Here is a genuine person who is especially needed now in Russia, take his example and, whoever is able and able, follow his path, for this is the only path for you that can lead to the desired goal.

N.G. Chernyshevsky.

Rakhmetov appears as a character in the chapter “A Special Person.” In other chapters his name is only mentioned. But it is felt that the image is placed in the center of the reader’s attention, that Rakhmetov is the main character of the novel “What is to be done?” The chapter “A Special Person” forms, as it were, a small independent story in a novel, the idea of ​​which would not be complete and understandable without it.

When talking about Rakhmetov, Chernyshevsky deliberately shifts the temporal order of facts, and does not give a definitely consistent description and biography. He uses hints and innuendo, interweaving what was “known” about him with what was “found out” later. Therefore, every stroke of the biography is of fundamental importance. For example, origin. Indeed, why does the commoner Chernyshevsky make the main character of a socio-political novel a nobleman whose pedigree goes back centuries? Perhaps, according to the writer, the image of a revolutionary nobleman made the idea of ​​revolution more convincing and attractive. Since the best representatives of the nobility renounce their privileges to live at the expense of the people, it means that a crisis is ripe.

Rakhmetov's rebirth began in his early youth. His family was obviously a serf family. This is indicated by the terse phrase: “Yes, and he saw that it was in the village.” Observing the cruelty of serfdom, the young man began to think about justice.

“Thoughts began to wander in him, and Kirsanov was for him what Lopukhov was for Vera Pavlovna.” On the very first evening, he “listened greedily” to Kirsanov, “interrupted his words with exclamations and curses on what should perish, blessings on what should live.”

Rakhmetov differs from Lopukhov and Kirsanov not only in his aristocratic pedigree, but also in his exceptional strength of character, which is manifested in the constant hardening of body and spirit, but especially in his absorption in the matter of preparing for the revolutionary struggle. This is a man of ideas in the highest sense of the word.

For Rakhmetov, the dream of revolution is a guide to action, a guideline for his entire personal life.

The desire for rapprochement with ordinary people is clearly manifested in Rakhmetov. This is evident from his travels around Russia, physical labor, and severe self-restraint in his personal life. The people nicknamed Rakhmetov Nikitushka Lomov, thereby expressing their love for him. Unlike the commoner Bazarov, who spoke condescendingly to the “thick-bearded” men, the nobleman Rakhmetov does not look at the people as a mass to be studied. For him, people are worthy of respect. He is trying to experience at least part of the weight that hangs on the peasant’s shoulders.

Chernyshevsky shows Rakhmetov as a person of a “very rare”, “special breed”, but at the same time as a typical person, belonging to a new social group, albeit a small one. The writer endowed the “special person” with severe demands on himself and others and even a gloomy appearance.

Vera Pavlovna at first finds him “very boring.” “Lopukhov and Kirsanov, and everyone who was not afraid of anyone or anything, felt at times a certain cowardice in front of him... except for Masha and those who were equal to her or superior to her in the simplicity of their soul and dress.”

But Vera Pavlovna, having gotten to know Rakhmetov better, says about him: “...what a gentle and kind person he is.”

Rakhmetovrigorist, that is, a person who never deviates from the accepted rules of behavior in anything. He prepares himself for the revolutionary struggle both morally and physically. Having slept the night on nails, he explains his action, smiling broadly and joyfully: “A test. It’s necessary. Implausible, of course: however, it’s necessary just in case. I see, I can.” This is probably how Chernyshevsky saw the leader of the revolutionaries. To the question: “What to do?” Nikolai Gavrilovich answers with the image of Rakhmetov and the words placed in the epigraph. The figure of this rigorist had a huge influence on subsequent generations of Russian and foreign revolutionaries. This is evidenced by the confessions of these people that “Rakhmetov, in particular, was their favorite.”

I like Rakhmetov. He has the qualities that Bazarov lacks. I admire his tenacity, will, endurance, ability to subordinate his life to his chosen ideal, courage, strength. I want to be at least a little like Rakhmetov.

Rakhmetov is one of the main characters. The chapter “A Special Person” is dedicated to him. Comes from a noble family, known since the 13th century. Among his ancestors are boyars, okolnichy, general-in-chief, etc. His father, at the age of forty, retired as a lieutenant general and settled on one of his estates; he was of a despotic nature, intelligent, educated and ultra-conservative. The mother suffered from the difficult character of the father. The author mentions the hero’s rather significant income (three thousand a year, despite the fact that he spends only four hundred on himself) to emphasize his unpretentiousness and asceticism.

