The most important feature of the amazing talent of I.S. Turgenev - a keen sense of his time, which is the best test for an artist. The images he created continue to live, but in another world, the name of which is the grateful memory of descendants who learned love, dreams and wisdom from the writer.

The clash of two political forces, liberal nobles and raznochintsy revolutionaries, found artistic expression in a new work, which was created during a difficult period of social confrontation.

The idea for “Fathers and Sons” is the result of communication with the staff of the Sovremennik magazine, where the writer worked for a long time. The writer had a hard time leaving the magazine, because the memory of Belinsky was connected with him. The articles of Dobrolyubov, with whom Ivan Sergeevich constantly argued and sometimes disagreed, served as a real basis for depicting ideological differences. The radically minded young man was not on the side of gradual reforms, like the author of Fathers and Sons, but firmly believed in the path of revolutionary transformation of Russia. The editor of the magazine, Nikolai Nekrasov, supported this point of view, so the classics of fiction - Tolstoy and Turgenev - left the editorial office.

The first sketches for the future novel were made at the end of July 1860 on the English Isle of Wight. The image of Bazarov was defined by the author as the character of a self-confident, hard-working, nihilist person who does not recognize compromises or authorities. While working on the novel, Turgenev involuntarily develops sympathy for his character. In this he is helped by the diary of the main character, which is kept by the writer himself.

In May 1861, the writer returned from Paris to his Spasskoye estate and made his last entry in the manuscripts. In February 1862, the novel was published in the Russian Bulletin.

Main problems

After reading the novel, you understand its true value, created by the “genius of proportion” (D. Merezhkovsky). What did Turgenev love? What did you doubt? What did you dream about?

1. Central to the book is the moral problem of intergenerational relationships. "Fathers" or "children"? The fate of everyone is connected with the search for an answer to the question: what is the meaning of life? For new people it lies in work, but the old guard sees it in reasoning and contemplation, because crowds of peasants work for them. In this fundamental position there is a place for irreconcilable conflict: fathers and children live differently. In this discrepancy we see the problem of misunderstanding of opposites. The antagonists cannot and do not want to accept each other, this impasse is especially evident in the relationship between Pavel Kirsanov and Evgeny Bazarov.
2. The problem of moral choice is also acute: on whose side is the truth? Turgenev believed that the past cannot be denied, because only thanks to it the future is built. In the image of Bazarov, he expressed the need to preserve the continuity of generations. The hero is unhappy because he is lonely and understood, because he himself did not strive for anyone and did not want to understand. However, changes, whether people of the past like it or not, will still come, and we must be prepared for them. This is evidenced by the ironic image of Pavel Kirsanov, who lost his sense of reality while putting on ceremonial tailcoats in the village. The writer calls for a sensitive response to changes and trying to understand them, and not indiscriminately criticize, like Uncle Arkady. Thus, the solution to the problem lies in the tolerant attitude of different people towards each other and an attempt to understand the opposite life concept. In this sense, the position of Nikolai Kirsanov, who was tolerant of new trends and was never in a hurry to judge them, won. His son also found a compromise solution.
3. However, the author made it clear that there is a high purpose behind Bazarov’s tragedy. It is precisely such desperate and self-confident pioneers who pave the way forward for the world, so the problem of recognizing this mission in society also occupies an important place. Evgeniy repents on his deathbed that he feels useless, this realization destroys him, but he could have become a great scientist or a skilled doctor. But the cruel mores of the conservative world are pushing him out, because they feel threatened by him.
4. The problems of the “new” people, the diverse intelligentsia, and difficult relationships in society, with parents, and in the family are also obvious. The commoners do not have profitable estates and a position in society, so they are forced to work and become embittered when they see social injustice: they work hard for a piece of bread, while the nobles, stupid and mediocre, do nothing and occupy all the upper floors of the social hierarchy, where the elevator simply does not reach . Hence the revolutionary sentiments and the moral crisis of an entire generation.
5. Problems of eternal human values: love, friendship, art, attitude to nature. Turgenev knew how to reveal the depths of human character in love, to test the true essence of a person with love. But not everyone passes this test; an example of this is Bazarov, who breaks down under the onslaught of feeling.

All the interests and plans of the writer were entirely focused on the most important tasks of the time, moving towards the most pressing problems of everyday life.

Characteristics of the characters in the novel

Evgeny Vasilievich Bazarov- comes from the people. Son of a regimental doctor. My grandfather on my father’s side “plowed the land.” Evgeniy makes his own way in life and receives a good education. Therefore, the hero is careless in clothes and manners; no one raised him. Bazarov is a representative of the new revolutionary-democratic generation, whose task is to destroy the old way of life and fight against those who hinder social development. A complex man, doubtful, but proud and adamant. Evgeniy Vasilyevich is very vague about how to correct society. Denies the old world, accepts only what is confirmed by practice.

• The writer portrayed in Bazarov the type of young man who believes exclusively in scientific activity and denies religion. The hero has a deep interest in natural sciences. From childhood, his parents instilled in him a love of work.
• He condemns the people for illiteracy and ignorance, but is proud of his origin. Bazarov's views and beliefs do not find like-minded people. Sitnikov, a talker and phrase-monger, and the “emancipated” Kukshina are worthless “followers”.
• A soul unknown to him is rushing about in Evgeny Vasilyevich. What should a physiologist and anatomist do with it? It is not visible under a microscope. But the soul hurts, although it – a scientific fact – does not exist!
• Turgenev spends most of the novel exploring the “temptations” of his hero. He torments him with the love of old people - his parents - what to do with them? What about love for Odintsova? The principles are in no way compatible with life, with the living movements of people. What remains for Bazarov? Just die. Death is his final test. He accepts her heroically, does not console himself with the spells of a materialist, but calls his beloved.
• The spirit conquers the enraged mind, overcomes the errors of the schemes and postulates of the new teaching.

Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov - bearer of noble culture. Bazarov is disgusted by Pavel Petrovich’s “starched collars” and “long nails”. But the hero’s aristocratic manners are an internal weakness, a secret consciousness of his inferiority.

• Kirsanov believes that respecting yourself means taking care of your appearance and never losing your dignity, even in the village. He organizes his daily routine in the English manner.
• Pavel Petrovich retired, indulging in love experiences. This decision of his became a “retirement” from life. Love does not bring joy to a person if he lives only by its interests and whims.
• The hero is guided by principles taken “on faith”, corresponding to his position as a gentleman - a serf owner. The Russian people are honored for their patriarchy and obedience.
• In relation to a woman, strength and passion of feelings are manifested, but he does not understand them.
• Pavel Petrovich is indifferent to nature. Denial of her beauty speaks of his spiritual limitations.
• This man is deeply unhappy.

