The twentieth century is an era of social upheaval in Russian history, an era of hopes for a renewal of life and worries for the future of Russia. True artists, comprehending time, events and the person in them, bearing the burden of trials along with the people, reflected these new trends of the era in their books.
Ivan Alekseevich Bunin (1870 - 1953)
He was the first Russian writer to receive Nobel Prize(1933). And although Bunin’s life ended in exile (he left his homeland in 1920), all his thoughts and all his books are about Russia. The author of “Sukhodol”, “Village”, “Teacher”, the novel “The Life of Arsenyev”, and far from his homeland struggled with eternal, “damned” questions: the connection between literature and reality, economics and enlightenment, morality, culture. Until the end of his days, he was tormented by the paradoxes of the Russian soul, which was still unsolved by many greats. In exile writes his famous autobiographical novel“The Life of Arsenyev” (1930), sharply dramatic books about love: “Mitya’s Love” (1925) and “ Dark alleys"(1943). These works, like his poems, opposed everything terrible, ugly, base in people that he was forced to observe in life.
Andrey Platonovich Platonov (1899 - 1951)
His real name is Klimentov. Platonov's prose is unique in style, and the world in it represents a contradictory, often tragic integrity of natural and human existence. His heroes are eternal wanderers, walkers for truth and soul, lonely, tired, naive, kind and eccentric people. But it is in them that Platonov sees the sprouts of new souls, in which beauty and goodness, solidarity and compassion arise. The author reflected the most acute contradictions of the era, his hopes and anxieties in his books: the story “Epiphanian Locks” (1927), the satirical story “City of Grads” (1928), the story “Dzhan” (1934), which can be considered a masterpiece not only of Soviet, but and world prose, numerous stories (“Potudan River” - 1937, “Fro” - 1936, “Return” - 1946, etc.) His books have always caused controversial criticism. And the story “The Juvenile Sea” and the novels “Chevengur” and “Pit” were first published in 1987-88, although “Chevengur” was written in 1929, and “Pit” in 1930. The eternal Platonic theme of truth-seeking is revealed in the utopian city of Chevengur, where the experiment of the commune is taking place, and in the city of universal happiness under construction (“Pit”), where bright, naive, like children, inexperienced people, having only centuries of experience of slavery, disunity and ignorance, are trying to build a paradise, a city of happy communism, but they see a sad one, even a tragic outcome. It is not surprising that these books were published only in the era of “perestroika and glasnost.”
Boris Leonidovich Pasternak (1890 - 1960)
Another Russian poet and writer who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1958, which due to circumstances he was forced to refuse. Pasternak's poems, poems and stories were published from 1922 to 1959. And his novel “Doctor Zhivago” was first published abroad in 1957, and in our country in 1988. It tells about the tragic collisions of the revolution and Civil War. Main character Yuri Zhivago human history, set out in his poems - a kind of lyrical diary, is interpreted in the light of Christian ideals. Pasternak’s hero does not just escape from everyday disorder, he makes a path on which he finds the truth about himself, about his purpose, finds love, discovers a creative gift in himself and develops his life philosophy. The novel contains deep and bold thoughts about collectivization, about repressions against peasants, about the fate of the intelligentsia, destroyed during wars, revolutions, emigrations, who died from hunger and disease, who disappeared without a trace in Stalin’s camps. The Shvonders who replaced them are hopelessly ordinary, wingless, cruel and stupid. They are opposed to " living life“- peasant work on the land, which is “imitation of the creator.”
Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn (1918 - 2008)
Nobel laureate 1970 Solzhenitsyn is known throughout the world as a Russian writer who was the first to speak publicly about the fate of Russia during the Stalin's repressions. It was the story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” (1962), which opened camp theme in Russian literature. Then there were stories " Matrenin Dvor"(1963), novels "In the First Circle" (1958), " Cancer building"(1966). Both novels were first published abroad in 1968, and here only during the years of “perestroika”. Solzhenitsyn's documentary and journalistic work "The Gulag Archipelago", which became a real bomb in world literature, was also first published abroad (1973), and only many years later - in Russia. It was fundamental research the causes and consequences of the most brutal events of the Stalinist era, the history of an entire generation that fell into the millstones of a totalitarian regime. The fate of Solzhenitsyn himself is the fate of a generation. Participant of the great Patriotic War, he was arrested as a traitor to the motherland. Until 1957 (rehabilitation) he went through prisons, camps, exile, survived fatal disease- cancer, miraculous healing. After receiving the Nobel Prize, he was expelled from the Writers' Union, gained world fame and in 1974 was expelled from Soviet Union as a “sellout” and a “slanderer.”
