Simple sentences with a complex structure are diverse. They may contain:

1) homogeneous members;
2) separation;
3) introductory words and sentences and plug-in constructions;
4) appeals.

Here we consider the complication of the sentence structure by homogeneous members.

§1. Homogeneous members of the sentence

Homogeneous members- these are members of a sentence associated with the same word and answering the same question. They have equal rights, do not depend on each other and are one and the same member of the sentence. They are connected to each other by a coordinative or non-conjunctive syntactic connection.
The coordinating connection is expressed intonationally and with the help of coordinating conjunctions: single or repeated. The non-union connection is expressed intonationally.

I like ice cream.

I love ice cream, chocolate, cookies and cakes.

Laughing girls ran into the room.

(simple two-part extended sentence)

Cheerful, laughing, squealing, screaming girls ran into the room.

(a simple two-part extended sentence, complicated by homogeneous members)

Any member of a sentence can be expressed by a number of homogeneous members. Subjects, predicates, objects, definitions and circumstances can be homogeneous.

There were boys, girls and their parents in the hall.

(boys, girls and their parents- homogeneous subjects)

The girl is well-mannered and well educated.

(well-mannered and educated- homogeneous predicates)

I loved books, construction sets and cartoons.

(books, construction sets, cartoons- homogeneous additions)

We spent all our days in the forest or on the river.

(in the forest, on the river- homogeneous circumstances)

It was a clear, hot, truly summer day.

(clear, hot, summer- homogeneous definitions)

Most often, homogeneous members of a sentence are expressed by words of one part of speech, but such homogeneous members are also possible that are expressed by words of different parts of speech, phrases and phraseological units. That is, homogeneous members can be grammatically formatted differently.

The girl answered the exam smartly, intelligently, and in beautiful language.

(homogeneous circumstances expressed by adverbs smartly, smartly and noun phrase beautiful language)

Due to the sudden downpour, we were soaked to the skin and frozen.

(homogeneous predicates, expressed by phraseological units soaked to the skin and verb frozen)

Complications by homogeneous members can be introduced into a sentence in different ways and be punctuated differently.

Homogeneous members of a sentence, as mentioned above, form a combination of words based on a coordinating and/or non-union connection. If these are minor members of the sentence, then the connection with the words on which they depend is subordinate.

Homogeneous members in oral speech are formed intonationally, and in written speech punctuationally.

One sentence can have several rows of homogeneous members.

Masha, Seryozha and Petya were sitting around the table in the dining room and drawing.

(Masha, Seryozha and Petya- homogeneous subjects - 1st row of homogeneous members)
(sat and drew- homogeneous predicates - 2nd row of homogeneous members)

§2. Sentences with a generalizing word with homogeneous members

Rows of homogeneous members may have words with a general meaning that relate to all the words in the row. This generalizing words. The generalizing word is the same member of the sentence as the homogeneous members related to it.

Generalizing words are words that mean:

• generic and specific concepts:

  The room had simple furniture: an old sofa, a table, two chairs.

  (general word - furniture);

• words: All, All, Always, everywhere, everywhere, everywhere and others, conveying the idea of ​​universality:

  Things were scattered everywhere: on the floor, on chairs, on the bed, on the table.

In a sentence, generalizing words can appear either before or after series of homogeneous members. Compare with the example above:

On the floor, on chairs, on the bed, on the table - things were scattered everywhere.

The punctuation of sentences depends on the place that generalizing words occupy.

§3. Distinguishing homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions

If several definitions refer to the same subject or object, this does not mean that you necessarily have a series of homogeneous definitions. There are also heterogeneous definitions. What is their difference?
Homogeneous definitions characterize an object on one side, according to one characteristic, for example, by size, color, shape, material. Heterogeneous definitions characterize an object from different angles, according to different characteristics.

A cheerful, loudly laughing girl ran into the room.

(cheerful, laughing- homogeneous definitions expressing mood, state)

A small girl laughing loudly ran into the room.

(small and laughing- heterogeneous definitions)

There were red, orange and yellow flowers in the vase.

(red, orange and yellow- homogeneous definitions denoting a common feature - color)

There were large red fragrant flowers in the vase.

