I study celestial bodies and the systems they form. The word “as-ro-no-miya” itself comes from two Greek words: “as-ron” - star and “nomos” - law. Thus, this word means “the law of the stars.”

As-ro-no-miya is one of the most ancient sciences. First out as-ro-no-mov na-zy-va-li zvez-do-che-ta-mi (Fig. 1).

Ancient observations of celestial bodies

It is known that even cavemen see the starry sky, because on the walls of the caves there are ri-sun-ki of the Sun , Moon, stars in the sky (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. On the rock ri-su-nok “Two Suns” (Is-toch-nik)

The invention of the telescope and its improvement

Of course, there wasn’t enough precision in the blue eye to answer many questions, people have some problems. That's why a special device was created for the blue-de-niy behind the cos-mi-che-ski-mi te-la-mi - telescope(Fig. 3).

Italian ast-ro-nom Galileo Galilei(Fig. 4) the first telescope came out.

It was a very imperfect instrument, nevertheless, with its help, Gal-li-leo Gal-li-ley made many discoveries: saw cra-ters on the Moon (Fig. 6), spots on the Sun (Fig. 7), observed the phases of Venus (Fig. 8) and lived that four satellites rotate around Jupi-te-ra (Fig. 9).

Naturally, since that time science has taken a step forward, both the appearance and the accuracy of the body have changed -pov (Fig. 10).

Rice. 10. Kom-pyu-te-ri-zi-ro-van-ny telescope (Is-toch-nik)

The most powerful telescopes installed in about-ser-va-to-ri-yah(from lat. observo - on-blue-give) - on-academic institutions, where they produce blue-de-tions and research-to-va- knowledge of the year, at-mo-sphere, as-ro-no-mi-che-sky bodies (Fig. 11).

Rice. 11. Ob-serv-va-to-ria Apa-che-Point (Is-toch-nik)

Stonehenge

The first observatory, according to scientists, was located in Britain back in the Stone Age. This place is called hundred-un-henge, the location of stones in something is connected with as-ro-no-mi-che-ski-mi yav-le-ni-ya-mi (Fig. 12) .

Education of the Universe

For as-ro-no-ma the world is Universe or cosmos. According to scientists, 15 million years ago there was a powerful explosion, after which the Universe was formed .

There is a huge number of celestial bodies in space: comets, meteorites, stars, planets, satellites. There are many ha-lak-tik in the Universe (Fig. 13).

Rice. 13. Ga-lak-ti-ka Milky Way (Is-toch-nik)

Milky Way Galaxy

One of them - ha-lak-ti-ka Milky Way, consisting of 200 million stars, of which the Sun is not the largest (Fig. 14).

solar system

The sun and 8 planets moving around it form Solar system(Fig. 15).

Rice. 15. Sol-nech-naya si-ste-ma (Is-toch-nik)

The first plane from the Sun - Mer-ku-ri y, second paradise - Venus, third - Earth, Thursday - Mars, fifth - Jupiter, she-flock - Saturn, seventh of May - Uranus, May 8 - Neptune. For a long time it was believed that Pluto- the de-vy-th plane of the Sol-system. Once upon a time, modern research gave the basis for appropriating Plu-to-well status kar-li-ko-voy pla -not you.

Ancient ideas about the Sun

Even in ancient times, people had no idea that our life is possible only by the blessing of the Sun, and see him as a god. The deity of the Sun had many names: in Ancient Greece the Sun was called Helios, in Egypt - Ra, ancient scandi-na you are Sol, and our Slavic ancestors are Yarilo.

Characteristics of the Sun

Sun- the closest star to Earth. This is a huge ras-ka-len-cosmic body (Fig. 16). The sun has the shape of a ball. The diameter of the Sun is 109 times larger than the diameter of the Earth. The mass of the Sun is 330 thousand times greater than the mass of our planet. The distance from the Earth to the Sun is 150 million kilometers. The temperature at the top of the Sun is 6 thousand degrees, and in its center - 15-20 million degrees. owls

source of the lecture - http://interneturok.ru/ru/school/okruj-mir/4-klass/tema/mir-glazami-astronoma?seconds=0&chapter_id=1826

video source - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hc7Y3tgPUS4

presentation source - http://nsportal.ru/nachalnaya-shkola/okruzhayushchii-mir/2012/09/07/mir-glazami-astronoma

§ 1 What is astronomy? Who is an astronomer?