Nikolai Petrovich Kirsanov- Arkady's father and Pavel Petrovich's brother. He failed to make a military career, but he did not despair and entered the university. After the death of his wife, he devoted himself to his son and the improvement of the estate.

• The characteristic features of the character are gentleness and humility. The hero's intelligence evokes sympathy and respect. Nikolai Petrovich is a romantic at heart, loves music, recites poetry.
• He is an opponent of nihilism and tries to smooth out any emerging disagreements. Lives in accordance with his heart and conscience.

Arkady Nikolaevich Kirsanov- a person who is not independent, deprived of his life principles. He completely obeys his friend. He joined Bazarov only because of his youthful enthusiasm, since he did not have his own views, so in the finale there was a break between them.

• Subsequently, he became a zealous owner and started a family.
• “A nice fellow,” but “a soft, liberal gentleman,” Bazarov says about him.
• All the Kirsanovs are “more children of events than fathers of their own actions.”

Odintsova Anna Sergeevna- an “element” “related” to Bazarov’s personality. On what basis can this conclusion be made? The firmness of her outlook on life, “proud loneliness, intelligence - make her “close” to the main character of the novel. She, like Evgeny, sacrificed personal happiness, so her heart is cold and fearful of feelings. She herself trampled on them by marrying for convenience.

Conflict between "fathers" and "children"

Conflict – “clash”, “serious disagreement”, “dispute”. To say that these concepts have only a “negative connotation” means to completely misunderstand the processes of social development. “Truth is born in dispute” - this axiom can be considered a “key” that lifts the curtain on the problems posed by Turgenev in the novel.

Disputes are the main compositional device that allows the reader to determine his point of view and take a certain position in his views on a particular social phenomenon, area of ​​development, nature, art, moral concepts. Using the “technique of debate” between “youth” and “old age,” the author affirms the idea that life does not stand still, it is multifaceted and multifaceted.

The conflict between “fathers” and “children” will never be resolved; it can be described as a “constant”. However, it is the conflict of generations that is the engine of development of everything on earth. On the pages of the novel there is a heated debate caused by the struggle of revolutionary democratic forces with the liberal nobility.

Main topics

Turgenev managed to saturate the novel with progressive thought: protest against violence, hatred of legalized slavery, pain for the suffering of the people, the desire to found their happiness.

The main themes in the novel “Fathers and Sons”:

1. Ideological contradictions of the intelligentsia during the preparation of the reform on the abolition of serfdom;
2. “Fathers” and “sons”: relationships between generations and the theme of family;
3. A “new” type of person at the turn of two eras;
4. Immense love for the homeland, parents, woman;
5. Man and nature. The world around us: workshop or temple?

What is the point of the book?

Turgenev's work sounds an alarming alarm over the whole of Russia, calling on fellow citizens to unite, sanity, and fruitful activity for the good of the Motherland.

The book explains to us not only the past, but also the present day, reminds us of eternal values. The title of the novel does not mean the older and younger generations, not family relationships, but people of new and old views. “Fathers and Sons” is valuable not only as an illustration of history; the work touches on many moral issues.

The basis of the existence of the human race is the family, where everyone has their own responsibilities: the elders (“fathers”) look after the younger (“children”), pass on to them the experience and traditions accumulated by their ancestors, and instill moral feelings in them; the younger ones honor adults, adopt from them everything important and best that is necessary for the formation of a person of a new formation. However, their task is also the creation of fundamental innovations, which is impossible without some denial of past misconceptions. The harmony of the world order lies in the fact that these “connections” are not broken, but not in the fact that everything remains the old fashioned way.

The book has great educational value. Reading it at the time of forming your character means thinking about important life problems. “Fathers and Sons” teaches a serious attitude towards the world, an active position, and patriotism. They teach from a young age to develop strong principles, engaging in self-education, but at the same time honor the memory of their ancestors, even if it does not always turn out to be right.

Criticism about the novel

• After the publication of Fathers and Sons, a fierce controversy erupted. M.A. Antonovich in the Sovremennik magazine interpreted the novel as a “merciless” and “destructive criticism of the younger generation.”
• D. Pisarev in “Russian Word” highly appreciated the work and the image of a nihilist created by the master. The critic emphasized the tragedy of character and noted the firmness of a person who does not retreat from trials. He agrees with other authors of critical articles that the “new” people may cause resentment, but it is impossible to deny them “sincerity”. The appearance of Bazarov in Russian literature is a new step in highlighting the social and public life of the country.

Can you agree with the critic on everything? Perhaps not. He calls Pavel Petrovich “a small-sized Pechorin.” But the dispute between the two characters gives reason to doubt this. Pisarev claims that Turgenev does not sympathize with any of his heroes. The writer considers Bazarov his “favorite child.”

What is "nihilism"?

For the first time, the word “nihilist” is heard in the novel from the lips of Arkady and immediately attracts attention. However, the concept of “nihilist” is in no way connected with Kirsanov Jr.

The word “nihilist” was taken by Turgenev from N. Dobrolyubov’s review of a book by the Kazan philosopher, conservative professor V. Bervy. However, Dobrolyubov interpreted it in a positive sense and assigned it to the younger generation. The word was introduced into widespread use by Ivan Sergeevich, which became synonymous with the word “revolutionary.”

The “nihilist” in the novel is Bazarov, who does not recognize authorities and denies everything. The writer did not accept the extremes of nihilism, caricaturing Kukshina and Sitnikov, but sympathized with the main character.

Evgeny Vasilyevich Bazarov still teaches us about his fate. Every person has a unique spiritual image, whether he is a nihilist or a simple layman. Respect and reverence for another person consists of respect for the fact that in him there is the same secret flicker of a living soul that is in you.

Interesting? Save it on your wall! Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was a nobleman whose condition was not regrettable. He had a stable, permanent income and was engaged in writing for his own self-fulfillment.

For a long time, the author limited himself to writing stories and short stories. It was as if he was accumulating strength and life experience for his novels, which brought him worldwide fame. The writer initially defined even his first novel, “Rudin,” as a story. Later, everything began to work out for the author with novels, and he wrote six works one after another in ten years.

The history of the creation of the novel “Fathers and Sons”

Turgenev began publishing his novels starting in 1856, and all of his works became an integral and important part of Russian literature.