(large, red, fragrant- adjectives denoting different features: color, shape, smell; these are heterogeneous definitions)

Definitions expressed by different parts of speech are also heterogeneous, for example:

At the end of November the first light snow fell.

(words first And easy refer to different parts of speech: first- numeral, easy- adjective; they do not form a series of homogeneous members)

Test of strength

Find out your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

1. Is it true that homogeneous members are members of a sentence associated with the same word and answering the same question?

2. Are homogeneous members of a sentence equal?

3. Is it true that homogeneous members are connected by a subordinating relationship?

4. Are sentences with several rows of homogeneous members possible?

5. Is the number of homogeneous members limited?

6. Is it true that homogeneous members cannot be connected by coordinating conjunctions?

7. What is the name of a word with a general meaning that homogeneous members can have?

   • general word
   • appeal
   • circumstance

8. Is a generalizing word always the same member of a sentence as the homogeneous members related to it?

9. Dry yellow autumn leaves rustled underfoot..?

   • homogeneous definitions
   • heterogeneous definitions

10. What are the definitions in the sentence: The bushes under the window were covered with red, yellow, and orange leaves.?

    • homogeneous definitions
    • heterogeneous definitions

The concept of a complex sentence

Sentences with homogeneous members

Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions

Generalizing words for homogeneous sentence members

1. The concept of a complex sentence

Complex sentences include those sentences in which there are relatively independent syntactic constructions and phrases: isolated members of the sentence, homogeneous members, introductory constructions, inserted constructions, addresses, comparative phrases. Complex sentences on the transitivity scale occupy the transition zone between simple and complex sentences. The complicating part of the sentence contains a semi-predicative element that complements the main predicative core of the sentence. Thus, semi-predicativeness is a message additional to the main statement about the relevance of what is being expressed to reality.

1. Sentences with homogeneous members

Homogeneous members of the sentence – these are members of the same name, connected to each other by a coordinating connection and performing the same syntactic function in a sentence, i.e. united by the same relationship to the same member of the sentence. Homogeneous members are or can be connected by coordinating conjunctions and are pronounced with the intonation of enumeration. In the absence of conjunctions or when they are repeated, homogeneous members are also connected by connecting pauses. The separation of homogeneous components is based on three leading characteristics:

1. single-functionality;

2. subordinating connection with a common / subordinate or subordinate / word;

3. a coordinating connection between them, marked by intonation or coordinating conjunctions.

For example: A fairy tale is needed not onlychildren , but alsoadults /K.Paustovsky/ – in this sentence, homogeneous indirect objects are equally subordinate to the predicate needed and are in a relationship of comparison, realized by a coordinating conjunction. Homogeneous subjects, unlike all other homogeneous members, do not obey, but subordinate to themselves the member of the sentence associated with them - the predicate: Neither power nor life amuses me/A. Pushkin/.

The main members of one-part sentences are not covered by all three parameters, therefore their syntactic structure is not recognized or is called into question: They didn’t knock, didn’t shout, didn’t bother with questions/A. Chekhov/: Night, street, lantern, pharmacy/A.Blok/.

Both main and secondary members of a sentence can be homogeneous, for example: Gardenerfell silent, shoved tube behind the boot top (P.S.) - homogeneous predicates; We walked past Dunyashkacaps and scarves, overcoats Andoveralls (E.N.) – homogeneous subjects; Vasya drew on the corners of album sheetsbirds, animals Andangels (P.S.) – homogeneous additions.

Homogeneous members may have the same morphological expression, but can be expressed by different parts of speech: Saidhe is calm, without sadness, without complaint in the voice andSo , as if he himself was listening carefully to his speech, checking it mentally(Bitter).

Homogeneous members of a sentence are characterized by the following signs:

Take the position of one member of the sentence;

Associated with the same member of the sentence by a subordinating connection;

Connected together by a coordinating connection;

Often have the same morphological expression;

Usually they express similar concepts.

The presence of homogeneous members of a sentence is not considered in the following cases:

When repeating the same words in order to emphasize the duration of an action, a multitude of persons or objects, an enhanced manifestation of a characteristic, etc., for example: I'm going, I'm going in an open field (P.); Here is a dark, dark garden (N.).Drink and drink , and the water from the ground flows and flows/IN. Peskov/.