The world around us is amazing, diverse and full of secrets.

To reveal some of them, let's try to imagine ourselves in the role of astronomers.

But for this it is necessary to find out who astronomers are and what the science of astronomy studies.

The word “astronomy” comes from two Greek words: “astron” - star and “nomos” - law.

In the explanatory dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov gives the following interpretation: “Astronomy is the science of cosmic bodies, the systems they form and the Universe as a whole.”

Astronomers are scientists who study astronomy.

The science of astronomy appeared in ancient times.

The first astronomers were called stargazers.

§ 2 Universe, galaxy, space - what is it?

It is known that even cave people observed starry sky. Evidence of this is the drawings on the walls of ancient caves depicting luminaries. The first observatory, i.e. a specialized structure used for observing astronomical phenomena appeared in the Stone Age on the territory of modern Great Britain.

Much later, in the 17th century, in 1609, the Italian scientist Galileo Galilei designed the most famous astronomical instrument that allows you to see the starry sky - a telescope.

From the point of view of an astronomer, the world is the Universe, or Space.

Planet Earth, which seems so huge and vast to us, is only a tiny grain of sand in the Universe. Distances in space cannot be measured by ordinary earthly measures; a special value is used for this - this is the distance that a ray of light travels during the year - a light year. It is approximately 9,500 billion kilometers.

The universe consists of billions of stars, planets and their satellites, as well as mysterious zones emptiness.

Presumably, it arose as a result of an unimaginably powerful explosion that occurred approximately 15 billion years ago. Galaxies were formed from interstellar dust and gases.

Galaxies are huge collections of billions of stars and planets. They can have a wide variety of shapes.

For example, one of the galaxies Milky Way, has the shape of a disk-shaped spiral consisting of approximately 200 billion stars, among which is the Sun.

§ 3 A star called the Sun

The Sun is the closest spherical star to Earth, and compared to other stars it is quite modest in size.

Scientists classify the Sun as a yellow dwarf.

But compared to the planets, the Sun is huge. Its diameter is 109 times greater than the diameter of the Earth, and the mass of the Sun is 330 thousand times greater than the mass of the Earth.

Why does it seem so small to us?

If you imagine the Sun the size of an orange, then the Earth next to it will look like a poppy seed. It's all about the huge distance between it and our planet.

The distance from the Earth to the Sun is about 150 million kilometers. Light reaches the Earth from the Sun in 8 minutes 20 seconds.

Like all stars, the Sun is a huge hot cosmic body that constantly emits light and heat.

The temperature and pressure in the Sun's core are so high that enormous amounts of energy are released. Scientists have calculated that during its existence the Sun has not used up even half of its reserves of energy sources, so it will continue to shine for a very long time.

The temperature in the center of the Sun reaches 15-20 million degrees, and the surface - 6000 degrees.

Man was aware of the importance of the Sun for life on Earth in ancient times. The sun was deified by almost all ancient peoples. People treated him with love and special respect, and composed many songs, hymns, proverbs and sayings.

Scientists observe many interesting processes on the Sun, for example, fiery fountains and dark spots. All the changes that occur there are reflected on Earth: radio communications are disrupted, the weather changes, people’s well-being worsens.

Currently, there is a special solar service, where solar activity is monitored using modern telescopes and various astronomical instruments.

Humanity has been studying space and the Universe for many centuries. Even after thousands of years of exploration, observation, misconceptions and great discoveries, the Universe holds many secrets that remain to be revealed.

Images used:

Lesson objectives:

• introduce students to the science that studies the Universe - astronomy;
• form an idea of ​​the Sun and the planets of the solar system;
• develop cognitive interest and the ability to observe, analyze, draw conclusions;
• cultivate interest in the world around us.

During the classes

I. Organizing time

The lesson begins
It will be useful for the guys,
Try to understand everything
Learn reveal secrets,
Give complete answers,
To get paid for work
Only a “five” rating!

II. Communicate the topic and objectives of the lesson.

III. Work on the topic of the lesson.

1. introduction teachers.

Today I invite you to look at the world through the eyes of astronomers. But first, we must find out who astronomers are and what astronomy is. I am ready to listen to your suggestions...