Reviewing the twentieth century, it is impossible not to name the names of other writers who reflected this era: M.A. (Nobel laureate 1965, author of “ Quiet Don"), Varlam Shalamov (" Kolyma stories"), M.A. (" White Guard", "The Master and Margarita"), Ch. Aitmatova ("The Scaffold"), V. Astafieva ("The Tsar Fish", " Sad detective"), V. Bykov (“Obelisk”, “Sotnikov”, “Sign of Trouble”), Y. Dombrovsky (“Faculty of Unnecessary Things”), etc.
The past century has given humanity many talented authors. Writers of the 20th century worked in an era of global social upheaval and revolution, which was inevitably reflected in their works. Any historical event influenced literature - if you remember, then large number war novels were written during the Second World War and in the next 15 years.
The most famous Russian writers of the 20th century are Alexander Solzhenitsyn and Mikhail Bulgakov. Solzhenitsyn revealed the horror to the world Soviet camps in his work “The Gulag Archipelago”, for which he was subjected to severe criticism and persecution in our country. Later, Solzhenitsyn was exiled to Germany, and he lived and worked abroad for a long time. It was returned to him only in 1990 by a special presidential decree, after which he was able to return to his homeland.
It is interesting that in our country the 20th century became the era of writers and poets in exile - abroad in different years turned out to be Ivan Bunin, Konstantin Balmont, Raisa Bloch and many others. Mikhail Bulgakov became famous throughout the world for his novel “The Master and Margarita” and the story “ Heart of a Dog" It is noteworthy that he wrote the novel “The Master and Margarita” for more than 10 years - the basis of the work was created immediately, but editing continued for many years, until the death of the writer. Mortally ill, Bulgakov brought the novel to perfection, but never had time to finish this work, so literary blunders can be found in the work. And yet the novel “The Master and Margarita” became, perhaps, best work this genre for the entire 20th century.
Popular figures of the 20th century include, first of all, the queen of detective stories, Agatha Christie, and the creator of the best dystopia, Animal Farm, George Orwell. England has always given the world literary geniuses, such as William Shakespeare, H.G. Wells, Walter Scott and many others. Last century was no exception, and people in all countries are now reading books by Pratchett Terry, John Windom and
In general, the writers of the 20th century were not at all like their predecessors - the authors of the 19th century. became more diverse, and if in the 19th century there were only 3-4 main directions, then in the 20th there were an order of magnitude more of them. Stylistic and ideological diversity has given rise to many genres and movements, and the search for a new language has given us a whole galaxy of thinkers and philosophers, such as Marcel Proust and
Russian writers of the 20th century limited themselves mainly to three stylistic directions- realism, modernism and avant-garde. An interesting phenomenon In Russian literature of the last century there was a revival of romanticism in its original form, this fact was most fully reflected in the works of Alexander Green, whose works are literally permeated by ineradicable dreaminess and exoticism.
Writers of the 20th century left a noticeable mark on world literature, and we can only hope that the authors of the twenty-first century will be no worse than their predecessors. Maybe somewhere a new Gorky, Pasternak or Hemingway is already creating.
The great Russian writer Maxim Gorky said that “the literature of the 19th century captured the great impulses of the spirit, the minds and hearts of true artists.” This was reflected in the works of writers of the 20th century. After the revolution of 1905, the First World War and the Civil War, the world seemed to begin to fall apart. Social disharmony has set in, and literature is taking upon itself the task of returning everything to the past. Russia has begun to awaken on its own philosophical thought, new directions in art appeared, writers and poets of the 20th century revalued values and abandoned the old morality.
Classicism in art was replaced by modernism, which can be divided into several branches: symbolism, acmeism, futurism, imagism. Realism continued to flourish, in which it depicted inner world person according to his social status; socialist realism did not allow criticism of power, so writers in their work tried not to raise political problems. The golden age was followed by the silver age with its new bold ideas and varied themes. The 20th century were written in accordance with a certain trend and style: Mayakovsky is characterized by writing with a ladder, Khlebnikov is characterized by his numerous occasionalisms, and Severyanin is characterized by unusual rhyme.