Turgenev's novel "Fathers and Sons" became the fourth novel in the writer's literary career. The years of its creation were 1860-1861, when the writer began to feel more confident. This novel is rightfully considered the pinnacle of his work, where all the writer’s manners are perfectly visible. And today this novel is the most famous work of Ivan Turgenev, and its popularity is still growing, since the plot raises very important issues that are relevant today.

The author tried to convey a lot to the reader. He perfectly depicted how relationships develop between people belonging to different social strata. I tried to reflect modern reality and touched on topics that still interest people. But then Ivan Sergeevich himself more than once emphasized that it was very important for him to show his writing skills in the book, and not just to gain fame and popularity by discussing pressing problems.

A striking example of this is his novel “Fathers and Sons,” which was published already in 1862. At this time, the political situation in the country was tense. Serfdom was finally abolished, Russia and Europe began to move closer. Hence the various philosophical movements that began to emerge in Russia.

However, the main action of the novel dates back to the time before reforms took place in Russia. Approximately the action of Turgenev's novel can be dated back to 1859. It was Ivan Turgenev who first introduced such a concept as “nihilism,” which became a new direction in the country’s public life and gained popularity.

The main character of Turgenev's novel is Evgeny Bazarov. He is precisely a nihilist. Young people of that time took him as a role model, highlighting in him such moral qualities as

uncompromisingness, lack of any respect or admiration for what older or authoritative people say.

Turgenev's hero puts his views above all else. Everything that can be useful or beautiful, but does not coincide with his worldview, everything recedes into the background. This was unusual for the literature of that time, which is why the phenomenon depicted by the author found such a lively response among readers.

The plot of Turgenev's work "Fathers and Sons"

The action takes place in 1859. Two nihilist friends come to the Kirsanovs’ estate, which is located in Maryino. Arkady met his new friend Evgeny Bazarov at the institute where he studied to become a doctor. Nikolai Petrovich was looking forward to this arrival, who missed his son greatly. But unfortunately, Evgeny’s relationship with the elder Kirsanovs does not go well, and Evgeny decides to leave their hospitable home and moved to a small town in the province.

Arkady leaves with him. Together they have a great time in the company of young people and beautiful girls. But one day at a ball they meet Odintsova, both fall in love with her and go to her estate, accepting the invitation. They live in Nikolskoye for some time, but Evgeniy’s explanations are not reciprocated, so he leaves. This time he goes to his parents, and Arkady goes with him. But the love of the old Bazarovs soon begins to irritate Evgeny, so they again return to Maryino to the Kirsanov family. Bazarov, who is trying to find a way out of the love he has for Anna Sergeevna, kisses Fenechka. Pavel Petrovich sees this and challenges him to a duel. All this led to a scandal, and the friends parted ways.

But Arkady, who has been visiting Nikolskoye for a long time and is infatuated with Katenka, one day meets Bazarov there too. After Arkady's explanation and his declaration of love to Katenka, Bazarov returns to his parents. He decides to forget Odintsova, so he begins to act decisively and helps his father treat patients with typhus. Once he became infected when he opened up a peasant who had died of typhus. He tried to invent a drug that could cure everyone. He gets sick for a long time and then dies. Just before his death, he asks Odintsova to come and she fulfills his request. Arkady marries Odintsova's sister, and Nikolai Kirsanov finally decides to legitimize his relationship with Fenechka. His older brother leaves the country forever and settles abroad.

Heroes of Turgenev's novel "Fathers and Sons"

There are a large number of heroes in Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons”. Among them there are main characters who influence the entire plot of the novel. There are episodic ones that add color and allow the author to express his thoughts even brighter and more accessible.

The main characters of the work “Fathers and Sons” include the following persons:

★ Bazarov.
★ Kirsanov brothers: Nikolai Petrovich and Pavel Petrovich.
★ Arkady Kirsanov.

Bazarov is a student, a nihilist. He plans to become a doctor in the future. Evgeniy Vasilyevich has practically no friends. But then he meets the Kirsanov family. So, he first meets Arkady, who is easily influenced, so he tries to impose his nihilist views on him. He does not understand and does not at all want to accept people of the older generation, and does not take into account the opinions of his parents. Bazarov is a commoner, that is, a person who has broken away from his previously familiar environment. But falling in love with Odintsova, he suddenly changes his views, and it soon becomes clear that a real romantic lives in his soul. After his death, a religious ceremony is performed over his body, like a simple and ordinary person.

Nikolai Petrovich is one of the main characters of Turgenev’s novel. Kirsanov is a landowner and Arkady's father. He adheres to conservative views, and therefore does not accept Bazarov’s nihilism. His wife died long ago, but there is another love in his life - for Fenechka, a peasant woman. At the end of the novel, he, despite all the conventions of society, marries her. He is romantic, loves music and has a good attitude towards poetry. His older brother, Pavel Petrovich, is very different in character. Pavel Petrovich was once an officer, but is now retired. He is aristocratic, self-confident, proud. He loves to talk about art and science. He was once in love, but love ended in tragedy. His attitude towards other heroes is different: he loves his nephew and brother. He also treats Fenechka well, because she resembles that woman, the princess, with whom he was once in love. But he openly hates Bazarov both for his views and behavior, and even challenges him to a duel. In this battle, Pavel Petrovich was slightly wounded.

Arkasha Kirsanov is Bazarov’s friend and the son of the Kirsanovs’ younger brother. He, too, will become a doctor in the future, but for now he is only a student. The nihilist Bazarov has a huge influence on him and for some time he adheres to his views and ideas, but, once in his parents’ house, he abandons them.

There are other characters in Turgenev’s novel who cannot be classified as episodic, but they do not have a major role in revealing the plot:

⇒ Bazarov, father of the nihilist Evgeniy. Vasily Ivanovich was once a surgeon in the army, and is currently retired. He is educated and smart, but not rich. He loves his son, but does not share his views, still adhering to conservative ideas.

⇒ Arina Vlasyevna is a pious woman, Bazarov’s mother. She has a small estate, which is managed by her husband and 10-15 serfs. Superstitious and suspicious, she is very worried about her son.

⇒ Odintsova. Anna Sergeevna prefers a calm and measured life. When she listens to a declaration of love from Bazarov, she refuses him, although she still liked him. She is rich and inherited this wealth from her husband.

⇒ Katenka Lokteva is a quiet and almost invisible girl, always in the shadow of her sister Odintsova. Arkady is in love with her, but he was not immediately able to sort out his feelings because of Odintsova’s infatuation with Anna. Katenka will marry Arkady.