At the time of the novel's action he is 22 years old. He has been a student since the age of 16, studied at the Faculty of Science, but left the university for almost 3 years, took care of his estate, wandered around Russia - both by land and by water, had many adventures that he arranged for himself, took several people to Kazan and Moscow universities , making them their fellows. Returning to St. Petersburg, he entered the philological department. Friends call R. “rigorist” and Nikitushka Lomov (after the famous barge hauler) - for the outstanding physical strength that he developed in himself through exercise. After several months of studying at the university, R. made acquaintance with particularly smart heads like Kirsanov and Lopukhov, and began to read books according to their instructions.

“Some time before he left the university and went to his estate, then to wander around Russia, he had already accepted original principles in material, moral, and mental life, and when he returned, they had already developed into a complete system, which he adhered to unswervingly. “I don’t drink a drop of wine. I don't touch a woman." And the nature was ebullient. “Why is this? Such an extreme is not necessary at all.” - “It’s necessary. We demand complete enjoyment of life for people - we must testify with our lives that we demand this not to satisfy our personal passions, not for ourselves personally, but for man in general, that we speak only according to principle, and not according to predilection, according to conviction, and not out of personal need.”

Therefore, R. leads the most severe, Spartan lifestyle, eating only beef to maintain physical strength, citing the fact that he should eat only what is available to the common people. Constantly tests willpower (the textbook episode of lying on nails). His only weakness is cigars. He manages to do an enormous amount because he has made it a rule to restrain himself and to manage his time, without wasting it either on reading unimportant books or on unimportant matters.

R. lives in general, not personal, is constantly in trouble, and is not at home much. There is a well-known episode of his love for a certain lady whom he saved by stopping a charabanc with a runaway horse. R. deliberately refuses love because it ties his hands. And in response to the author’s ridicule, he says: “Yes, feel sorry for me, you’re right, feel sorry: after all, I, too, am not an abstract idea, but a person who would like to live.” R. probably participates in the “disappearance” of Lopukhov, acts as his confidant, passing on his letter to Vera Pavlovna. During a visit to her, he explains to her in detail his view of her situation, reprimands her for transferring the workshop to other hands, and he speaks about the guilt of Lopukhov, who, in his words, “did not prevent this melodrama.”

The image of R. bears the stamp of mystery, which encrypts the revolutionary activity of the hero - the “hidden” plot of the novel. It also marks his chosenness. Despite the fact that the hero takes part in the novel’s conflict, his plot function is different - to represent the type of special, “ideal” person with whom all other characters are compared in one way or another. It is known that two years after the events described in the novel, he leaves St. Petersburg, believing that he has already done everything he could here, sells his estate, distributes part of the money to his fellows so that they can complete the course, then his traces are lost. The author calls people like R. “the salt of the salt of the earth.”

The novel was begun in December 1862 and completed four months later. Its first chapters appeared in the March book of Sovremennik for 1863, the rest - in the April and May issues of the magazine for the same 1863. The novel was double censored. At first...

Having read the novel by N. G. Chernyshevsky for the first time, a modern young man will most likely grin. Indeed, the relationships accepted in the family of Lopukhov and Vera Pavlovna look unusual. The house has neutral and non-neutral rooms...

The great Russian thinker and fighter for the freedom of the people, Nikolai Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky, is near and dear to us. With his fiery, versatile theoretical and political struggle against the forces of reaction, Chernyshevsky showed an example of fearlessness, perseverance, and patriotism...

The central figure of the era of the 50-60s was the great Russian scientist, writer and revolutionary. Chernyshevsky's father was not like most of the Russian Orthodox clergy. “It was not pop, or at least very little pop,” Kolokol wrote about him...

1. New!

WHAT TO DO?

From stories about new people

(Novel, 1863)

Rakhmetov- one of the main characters. The chapter “A Special Person” is dedicated to him. Comes from a noble family, known since the 13th century. Among his ancestors are boyars, okolnichy, general-in-chief, etc. His father, at the age of forty, retired as a lieutenant general and settled on one of his estates; he was of a despotic character, intelligent, educated and ultra-conservative. The mother suffered from the difficult character of the father. The author mentions the hero’s rather significant income (three thousand a year, despite the fact that he spends only four hundred on himself) to emphasize his unpretentiousness and asceticism.