In complete phraseological expressions: both day and night; both old and young; neither this nor that;

neither give nor take; neither back nor forward, etc. When two verbs are combined in the same form, acting as a single predicate (in the meaning of an action and its purpose, an unexpected or arbitrary action, etc.), for example, I'll go have a lookTimetable of classes; took it and did it

vice versa, etc. Members of a sentence connected by explicative/clarifying-explanatory/ relations are not homogeneous: Now, in mid-April, the oak was black and gloomy

/IN. Krutilin/. Nor does such a phenomenon of modern language as indicating an object in its relation to another object provide syntactic homogeneity: Tolstoy and his contemporaries: readers and the book: student and perestroika . The presence of an alleged coordinating connection does not indicate homogeneity, but a stylistic predicament:

We will drink tea with sugar and with dad

/K.Simonov/.

In a block of homogeneous members, its parts are interconnected in meaning and by grammatical means: intonation, coordinating conjunctions and lexico-grammatical means.

The most significant indicator of homogeneity is coordinating connection.: To connect homogeneous members of a sentence, the following categories of coordinating conjunctions are used: Connecting unions and, yes,(meaning “and”), no no and others. Union And

can be single or repeating. A single conjunction shows that the enumeration is exhaustive, for example: no no Screaming, barking and howling were heard outside (Ars.). Repetition of the union

before each homogeneous member of the sentence makes the series incomplete and emphasizes the enumerative intonation, for example: no no And the sling, and the arrow, and the crafty dagger spare the winner years (P.). Union

can connect homogeneous members in pairs, for example: and, yes, They came together: wave and stone, poetry and prose, ice and fire are not so different from each other (P.). Repeating conjunction used in negative sentences, acting as a conjunction And,

before each homogeneous member of the sentence makes the series incomplete and emphasizes the enumerative intonation, for example: For example: Neither the sea nor the sky were visible behind the rain (M. G.) And Vaska listens and eats (Kr.); Open the window and sit with me (P.).

before each homogeneous member of the sentence makes the series incomplete and emphasizes the enumerative intonation, for example: For example: is also used as a repeating member, but cannot appear before the first homogeneous member, for example: Dog, Man, and Cat, and Falcon once swore to each other eternal friendship(Kr.).

Opposing alliances: ah, but, yes(meaning “but”), however, etc.

before each homogeneous member of the sentence makes the series incomplete and emphasizes the enumerative intonation, for example: A shows that one concept is affirmed and the other is denied: The Tit gave glory, but did not light the sea(Kr.).

In the absence of negation, the union A indicates a contrast: The dog barks at the brave, but bites the cowardly(proverb).

before each homogeneous member of the sentence makes the series incomplete and emphasizes the enumerative intonation, for example: But introduces a hint of limitation: On the right bank there are peaceful but still restless villages(L.T.)

before each homogeneous member of the sentence makes the series incomplete and emphasizes the enumerative intonation, for example: For example: adds a conversational tone: He who is noble and strong, but not smart, is so bad if he has a good heart(Kr.).

Conjunctions emphasize opposition however And but: I hesitated a little, but sat down (T.).

A connecting conjunction can act as an adversative conjunction no no: I wanted to travel around the whole world, but I didn’t travel a hundredth part(Gr.).

Dividing unions: or, either, whether... whether, then... that, not that... not that, either... or and etc.

before each homogeneous member of the sentence makes the series incomplete and emphasizes the enumerative intonation, for example: or(single or repeating) indicates the need to select one of the concepts expressed by homogeneous members and excluding or replacing each other: I was allowed to go to the river with Yevseich every day, either in the morning or in the evening (Aks.)

before each homogeneous member of the sentence makes the series incomplete and emphasizes the enumerative intonation, for example: or, with the same meaning (usually repeated), has a colloquial character: Gavrila decided that the mute either fled or drowned along with his dog (T.)

can connect homogeneous members in pairs, for example: then... then indicates the alternation of phenomena: The stars blinked with faint light and then disappeared (T.)

can connect homogeneous members in pairs, for example: whether... whether has a separative-enumerative meaning.

Repeating conjunctions not that... not that, or... or indicate the uncertainty of the impression or the difficulty of choice: There is either laziness or tenderness in the heart (T.)

