Immediate ancestor modern man- Cro-Magnon (40-10 thousand years BC) received the name Homo sapiens sapiens (Homo sapiens). During the Late Paleolithic era, 1200 generations passed and about 4 billion Cro-Magnons walked across the Earth. They lived at the end of the Würm glaciation. Warming and cooling followed each other quite often, and Cro-Magnons successfully adapted to changing natural conditions. They created the protoculture of modern man and, while remaining hunter-gatherers, brought the development of mankind to the culture of agriculture. The achievements of the Cro-Magnons are truly amazing. Their art of stone processing was so high that we can say that technology came into the world with the Cro-Magnon man. Technological innovation and development material culture came to replace physical evolution. They also learned to make all kinds of tools and weapons from bones, tusks, antlers and wood. The Cro-Magnons have reached high degree excellence in the manufacture of clothing and the construction of large dwellings. In their hearth, not only trees, but also other combustible materials, such as bone, could be used for heating. The clay kilns they built were prototypes of blast furnaces. They brought the methods of using plants almost to the limit beyond which agriculture begins. These people reaped the ears of wild cereals and collected so many cereals that they covered most of their food needs. They invented devices for grinding and grinding grain. The Cro-Magnons knew how to make wicker containers and came close to the art of pottery. After centuries of wandering after animals or in search of seasonal edible plants, the Cro-Magnon man managed to switch to a sedentary lifestyle, using the resources of one area more efficiently. A sedentary lifestyle contributed to the formation social life, the accumulation of practical and social knowledge and observations that became the basis for the creation of language, art and religion. Hunting methods have changed. Spear throwers were invented, with the help of which hunters began to kill more animals, and they themselves received wounds less often, lived longer and better. Thanks to wealth, health and physical development also improved. A sedentary lifestyle, combined with an increased life expectancy, contributed to the acquisition of experience and knowledge, improved the mind and developed culture. There is reason to believe that the Cro-Magnons also had a bow, although no material evidence of this has survived. Important role The invention of various devices for fishing played a role in expanding the diet of the Cro-Magnons - one of these ingenious devices was the harbour. Cro-Magnons learned to make various mixtures of clay with other substances. They made various figures from these mixtures and fired them in a specially constructed hearth. In fact, they discovered a way to produce new substances with new useful qualities by combining two or more starting materials. The Cro-Magnons created truly great prehistoric art. This is confirmed by numerous wall paintings in caves, sculptural works, and figurines. .

1. General information

3. Reconstructions and drawings

4. Culture

5. Related to Neanderthals

6. Settlement of Europe

8. Notes

9. Literature

1. General information

Cro-Magnons, early representatives of modern humans in Europe and partly beyond its borders, who lived 40-10 thousand years ago (Upper Paleolithic period). In appearance and physical development practically no different from modern man. The name comes from the Cro-Magnon grotto in France, where several human skeletons were discovered along with Late Paleolithic tools in 1868.

Cro-Magnons began to be distinguished by a large active brain, thanks to it and practical technologies, an unprecedented step forward was made in a relatively short period of time. This manifested itself in aesthetics, the development of communication and symbol systems, tool-making technology and active adaptation to external conditions, as well as in new forms of social organization and more complex social interactions.

The most important fossil finds: in Africa - Cape Flats, Fish Hoek, Nazlet Khater; in Europe - Combe Capelle, Mladech, Cro-Magnon, in Russia - Sungir, in Ukraine - Mezhirech.

1.1 The time and place of appearance of Homo sapiens has been revised

An international team of paleontologists has reconsidered the time and place of the origin of Homo sapiens. The corresponding study was published in the journal Nature, and Science News briefly reported on it.
Experts have discovered on the territory of modern Morocco the remains of the oldest known to science representative of Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens lived in northwestern Africa 300 thousand years ago.
In total, the authors examined 22 fragments of skulls, jaws, teeth, legs and hands of five people, among whom were at least one child. The remains found in Morocco are distinguished from modern representatives of Homo sapiens by their elongated rear end skulls and large teeth, which makes them look like Neanderthals.
Previously the oldest remains Homo sapiens were considered specimens found on the territory of modern Ethiopia, whose age was estimated at 200 thousand years.
Experts agree that the find will make it possible to advance our understanding of how and when the appearance of Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons occurred.