At the time of the novel's action he is 22 years old. He has been a student since the age of 16, studied at the Faculty of Science, but left the university for almost 3 years, took care of his estate, wandered around Russia - both by land and by water, had many adventures that he arranged for himself, took several people to Kazan and Moscow universities , making them their fellows. Returning to St. Petersburg, he entered the philological department. Friends call R. “rigorist” and Nikitushka Lomov (after the famous barge hauler) - for the outstanding physical strength that he developed in himself through exercise. After several months of studying at the university, R. made acquaintance with particularly smart heads like Kirsanov and Lopukhov, and began to read books according to their instructions.

“Some time before he left the university and went to his estate, then to wander around Russia, he had already accepted original principles in material, moral, and mental life, and when he returned, they had already developed into a complete system, which he adhered to unswervingly. “I don’t drink a drop of wine. I don't touch a woman." And the nature was ebullient. “Why is this? Such an extreme is not necessary at all.” - “That’s necessary. We demand complete enjoyment of life for people - we must testify with our lives that we demand this not to satisfy our personal passions, not for ourselves personally, but for man in general, that we speak only on principle, and not on bias, on conviction, and not out of personal need.”

Therefore, R. leads the most severe, Spartan lifestyle, eating only beef to maintain physical strength, citing the fact that he should eat only what is available to the common people. Constantly tests willpower (the textbook episode of lying on nails). His only weakness is cigars. He manages to do an enormous amount because he has made it a rule to restrain himself and to manage his time, without wasting it either on reading unimportant books or on unimportant matters.

R. lives in general, not personal, is constantly in trouble, and is not at home much. There is a well-known episode of his love for a certain lady whom he saved by stopping a charabanc with a runaway horse. R. deliberately refuses love because it ties his hands. And in response to the author’s ridicule, he says: “Yes, feel sorry for me, you’re right, feel sorry: after all, I, too, am not an abstract idea, but a person who would like to live.” R. probably participates in the “disappearance” of Lopukhov, acts as his confidant, passing on his letter to Vera Pavlovna. During a visit to her, he explains to her in detail his view of her situation, reprimands her for transferring the workshop to other hands, and he speaks about the guilt of Lopukhov, who, in his words, “did not prevent this melodrama.”

The image of R. bears the stamp of mystery, which encrypts the revolutionary activity of the hero - the “hidden” plot of the novel. It also marks his chosenness. Despite the fact that the hero takes part in the novel’s conflict, his plot function is different - to represent the type of special, “ideal” person with whom all other characters are compared in one way or another. It is known that two years after the events described in the novel, he leaves St. Petersburg, believing that he has already done everything he could here, sells his estate, distributes part of the money to his fellows so that they can complete the course, then his traces are lost. The author calls people like R. “salt of salt”
land."

Roman by N. G. Chernyshevsky"What to do?" It was written in the Peter and Paul Fortress. It was started on December 14, 1862 and completed on April 4, 1863. It was written during the era of the rise of the revolutionary movement in Russia. The hero of the novel, Rakhmetov, is a revolutionary. He is a nobleman by birth. His father was a rich man. But the free life did not keep Rakhmetov on his father’s estate. He left the province and entered the Faculty of Science in St. Petersburg. Rakhmetov easily became close to progressive-minded people in the capital. I met Kirsanov, from whom I learned a lot of new and advanced things in political relations. I started reading a lot. Six months later, he stopped reading books and said: “Now reading has become a secondary matter for me. I am ready for life on this side.” He began to give orders to himself and to carry out these orders exactly on time. Next, Rakhmetov began to harden his body. He took on the hardest work. He was even a little boy. He did all this in preparation for great revolutionary deeds. Rakhmetov moved along the path he had chosen once and for all.

He only ate what ordinary people ate, although they had the opportunity to eat better. He explained it simply: “This is necessary - it gives respect and love from ordinary people. This is useful, it may come in handy. Rakhmetov refused to marry a rich young widow. He explained it this way: “... I must suppress love in myself: love for you would tie my hands, they will not be resolved soon for me - they are already tied. Chernyshevsky, in the image of Rakhmetov, portrayed a revolutionary leader, a special person. The author wrote about such people: “... These are the colors of the best people, these are the engines of engines, these are the salt of the earth.” Rakhmetov is a knight without fear or reproach, a man who seems to be forged from steel. He expands his circle of knowledge with amazing speed and carefully studies life.