So, the word astronomy comes from two Greek words:

ASTRONOMY: “astron” - star and “nomos” - law.

But here is the interpretation of this word in “ Explanatory dictionary Russian language" S.I. Ozhegova:

ASTRONOMY is the science of cosmic bodies, the systems they form and the Universe as a whole.

Who are astronomers?

ASTRONOMERS are people who study the stars.

2. Introducing students to history.

We are with you found out what astronomy is and who are called astronomers.

Astronomy is the most ancient of sciences. The first astronomers were called stargazers. People have been observing the stars throughout history. Records of astronomical observations indicate that this is approximately 5,000 years ago. The Babylonians were skilled observers, as were the Egyptians, who built pyramids according to the location of the stars in certain constellations. Around 2800 BC In Britain, construction began on the Stonehenge complex, which may have served as an observatory.

Later, instruments come to the aid of astronomers. This is what telescopes of the past and present look like.

3. Universe or Space

From an astronomer's point of view world – this is the Universe – this is the entire infinite world surrounding us.

These are other planets and stars, our planet Earth, its plants and animals, you and I - this is the entire Universe.

Scientists believe that our Universe arose as a result of the so-called Big Bang, which occurred about 15 billion years ago. At the same time, a dense hot ball was formed, which began to rapidly expand, turning into the Universe. Many astronomers believe that the expansion continues today.

The next page of our lesson will help us get acquainted with the star to which we have long been accustomed.

Blue scarf,
Scarlet Tangle
Rolling on a scarf
Smiles at people.
/Sun and sky/

What can you say about the Sun?..

Our life is possible only thanks to the Sun. People understood this in ancient times and revered the Sun as a deity. They called him differently: Ancient Greece– Helios, in Egypt-Ra, and our Slavic ancestors – Yarilo. Hymns were composed in honor of the Sun.

How did the birth of the solar system occur?

solar system formed from a huge cloud of gas and dust about 5 billion years ago. Some parts of the cloud turned out to be denser. Gas and dust particles in these areas began to move closer together under the influence of mutual attraction forces. Over time they formed a ball. The ball became denser, decreased in volume and warmed up. Gradually it began to glow, turning into the embryo of the Sun, which took about 100 thousand years. The “embryo” rotated faster and faster, scattering some of the matter in space. At the same time, it continued to shrink and warm up. Finally, the “embryo” warmed up for the emergence nuclear reactions; the discharge began huge amount. The ring of previously discharged substance began to gather into clots. These clumps gradually became larger and larger, located at different distances from the Sun. Large clumps became the planets we see today. The smaller ones turned into satellites of the planets, and the very small ones became asteroids.

Continue the conversation about the Sun with scientific point The textbook article on page 6 will help us. You will have to work in pairs.

In order to consolidate knowledge about the Sun, we will enter the missing data into the text.

Texts are distributed to desks:

The Sun is closest to Earth …… It's huge …… cosmic body. The sun has a shape …… Diameter of the Sun in …… times the diameter of the Earth. Mass of the Sun in …… times the mass of our planet. Distance from Earth to Sun - …… kilometers. …… Temperature on the surface of the Sun - …… degrees, and at its center -

degrees.

5. Checking texts. Sentences are read one by one.

Planets of the Solar System.

The sun forms the center of our system. 9 planets revolve around it. The 4 small planets located closest to the Sun - Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars - are called internal. They have a hard surface. The remaining 5 planets are called outer planets. These are 4 gas giants - Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, as well as a small solid planet of rock and ice - Pluto.

Consider the planets of the solar system.

Mercury is the planet closest to the Sun. The planet got its name in honor of the Roman god of trade. This is the fastest planet. It revolves around the Sun in 88 days. Since Mercury is close to the Sun, it heats up greatly, up to +480°C. The atmosphere is so rarefied that it is practically non-existent. The smallest planet. The diameter is only 4878 km. Venus - the second planet from the Sun, Venus is named after the goddess of beauty, bright Star , it is also called the “evening”\“morning”\ star. It can shine with a silvery light, very similar to Earth, almost the same size. Venus is surrounded by a thick layer of clouds, but its atmosphere consists of

carbon dioxide and sulfuric acid. The heat here is unbearable: up to +480°C. Earth - from space our planet appears blue. This color is given by the surrounding atmosphere and oceans, covering more than two-thirds

Who has already guessed what it is called?