2. Physique features of Cro-Magnons

2.1 Comparison with Neanderthal man

Physique of a Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon man

The Cro-Magnon physique was less massive than that of the Neanderthals. They were tall (height up to 180-190 cm) and had elongated “tropical” (that is, characteristic of modern tropical human populations) body proportions.

Their skull, compared to the skull of Neanderthals, had a higher and rounded arch, a straight and smoother forehead, and a protruding chin (Neanderthal people had a sloping chin). People of the Cro-Magnon type were distinguished by a low, wide face, angular eye sockets, a narrow, strongly protruding nose and a large brain (1400-1900 cm3, i.e. larger than that of the average modern European).

2.2 Comparison with modern man

From an evolutionary point of view, in terms of morphological structure and complexity of behavior, these people differ little from us, although anthropologists still note a number of differences in the massiveness of the skeletal and skull bones, the shape of individual skeletal bones, etc.

Cro-Magnon skull

3. Reconstructions and drawings

Reconstruction of a Cro-Magnon woman

4. Culture

They lived in communities of up to 100 people and created settlements for the first time in history. The Cro-Magnons, like the Neanderthals, lived in caves, tents made of skins, Eastern Europe There are also dugouts. They had articulate speech, built houses, dressed in clothes made from skins,

The Cro-Magnons also significantly improved their methods of hunting (driven hunting), hunting reindeer and red deer, mammoths, woolly rhinoceroses, cave bears, wolves and other animals. They made spear throwers (a spear could fly 137 m), as well as devices for catching fish (harpoons, hooks), and bird snares.

The Cro-Magnons were the creators of remarkable European primitive art, as evidenced by multicolor paintings on the walls and ceilings of caves (Chauvet, Altamira, Lascaux, Montespan, etc.), engravings on pieces of stone or bone, ornaments, small stone and clay sculptures. Magnificent images of horses, deer, bison, mammoths, female figurines, called “Venuses” by archaeologists for their splendor of forms, various objects carved from bone, horns and tusks or sculpted from clay, undoubtedly testify to the highly developed sense of beauty among the Cro-Magnons.

The Cro-Magnons had funeral rites. Household items, food, and jewelry were placed in the grave. The dead were sprinkled with blood-red ochre, they put nets on their hair, bracelets on their hands, flat stones were placed on their faces, and they were buried in a bent position (the knees touched the chin).

5. Related to Neanderthals

Modern results of genetics and statistics leave scientists with no choice but to admit. At the same time, there was no crossing of Neanderthals with the ancient African population.

Scientists are considering possible scenarios for meetings between Neanderthals and sapiens, as a result of which the genome of the Eurasian population was enriched.

6. Settlement of Europe

Markov. Origin and evolution of man. Paleoanthropology, genetics, evolutionary psychology.

About 45 thousand years ago, the first representatives of Cro-Magnons appeared in Europe, the patrimony of the Neanderthals. And the 6 thousand years of coexistence in Europe of the two species was a period of intense competition for food and other resources.

Archaeological evidence has emerged of the hypothesis that there were direct clashes between sapiens. In the Les Rois cave in southwest France, among many typical Cro-Magnon (Aurignacian) artifacts, was found lower jaw Neanderthal child with scratches from stone tools. It is likely that the sapiens simply ate the young Neanderthal, using stone tools to scrape meat from the bones (see: F. V. Ramirez Rozzi et al. Cutmarked human remains bearing Neandertal features and modern human remains associated with the Aurignacian at Les Rois, PDF, 1, 27 MB // Journal of Anthropological Sciences. 2009. V. 87. R. 153–185).

