It is difficult to imagine the Russian language without cases. They are the ones who help us speak, write and read correctly. In total, there are six cases in the modern Russian language, each case has its own question and its own ending. To make it more clear, we will look at each case separately, and also analyze what questions the cases answer.

Cases in Russian

1. Nominative - answers the questions “who?”, “what?”. Example: dog, book;
2. Genitive – answers the questions “who?”, “what?”. Example: dog, book;
3. Dative - answers the questions “to whom?”, “what?”. Example: dog, book;
4. Accusative - answers the questions “who?”, “what?”. Example: dog, book;
5. Creative - answers the questions “by whom?”, “with what?” Example: dog, book;
6. Prepositional - answers the questions “about whom?”, “about what?”. Example: about a dog, about a book.

The nominative case is the only case in the Russian language whose question is answered by the subject. The genitive case determines affiliation, kinship and some other relationships. The dative case determines the exact end point of the action, the addressee of the message. The accusative case denotes the direct object of the action. Creative defines an instrument, some types of temporary accessory. The prepositional one can be presented in the form of a question: “Are you thinking about who, what?”

Now you know what questions the cases answer.

August 13, 2016

The genitive case is necessary in Russian to express different relationships between the phenomena of the world: it can be the definition of an object through another object (a house made of wood); the action and its subject (the rustling of leaves), the action and its object (building a house), the action and its place (walking near the house), the absence of an object (no wind).

Any case is determined by the question.

What question does the genitive case of a noun answer?

When it comes to nouns, it depends on the category of animate or inanimate. The genitive case answers the question:

• whom? - animate noun
• what? - inanimate noun

The table shows nouns in the genitive case with prepositions. It is these prepositions that are used with this case of nouns.

Circumstantial questions of the genitive case

It is not always convenient to pose case questions. When a noun with a preposition in a sentence denotes the time, image, place, purpose of an action, then the genitive case is used, the questions of which will be adverbial:

• where?
• When?
• For what?

Video on the topic

Determining the meaning of the genitive case on a question

The most convenient way to classify values ​​is in the table:

Nouns in the genitive case have the meaning:
duration of action	course of action	scene	reasons for action	action goals
after lunch in the middle of the day until the evening	without sadness without enthusiasm without a light	from the city near school from under a bush	with joy out of curiosity out of resentment	for work for study

As can be seen from the table, the genitive case of nouns with prepositions has a wide range of uses as adverbials.

The biggest problem in learning the genitive case

How to correctly:

• among the Turks or among the Turks?
• two hundred grams of sausage or two hundred grams of sausage?
• kilogram of tangerines or tangerines?
• a pair of shoes or shoes?

If someone is confused by these questions, that’s normal.

The biggest headache is the genitive plural form.

Of course, you can say: “We have no business, we don’t know cases.” But there are circumstances when knowledge is power. For example, the Unified State Exam in Russian is coming up.

This topic is the most difficult when studying this case, since a countless number of word forms are formed and it can be difficult not to get confused in them.

For ease of learning, you can divide the material into groups according to their type.

Feminine nouns in the genitive plural

These nouns usually have zero inflection. But what is determined before the end by the initial form (singular h, im. p.)

It is worth recalling that words in the nominative case answer the question who? or what? The genitive case answers the question of whom? or what?

• In them. p. -a with hissing. in front of it: barge - barge, theft - theft, puddle - puddle, ski - ski, cloud - cloud (without b).
• In them. p. -a, -i not after hissing: waffle - waffle, shoe - shoes, blast furnace - domain, poker - poker, nanny - nanny, rod - rod, wedding - weddings, gossip - gossip, sheet - sheet, estate - estates
• In them. case - ia: lecture - lectures, army - armies, parody - parodies, surname - surnames, excursion - excursions.
• In them. p. - ya or -ya: rook - rook, article - articles, pin - pins. But: singers, jumpers, fussers, naughty girls, witches, pancakes.

• In them. p. - nya: cherry - cherries, bedroom - bedrooms, bell tower - bell tower (here without a soft sign); village - villages, kitchen - kitchens, apple tree - apple trees (here with a soft sign).
• In them. p. - b: mother - mothers, daughter - daughters, notebook - notebooks, night - nights, square - squares, bed - beds, bone - bones, whip - whips, bed - beds, stove - stoves (ending -ee).

Nouns in plurals. number of the neuter genitive case

In such nouns, the genitive case form also in most cases has a zero ending, but there are also inflections -ev, -ov.