There are many episodic persons in Turgenev’s novel:

Viktor Sitnikov is an adherent of nihilism.
Kukshina is a nihilist, but Eudoxia adheres to these ideas only for his own good.
Fenechka. She gave birth to a child for her master, and then became his wife. The eldest of the Kirsanovs and Bazarovs is fighting because of her.
Dunya, Fenechka's servant.
Peter, a servant in the Kirsanovs' house.
Princess Nellie R, with whom the elder Kirsanov was once in love.
Kolyazin is a city official.
Loktev is the father of two young and beautiful heroines of Turgenev’s novel.
Avdotya Stepanovna is the aunt of the young heroines, a princess, but an evil and very harmful old woman.
Timofeevich, clerk.

Critical reviews and ratings

Turgenev's work was perceived differently. For example, readers did not approve of the main character of Turgenev’s novel, who crossed many values. But young people, on the contrary, tried their best to support him, believing that the main character of the work is a vivid reflection of the world in which they live.

The opinions of the censors were also divided. An unusual and heated debate flared up on the pages of the Sovremennik magazines and the famous Russian Word. At this time, riots broke out in the city on the Neva, when unknown aggressive young people staged a pogrom. People died as a result of the riots. Many believed that Ivan Turgenev, who wrote the novel “Fathers and Sons,” was also to blame for this, because only his new phenomenon, like nihilism, could lead to such a result. Some even believed that Turgenev's novel could not be called a work of art.

But there were also those who defended the writer and his novel, believing that these riots would have taken place without Turgenev’s work.

The critics agreed on one thing - the novel was written very worthy, from the point of view of artistic literary language. That is why the novel, written by Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev a century and a half ago for his contemporaries, remains relevant today.

The plot of the novel “Fathers and Sons” by Turgenev is built around a dispute between the old way of life and new views. The first are represented by two heroes of the work: landowners brothers Nikolai and Pavel Kirsanov.

Pavel Sr. He is a bachelor, a retired officer. His character is difficult - he is used to everyone agreeing with him. His younger brother Nikolai prefers peace in his brother's shadow.

Pavel's opponent is Evgeny Bazarov, a friend of his nephew Arkady. Bazarov is from a poor family, he despises the old order, but just like Pavel Kirsanov, he strives to become an indisputable authority. Arkady Kirsanov can be called a minor character.

Character characteristics table "Fathers and Sons"?

There are not very many main characters in the work “Fathers and Sons”.

Firstly, this is Evgeny Bazarov. A very self-confident young man. Almost a revolutionary. I wanted serfdom to be abolished and the wealthy to start working. I considered Russian people dark and not particularly intellectually developed. Nihilist.

Secondly, Arkady Kirsanov. He is a friend of Evgeniy, he is only 23 years old, but he is very driven by his comrade, gentle, at the same time he loves life, his wife and family.

Thirdly, N.P Kirsanov is Arkady’s father. Belongs to the older generation. He didn’t serve because his leg was broken, he goes about his landowner affairs, but not particularly well. Loves children.

Fourthly, P.P Kirsanov is the brother of Arkady Kirsanov. Self-satisfied, caustic and at the same time a dandy, loves high society. From the very beginning I disliked Evgeny Bazarov.

Fifthly, Anna Odintsova is a typical woman of that time. Cold, calculating, but knows how to show tenderness and softness when she needs it.

Quotable characterization of the characters "Fathers and Sons"?

The novel “Fathers and Sons” is one of my favorite works since school; I have read it several times, and each time it is perceived differently. I guess it's a matter of age. When the worldview changes, the attitude towards different heroes also changes.

I suggest you familiarize yourself with the characteristics P.P. Kirsanova: As for appearance, he is of average height. His appearance seems graceful and thoroughbred. His face is without wrinkles, and his eyes are light and oblong. He is the son of a general, he was raised at home, and then in the Corps of Pages.

Evgeny Bazarov- tall, his face is thin and long, his forehead is wide. The nose is pointed, the eyes are large and greenish. The son of a doctor, he studied at the Faculty of Medicine.

Brief description of the characters in “Fathers and Sons”?

There are five main characters in Ivan Turgenev’s work “Fathers and Sons”. These are father and son Kirsanovs, uncle of the family, friend of the younger Kirsanov Bazarov and landowner, neighbor of the Kirsanovs Odintsova.

The elder Kirsanov is a quiet and peaceful person, prone to compromise. His brother is Pavel, a self-confident, proud and wayward man, a retired officer.

Arkady is the younger Kirsanov, a spineless young man who easily falls under Bazarov's influence. Evgeny Bazarov is a nihilist. He is stubborn, does not back down in an argument, and is keenly interested in science. Anna Odintsova is a calculating woman who is afraid of strong feelings.

Turgenev's novel "Fathers and Sons" was written in 1861. He was immediately destined to become a symbol of the era. The author especially clearly expressed the problem of the relationship between two generations.

To understand the plot of the work, we suggest reading “Fathers and Sons” in a chapter-by-chapter summary. The retelling was done by a teacher of Russian literature, it reflects all the important points of the work.

Average reading time is 8 minutes.

Main characters

Evgeny Bazarov- a young man, a medical student, a bright representative of nihilism, a trend when a person denies everything in the world.

Arkady Kirsanov– a recent student who arrived at his parents’ estate. Under the influence of Bazarov, he becomes interested in nihilism. At the end of the novel, he realizes that he cannot live like this and abandons the idea.

Kirsanov Nikolay Petrovich- landowner, widower, father of Arkady. He lives on the estate with Fenechka, who bore him a son. Adheres to progressive ideas, loves poetry and music.

Kirsanov Pavel Petrovich- aristocrat, former military man. Brother of Nikolai Kirsanov and uncle of Arkady. A prominent representative of the liberals.

Bazarov Vasily Ivanovich– retired army surgeon, Evgeniy’s father. Lives on his wife's estate, is not rich. He is engaged in medical practice.

Bazarova Arina Vlasevna- Evgeniy’s mother, a pious and very superstitious woman. Poorly educated.

Odintsova Anna Sergeevna- a rich widow who sympathizes with Bazarov. But he values ​​peace in his life more.

Lokteva Katya- Anna Sergeevna’s sister, a modest and quiet girl. Marries Arkady.

Other characters

Fenechka- a young woman who has a small son from Nikolai Kirsanov.

Victor Sitnikov- an acquaintance of Arkady and Bazarov.

Evdokia Kukshina- an acquaintance of Sitnikov, who shares the beliefs of nihilists.

Matvey Kolyazin- city official

Chapter 1.