Employees National Center scientific research in Paris, under the leadership of Fernando Rozzi, after analyzing finds at Cro-Magnon sites, they discovered gnawed bones of Neanderthals with traces of teeth, characteristic scratches and breaks on the bones. There is also evidence that Homo sapiens made necklaces from the teeth of Neanderthals. And in the Cro-Magnon burial complex of Sungir (200 km from Moscow) a Neanderthal tibia with cut-off joints was found, the cavity of which contained ocher powder; thus the bone was used as a box.

In Spain, the situation with the “Ebro border” is known: at almost the same time, Cro-Magnons lived on the northern bank of the Ebro River, and Neanderthals lived on the southern bank in very poor conditions (there were dry, arid steppes).

The modern vision of the problem of the disappearance of Neanderthals in Europe looks like this: where they could have survived for quite a long time - right up to the end of the Ice Age.

7. The emergence and development of speech. Linguistics

Chernigovskaya Tatyana Vladimirovna; doctor of biological and philological sciences, professor at St. Petersburg State University: “In modern science, which deals with language issues, exist.

The first is that human language is the heir to the intellectual potential of previous species. This is the position taken by psychologists in a broad sense.”

Second.“Linguists of a certain direction, namely, those who come from N. Chomsky, generativists, and those who join them, they claim a completely different thing, they say that language is a separate module in the brain, that it is a completely separate ability , not part of general cognitive capabilities. A person became a person when a certain mutation occurred, which led to the formation of, as they say, a Language Acquisition Device, a Speech Organ, in the brain. That is, a language organ that only knows how to do that develop some algorithms, that is, write itself, let’s say, a virtual, or something, textbook of a given language, in which this person born But if, they argue, there was no such special “device” in the brain that can carry out such procedures, then a person simply could not master such a complex system, which is language.” Naturally, a significant part of linguists in this direction are passionate about the search for a protolanguage.

More details:

The latest research is the necessary links that have made it possible, using a systematic multidisciplinary approach, to specifically study and investigate the processes of the emergence and development of human speech, namely the processes of formation.

Interaction and some confrontation between Cro-Magnons and Neanderthals contributed to the development of speech-interconnection.

Thus, military arts and technologies led to the expansion of contacts, both between groups and within groups. It is here that the factors that contribute to the development of speech in humans are widely manifested.

Objectively.

Reconnaissance, contacts with foreigners, preparation, discussion and implementation of military actions maximally contributed to the emergence and development of speech, and these actions become fully possible only by distracting from the current situation. Thus, an essential feature of the formation is that for the first time the fundamental possibility of carrying out military operations appears.

The main feature of the processing of verbal information corresponding to the fourth level of perception of the SMS is that the individual’s speech begins to develop in the process of verbal communication, abstracted from the specific situation. In this case, speech takes on a special meaning - receiving and exchanging new information. As a result of the exchange of new information, speech reflects not only what the individual already knows from his own experience, but also reveals what he does not yet know, which introduces him into wide circle new facts and events for him. Now for an individual, new sets of neuron subsystems make it possible to implement an increasingly objective assessment of the environment and the results of his activities based on the RSN information system and SMC subsystems. These systems represent specifically human formations that are.

The fourth level of the SMC already opens up the possibility of fully realizing the confrontation (confrontation) between sapiens and Neanderthals.

The appearance of wonderful multi-color paintings on the walls and ceilings of caves testifies to individual and social values. This gives rise to the possibility of identifying the date corresponding to the formation of the next fifth level of perception (LP) - the SMP subsystems.

Considering we can say that the speech of the primitive artists who painted the cave

(today this is the earliest painting on Earth - about 36 thousand years old), corresponds to the stage of development of a child’s speech, which begins at 3.5 years and continues until 4.5 years.

The appearance of the bow as a hand weapon for throwing arrows makes it possible to identify later dates associated with the processing of linguistic information corresponding to the subsequent stage of child speech development from 4.5 years to 6–7 years.