• In them. p. -o: window - windows, sieve - sieve, mirror - mirrors, vessel - vessel; village - village, oar - oar; apple - apples But: awl - shilyev, bottom - donyev, little face - faces (ending -ev, -ov).
• In them. p. -e: field - fields, saucer - saucer, towel - towels.
• In them. p. -ie, -ye: nesting - nesting, conquest - conquests, food - food, coast - coasts, drug - drugs, land - land. But: dress - dresses, mouth - mouths, lower reaches - lower reaches (ending -ev).

• In them. P.-Ye: guns. But: copies, rabble.

The genitive case of masculine plural nouns and nouns that are used only in the plural. h.

Masculine words form a lot of genitive word forms that do not obey any rules. For convenience, you can classify them by ending and use the table for this:

The genitive case answers the question of whom? or what?
no Englishmen, Bulgarians, Ossetians, Moldovans, Mohicans, Mordvins, Romanians, Georgians, Armenians, Turks, Turkmens, Slavs, Tatars, Bashkirs, Buryats, citizens, elders, soldiers, partisans, gypsies,	there are no Latvians, uncles, inhabitants, kings, princes, tsars, princes, youths, guys	no drivers, sons-in-law, Lithuanians, Estonians, geniuses, Bedouins, Bushmen, Tajiks, Svans, Karelians, Sarmatians, Karelians, Tungus, Uzbeks, Kalmyks, midshipmen, Bedouins, Kyrgyz, Yakuts, sappers, miners, hussars, dragoons, lancers, apprentices
with a collective meaning - a squadron of hussars, a regiment of dragoons, a dozen lancers; grenadier company, cadet squad
items
stocking, boot, felt boot, oporok, shoulder strap,	paths, roots	roots, boots, socks, rails, glasses, leaves, sheets, bracelets, key rings,
units
100 volts, arshin, x-ray, hertz, ohm, kopecks, 5 carats	seven spans, 100 rubles	10 grams, kilograms, centners, acres, hectares, inches, liters, meters, millimeters, centimeters, poods, pounds, feet, yards, dinars, dollars, tugrs, sterling
product names
no pasta		a lot of apricots, oranges, tomatoes, tomatoes, bananas, eggplants, lemons, tangerines,

Nouns that have the same plural form in the genitive case also vary and do not have a specific rule.

Adjectives and participles in the genitive case

Adjectives and participles are also declined according to cases and have endings that depend on the questions that are posed to them by nouns.

If we consider only the genitive case, the following questions are posed:

• Which one? - husband. and Wednesday sort of
• Which? - female sort of

For example:

• dawn (what?) scarlet, evening - ending -ey, -oh;
• sea ​​(what?) deep, sparkling - the end of -it;
• ship (what?) large, sailing - the end of -it.

Adjectives and participles are posed with genitive plural questions:

• which ones?
• what are they doing?
• what did they do?

For example:

Sails (what?) white, (what are they doing?) turning white, (what have they done?) unfolding.

- (gram.) in Indo-European languages ​​is formed by several suffixes. I. Suffixes os es s (three varieties of the same suffix, with different degrees of vocalization) form the R. singular case from stems to a consonant sound and to all... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Genitive- ● The genitive of a date indicates the date of an event. This happened on the first of March. The meeting will open on May 10th. The kind landowner congratulated Ivan Petrovich on the birth of his son, who was born in the village of Pokrovskoye on August 20, 1807...… … Control Dictionary

A case form combined with a verb, name (noun, adjective, numeral), adverb (in the form of a comparative degree) and expressing the meaning of an object, accessory, quantity, etc. Genitive date indicates the date of any ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

See genitivo... Five-language dictionary of linguistic terms

Genitive- Genitive … Russian spelling dictionary

Genitive- The form of the word used in the text of speech construction as one of the stylistic means. It is believed that the use of a chain of words in the genitive case in students’ creative works is a speech error. But meanwhile, in scientific speech the use... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Genitive- linguistic Indirect case form expressing the meaning of an object, accessory, quantity; answers the questions: who? what? ... Dictionary of many expressions

Ch case answering the question of whom? Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

genitive case of qualitative assessment- units In morphological stylistics: a type of genitive attributive that characterizes the features or properties of an object. A man of great intelligence, kind heart, cheerful disposition, tall stature, strong build... Educational dictionary of stylistic terms

GENERAL, genitive, genitive. Only in the expression: genitive case (gram.) answering the question: whom what? or in other cases (eg adj.) a case depending on the word in this case. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 … Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

Books

• Genitive case, Mila Ivantsova. In maternity hospitals, yesterday's strangers often share their most intimate things, confident that they will never meet again. However, the fates of young Kiev women turned out to be closely connected: Katya, Ira and Natasha...
• Genitive case in Russian: forms and use. Comparative analysis of the functions of the genitive case in English and Russian languages. - 2nd mzd. , Ryan N.. The manual, aimed at university students, gives a complete understanding of the Russian genitive case. The book consists of three parts. The first and second chapters describe the grammar of the genitive...