As a character Rakhmetov appears in the chapter "Special Person". In other chapters his name is only mentioned. But one feels that this image is Central, Rakhmetov is the main character of the novel “What is to be done?” The chapter “A Special Person” forms, as it were, a small independent story in a novel, the idea of ​​which would not be complete and understandable without it. When talking about Rakhmetov, Chernyshevsky deliberately shifts the time frame and does not provide a consistent description and biography. He uses hints and innuendo, interweaving what was “known” about him with what was “found out” later. Therefore, every stroke of the biography is of fundamental importance. For example, origin. Indeed, why does the sacristan Chernyshevsky make the main character of a socio-political novel a nobleman whose pedigree goes back centuries? Perhaps, according to the writer, the image of a revolutionary nobleman made the idea of ​​revolution more convincing and attractive. Since the best representatives of the nobility renounce their privileges, it means that a crisis is ripe. Rakhmetov's rebirth began in his early youth. His family was obviously a serf family. This is indicated by the terse phrase: “Yes, and he saw that it was in the village.” Observing the cruelty of serfdom, the young man began to think about justice. “Thoughts began to wander through him, and Kirsanov was to him what Lopukhov was to Vera Pavlovna. On the very first evening, he “listened greedily” to Kirsanov, “interrupted his words with shouts and curses for what should perish, blessings for what should live.” Rakhmetov differs from Lopukhov and Kirsanov not only by his aristocratic pedigree, but also by the fact that he has exceptional strength of character, which is manifested in the constant hardening of body and spirit, but especially by his tenacity in preparing for the revolutionary struggle. This is a man of ideas in the highest sense of the word. For Rakhmetov, the dream of a revolution is a guide to action, a guideline for his entire personal life.

The desire for rapprochement with ordinary people is clearly manifested in Rakhmet. This is evident from his travels around Russia, physical labor, and severe self-restraint in his personal life. The people nicknamed Rakhmetov Mikitushka Lomov, thereby expressing their love for him. Unlike the commoner Bazarov, who spoke condescendingly to the “thick-bearded” men, the nobleman Rakhmetov does not look at the people as a mass to be studied. He believes that the people are worthy of respect and are trying to experience at least part of the weight that hangs on the peasants' shoulders. Chernyshevsky shows Rakhmetova as a “very liquid” person, “a special breed”, but at the same time as a typical person, belonging to a new social group, albeit a small one. The writer endowed the “special person” with severe demands on himself and others, even with a gloomy appearance.

Vera Pavlovna first finds him “very boring. “Lopukhov and Kirsanov, and everyone who was not afraid of anyone or anything, felt time and some cowardice in front of him ... except for Masha and her equals or those who surpassed her in the simplicity of their souls and dresses. But Vera Pavlovna, who got to know Rakhmetov better, says about him: “... What a gentle and kind person he is.” Rakhmetov is a rigorist, that is, a person who never deviates from the accepted rules of behavior in anything. He prepares himself for the revolutionary struggle both morally and physically. Having slept the night on nails, he explains his action, smiling broadly and joyfully: “Test. Need to. It’s implausible, of course, but it’s necessary just in case. I see I can." This is probably how Chernyshevsky saw the leader of the revolutionaries. To the question “What to do?” Nikolai Gavrilovich responds with the image of Rakhmetov and the words placed in the epigraph. The figure of this rigorist influenced subsequent generations of Russian and foreign revolutionaries. This is evidenced by the confessions of these people; their “favorite was especially Rakhmetov. I like Rakhmetov. He has the qualities that Bazarov lacks. I admire his tenacity, will, endurance, ability to subordinate his life to his chosen ideal, courage, strength. I want to be at least a little like this hero.

poured on Rakhmetov. I like Rakhmetov. He has the qualities that Bazarov lacks. I admire his tenacity, will, endurance, ability to subordinate his life to his chosen ideal, courage, strength. I want to be at least a little like this hero.

RAKHMETOV

RAKHMETOV is the central character of N.G. Chernyshevsky’s work “What to do? From stories about new people" (1863).

R. differs from other heroes of the novel in the same way as Chernyshevsky’s novel itself differs from traditional psychological novels. In the magazine “Epoch”, published by M.M. and F.M. Dostoevsky, they wrote about R. as “some kind of armchair myth, traveling as easily through faculties as throughout Europe” (N. Soloviev). In the artistic hierarchy of the novel, he occupies the highest level, being the only representative of “special” people - in proportion to how in life the author, in his words, “has so far met only eight examples of this breed.” Some trait “already united them into one breed and separated them from all other people,” simply put - participation in underground revolutionary work. Without knowing Chernyshevsky’s “Aesopian language”, it is impossible to understand why R. led “the harshest lifestyle”, “was involved in other people’s affairs or no one’s affairs in particular”, in the “gathering points” of his friends “he only met people who had influence on others” , “I wasn’t at home much, I kept walking and driving around.”