In conclusion, it is necessary to quote the quotation with which I ended my report “Biological prerequisites for human speech” Zorina Z. A., Ph.D. Sc., prof., head. laboratory of Moscow State University. This report was presented at a seminar on current issues in neurobiology, neuroinformatics and cognitive research:
"There is no gap between verbal and the rest of human behavior or the behavior of other animals
- there is no barrier to be destroyed, no chasm to be bridged, only unknown territory to be explored." R. Gardner et al., 1989, p. XVII.At this stage, the specific human mind and speech begin to develop .

9. Literature

Koshelev, Chernigovskaya 2008 – Koshelev A. D., Chernigovskaya T. V. (ed.) Reasonable behavior and language. Vol. 1. Animal communication systems and human language. The problem of the origin of language. M.: Languages Slavic cultures, 2008.

Zorina Z. A., “Biological prerequisites for human speech” - Regular seminars on current issues of neurobiology, neuroinformatics and cognitive research, 2012, Neuroscience.ru - Modern neuroscience.

Markov 2009 - Markov A.V. The origin and evolution of man Review of the achievements of paleoanthropology, comparative genetics and evolutionary psychology Report read at the Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences on March 19, 2009

Markov A.V. “The Birth of Complexity. Evolutionary biology today. Unexpected discoveries and new questions.” M.: Corpus, Astrel, 2010.

Markov A.V. “Human evolution. 1. Monkeys, bones and genes.”, Dynasty, 2011

Markov A.V. “Human evolution. 2. Monkeys, neurons and the soul.”, Dynasty, 2011

Chernigovskaya 2008 – Chernigovskaya T.V. From communication signals to human language and thinking: evolution or revolution? // Russian physiological journal named after. I.M.Sechenova, 2008, 94, 9, 1017-1028.

Chernigovskaya 2009 – Chernigovskaya T.V. Brain and language: innate modules or learning network? // Brain. Fundamental and applied problems. Based on materials from the General Meeting session Russian Academy Sciences December 15–16, 2009. Ed. ak. A.I. Grigorieva. M.: Science. 2009.

Chomsky et al. 2002 – Hauser, M. D., Chomsky, N., & Fitch, W. T. (2002). The faculty of language: What is it, who has it, and how did it evolve? Science, 298, 1569-1579.

Popular science books

Eduard Storch - "Mammoth Hunters". A book with links to real archaeological sources

B. Bayer, W. Birstein and others. History of mankind 2002 ISBN 5-17-012785-5

* Documentary about the Chauvet Cave: “Cave of Forgotten Dreams” 2012 *

Publication date: 9.09. 2016 02:30

PS

Just a joke

The son of a learned linguist, looking up from a textbook where it is stated: they claim that language is a separate module in the brain - a virtual, or something, textbook of a given language into which a given person is born,” asks his father:
- My little brother babbles and babbles, but nothing is clear. Was he not born Russian?

Where did the world so understandable to us come from, how did it combine with the completely different world of the Neanderthals? Many biological features of the earliest Upper Paleolithic people suggest that they came to Europe from tropical regions.

Long limbs, tall stature, elongated body proportions, large jaws, and an elongated braincase are similar in modern tropical populations and Cro-Magnons. The latter differ only large sizes bones, strong relief of the skull, rougher features. But, if the Cro-Magnons were aliens, then where did they come from? How did they interact with the aborigines - Neanderthals? According to the most substantiated version now, the modern human species was formed in Africa between 200-160-100 and 45 thousand years ago. Between 80 and 45 thousand years ago, a limited number of people emerged from East Africa in the area of ​​the Bab el-Mandeb Strait or, less likely, the Isthmus of Suez. They began to settle first along the southern shores of Eurasia - right up to Australia - and then to the north, into areas inhabited by Neanderthals, whose possible fate was described above.