Comparative(gradational): both - so and; not only but; although and – but; if not, then; not that - but (but); not as much - as much as - as much comparisons matter: Although it is simple in appearance, it has a wonderful quality (Kr.).

Connecting:yes and; a and; but also; and even then; and even then Also have connecting meaning:

I peacefully enjoyed my work, success, fame, as well as the works and successes of my friends (P.) One sentence may contain several blocks (rows) of homogeneous members. In one composed series, synonyms and antonyms occur, forming additional meanings that explode the external uniformity of the series: Rejoicing and mourning, and dripping with black blood, She looks, looks, looks at you (Block).

1. Homogeneous members of the sentence- these are the members of the sentence that
are related to the same word in a sentence and usually answer
same question. These are also the same members of the sentence,
united with each other by a creative connection.

Homogeneous members can be both major and minor members
offers.

Here's an example:
The old carpenter Vasily and his apprentice do the work slowly,
thoroughly.

In this sentence there are two rows of homogeneous members: homogeneous
the subjects Vasily and the student correspond to one predicate -
perform;
homogeneous circumstances of the course of action slowly, thoroughly
depend on the predicate (perform (how?) slowly, thoroughly).

2. Homogeneous members are usually expressed by the same part of speech.

Let's give an example: Vasily and the student are nouns in
nominative case.

But homogeneous members can also be morphologically heterogeneous:

A young lady of about thirty-two entered, glowing with health, with
laughing lips, cheeks and eyes.
In this sentence, among homogeneous definitions, the first is expressed
noun phrase in the genitive case (age thirty-two),
the second – a participial phrase (blazing with health), the third –
a combination of three nouns in the instrumental case with a preposition with
with dependent participle (with laughing lips, cheeks and eyes).

Note. Sometimes a coordinating connection can connect and
opposite members of a sentence.
Let's give an example: It is not clear who and how distributed it throughout the region
news of the birth of a white boy.
Conjunctive words in a subordinate clause are different members
sentences (subject who and adverbial manner of action how, but
They are connected by a coordinating conjunction and).

3. Homogeneous members are connected by coordinating conjunctions and intonation or just intonation. If homogeneous terms are separated by a comma, then
commas are placed only between them. Before the first homogeneous member,
There are no commas after the last homogeneous term.

Punctuation marks for homogeneous members X.

A) Non-union connection - a comma is placed between homogeneous members.

* , *, *
Here's an example:
A strange, motley, dense life passed with terrible speed.

Single connecting unions(and, yes=and) or disjunctive conjunctions
(either, or) – a comma is not placed between homogeneous terms.

* And *; * or *.

Here's an example:
She cried and stamped her feet;
Here and there along the road you come across a white birch or a weeping willow.

Note.
Conjunctions and, yes and, yes can have a connecting meaning. These unions
They introduce not homogeneous, but connecting members of the sentence. In that
In this case, a comma is placed before the conjunction.
Here's an example:
People made fun of her, and rightfully so.
“People made fun of her, and rightly so;
Why would you order an artist, and a bad one at that, to draw?
- Why would you order an artist to draw, and a bad one at that?

Opposing alliances(but, but, but, however=but, yes=but) – a comma between
homogeneous members are placed.
*, A *; *, But *; *, however *; *, but *

Let's give an example: He looks handsome, but young;
Now the lake shimmered not entirely, but only in a few places;
Our kindergarten is small, but cozy.

D) Double and paired unions(if not..., if not..., then; not
so much..., so; although..., but also; both..., not only..., and; but also;
How many; as much... as; not that..., but; Not really...,
a) – a comma is placed between homogeneous terms.
Not only but *; both * and *; although *, but also *.

Here's an example:
The rainbow stretched not only over the outskirts of the city, but also far away
around;
I have instructions from both the judge and all our friends to reconcile
you and your friend;
For Vasily Vasilievich, although familiar, the power of Erofey was heavy
Kuzmich.

Homogeneous members can be combined with a general word. Generalizing
the word is the same member of the sentence as other homogeneous
members, answers the same question, but has a general meaning:

A generalizing word denotes the whole, and homogeneous members denote parts of it.
whole:

Outside the city, from the mountain, a village was visible: square blocks, wooden
buildings, overflowing gardens, church spiers;

A generalizing word denotes a generic (general concept), and homogeneous
members – specific (more particular concepts):

Birds screamed shrilly: roosters, geese, turkeys (Fadeev).