The Moon is our closest neighbor in outer space. It can be examined in detail through a telescope. This is a small cosmic body \ 4 times in diameter smaller than Earth\ has no atmosphere, weather conditions do not change on it and there is no life. Man has already been to the moon.

Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun, named after the Roman god of war for its red color, reminiscent of the color of blood.

Mars is smaller than Earth, but it has two satellites - Phobos and Deimos in honor of the sons of the god of war, which means Fear and Horror. The temperature drops to -110°C.

Jupiter is the next planet from the Sun. The largest in the solar system. It is named after the most important Roman god, Jupiter. Accommodates more than 1,300 Earth-sized bodies. False hurricanes constantly rage in Jupiter's atmosphere. The temperature on the planet is 150°C.

Saturn is the second largest planet. Named after the Roman god of agriculture. Surrounded by many bright rings consisting of fragments of ice and stones. Temperature - 170°C. The planet has 18 satellites. Uranium - 4 times more than Earth

by diameter. It consists of a small rocky core and frozen gases: hydrogen, helium and methane. Neptune - bears the name of the Roman god of the seas. The planet flickers

bluish light \ this is the color of methane \, reminiscent of the shine of water.

Sometimes dark spots appear in Neptune's atmosphere - these are the strongest vortices raging in it. Surface temperature -200°C.

Pluto is so far from the Sun that its surface is incredibly cold, down to minus 230°C. It is the smallest planet in the solar system. It is named after the Roman god, ruler of the kingdom of the dead.

So we got acquainted with the planets of the solar system.

IV. Consolidation of the studied material.

Test "Planets of the Solar System"
1. The planets of the solar system are studied:
a) geographers;
b) chemists;

c) astronomers;

d) physicists.
2. Planets revolve around the Sun. Their:
a) 7;

b) 9;

at 11.
3. Pluto is:
a) the largest planet;

b) the smallest planet; c) a planet equal in size to planet Earth.?

4. Does the Earth have
natural satellites
a) yes, one;

b) no;

c) yes, two.
5. Which planet is named after the goddess of beauty?
a) Earth;

b) Venus;

c) Saturn.
6. The star around which the Earth revolves:
a) Moon;

b) Sun;

c) Venus.
7. In what order are the planets located relative to the Sun?
c) Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto.

V. Lesson summary.

• What did the lesson make you think about?
• What impressed you the most?
• Will the knowledge of this lesson be useful in life?

VI. D/z: make models of the solar system as desired;

take a correspondence trip to one of the planets; for this, refer to additional literature.

Slide 1

Slide 2

Astronomy is the science of cosmic bodies, the systems they form and the Universe as a whole.

ASTRONOMERS are people who study the stars.

The word “astronomy” comes from two Greek words: “astron” - star and “nomos” - law.

Slide 3

Slide 4

Astronomy is the most ancient of sciences. The first astronomers were called stargazers. It is known that even cavemen observed the starry sky, because its drawings were found on the walls of caves.

Slide 5

The Babylonians were skilled observers, as were the Egyptians, who built pyramids according to the location of the stars in certain constellations.
Slide 6

People have been observing the stars throughout history. Records of astronomical observations indicate that this is approximately 5,000 years ago.

Chinese astronomer, 1675

Slide 7

Much later, instruments came to the aid of astronomers. This is what telescopes of the past and present look like.

Slide 8

Modern telescopes are very huge and complex devices that allow you to look into the depths of the Universe for millions of light years. However, there are devices that allow you to look, or rather hear, even further - these are radio telescopes, where giant antennas simply “listen” to the Universe.

Slide 9

From the point of view of astronomers, the world is the Universe or Space. These are other planets and stars, our planet Earth, its plants and animals, you and I - this is the entire Universe.

Slide 10

Scientists believe that our Universe arose as a result of the so-called Big Bang, which occurred about 15 billion years ago. At the same time, a dense hot ball was formed, which began to rapidly expand, turning into the Universe. Many astronomers believe that the expansion continues today.
Slide 11
Our life is possible only thanks to the Sun. People understood this in ancient times and revered the Sun as a deity. They called it differently: in Ancient Greece - Helios, in Egypt - Ra, and our Slavic ancestors - Yarilo. Hymns were composed in honor of the Sun.