A “special person” differs from “new people” in many ways. By origin, he is not a commoner, but a nobleman, “from a family known since the 13th century”; It is not circumstances, but only the strength of his convictions that forces him to go against his Environment. He remakes both his mental and physical nature, maintains “exorbitant strength within himself,” because “this gives respect and love from ordinary people.” He completely renounces personal benefits and intimate life, so that the struggle for complete enjoyment of life is a struggle “only according to principle, and not out of passion, out of conviction, and not out of personal need.” Hence R.’s nickname - “rigorist” (from the Latin “rigore” - cruelty, hardness), under which he first appears in section VI of the third chapter of the book. The rigorism of life follows from the rigorism of thought: “All the great theorists were people of extreme opinions,” Chernyshevsky wrote in the article “Count Cavour.” R. serves as a living embodiment of the theory of “calculation of mutual benefits,” realizing the potential inherent in “new people.”

R.'s image is built on a paradoxical combination of incompatible things. The extreme chronological specificity of his biography, which serves as a starting point for many other events in the book, is adjacent to significant event gaps; a secondary character, he turns out to be “more important than all... taken together”; an extreme materialist in his views, he lives and fights only for an idea. However, this inconsistency results in stylistic diversity, characteristic of the menippea genre, to which the novel is close.

Despite all the visible extraneousness of R.’s image to the main plot of the book, he occupies a pivotal position in it, performing the functions of an intermediary: between the “open” (family) and “hidden” (political-revolutionary) parts of the plot, that is, between the worlds visible and invisible to the ordinary reader : between that world and this (when he gives Vera Pavlovna notes from Lopukhov, who “left for America”); between the past, present and future (when from an “ordinary kind and honest young man” RAKHMETOV, a nobleman, a man of the past, becomes a “special person” of the future and knows the onset of this future to within a year); between different parts of this world (when traveling in Russia and abroad). The highest manifestation of R.'s messianic properties is the anticipation of his arrival on the eve of a “change of scenery.” The obvious mythological subtext of this image is associated with the structure of the novel, organized according to the principle of the “world tree”: R. and a few other “special people” descend from its upper, heavenly tier to the sinful earth to purify it. The hagiographical and legendary features of R.’s biography, referring to the “Life of Alexy, the Man of God,” to epics about heroes and to the newest legends about the barge hauler Nikitushka Lomov, to romantic images of supermen, in combination with everyday detail, are intended to emphasize his universality and absolute reality.

Among the prototypes of R., they are most often called P.A. Bakhmetev (according to Chernyshevsky himself), who studied with Chernyshevsky at the Saratov gymnasium and, after unfinished studies at the agricultural institute, went to Europe and then to Oceania to create a new social system there. The image of R., as befits any hagiographic image, gave rise to many imitations. He became the standard of a professional revolutionary, as D.I. Pisarev pointed out in his article “The Thinking Proletariat” (1865), calling R. a “historical figure”: “In the general movement of events, there are moments when people like Rakhmetov are necessary and irreplaceable ..."

Lit.: Pisarev D.I. Thinking proletariat

//Pisarev D.I. Essays. In three volumes. 1.1. L., 1982; Skaftymov A.P. Chernyshevsky's artistic works written in the Peter and Paul Fortress

//Skaftymov A.P. Moral quests of Russian writers. M., 1972; Bakhtin M.M. Problems of Dostoevsky's poetics. M., 1972; Lebedev A.A. Reasonable egoists of Chernyshevsky. M., 1973; Ta-marchenko G.E. Chernyshevsky is a novelist. L., 1976; Naumova N.N. Roman N.G. Chernyshevsky “What to do?” L., 1978; Rudenko Yu.K. Novel by N.G. Chernyshevsky “What to do?”: Aesthetic originality and artistic method. L., 1979; Pinaev M.T. Roman N.G. Chernyshevsky “What to do?”: Commentary. Book for teachers. M., 1988; Paperno I. Semiotics of behavior: Nikolai Chernyshevsky - a man of the era of realism. M., 1996.

M.A. Dzyubenko

Literary heroes. - Academician. 2009 .

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