes their complete death - this was proven by Alexander Flemming. In the 40s, a production one was developed, which later began to be produced on an industrial scale.
5. De Broglie waves. In 1924, it was discovered that wave-particle duality is inherent in all particles, not just photons. Broglie presented their wave properties in mathematical form. The theory made it possible to develop the concept of quantum mechanics and explained the diffraction of electrons and neutrons.
6. Discovery of the structure of the new DNA helix. In 1953, a new model of the structure of the molecule was obtained by combining the X-ray diffraction data of Rosalyn Franklin and Maurice Wilkins and the theoretical developments of Chargaff. She was bred by Francis Crick and James Watson.
7. Rutherford's planetary model of the atom. He hypothesized the structure of the atom and extracted energy from atomic nuclei. The model explains the basic laws of charged particles.
8. Ziegler-Nath catalysts. In 1953, they carried out the polarization of ethylene and propylene.
9. Discovery of transistors. A device consisting of 2 p-n junctions, which are directed towards each other. Thanks to its invention by Julius Lilienfeld, the technology began to shrink in size. The first functional bipolar transistor was introduced in 1947 by John Bardeen, William Shockley and Walter Brattain.
10. Creation of radiotelegraph. Alexander Popov's invention using Morse code and radio signals first saved a ship at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. But Gulielmo Marcone was the first to patent a similar invention.
11. Discovery of neutrons. These uncharged particles with a mass slightly greater than that of protons allowed them to penetrate the nucleus without obstacles and destabilize it. It was later proven that under the influence of these particles, nuclei fission, but even more neutrons are produced. This is how the artificial one was discovered.
12. In vitro fertilization (IVF) technique. Edwards and Steptoe figured out how to extract an intact egg from a woman, created optimal conditions for its life and growth in a test tube, figured out how to fertilize it and at what time to return it back to the mother’s body.
13. The first manned flight into space. In 1961, it was Yuri Gagarin who was the first to realize this, which became the real embodiment of the dream of the stars. Humanity has learned that the space between planets is surmountable, and bacteria, animals, and even humans can safely exist in space.
14. Discovery of fullerene. In 1985, scientists discovered a new type of carbon - fullerene. Nowadays, due to its unique properties, it is used in many devices. Based on this technique, carbon nanotubes were created - twisted and cross-linked layers of graphite. They show a wide variety of properties: from metallic to semiconducting.
15. Cloning. In 1996, scientists managed to obtain the first clone of a sheep, named Dolly. The egg was gutted, the nucleus of an adult sheep was inserted into it and implanted into the uterus. Dolly was the first animal to survive; the rest of the embryos of various animals died.
16. Discovery of black holes. In 1915, Karl Schwarzschild hypothesized the existence of black holes, the gravity of which is so great that even objects moving at the speed of light cannot leave it.
17. Theory. This is a generally accepted cosmological model that describes the earlier development of the Universe, which was in a singular state, characterized by infinite temperature and density of matter. The model was started by Einstein in 1916.
18. Discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation. This is cosmic microwave background radiation, preserved from the beginning of the formation of the Universe and uniformly filling it. In 1965, its existence was experimentally confirmed, and it serves as one of the main confirmations of the Big Bang theory.
19. Getting closer to creation artificial intelligence. It is a technology for creating intelligent machines, first defined in 1956 by John McCarthy. According to him, researchers to solve specific tasks can use methods of understanding humans that may not be biologically observable in humans.
20. Invention of holography. This special photographic method was proposed in 1947 by Dennis Gabor, in which three-dimensional images of objects close to real ones are recorded and restored using a laser.
21. Discovery of insulin. In 1922, Frederick Banting discovered pancreatic hormone and diabetes mellitus ceased to be a fatal disease.
22. Blood groups. This discovery in 1900-1901 divided blood into 4 groups: O, A, B and AB. It became possible to give a correct blood transfusion to a person without ending tragically.
23. Mathematical information theory. Claude Shannon's theory made it possible to determine the capacity of a communication channel.
24. Invention of Nylon. Chemist Wallace Carothers discovered a method for producing this polymer material in 1935. He discovered some of its varieties with high viscosity even at high temperatures.
25. Discovery of stem cells. They are the progenitors of all existing cells in the human body and have the ability to self-renew. Their capabilities are great and are just beginning to be explored by science.

There is no doubt that all these discoveries are only a small part of what the 20th century showed to society and it cannot be said that only these discoveries were significant, and all the others became just background, this is not at all the case.

Exactly last century showed us new boundaries of the Universe, saw the light of day, quasars (super-powerful sources of radiation in our Galaxy) were discovered, the first carbon nanotubes, which have unique superconductivity and strength, were discovered and created.