The action begins in the spring of 1859. At the inn, the small landowner Nikolai Petrovich Kirsanov is waiting for the arrival of his son. He is a widower, lives on a small estate and has 200 souls. In his youth, he was destined for a military career, but a minor leg injury prevented him. He studied at the university, got married and began to live in the village. 10 years after the birth of his son, his wife dies, and Nikolai Petrovich throws himself into farming and raising his son. When Arkady grew up, his father sent him to St. Petersburg to study. There he lived with him for three years and returned to his village again. He is very worried before the meeting, especially since his son is not traveling alone.

Chapter 2.

Arkady introduces his father to his friend and asks him not to stand on ceremony. Evgeny is a simple person, and you don’t have to be shy about him. Bazarov decides to ride in a tarantass, and Nikolai Petrovich and Arkady sit in the carriage.

Chapter 3.

During the journey, the father cannot calm down his joy from meeting his son; he always tries to hug him and asks about his friend. Arkady is a little shy. He tries to show his indifference and speaks in a cheeky tone. He constantly turns to Bazarov, as if he is afraid that he will hear his thoughts about the beauty of nature, that he is interested in the affairs of the estate.
Nikolai Petrovich says that the estate has not changed. Hesitating a little, he tells his son that Fenya’s girlfriend lives with him, and immediately hurries to say that she can leave if Arkady wants it. The son replies that this is not necessary. Both feel awkward and change the topic of conversation.

Looking at the desolation that reigned all around, Arkady thinks about the benefits of transformations, but he does not understand how to implement them. The conversation smoothly flows into the beauty of nature. Kirsanov Sr. is trying to recite a poem by Pushkin. He is interrupted by Evgeniy, who asks Arkady for a cigarette. Nikolai Petrovich falls silent and remains silent until the end of the journey.

Chapter 4.

At the manor's house no one met them, only an old servant and a girl who appeared for a moment. Having left the carriage, the elder Kirsanov leads the guests into the living room, where he asks the servant to serve dinner. At the door they encounter a handsome and very well-groomed elderly man. This is Nikolai Kirsanov’s older brother, Pavel Petrovich. His impeccable appearance stands out strongly against the background of the unkempt-looking Bazarov. An acquaintance took place, after which the young people went to clean up before dinner. In their absence, Pavel Petrovich begins to ask his brother about Bazarov, whose appearance he did not like.

During the meal, the conversation did not go well. Everyone said little, especially Evgeniy. After eating, everyone immediately went to their rooms. Bazarov told Arkady his impressions of the meeting with his relatives. They quickly fell asleep. The Kirsanov brothers did not sleep for a long time: Nikolai Petrovich kept thinking about his son, Pavel Petrovich looked thoughtfully at the fire, and Fenechka looked at her little sleeping son, whose father was Nikolai Kirsanov. The summary of the novel “Fathers and Sons” does not convey all the feelings that the characters experience.

Chapter 5.

Waking up earlier than everyone else, Evgeniy goes for a walk to explore the surroundings. The boys follow him and everyone goes to the swamp to catch frogs.

The Kirsanovs are going to drink tea on the veranda. Arkady goes to see Fenechka, who is said to be ill, and learns about the existence of his little brother. He rejoices and blames his father for hiding the fact of the birth of another son. Nikolai Kirsanov is moved and does not know what to answer.

The older Kirsanovs are interested in Bazarov’s absence and Arkady talks about him, says that he is a nihilist, a person who does not take principles for granted. Bazarov returned with the frogs, which he took to the experiment room.

Chapter 6.

While having morning tea together, a serious argument breaks out between Pavel Petrovich and Evgeniy. Both do not try to hide their dislike for each other. Nikolai Kirsanov tries to take the conversation in a different direction and asks Bazarov to help him with the choice of fertilizers. He agrees.

In order to somehow change Evgeny’s ridicule towards Pavel Petrovich, Arkady decides to tell his friend his story.

Chapter 7.

Pavel Petrovich was a military man. Women adored him, and men envied him. At 28, his career was just beginning and he could go far. But Kirsanov fell in love with a princess. She had no children, but had an old husband. She led the life of a flighty coquette, but Pavel fell deeply in love and could not live without her. After the separation, he suffered greatly, quit his service and followed her all over the world for 4 years.

Returning to his homeland, he tried to lead the same lifestyle as before, but, having learned about the death of his beloved, he went to the village to live with his brother, who at that time became a widower.

Chapter 8.

Pavel Petrovich does not know what to do with himself: he is present during the conversation between the manager and Nikolai Kirsanov, and comes to Fenechka to look at little Mitya.

The story of how Nikolai Kirsanov and Fenechka met: three years ago he met her in a tavern, where things were going badly for her and her mother. Kirsanov took them to the estate, fell in love with the girl, and after the death of her mother began to live with her.

Chapter 9

Bazarov meets Fenechka and the child, says that he is a doctor, and if the need arises, they can contact him without hesitation. Hearing Nikolai Kirsanov play the cello, Bazarov laughs, which causes Arkady's disapproval.

Chapter 10.

In two weeks, everyone got used to Bazarov, but they treated him differently: the servants loved him, Pavel Kirsanov hated him, and Nikolai Petrovich doubted his influence on his son. One day, he overheard a conversation between Arkady and Eugene. Bazarov called him a retired man, which greatly offended him. Nikolai complained to his brother, who decided to fight back against the young nihilist.

An unpleasant conversation took place during evening tea. By calling one landowner a “rubbish aristocrat,” Bazarov displeased the elder Kirsanov, who began to argue that by following principles, a person benefits society. Eugene responded by accusing him of living meaninglessly, like other aristocrats. Pavel Petrovich objected that the nihilists, by their denial, are only aggravating the situation in Russia.

A serious argument broke out, which Bazarov called senseless, and the young people left. Nikolai Petrovich suddenly remembered how a long time ago, when he was just as young, he quarreled with his mother, who did not understand him. Now the same misunderstanding arose between him and his son. The parallel between fathers and children is the main thing the author draws attention to.

Chapter 11.

Before going to bed, all the inhabitants of the estate were busy with their thoughts. Nikolai Petrovich Kirsanov goes to his favorite gazebo, where he remembers his wife and reflects on life. Pavel Petrovich looks at the night sky and thinks about his own things. Bazarov invites Arkady to go to the city and visit an old friend.

Chapter 12.

The friends went to the city, where they spent time in the company of a friend of the Bazarov family, Matvey Ilyin, visited the governor and received an invitation to the ball. Bazarov’s longtime acquaintance Sitnikov invited them to visit Evdokia Kukshina.