Yarilo

Hymns were composed in honor of the Sun. Here is one of the hymns of the ancient Greek poet Homer: The Sun in its eternal movement makes the luminaries turn pale, The Sun floods the earth with its purple radiance. The sun is the farmer's friend and is kind to all sailors. The sun is the deity of days and nights, the crown and the beginning. Only one of the gods reigning in the world is given to us to behold...

Slide 13

To observe the vast expanses of space, special modern instruments and observatories are needed, so scientists use entire complexes of powerful telescopes, which are located in places where the air is especially clear.
Observatory

Slide 14

The most ancient observatories were built more than seven thousand years ago. At first these were circles of huge stones - megaliths, which formed astronomical instruments. Around 2800 BC In Britain, construction began on the Stonehenge complex, which may have served as an observatory.

Slide 15

The ancient civilizations of Egypt, Babylon, Greece, and later than China, India and before the discovery of America by H. Columbus, astronomy was held in high esteem. Accurate observations of the starry sky were carried out there, and for this purpose grandiose structures were erected that have survived to this day.
Temple of the Sun in Mexico

Slide 16

In the Middle Ages, the life of astronomers turned out to be very difficult, since their knowledge about the Universe largely contradicted religion, and for the idea that the Earth rotates, one could even end up at the stake, which is what happened to the philosopher Giordano Bruno.
Ancient Indian Observatory

Slide 17

How did the birth of the solar system occur?
The solar system formed from a huge cloud of gas and dust about 5 billion years ago. Some parts of the cloud turned out to be denser. Gas and dust particles in these areas began to move closer together under the influence of mutual attraction forces. Over time they formed a ball. The ball became denser, decreased in volume and warmed up.

Slide 18

Gradually it began to glow, turning into the embryo of the Sun, which took about 100 thousand years. The “embryo” rotated faster and faster, scattering some of the matter in space. At the same time, it continued to shrink and warm up. Finally, the “embryo” warmed up for a nuclear reaction to occur; A huge amount of energy began to be released, and a new star began to shine. The ring of previously discharged substance began to gather into clots.

Slide 19

These clumps gradually became larger and larger, located at different distances from the Sun. Large clumps became the planets we see today. The smaller ones turned into satellites of the planets, and the very small ones became asteroids.

Slide 20

The Sun is the closest to the Earth...... This is a huge...... cosmic body. The Sun has the shape of...... The diameter of the Sun is...... times the diameter of the Earth. The mass of the Sun is ...... times greater than the mass of our planet. The distance from the Earth to the Sun is ...... kilometers. The temperature on the surface of the Sun is ...... degrees, and in its center - ...... degrees.
Let's fill in the missing data in the text using the textbook.

Slide 21

The Sun is the closest star to Earth...(star). This is a huge ... (hot) cosmic body. The sun has the shape of... (a ball). The diameter of the Sun is... (109) times larger than the diameter of the Earth. The mass of the Sun is ... (330 thousand) times greater than the mass of our planet. The distance from the Earth to the Sun is ... (150 million) kilometers. The temperature on the surface of the Sun is ... (6,000) degrees, and in its center - ... (15 - 20 million) degrees.

Slide 22

The sun forms the center of our system. 9 planets revolve around it. The 4 small planets located closest to the Sun - Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars - are called internal. They have a hard surface. The remaining 5 planets are called outer planets. These are 4 gas giants - Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, as well as a small solid planet of rock and ice - Pluto.

Slide 23

Indicate each statement with a code sign, agreeing or disagreeing with me: 1. Earth is one of the planets of the solar system. 2. The Sun is the closest star to us, a hot ball of gas. 3. The mass of the Earth is 330 thousand times greater than the mass of the Sun. 4. Specialists who study astronomy are called astronauts. 5. The Earth moves around the Sun. 6. You can observe the Sun by looking through binoculars or a telescope. pipe.
- Yes
- No
- Don't know

Slide 24

An online lesson on this topic can be viewed: http://interneturok.ru/ru/school/okruj-mir/4-klass/tema/mir-glazami-astronoma
Website of Elena Beryukhova “ABV School” Design: Elena Beryukhova http://shkola-abv.ru