All these discoveries, one way or another, are just the tip of the iceberg, which includes more than a hundred significant discoveries over the past century. Naturally, all of them became a catalyst for changes in the world in which we now live, and the fact remains undoubted that the changes do not end there.

The 20th century can be safely called, if not the “golden”, then certainly the “silver” age of discoveries, however, looking back and comparing new achievements with the past, it seems that in the future we will have quite a few more interesting great discoveries, in fact, the successor of the last century, the current 21st century only confirms these views.

In the article we will talk about the great discoveries of the 20th century. It is not surprising that since ancient times people have tried to make their wildest dreams come true. At the turn of the last century, incredible things were invented that changed the life of the whole world.

X-rays

Let's start the list of great discoveries of the 20th century by considering electromagnetic radiation, which was actually discovered in late XIX century. The author of the invention was German physicist Wilhelm Roentgen. The scientist noticed that when the current was turned on, a slight glow began to appear in the cathode tube coated with barium crystals. There is another version, according to which the wife brought dinner to her husband, and he noticed that he could see her bones visible through the skin. These are all versions, but there are also facts. For example, Wilhelm Roentgen refused to obtain a patent for his invention, because he believed that this activity could not generate real income. Thus, we rank X-rays among the great discoveries of the 20th century, which influenced the development of scientific and technological potential.

TV

More recently, a television was a thing that testified to the wealth of its owner, but in modern world television faded into the background. Moreover, the idea of ​​the invention itself originated in the 19th century simultaneously with the Russian inventor Porfiry Gusev and the Portuguese professor Adriano de Paiva. They were the first to say that a device would soon be invented that would allow image transmission via wire. The first receiver, whose screen size was only 3 by 3 cm, was demonstrated to the world by Max Dieckmann. At the same time, Boris Rosing proved that it was possible to use a cathode ray tube in order to be able to convert an electrical signal into an image. In 1908, physicist Hovhannes Adamyan from Armenia patented a signal transmission apparatus consisting of two colors. It is believed that the first television was developed at the beginning of the 20th century in America. It was collected by Russian emigrant Vladimir Zvorykin. It was he who split the light beam into green, red and blue, thus obtaining a color image. He called this invention an iconoscope. In the West, John Bird is considered the inventor of television, who was the first to patent a device that creates a picture of 8 lines.

Mobile phones

The first mobile phone appeared in the 70s of the last century. One day, an employee of the famous Motorola company, which was developing portable devices, Martin Cooper, showed his friends a huge handset. Then they did not believe that something like this could be invented. Later, while walking around Manhattan, Martin called his boss at a competitor's company. Thus, for the first time in practice, he demonstrated the effectiveness of his enormous handset. Soviet scientist Leonid Kupriyanovich conducted similar experiments 15 years earlier. This is why it is quite difficult to definitely talk about who is actually the opener of portable devices. Anyway mobile phones- this is a worthy discovery of the 20th century, without which you can imagine modern life It's simply impossible.

Computer

One of the greatest scientific discoveries of the 20th century is the invention of the computer. Agree that today it is impossible to work or relax without this device. Just a few years ago, computers were used only in special laboratories and organizations, but today they are ordinary thing in every family. How was this super machine invented?

The German Konrad Zuse in 1941 created a computer that, in fact, could perform the same operations as a modern computer. The difference was that the machine worked using telephone relays. A year later, American physicist John Atanasov and his graduate student Clifford Berry jointly developed an electronic computer. However, this project was not completed, so it cannot be said that they are the real creators of such a device. In 1946, John Mauchly demonstrated what he claimed was the first electronic computer, ENIAC. Much time passed, and huge boxes replaced small and thin devices. By the way, personal computers appeared only at the end of the last century.

Internet

The great technological discovery of the 20th century is the Internet. Agree that without it, even the most powerful computer is not that useful, especially in the modern world. Many people don't like watching TV, but they forget that power over human consciousness has long taken over the Internet. Who came up with the idea of ​​such a global international network? She appeared in a group of scientists in the 50s of the last century. They wanted to create a high-quality network that would be difficult to hack or eavesdrop on. The reason for this idea was the Cold War.

US authorities during Cold War used a certain device that made it possible to transmit data over a distance without resorting to mail or telephone. This device was called APRA. Later, scientists from research centers in different states began creating the APRANET network. Already in 1969, thanks to this invention, it was possible to connect all the computers of the universities represented by this group of scientists. After 4 years, other research centers joined this network. After e-mail appeared, the number of people wanting to penetrate the World Wide Web began to quickly grow exponentially. As for the current state, at the moment more than 3 billion people use the Internet every day.