Chapter 13.

They didn’t like visiting Kukshina, because the hostess looked untidy, had meaningless conversations, asked a lot of questions, but did not expect answers to them. In conversation she constantly jumped from subject to subject. During this visit, the name of Anna Sergeevna Odintsova was heard for the first time.

Chapter 14.

Arriving at the ball, friends meet Odintsova, a sweet and attractive woman. She shows attention to Arkady, asking him about everything. He talks about his friend and Anna Sergeevna invites them to visit.

Odintsova interested Evgeny because she was different from other women, and he agreed to visit her.

Chapter 15.

Friends come to visit Odintsova. The meeting made an impression on Bazarov and he, unexpectedly, became embarrassed.

Odintsova's story makes an impression on the reader. The girl's father lost the game and died in the village, leaving his two daughters a ruined estate. Anna was not at a loss and took up housekeeping. I met my future husband and lived with him for 6 years. Then he died, leaving his young wife his fortune. She did not like city society and most often lived on an estate.

Bazarov behaved differently than always, which greatly surprised his friend. He talked a lot, talked about medicine and botany. Anna Sergeevna willingly supported the conversation, since she understood the sciences. She treated Arkady like a younger brother. At the end of the conversation, she invited the young people to her estate.

Chapter 16.

In Nikolskoye, Arkady and Bazarov met other inhabitants. Anna's sister Katya was shy and played the piano. Anna Sergeevna talked a lot with Evgeniy and walked with him in the garden. Arkady, who liked her, seeing her passion for her friend, became a little jealous. A feeling arose between Bazarov and Odintsova.

Chapter 17.

While living on the estate, Bazarov began to change. He fell in love, despite the fact that he considered this feeling a romantic billbird. He could not turn away from her and imagined her in his arms. The feeling was mutual, but they did not want to open up to each other.

Bazarov meets his father’s manager, who says that his parents are waiting for him, they are worried. Evgeniy announces his departure. In the evening, a conversation takes place between Bazar and Anna Sergeevna, where they try to understand what each of them dreams of getting from life.

Chapter 18.

Bazarov confesses his love to Odintsova. In response, he hears: “You didn’t understand me,” and feels extremely awkward. Anna Sergeevna believes that without Evgeny she will be calmer and does not accept his confession. Bazarov decides to leave.

Chapter 19.

There was a not entirely pleasant conversation between Odintsova and Bazarov. He told her that he was leaving, he could stay only on one condition, but it was unrealistic and Anna Sergeevna would never love him.

The next day, Arkady and Bazarov leave for Evgeny’s parents. Saying goodbye, Odintsova expresses hope for a meeting. Arkady notices that his friend has changed a lot.

Chapter 20.

They were received well in the house of the elder Bazarovs. The parents were very happy, but knowing that their son did not approve of such a manifestation of feelings, they tried to remain more restrained. During lunch, the father talked about how he runs the household, and the mother just looked at her son.

After dinner, Evgeniy refused to talk to his father, citing fatigue. However, he did not fall asleep until the morning. In the novel "Fathers and Sons" the description of relations between generations is shown better than in other works.

Chapter 21

Bazarov spent very little time at his parents’ house, as he was bored. He believed that with their attention they were interfering with his work. There was an argument between friends that almost escalated into a quarrel. Arkady tried to prove that it was impossible to live like this, Bazarov did not agree with his opinion.

Parents, having learned about Evgeniy’s decision to leave, were very upset, but tried not to show their feelings, especially his father. He reassured his son that if he had to leave, then he had to do it. After leaving, the parents were left alone and were very worried that their son had abandoned them.

Chapter 22.

On the way, Arkady decided to take a detour to Nikolskoye. Friends were greeted very coldly. Anna Sergeevna did not come down for a long time, and when she appeared, she had a dissatisfied expression on her face and from her speech it was clear that they were not welcome.

The elder Kirsanovs' estate was delighted with them. Bazarov began to engage in wholesale and his own frogs. Arkady helped his father manage the estate, but constantly thought about the Odintsovs. Finally, having found correspondence between his mothers and Odintsova’s, he finds an excuse to go visit them. Arkady is afraid that he will not be welcome, but he alone was greeted warmly and cordially.

Chapter 23.

Bazarov understands the reason for Arkady’s departure and devotes himself completely to work. He retires and no longer argues with the inhabitants of the house. He treats everyone badly, making an exception only for Fenechka.
One day in the gazebo they talked a lot, and, deciding to test their thoughts, Bazarov kissed her on the lips. This was seen by Pavel Petrovich, who silently went into the house. Bazarov felt awkward, his conscience awoke.

Chapter 24.

Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov is offended by Bazarov's behavior and challenges him to a duel. They don’t want to admit to their family the true reasons and say that they shot because of political differences. Evgeny wounds Kirsanov in the leg.

Having completely ruined his relationship with the elder Kirsanovs, Bazarov leaves for his parents, but on the way he turns to Nikolskoye.

Arkady becomes more and more interested in Anna Sergeevna's sister, Katya.

Chapter 25.

Katya talks to Arkady and convinces him that without his friend’s influence he is completely different, sweet and kind. They try to declare their love to each other, but Arkady gets scared and hurriedly leaves. In his room he finds Bazarov, who has arrived, who told him about what happened in Maryino in his absence. Having met with Odintsova, Bazarov admits his mistakes. They tell each other that they want to remain just friends.

Chapter 26.

Arkady confesses his love to Katya, asks for her hand in marriage and she agrees to become his wife. Bazarov says goodbye to his friend, angrily accusing him of not being suitable for decisive matters. Evgeniy goes to his parents' estate.

Chapter 27.

Living in his parents' house, Bazarov does not know what to do. Then he begins to help his father, treating the sick. While opening up a peasant who died of typhus, he accidentally injures himself and becomes infected with typhus. A fever begins, he asks to send for Odintsova. Anna Sergeevna arrives and sees a completely different person. Before his death, Evgeniy tells her about his real feelings, and then dies.

Chapter 28.

Six months have passed. Two weddings took place on the same day, Arkady and Katya and Nikolai Petrovich and Fenya. Pavel Petrovich went abroad. Anna Sergeevna also got married, becoming a companion not out of love, but out of conviction.

Life went on and only two old people constantly spent time at their son’s grave, where two Christmas trees grew.

This brief retelling of “Fathers and Sons” will help you understand the main idea and essence of the work; for deeper knowledge, we recommend that you read the full version.

Novel test

Do you remember the summary well? Take the test to test your knowledge:

Retelling rating

Average rating: 4.4. Total ratings received: 40739.