Generalizing words are expressed by different parts of speech, but most often
pronouns and pronominal adverbs and nouns:

The forest is always beautiful: both on winter days and in spring (always -
pronominal adverb); Everything is here: both the building and the greenery - I perceived
especially I (everything is a pronoun).

Self-control task:
1. Find homogeneous members in these sentences.
What parts of speech are they expressed by?
Explain the spelling of the highlighted words, analyze them according to their composition
a) Visitors to the exhibition examined metal products with interest,
glass vases, national costumes, embroidery, jewelry from
mother of pearl brought from distant islands.
b) People came to the meeting to exchange experiences, to understand the assumptions
mistakes, outline a plan for further work.
c) Edward walked quickly, with a measured step, without looking around.

Homogeneous are called members of the proposal, answering the same question, relating to the same member of the sentence and performing the same syntactic function (i.e., occupying the position of one member of the sentence).

They have equal rights, do not depend on each other and are one and the same member of the sentence. They are connected to each other by a coordinative or non-conjunctive syntactic connection. The coordinating connection is expressed intonationally and with the help of coordinating conjunctions: single or repeated. The non-union connection is expressed intonationally.

For example: I like ice cream.I love ice cream, chocolate, cookie And cakes.

Laughing girls ran into the room.(A simple two-part common sentence.) Merry , laughing , screaming , flashy the girls ran into the room.(A simple two-part common sentence, complicated by homogeneous members.)

Homogeneous there can be everything members of the proposal: subjects, predicates, definitions, additions, circumstances.

For example:

- How boys, so girls passed the sports standards. (Boys and girls are homogeneous subjects.)
- In a large forest during a storm, trees moan, are crackling, break down. (Moan, crack, break - homogeneous predicates.)
- Yellow, blue, purple sheets of paper lay on the store counter. (Yellow, blue, violet are homogeneous definitions.)
- I loved books, constructors And cartoons.
(Books, construction sets, cartoons are homogeneous additions)
- We spent all our days in the forest or on the river.(In the forest, on the river– homogeneous circumstances).

Homogeneous members can be separated from each other by other members of the sentence.

For example: The heart is not opened with an iron key, but with kindness.

Homogeneous members of the sentence may be common or uncommon.

For example: The garden is fragrant with autumn freshness, leaves and fruits.

Most often, homogeneous members of a sentence are expressed words of one part of speech, but such homogeneous members are also possible that are expressed by words of different parts of speech, phrases and phraseological units. That is, homogeneous members can be grammatically formatted differently.

For example: The girl answered the exam smartly, sensibly, beautiful language. (Homogeneous circumstances expressed by adverbs smartly, sensibly and noun phrases in excellent language.)

Due to the sudden downpour, we soaked to the skin And frozen. (Homogeneous predicates, expressed by phraseological units, are wet to the skin and frozen by the verb.)

Complications by homogeneous members can be introduced into a sentence in different ways and be punctuated differently.

Homogeneous members of a sentence, as mentioned above, form a combination of words based on a coordinating and/or non-union connection. If these are minor members of the sentence, then the connection with the words on which they depend is subordinate.

Homogeneous members in oral speech are formed intonationally, and in written speech punctuationally.

One sentence can have several rows of homogeneous members.

For example:

Masha, Seryozha And Petya sat around the dining room table and painted. (Masha, Seryozha and Petya– homogeneous subjects – 1st row of homogeneous members; sat and drew– homogeneous predicates – 2nd row of homogeneous terms.)

Enumerative intonation and coordinating conjunctions are involved in the grammatical association of homogeneous members:

a) connecting: no no ; For example: in meaning no no ; neither ..., neither ; How ..., so and ; Not only ...,but also ; Same ; but also; and even then; and even then ;
b) adversative: A ; But ; For example: in meaning But ; but ; however ;
c) dividing: or ; or ; That ..., That ;not that ..., not that ; either ...,either .

For example:

Siberia has many features like in nature, So
and in human morals. (Union How …, so and – connecting.)

And the Baltic Sea, although not deep, but extensively. (Union But - nasty.)