There are different languages ​​in different countries of the world. There are various methods to help people understand a particular language. For example, in Russian there are cases. In other languages ​​that do not have this concept, there are different arrangements of words, prepositions and other methods of connecting words into sentences and giving them meaning. In our native language there are cases such as instrumental, nominative, dative, prepositional, genitive and accusative. The change in case of any part of speech is called its declension, which is expressed in the ending of the word.

Dative case questions.

Let's take a closer look at the dative case. The dative case answers the questions “To whom?”, “To what?”, in addition to these questions, a word such as “give” appears.

For example, give “Who?”, “What” - a person, a ladder.

"TO blackboard student Ivanov was called to answer.” The noun “board” in this sentence is in the dative case and in the singular.

"To school boards special chalk included." In this example, the same noun is in the dative case, but in the plural.

Dative endings and prepositions.

Next, let's talk about endings. As mentioned above, when the case of any word changes, its ending changes. In the dative case, nouns of the first declension will have the ending “E” (wall, board), the second declension will have the ending “U” (log, air conditioner) and the third declension will have the ending “I” (dirt).

Prepositions are used to create a beautiful combination of words in a sentence. The prepositions “K” and “Po” are used with nouns in the dative case.

« Over the bridge a man was walking, enjoying the magical beauty of the river,” “ TO another date We started preparing events.”

Case is a form of formation and function of a word, endowing words with certain syntactic roles in a sentence, a connecting link between the individual parts of speech of a sentence. Another definition of case is the declension of words, parts of speech, characterized by a change in their endings.

Perfect mastery of the ability to decline different parts of speech according to cases is a distinctive feature of a literate, educated person. Often the school curriculum, which explains in detail the cases of the Russian language, is forgotten after a few years, which leads to gross errors in drawing up the correct sentence structure, causing the members of the sentence to become inconsistent with each other.

An example of an incorrect declension of a word

To understand what we are talking about, it is necessary to consider an example showing the incorrect use of the case form of the word.

• The apples were so beautiful that I wanted to eat them right away. Their shiny red skin hid the juicy flesh, promising a truly amazing taste pleasure.

There is an error in the second sentence, indicating that the cases of nouns in the Russian language have been safely forgotten, so the word “vkusa” has the wrong declension.

The correct option would be to write the sentence as follows:

• Their shiny red skin hid the juicy flesh, promising a truly amazing pleasure of (what?) taste.

As many cases as there are in the Russian language, there are as many forms of changing the endings of words, which determine the correct use of not only the case form, but also number and gender.

I wonder what percentage of adults not involved in writing, editorial, educational or scientific activities remember how many cases there are in the Russian language?

The disappointing results of the Total Dictation held this year leave much to be desired, showing the insufficient level of literacy of the majority of the population. Only 2% of all participants wrote it without a single mistake, receiving a well-deserved “A”.

The largest number of errors were identified in the placement of punctuation marks, and not in the correct spelling of words, which makes the results not so disastrous. People don’t have any particular problems with spelling words correctly.

And for the correct declension of them in a sentence, it is worth remembering the names of the cases, as well as what questions the word answers in each specific case form. By the way, the number of cases in the Russian language is six.

Brief description of cases

The nominative case most often characterizes the subject or other main parts of a sentence. It is the only one that is always used without preposition.

The genitive case characterizes belonging or kinship, sometimes other relationships.

The dative case defines a point symbolizing the end of an action.

The accusative case is a designation of the direct object of the action.

The instrumental case denotes the instrument with which the action is performed.

The prepositional case is used only with prepositions, denotes the place of action or indicates an object. Some linguists tend to divide the prepositional case into two types:

• explanatory, answering the questions “about whom?”, “about what?” (characterizing the subject of mental activity, story, narration);
• local, answering the question “where?” (directly the area or hour of the action taking place).

But in modern educational science it is still customary to distinguish six main cases.