Article menu:

The problem of generations is one of the eternal topics that are touched upon in literature, philosophy, psychology and other areas. The work “Fathers and Sons,” in which the characters are called upon to demonstrate this conflict, is immortal, because the ideas of Turgenev’s novel are relevant to this day.

Features of the design and plot of the novel

The specificity of Turgenev’s work is its richness in everyday details. The reader is immersed in the atmosphere of the natural flow of life, simple events, unpretentiousness and everyday life. The setting of the novel is as follows: two comrades come to rest in the village. Rest and parental care surround young people. Arkady is engaged in “sybaritism”, having defended his diploma with honors. His friend Bazarov, a student at a medical university, devotes time to experiments and experiments. The plot of the novel is embodied in short-term but frequent travels of the heroes: either the comrades are visiting Arkady’s parents, then they are leaving for Bazarov’s father’s house, or they are visiting Anna Sergeevna, a woman they met at the ball.

Ivan Turgenev follows the advice of Anton Chekhov, who said that artistic fiction should replicate life in a combination of complexity and “holy simplicity.” It seems to the reader that the writer is depicting an ordinary lunch or dinner, but at this time people gain happiness or, on the contrary, lose the joy of life. The most significant events begin here - at the kitchen table.

Parents and children – a classic “eternal” theme”

In literary criticism, there is an opinion that one of the central problems of Turgenev’s novel is the eternal conflict between fathers and children. But in “Fathers and Sons” (it’s not for nothing that the writer gave the work such a title), using the example of the difference between generations, the difference between moral standards and depth of feelings is also demonstrated.

The Real Books website is glad to see you! We invite you to get acquainted with what Ivan Turgenev wrote.

Parents are an expression of the most sincere, touching, selfless and sacrificial love. This is how Bazarov’s parents are depicted—demanding nothing in return. Father and mother are old people who miss their son, because it’s been three years since their child visited his father’s house. However, the son’s psychology differs from that of his parents: despite the fact that Bazarov also loves his parents, the hero shows affection differently. Bazarov's feelings for his father and mother do not require constant communication and contact. The young man calmly enjoys the hospitality of the Kirsanovs, goes to the city with a friend, then visits the house of a new acquaintance in Nikolskoye, returns to the estate of his friend Arkady, and only after that he finally decides to visit his parents.

The image of the intelligentsia in Turgenev's novel

Postmodern literature focuses on the fact that works are multifaceted, multi-level structures that take into account the needs and interests of representatives of different readerships. However, the trend towards versatility appeared earlier. Ivan Turgenev’s novel is an example of this, because this text can be read in different ways. Some people pay attention to the plot outline, others - to the political conflicts between the “left” and “right”, between liberal democratic forces and conservatives, etc.

The intelligentsia is the younger generation, these are “children”. Conservatives and monarchists are the old generation, the “fathers.” Some literary critics believe that the author made derogatory remarks about the old generation in the novel. Let's remember the image of Bazarov's father. This is a man of the old school, who, however, solely out of love for his son, out of a desire to be closer to Eugene, reads newfangled books, newspapers and argues in the context of new, liberal rhetoric. Meanwhile, this is just a mask, because the hero remains at the level of conservative ideas.

The 1850s went down in Russian history as a time distinguished by the consolidation of a disparate intelligentsia. The events of the novel take place some time before the abolition of serfdom, in the late 1850s. The year 1861 and the revolution are upon us. The author's biography also influenced the general atmosphere of the novel.

During this period, the writer worked on the staff of Sovremennik, a well-known magazine in those years. Turgenev’s work also shows a transformation: from poetic texts to prose, from romanticism to realistic trends.

Changes also appeared in the social structure of the Russian Empire at this time: for example, a new system of so-called commoners was born. These were people who could not be classified as nobles, merchants, townspeople, artisans, etc. The origin of a person, thus, ceases to play any role.

You are our dears! We invite you to familiarize yourself with which came from his pen in 1857 and, published in the Sovremennik magazine, delighted many writers, and also did not leave the readership indifferent.

The break with Sovremennik forced Turgenev to publish the novel in a conservative magazine. “Fathers and Sons” is published in “Russian Bulletin”. A sharp controversy arises around the work immediately after its publication. However, the debate is not about the literary side of the novel, but about the political one: this is a polemic between the revolutionary-democratic wing and the conservatives. As a result, the novel did not satisfy anyone - neither of the parties. Meanwhile, the relevance of Turgenev’s work cannot be denied, because the writer showed the reasons for the discord between generations, the motives for the misunderstandings that arise between parents and children, as well as the disastrous consequences that this generational conflict leads to.

Thus, Turgenev’s novel was published in 1862, and the reaction of literary critics and readers to the work was ambiguous. The range of reviews for “Fathers and Sons” was varied: from intense admiration for the novel to its extreme rejection and even condemnation.

Analysis of the characteristics of the central characters of “Fathers and Sons”

Ivan Turgenev uses the classical method: using the characteristics of the heroes, behavior and decisions of the characters, the writer conveys to the reader the main ideas of the novel “Fathers and Sons”. Therefore, one should turn to an analysis of the specifics of the characters in the work.

The main figures of Turgenev's work

Bazarov

Evgeny Vasilyevich Bazarov has already turned thirty. This is an adult man who has an established system of views on the world. Bazarov is a skeptic and even a nihilist. Evgeniy rejects established values ​​and questions conservative ideals. Turgenev describes Bazarov as a hero distinguished by his coldness, harshness, sarcastic and cynical character. Eugene discards all principles - as befits a nihilist. The hero gives the impression of an arrogant, self-confident, proud and arrogant person. Often these traits are determined by confidence in intellectual superiority over most of the environment.

The role of nihilism in Bazarov's life

Turgenev himself admitted that he abandoned everything “artistic” when he worked on the image of Bazarov. Eugene’s figure is distinguished by sharpness and even some unceremoniousness. Bazarov demonstrates the image of one of the political movements that, among other things, inspired Turgenev to create the novel. The writer put revolutionary democratic ideas into Bazarov’s mouth. Revolutionary and reformist ideals are what distinguished the “new man” of the mid-19th century. On the second side of the board are the liberal-minded nobility.

Bazarov has an independent character, a skeptical attitude towards reality, independence of judgment and action, and an extraordinary, original mind.

The hero's biography and origin also influenced Bazarov's worldview system. Evgeniy was born into the family of a regimental doctor, so Bazarov was proud that his grandfather worked on the land with the peasants. Bazarov also despises aristocrats, without hiding this position. Nihilism is felt in the hero’s speech, in his appearance, in his manners and social position.