In the evenings he or read, or watched TV.(Union or – dividing.)

In rare cases, homogeneous members can be connected by subordinating conjunctions (causal, concessive), for example:

For example:

It was useful because it is educational a game. Book interesting, although difficult. (In these examples, homogeneous members of the sentence: useful, because developing; interesting, although complex - are connected using subordinating conjunctions because, although.)

The following are not homogeneous members of the sentence:

1) repeated words used to emphasize a variety of objects, the duration of an action, its repetition, etc.

For example: We seemed to be floating in the air and were spinning, were spinning, were spinning. White fragrant daisies run under his feet back, back (Kuprin).

Such combinations of words are considered as a single member of the sentence;

2) repeating identical shapes connected by a particle not this way : believe it or not, try, don’t try, write like this, write like this, work like this, work like this;

3) combinations of two verbs, of which the first is lexically incomplete: I'll take it and tell you, I took it and complained, I'll go and have a look and so on.;

4) phraseological units like: neither fluff nor feather, neither back nor forth, for nothing about anything, neither light nor dawn, neither fish nor meat, neither give nor take, neither alive nor dead, and laughter and sin, and this way and that.

In them There is no comma.

July 17, 2015

Incorrect punctuation is one of the typical mistakes made in written speech. The most complex punctuation rules usually include the placement of commas in sentences where there are heterogeneous or homogeneous definitions. Only a clear understanding of their features and differences helps make the entry correct and readable.

What is the definition?

This is a minor member of a sentence, denoting a sign, property or quality of an object denoted by a noun. Most often expressed by an adjective ( white scarf), participle ( running boy), pronoun ( our house), ordinal number ( second number) and answers the questions "which one?" "whose?". However, there may be cases of use as a definition of a noun ( checkered dress), a verb in the infinitive form ( dream of being able to fly), adjective in simple comparative degree ( an older girl appeared), adverbs ( Hard boiled egg).

What are homogeneous members

The definition of this concept is given in syntax and concerns the structure of a simple (or predicative part of a complex) sentence. Homogeneous members are expressed by words of the same part of speech and the same form, depending on the same word. Consequently, they will answer the general question and perform the same syntactic function in the sentence. Homogeneous members are connected with each other by a coordinating or non-union connection. It should also be noted that their rearrangement within a syntactic structure is usually possible.

Based on the above rule, we can say that homogeneous definitions characterize an object on the basis of common (similar) features and qualities. Consider the sentence: “ In the garden, white, scarlet, burgundy buds of roses that had not yet bloomed proudly towered over their fellow flowers." The homogeneous definitions used in it denote color, and therefore characterize the object according to the same characteristic. Or another example: " Soon, low, heavy clouds hung over the city sweltering from the heat." In this sentence, one feature is logically connected to another.

Video on the topic

Heterogeneous and homogeneous definitions: distinctive features

This question often causes difficulties. To understand the material, let’s take a closer look at what features each group of definitions has.

Homogeneous	Heterogeneous
Each definition refers to one word being defined: “ The cheerful, uncontrollable laughter of children was heard from all sides.»	The closest definition refers to the noun, and the second to the resulting combination: “ On this frosty January morning I didn’t want to go outside for a long time.»
All adjectives are usually qualitative: “ A beautiful, new bag hung on Katyusha’s shoulder.»	A combination of a qualitative adjective with a relative adjective or with a pronoun, participle, or numeral: big stone castle, my good friend, third intercity bus
You can insert a connecting conjunction AND: “ For the craft you needed white, red,(AND) blue sheets of paper»	Cannot be used with I: “ In one hand Tatyana had an old straw hat, in the other she held a string bag with vegetables»
Expressed by one part of speech. Exception: adjective + participial phrase or inconsistent definitions after a noun	Refer to different parts of speech: “ We finally waited for the first light frost(numeral+adjective) and hit the road»

These are the main features, knowledge of which will allow you to easily distinguish between sentences with homogeneous definitions and heterogeneous ones. This means using punctuation marks correctly.

In addition, when performing syntactic and punctuation analysis of a sentence, you need to remember the following important points.