There are cases of Russian adjectives and nouns. Declension of words is used for both singular and plural.

Cases of Russian nouns

A noun is a part of speech that denotes the name of objects, acting in a sentence as a subject or object, answering the question “who?” or “what?”

The variety of ways to inflect words makes the multifaceted and rich Russian language difficult for foreigners to understand. The cases of nouns inflect the word, changing its ending.

Case forms of nouns can change endings, answering the questions:

• regarding animate subjects - “whom?”, “to whom?”;
• inanimate objects - “what?”, “what?”.

Cases of nouns with prepositions

Cases	Questions	Examples of changing endings	Prepositions
Nominative		Boy(), ball()
Genitive	Whom? What?	Boy(s), ball(s)
Dative	To whom? Why?	Boy(s), ball(s)
Accusative	Whom? What?	Boy(s), ball()	On, for, through, about
Instrumental		Boy(s), ball(s)	For, under, over, before, with
Prepositional	About whom? About what?	Boy(s), ball(s)	Oh, on, in, about, at, about

Indeclinable nouns

There are nouns that are used in any case without declension of endings and do not form a plural. These are the words:

• kangaroos, taxis, subways, flamingos;
• some proper names of foreign origin (Dante, Oslo, Shaw, Dumas);
• common foreign nouns (madam, missus, mademoiselle);
• Russian and Ukrainian surnames (Dolgikh, Sedykh, Grishchenko, Stetsko);
• complex abbreviations (USA, USSR, FBI);
• surnames of women denoting male objects (Alice Zhuk, Maria Krol).

Changing adjectives

Adjectives are an independent part of speech, denoting the signs and characteristics of an object, answering the questions “which?”, “which?”, “which?”. In a sentence it acts as a definition, sometimes a predicate.

Just like a noun, it is declined according to cases by changing the endings. Examples are given in the table.

Cases of adjectives with prepositions

Cases	Questions		Prepositions
Nominative
Genitive	Whom? What?	Good	From, without, at, to, near, for, around
Dative	To whom? Why?	Good
Accusative	Whom? What?	Good	On, for, through, about
Instrumental			For, under, over, before, with
Prepositional	About whom? About what?		Oh, on, in, about, at, about

Indeclinable adjectives

Cases of the Russian language are capable of changing all adjectives, if they are not presented in a short form, answering the question “what?” These adjectives in a sentence act as a predicate and are not inflected. For example: He is smart.

Plural cases

Nouns and adjectives can be singular or plural, which also reflects the cases of the Russian language.

The plural is formed by changing the ending, declension of words depending on the question answered by the case form, with or without the same prepositions.

Plural cases with prepositions

Cases	Questions	Examples of changing the endings of nouns	Examples of changing the endings of adjectives	Prepositions
Nominative		Boy(s), ball(s)	Good, red
Genitive	Whom? What?	Boy(s), ball(s)	Good, red	From, without, at, to, near, for, around
Dative	To whom? Why?	Boy(s), ball(s)	Good, red
Accusative	Whom? What?	Boy(s), ball(s)	Good, red	On, for, through, about
Instrumental		Boy(s), ball(s)	Good, red	For, under, over, before, with
Prepositional	About whom? About what?	Boy(s), ball(s)	Good, red	Oh, on, in, about, at, about

Features of the genitive and accusative cases

For some people, two cases with seemingly identical questions that are answered by the inflected word cause difficulty and some confusion: the genitive case and the question “whom?”, and the accusative case with the question “whom?”.

For ease of understanding, you should remember that in the genitive case the inflected word answers the following questions:

• there was no “who?” at the party. (Paul), “what?” (champagne);
• there was no “who?” in the store. (seller), “what?” (of bread);
• there was no “who?” in the prison cell. (prisoner), “what?” (beds).

That is, the case indicates the ownership of the object, placing emphasis on the event itself, and not on the object.

In the accusative case, the same phrases would sound like this:

• "Who?" was brought to the party. (Paul), “what?” (champagne);
• “Who?” was not brought to the store. (seller) “what?” (bread);
• They didn’t find “who?” in the prison cell. (prisoner) “what?” (bed).

The case indicates directly the object around which the action is performed.

The ability to correctly inflect various parts of speech by case, number, gender is a distinctive feature of an intelligent, literate person who highly values ​​the Russian language and its basic rules. The desire to learn, repeat and improve knowledge is a distinctive feature of a highly intelligent person capable of self-organization.