In symbolism, the poet focuses his attention on a certain symbol, a hint, so the meaning of the work can be ambiguous. The main representatives were Zinaida Gippius, Alexander Blok. They were in constant search for eternal ideals, while turning to mysticism. In 1910, a crisis of symbolism began - all ideas had already been dismantled, and the reader did not find anything new in the poems.
Futurism completely rejected old traditions. Translated, the term means “the art of the future.” Writers attracted the public with shocking, rudeness and clarity. The poems of representatives of this movement - Vladimir Mayakovsky and Osip Mandelstam - are distinguished by their original composition and occasionalisms (the author's words).
Socialist realism set as its task the education of working people in the spirit of socialism. Writers depicted the specific situation in society in revolutionary development. Among the poets, Marina Tsvetaeva especially stood out, and among the prose writers - Maxim Gorky, Mikhail Sholokhov, Evgeny Zamyatin.
Imagism arose in Russia in the first years after the revolution. Despite this, Sergei Yesenin and Anatoly Mariengof did not reflect socio-political ideas in their work. Representatives of this movement argued that poems should be figurative, so they did not skimp on metaphors, epithets and other means of artistic expression.
Representatives of the new peasant lyric poetry turned to folklore traditions in their works and admired village life. Such was the Russian poet of the 20th century Sergei Yesenin. His poems are pure and sincere, and the author described in them nature and simple human happiness, turning to the traditions of Alexander Pushkin and Mikhail Lermontov. After the 1917 revolution, short-lived delight gave way to disappointment.
The term "acmeism" translated means "blooming time." Poets of the 20th century Nikolai Gumilyov, Anna Akhmatova, Osipa Mandelstam returned to the past of Russia in their work and welcomed a joyful admiration of life, clarity of thoughts, simplicity and brevity. They seemed to retreat from difficulties, smoothly float with the flow, assuring that the unknowable cannot be known.
Ivan Alekseevich was a poet living at the junction of two eras, so his work reflected some of the experiences associated with the advent of new times, nevertheless, he continued the Pushkin tradition. In the poem "Evening" he conveys to the reader the idea that happiness does not lie in material values, and in human existence: “I see, I hear, I am happy - everything is in me.” In other works lyrical hero allows himself to reflect on the transience of life, which becomes a reason for sadness.
Bunin is studying writing activity in Russia and abroad, where many poets of the early 20th century went after the revolution. In Paris, he feels like a stranger - “the bird has a nest, the beast has a hole,” and his native land he lost. Bunin finds his salvation in his talent: in 1933 he received the Nobel Prize, and in Russia he is considered an enemy of the people, but they do not stop publishing.
Sergei Yesenin was an imagist and did not create new terms, but revived dead words, enclosing them in bright poetic images. From his school days, he became famous for his mischief and carried this quality throughout his life, was a regular at taverns, and was famous for his love affairs. Nevertheless, he passionately loved his homeland: “I will sing with all my poet’s being the sixth part of the earth with the short name “Rus” - many poets of the 20th century shared his admiration for his native land. Yesenina reveals the problem human existence. After 1917, the poet became disillusioned with the revolution, because instead of the long-awaited paradise, life became like hell.
Alexander Blok is the most brilliant Russian poet of the 20th century who wrote in the direction of “symbolism”. It’s interesting to observe how evolution occurs from collection to collection female image: from Beautiful Lady to the ardent Carmen. If at first he deifies the object of his love, serves him faithfully and does not dare to discredit him, later girls seem to him to be more down-to-earth creatures. Through beautiful world romanticism, he finds meaning by going through life difficulties, responds in his poems to events of social importance. In the poem "The Twelve" he conveys the idea that revolution is not the end of the world, and its main goal is the destruction of the old and the creation of a new world. Readers remembered Blok as the author of the poem “Night, street, lantern, pharmacy ...”, in which he thinks about the meaning of life.
The philosophers and poets of the 20th century were predominantly men, and their talent was revealed through the so-called muses. Women created themselves, under the influence of their own mood, and the most outstanding poetesses silver age there were Anna Akhmatova and Marina Tsvetaeva. The first was the wife of Nikolai Gumilyov, and from their union the famous historian Anna Akhmatova was born. She did not show interest in exquisite stanzas - her poems could not be set to music, they were rare. The predominance of yellow and gray in the description, the poverty and dimness of the objects make readers sad and allow them to reveal the true mood of the poetess who survived the shooting of her husband.