Definitions that are always the same

1. Adjectives next to each other characterize an object according to one characteristic: size, color, geographical location, assessment, sensations, etc. " At the bookstore, Zakhar purchased reference books on German, Italian, and French culture in advance.».
2. A group of synonyms used in a sentence: they call the same feature differently. " From early morning everyone in the house was in a cheerful, festive mood caused by yesterday's news».
3. Definitions that appear after the noun, with the exception of terms such as grab overhead crane. For example, in A. Pushkin’s poem we find: “ Three greyhounds are running along a boring winter road" In this case, each of the adjectives refers directly to the noun, and each definition is logically highlighted.
4. Homogeneous members of a sentence represent a semantic gradation, i.e. designation of the characteristic in increasing order. " The sisters, overwhelmed by a joyful, festive, radiant mood, could no longer hide their emotions».
5. Inconsistent definitions. For example: " A tall man in a warm sweater, with shining eyes and a bewitching smile, cheerfully entered the room.».

Combination of a single adjective and participial phrase

It is also necessary to dwell on the next group of definitions. These are adjectives and participial phrases used side by side and related to the same noun. Here, punctuation depends on the position of the latter.

Definitions that correspond to the scheme “single adjective + participial phrase” are almost always homogeneous. For example, " In the distance, dark mountains towering above the forest could be seen" However, if the participial phrase is used before the adjective and refers not to the noun, but to the entire combination, the rule “punctuation marks for homogeneous definitions” does not work. For example, " Yellow leaves swirling in the autumn air smoothly fell onto the damp ground.».

One more point needs to be taken into account. Consider this example: “ Among the dense, spreading fir trees, darkened in the twilight, it was difficult to see the narrow path leading to the lake" This is a sentence with isolated homogeneous definitions expressed by participial phrases. Moreover, the first of them is located between two single adjectives and clarifies the meaning of the word “thick”. Therefore, according to the rules for the design of homogeneous members, they are distinguished in writing by punctuation marks.

Cases when a comma is not required but is preferred

1. Homogeneous definitions (examples of which can often be found in fiction) designate different, but usually accompanying each other, causal features. For example, " At night,(you can insert BECAUSE) Long shadows from trees and lanterns were clearly visible in the deserted streets" Another example: " Suddenly, deafening sounds reached the old man’s ears,(BECAUSE) terrible thunderclaps».
2. Sentences with epithets that give a diverse description of the subject. For example, " And now, looking at Luzhin’s big, pale face, she... was filled... with pity"(V. Nabokov). Or from A. Chekhov: “ Rainy, dirty, dark autumn has arrived».
3. When using adjectives in a figurative meaning (close to epithets): “ Timofey's large, fishy eyes were sad and carefully looked straight ahead».

Such homogeneous definitions - examples show this - are an excellent means of expressiveness in a work of art. With their help, writers and poets emphasize certain significant details in the description of an object (person).

Exceptional cases

Sometimes in speech you can find sentences with homogeneous definitions, expressed by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives. For example, " Until recently, old, low houses stood in this place, but now there are new, tall ones." As this example shows, in such a case there are two groups of definitions that relate to the same noun, but have opposite meanings.

Another case concerns definitions interconnected by explanatory relationships. " Completely different sounds, alien to the boy, were heard from the open window." In this sentence, after the first definition, the words “namely”, “that is” would be appropriate.

Rules for placing punctuation marks

Here everything depends on how homogeneous definitions are related to each other. Commas are used in non-union connections. Example: " A short, wrinkled, hunchbacked old woman was sitting on a chair on the porch, silently pointing to the open door." If there are coordinating conjunctions (“usually”, “and”), punctuation marks are not needed. " Women in white and blue homespun shirts peered into the distance, hoping to recognize the horseman approaching them." Thus, these sentences are subject to punctuation rules that apply to all syntactic constructions with homogeneous members.

If the definitions are heterogeneous (their examples are discussed in the table), a comma is not placed between them. The exception is sentences with combinations that allow for double interpretation. For example, " After much debate and reflection, it was decided to resort to other proven methods" In this case, everything depends on the meaning of the participle. A comma is used if “namely” can be inserted before the word “verified”.

Conclusion

Analysis of all of the above leads to the conclusion that punctuation literacy largely depends on knowledge of specific theoretical material on syntax: what is a definition, homogeneous members of a sentence.