Bazarov's behavior is a frank challenge. The hero is deliberately careless, demonstratively lazy, and often uses common words in his speech. Bazarov's whole appearance shows denial and protest against authorities.

Kirsanovs

Nikolay

Father of Arkady Kirsanov. Turgenev describes Nikolai as perhaps the most positive hero of the novel. The man is 44 years old, he is pure in his thoughts and everyday habits. Nikolay is characterized by romance, calmness, and balance. Kirsanov feels sincere love for his son. Nicholas's wife died, and since then he has been a widower, being depressed after the death of his beloved wife. However, then Nikolai was lucky enough to meet Fenechka, a simple peasant woman who eventually became his wife.

Arkady

The young man comes from a prosperous, wealthy noble family. Arkady is much younger than Bazarov: young Kirsanov recently turned 23 years old. Youth, naivety and sentimentality are traits inherent in the image of Arkady. The young man is influenced by his comrade and friend - Evgeny Bazarov. Arkady completed his studies at the university, successfully defending his diploma. After this, both friends decided to stay with Kirsanov’s parents. Arkady tries to follow Bazarov in everything, but nihilism does not fit well with the gentleness, generosity, kindness and romanticism of Arkady's nature. The young man is a fair, timid and chaste boy. Despite the fact that Arkady considers Bazarov an example, the young man still believes in true love.

One day Arkady meets Katya, a beautiful girl with whom Kirsanov develops a romantic relationship. Falling in love finally proves to Arkady that nihilism is not his philosophy. So the friendship of young Kirsanov and Bazarov gradually declines.

Paul

The hero turned 45 years old. Pavel is the brother of Nikolai Kirsanov and, accordingly, uncle of Arkady. The man once served as a guards officer. A hereditary aristocrat, Paul professes a system of views and beliefs characteristic of the aristocracy of that time. This means that Kirsanov is a supporter of liberal ideology. A typical nobleman, showing pride and self-esteem through his actions and behavior. One day Paul suffered because of unhappy love. After that incident, Kirsanov does not believe in love. He also acquired the traits of a misanthrope, a skeptic and a cynic. Pavel practically broke off communication with his relatives by moving abroad.

“Fathers and Sons”: supporting figures

Bazarov Sr.

Vasily Bazarov is an old man who is distinguished by his good nature and simplicity. Bazarov Sr. shows love and respect for his son, proud of how smart and educated Evgeny is. He is trying to succeed his son. Previously, Vasily Ivanovich served as a military doctor, but now Bazarov continues to practice medicine free of charge: he treats peasants who work for the Bazarovs on the estate. Vasily Ivanovich loves to talk, he tends to have “philosophical” conversations. The hero reads newfangled books and magazines, however, understanding very little from them.

A staunch conservative, Bazarov demonstrates his commitment to revolutionary democratic ideals in order to be closer to his son. The life of Bazarov Sr. is modest and simple.

Mother of Evgeny Bazarov

Arina Vlasevna is a woman from the noble class who married a simple regimental doctor, Vasily Bazarov. The estate in which the Bazarovs live is Arina’s dowry. The woman is kind and sympathetic, but Arina Vlasevna is distinguished by excessive piety and suspiciousness. Bazarova keeps the house perfectly clean and tidy, while the heroine herself is an example of neatness, care and affection.

The woman loves her son dearly, trying to please Evgeniy in everything. Knowing that Bazarov is not a supporter of demonstrative and open expression of emotions, he avoids his son, trying to have less contact with him. Unlike her husband, Vasily Ivanovich, she cannot understand Evgeny and his worldview.

Anna Odintsova

Anna Sergeevna is only 28 years old, but the woman has already become a widow. Anna is arrogant and cruel. The writer describes the heroine as an unhappy woman, because Odintsova does not know love and has never had sincere feelings for anyone. Accustomed to a luxurious life, the proud and arrogant beauty builds relationships based on calculation. Hosts Bazarov and Arkady Kirsanov.

Kate

Katerina is the beloved of Arkady Kirsanov. The girl was raised by her older sister. The young heroine is distinguished by a meek and calm character. Katya is smart, kind, and the girl has a natural affinity for nature and a love of music. Meanwhile, Katerina’s sister is strict and principled; her older sister’s character is much stronger than Katya’s. That's why the heroine is afraid of her sister.

Victor

Turgenev describes Viktor Sotnikov as coming from a noble family, who, meanwhile, hides his origins out of shame. Sotnikov is not distinguished by great intelligence; he rather imitates authorities, follows fashion, rather than being a trendsetter of innovations. The hero's character is weak, too soft and cowardly. Sotnikov's behavior is characterized by vulgarity and stupidity, importunity and thoughtless adoption of everything new. Victor wants fame at any cost: in this the hero resembles Herostratus, a character in ancient legends who became famous for burning the temple of Artemis.

For Sotnikov, Bazarov appears as a mentor and teacher. However, after marriage, Victor falls under his wife’s heel and leaves his former hobbies.

Avdotya

The author portrayed Avdotya Kukshina as a landowner showing interest in new trends. Kukshina is friends with Bazarov, Kirsanov and Sotnikov. Avdotya welcomes the marginalized intelligentsia into her home and positions herself as an emancipated woman. The heroine maintains a deliberately careless appearance, and the woman’s behavior is characterized by swagger - this Kukshina considers a sign of progressive views.

Fenechka

Fenechka- a kind of female ideal. A simple, pure, meek and gentle girl about whom the reader does not receive too much information. Naturalness, coziness, a tendency to spend time at home and with family - these are some of Fenechka’s traits. As a result, the peasant girl becomes the wife of Nikolai Kirsanov.

Dunya

Fenechka's maid, helping the girl take care of the baby. A simple, naive and unassuming peasant woman, Dunya loves fun and laughter. Although at home, while performing household duties, the heroine shows rigor and discipline.

Peter

Petya serves under Pavel Ivanovich Kirsanov. Peter positions himself as an intelligent and enlightened person, although the hero is a stupid, ignorant and dark young man. However, this does not stop Peter from being proud and narcissistic.

Nellie

Princess R., or Nellie, is the same unhappy love of Pavel Kirsanov. The author says little about Nellie, which makes the heroine mysterious and enigmatic. In the eyes of the reader, the princess appears as an eccentric woman, under whose influence young minds easily fall. But one day Pavel Ivanovich finds out that Nellie has died: from that moment on, life loses its former meaning and color for Kirsanov.