The fate of Marina Tsvetaeva is tragic. She committed suicide, and two months after her death her husband was shot. Readers will forever remember her as a small, fair-haired woman connected with nature by blood ties. The rowan berry appears especially often in her work, which forever entered the heraldry of her poetry: “The rowan tree was lit with a red brush. The leaves were falling. I was born.”
In the new century, masters of the pen and word adopted new forms and themes for their works. Poems and messages to other poets or friends remained relevant. Imagist Vadim Shershenevich surprises with his work “Toast”. He does not place a single punctuation mark in it, does not leave spaces between words, but his originality lies elsewhere: looking through the text with his eyes from line to line, one can notice how some capital letters that form the message stand out among other words: To Valery Bryusov from the author .
it's like we're all in the movies
It's easy to fall down now
rush and have fun how much
ladiesLorn aboutTmennonus
ourger is decorated with liqueurs
andwe are sharp soulAsshiprom
looking for SouthJulyAvoAllForm
MchaPowerOpenToklipper
we know that all the young men
and Everyone speaksRubbeezed
Claiming this Ashkupunsha
let's drink with joy zabryusov
The work of poets of the 20th century is striking in its originality. Vladimir Mayakovsky is also remembered for creating new uniform stanzas - "ladder". The poet wrote poems on any occasion, but spoke little about love; he was studied as an unsurpassed classic, published in millions, the public loved him for his shockingness and innovation.
The current generation now sees everything clearly, marvels at the errors, laughs at the foolishness of its ancestors, it is not in vain that this chronicle is inscribed with heavenly fire, that every letter in it screams, that a piercing finger is directed from everywhere at it, at it, at the current generation; but the current generation laughs and arrogantly, proudly begins a series of new errors, which posterity will also laugh at later. "Dead Souls"
In the hearts of simple people, the feeling of the beauty and grandeur of nature is stronger, a hundred times more vivid, than in us, enthusiastic storytellers in words and on paper."Hero of Our Time"
And everywhere there is sound, and everywhere there is light,
And all the worlds have one beginning,
And there is nothing in nature
Whatever breathes love.
But others are not an example to me,
And my charter is simple and strict.
My verse is a pioneer boy,
Lightly dressed, barefoot.
1926
"At the Bottom"
"Whirlwind Rus'"
Mikhail Andreevich Osorgin (Ilyin) (1878 - 1942)
How strange /.../ There are so many cheerful and cheerful books, so many brilliant and witty philosophical truths, but there is nothing more comforting than Ecclesiastes.
"Poetry of the Word"
Aksakov Ivan Sergeevich (1823-1886) - poet and publicist. One of the leaders of Russian Slavophiles. The most famous work: the fairy tale “The Scarlet Flower”.
Aksakov Konstantin Sergeevich (1817-1860) – poet, literary critic, linguist, historian. The inspirer and ideologist of Slavophilism.
Aksakov Sergei Timofeevich (1791-1859) – writer and public figure, literary and theater critic. Wrote a book about fishing and hunting. Father of writers Konstantin and Ivan Aksakov.
Annensky Innokenty Fedorovich (1855-1909) - poet, playwright, literary critic, linguist, translator. Author of the plays: “King Ixion”, “Laodamia”, “Melanippe the Philosopher”, “Thamira the Kefared”.
Baratynsky Evgeniy Abramovich (1800-1844) - poet and translator. Author of the poems: “Eda”, “Feasts”, “Ball”, “Concubine” (“Gypsy”).
Batyushkov Konstantin Nikolaevich (1787-1855) - poet. Also the author of a number of well-known prose articles: “On the character of Lomonosov”, “Evening at Kantemir’s” and others.
Belinsky Vissarion Grigorievich (1811-1848) - literary critic. He headed the critical department in the publication Otechestvennye zapiski. Author of numerous critical articles. He had a huge influence on Russian literature.
Bestuzhev-Marlinsky Alexander Alexandrovich (1797-1837) - Byronist writer, literary critic. Published under the pseudonym Marlinsky. Published the almanac " North Star" He was one of the Decembrists. Author of prose: “Test”, “Terrible fortune-telling”, “Frigate Nadezhda” and others.
Vyazemsky Pyotr Andreevich (1792-1878) - poet, memoirist, historian, literary critic. One of the founders and first head of the Russian Historical Society. Close friend of Pushkin.
Dmitry Vladimirovich Venevetinov (1805-1827) - poet, prose writer, philosopher, translator, literary critic. Author of 50 poems. He was also known as an artist and musician. Organizer of the secret philosophical association “Society of Philosophy”.