Parachute

Despite the fact that the idea of ​​a parachute came to the mind of Leonardo da Vinci, it is still an invention modern form considered one of the great discoveries of the 20th century. With the advent of aeronautics, regular jumps began from large balloons, to which half-opened parachutes were attached. Already in 1912, one American decided to jump from an airplane with such a device. He successfully landed on earth and became the bravest resident of America. Later, engineer Gleb Kotelnikov invented a parachute made entirely of silk. He also managed to pack it into a small backpack. The invention was tested on a moving car. Thus, they came up with a braking parachute that would allow the emergency braking system to be activated. Thus, before the outbreak of World War I, the scientist received a patent for his invention in France, and thus became the discoverer of the parachute in the 20th century.

Physicists

Now let's talk about the great physicists of the 20th century and their discoveries. Everyone knows that physics is the basis without which it is in principle impossible to imagine the comprehensive development of any other science.

Let us note Planck's quantum theory. In 1900, German professor Max Planck discovered a formula that described the distribution of energy in the spectrum of a black body. Note that before this it was believed that energy was always distributed evenly, but the inventor proved that the distribution occurs proportionally thanks to quanta. The scientist compiled a report that no one believed at that time. However, just 5 years later, thanks to Planck’s findings, the great scientist Einstein was able to create the quantum theory of the photoelectric effect. Thanks to quantum theory, Niels Bohr was able to build a model of the atom. Thus, Planck created a powerful basis for further discoveries.

We must not forget about the greatest discovery of the 20th century - the discovery of the theory of relativity by Albert Einstein. The scientist managed to prove that gravity is a consequence of the curvature of four-dimensional space, namely time. He also explained the effect of time dilation. Thanks to Einstein's discoveries, it was possible to calculate many astrophysical quantities and distances.

TO greatest discoveries The invention of the transistor can be attributed to the 19th and 20th centuries. The first working device was created in 1947 by researchers from America. Scientists have experimentally confirmed the correctness of their ideas. In 1956, they already received the Nobel Prize for their discoveries. Thanks to them, a new era began in electronics.

Medicine

Let's begin our consideration of the great discoveries in medicine of the 20-21st centuries with the invention of penicillin by Alexander Fleming. It is known that this valuable substance was discovered as a result of negligence. Thanks to Fleming's discovery, people stopped being afraid of the most dangerous diseases. In the same century, the structure of DNA was discovered. Its discoverers are considered to be Francis Crick and James Watson, who using cardboard and metal created the first model of the DNA molecule. An incredible sensation was created by the information that all living organisms have the same DNA structure. For this revolutionary discovery, scientists were awarded the Nobel Prize.

The great discoveries of the 20th and 21st centuries continue with the discovery of the possibility of organ transplantation. Such actions were perceived as something unrealistic for quite a long time, but already in the last century scientists realized that it was possible to achieve a safe, high-quality transplant. The official discovery of this fact took place in 1954. Then American doctor Joseph Murray transplanted a kidney to one of his patients from his twin brother. Thus, he showed that it is possible to transplant a foreign organ into a person, and he will live for a long time.

In 1990, the doctor was awarded the Nobel Prize. However long time specialists transplanted everything except the heart. Finally, in 1967, an elderly man received a young woman's heart. Then the patient managed to live only 18 days, but today people with donor organs and hearts live for many years.

Ultrasound

Also important inventions of the last century in the field of medicine include ultrasound, without which it is very difficult to imagine treatment. In the modern world, it is difficult to find a person who has not undergone an ultrasound scan. The invention dates back to 1955. In vitro fertilization is considered the most incredible discovery of the last century. British scientists succeeded in laboratory conditions fertilize the egg and then place it in the woman’s uterus. As a result, the world famous “test tube girl” Louise Brown was born.

Great geographical discoveries of the 20th century

In the last century, Antarctica was explored in detail. Thanks to this, scientists received the most accurate data on the climatic conditions and fauna of Antarctica. Russian academician Konstantin Markov created the world's first atlas of Antarctica. We will continue the great discoveries of the early 20th century in the field of geography with an expedition that went to Pacific Ocean. Soviet researchers measured the deepest oceanic trench, which was named Mariana.

Marine atlas

Later, a marine atlas was created, which made it possible to study the direction of currents, winds, determine depth and temperature distribution. One of the most high-profile discoveries of the last century was the discovery of Lake Vostok under a huge layer of ice in Antarctica.

As we already know, the last century was very rich in various kinds of discoveries. We can say that there has been a real breakthrough in almost all areas. The potential capabilities of scientists from all over the world have reached their maximum, thanks to which the world is currently developing by leaps and bounds. Many discoveries have become turning points in the history of all mankind, especially when it comes to research in the field of medicine.