Herzen Alexander Ivanovich (1812-1870) - writer, philosopher, teacher. The most famous works: novel “Who is to Blame?”, stories “Doctor Krupov”, “The Thieving Magpie”, “Damaged”.
Glinka Sergei Nikolaevich (1776-1847) - writer, memoirist, historian. The ideological inspirer of conservative nationalism. Author of the following works: “Selim and Roxana”, “The Virtues of Women” and others.
Glinka Fedor Nikolaevich (1876-1880) - poet and writer. Member of the Decembrist Society. The most famous works: the poems “Karelia” and “The Mysterious Drop”.
Gogol Nikolai Vasilievich (1809-1852) - writer, playwright, poet, literary critic. Classic of Russian literature. Author: " Dead souls”, the cycle of stories “Evenings on a farm near Dikanka”, the stories “The Overcoat” and “Viy”, the plays “The Inspector General” and “Marriage” and many other works.
Goncharov Ivan Aleksandrovich (1812-1891) – writer, literary critic. Author of the novels: “Oblomov”, “Cliff”, “ An ordinary story».
Griboyedov Alexander Sergeevich (1795-1829) - poet, playwright and composer. He was a diplomat and died in service in Persia. The most famous work is the poem “Woe from Wit,” which served as the source of many catchphrases.
Grigorovich Dmitry Vasilievich (1822-1900) – writer.
Davydov Denis Vasilievich (1784-1839) – poet, memoirist. Hero of the Patriotic War of 1812. Author of numerous poems and war memoirs.
Dal Vladimir Ivanovich (1801-1872) – writer and ethnographer. Being a military doctor, he collected folklore along the way. Most famous literary work – « Dictionary living Great Russian language." Dahl worked on the dictionary for more than 50 years.
Delvig Anton Antonovich (1798-1831) – poet, publisher.
Dobrolyubov Nikolai Alexandrovich (1836-1861) - literary critic and poet. He published under the pseudonyms -bov and N. Laibov. Author of numerous critical and philosophical articles.
Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich (1821-1881) - writer and philosopher. Recognized classic of Russian literature. Author of works: “The Brothers Karamazov”, “Idiot”, “Crime and Punishment”, “Teenager” and many others.
Zhemchuzhnikov Alexander Mikhailovich (1826-1896) - poet. Together with his brothers and the writer Tolstoy A.K. created the image of Kozma Prutkov.
Zhemchuzhnikov Alexey Mikhailovich (1821-1908) - poet and satirist. Together with his brothers and the writer Tolstoy A.K. created the image of Kozma Prutkov. Author of the comedy “Strange Night” and the collection of poems “Songs of Old Age”.
Zhemchuzhnikov Vladimir Mikhailovich (1830-1884) - poet. Together with his brothers and the writer Tolstoy A.K. created the image of Kozma Prutkov.
Zhukovsky Vasily Andreevich (1783-1852) - poet, literary critic, translator, founder of Russian romanticism.
Zagoskin Mikhail Nikolaevich (1789-1852) - writer and playwright. Author of the first Russian historical novels. Author of the works “The Prankster”, “Yuri Miloslavsky, or the Russians in 1612”, “Kulma Petrovich Miroshev” and others.
Karamzin Nikolai Mikhailovich (1766-1826) – historian, writer and poet. Author of the monumental work “History of the Russian State” in 12 volumes. He is the author of the stories: “ Poor Lisa", "Evgeniy and Yulia" and many others.
Kireevsky Ivan Vasilievich (1806-1856) - religious philosopher, literary critic, Slavophile.
Krylov Ivan Andreevich (1769-1844) - poet and fabulist. Author of 236 fables, many of which became popular expressions. Published magazines: “Mail of Spirits”, “Spectator”, “Mercury”.
Kuchelbecker Wilhelm Karlovich (1797-1846) - poet. He was one of the Decembrists. Close friend of Pushkin. Author of works: “The Argives”, “The Death of Byron”, “The Eternal Jew”.
Lazhechnikov Ivan Ivanovich (1792-1869) - writer, one of the founders of Russian historical novel. Author of the novels “The Ice House” and “Basurman”.
Lermontov Mikhail Yurievich (1814-1841) - poet, writer, playwright, artist. Classic of Russian literature. The most famous works: the novel “A Hero of Our Time”, the story “ Caucasian prisoner", poems "Mtsyri" and "Masquerade".
Leskov Nikolai Semenovich (1831-1895) – writer. The most famous works: “Lefty”, “Cathedrals”, “On Knives”, “Righteous”.
Nekrasov Nikolai Alekseevich (1821-1878) - poet and writer. Classic of Russian literature. Head of the Sovremennik magazine, editor of the Otechestvennye Zapiski magazine. The most famous works: “Who Lives Well in Rus'”, “Russian Women”, “Frost, Red Nose”.
Ogarev Nikolai Platonovich (1813-1877) - poet. Author of poems, poems, critical articles.
Odoevsky Alexander Ivanovich (1802-1839) - poet and writer. He was one of the Decembrists. Author of the poem "Vasilko", the poems "Zosima" and "Elder Prophetess".
Odoevsky Vladimirovich Fedorovich (1804-1869) - writer, thinker, one of the founders of musicology. Wrote fantastic and utopian works. Author of the novel “Year 4338” and numerous short stories.
Ostrovsky Alexander Nikolaevich (1823-1886) – playwright. Classic of Russian literature. Author of plays: “The Thunderstorm”, “Dowry”, “The Marriage of Balzaminov” and many others.
Panaev Ivan Ivanovich (1812-1862) – writer, literary critic, journalist. Author of works: “Mama’s Boy”, “Meeting at the Station”, “Lions of the Province” and others.
Pisarev Dmitry Ivanovich (1840-1868) - literary critic of the sixties, translator. Many of Pisarev’s articles were dismantled into aphorisms.
Pushkin Alexander Sergeevich (1799-1837) - poet, writer, playwright. Classic of Russian literature. Author: poems “Poltava” and “Eugene Onegin”, stories “ Captain's daughter", a collection of stories "Belkin's Tales" and numerous poems. Founded literary magazine"Contemporary".
Raevsky Vladimir Fedoseevich (1795-1872) - poet. Participant in the Patriotic War of 1812. He was one of the Decembrists.
Ryleev Kondraty Fedorovich (1795-1826) - poet. He was one of the Decembrists. Author of the historical poetic cycle "Dumas". Published the literary almanac "Polar Star".
Saltykov-Shchedrin Mikhail Efgrafovich (1826-1889) - writer, journalist. Classic of Russian literature. The most famous works: “Lord Golovlevs”, “ The wise minnow", "Poshekhonskaya antiquity". He was the editor of the journal Otechestvennye zapiski.
Samarin Yuri Fedorovich (1819-1876) – publicist and philosopher.
Sukhovo-Kobylin Alexander Vasilievich (1817-1903) - playwright, philosopher, translator. Author of the plays: “Krechinsky’s Wedding”, “The Affair”, “The Death of Tarelkin”.
Tolstoy Alexey Konstantinovich (1817-1875) - writer, poet, playwright. Author of the poems: “The Sinner”, “The Alchemist”, the plays “Fantasy”, “Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich”, the stories “The Ghoul” and “The Wolf’s Adoptive”. Together with the Zhemchuzhnikov brothers, he created the image of Kozma Prutkov.
Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich (1828-1910) - writer, thinker, educator. Classic of Russian literature. Served in the artillery. Participated in the defense of Sevastopol. The most famous works: “War and Peace”, “Anna Karenina”, “Resurrection”. In 1901 he was excommunicated from the church.
Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich (1818-1883) - writer, poet, playwright. Classic of Russian literature. The most famous works: “Mumu”, “Asya”, “ Noble nest", "Fathers and Sons".
Tyutchev Fedor Ivanovich (1803-1873) - poet. Classic of Russian literature.
Fet Afanasy Afanasyevich (1820-1892) – lyric poet, memoirist, translator. Classic of Russian literature. Author of numerous romantic poems. Translated Juvenal, Goethe, Catullus.
Khomyakov Alexey Stepanovich (1804-1860) - poet, philosopher, theologian, artist.
Chernyshevsky Nikolai Gavrilovich (1828-1889) - writer, philosopher, literary critic. Author of the novels “What to do?” and “Prologue”, as well as the stories “Alferyev”, “Small Stories”.
Chekhov Anton Pavlovich (1860-1904) - writer, playwright. Classic of Russian literature. Author of plays " Cherry Orchard", "Three Sisters", "Uncle Vanya" and numerous stories. Conducted a population census on Sakhalin Island.