From the Upper Paleolithic era to the present, evolutionary changes did not have time to accumulate in sufficient quantities (it is often said that biological evolution stopped with the advent of the modern human species, giving way to social evolution, but facts indicate a continuation biological evolution even today, the time scale is simply not sufficient for significant changes in morphology to occur). The differences between population groups that have appeared since this time are usually called racial. A separate section of anthropology is devoted to them - racial studies (see

Cro-Magnon - was a person in modern sense words, naturally, more primitive, but still human. The era in which Cro-Magnon man lived falls on the period from the 40th to the 10th millennium BC. The first discoveries of the skeleton of Cro-Magnon man were made in 1868 in the southwest of France in the Cro-Magnon cave. So, about 40 thousand years ago in different areas globe There have been a number of cultural shifts in entirely new directions. The events of a person’s life begin to develop along a different path and at a different, accelerated pace, and the main thing is driving force man himself now becomes.

Number of achievements, changes in social organization The life of the Cro-Magnon man was so great that it was several times greater than the number of achievements of Australopithecus, Pithecanthropus and Neanderthal man combined. The Cro-Magnons inherited from their ancestors a large active brain and quite practical technology, thanks to which they took an unprecedented step forward in a relatively short period of time. This manifested itself in aesthetics, the development of communication and symbol systems, tool-making technology and active adaptation to external conditions, as well as in new forms of social organization and a more complex approach to one's own kind.

All Cro-Magnons used some kind of stone tools and were engaged in hunting and gathering. They achieved many amazing achievements, spread throughout geographical areas, suitable for habitation. The Cro-Magnons created the first primitive forms of firing pottery, built kilns for this, and even burned coal. In the mastery of processing stone tools They surpassed their ancestors, learned to make all kinds of tools, weapons and devices from bone, tusks, deer antlers and wood.

All areas of activity of the Cro-Magnons were improved compared to their ancestors. They made better clothing, built hotter fires, built larger dwellings, and ate a much wider variety of food than their predecessors.

Among other things, scientists have found that the Cro-Magnons had another important innovation - art. Cro-Magnon man was a caveman, but with one difference: his unkempt appearance hid developed intelligence and a complex spiritual life. The walls of his caves were covered with painted, carved and scratched masterpieces, very expressive and full of immediate charm.

The Cro-Magnon man differed from his predecessors in physiological characteristics. First, his bones are lighter than those of his ancestors. Secondly, the Cro-Magnon skull is in every way similar to the skull of modern people: a clearly defined chin protrusion, a high forehead, small teeth, the volume of the brain cavity corresponds to the modern one. Finally, it has the physical characteristics necessary for the formation of complex speech. The arrangement of the nasal and oral cavities, the elongated pharynx (the section of the throat located directly above the vocal cords), and the flexibility of the tongue gave it the ability to form and produce distinct sounds, much more varied than those available to early humans. However, modern man had to pay a high price for the gift of speech - of all living beings, only he can suffocate by choking on food, since his elongated pharynx also serves as the vestibule of the esophagus.

A straight gait was destined to become first a rule, and then a necessity. Meanwhile, more and more hands fell to the share of various types activities. Already in monkeys there is a well-known division of functions between the arms and legs. The hand serves primarily for collecting and holding food, as some lower mammals do with the help of their front paws. Using their hands, some monkeys build nests in trees or, like chimpanzees, canopies between branches for protection from the weather. They grab sticks with their hands to protect themselves from enemies or throw fruits and stones at them. And although the number and general arrangement of bones and muscles are the same in ape and man, the hand of even a primitive savage was capable of performing hundreds of operations inaccessible to a monkey. Not a single monkey's hand has ever made even the crudest stone tool.

When processing stone, wood, skins, and making fire, human hands developed. Particularly important was the development thumb, which helped to hold tightly both the heavy spear and the thin needle. Gradually, the hand actions became more and more confident and complex. In collective work, the mind and speech of people developed.

The beginning of dominance over nature expanded man's horizons. On the other hand, the development of labor necessarily contributed to a closer unity of members of society. As a result, the emerging people had a need to say something to each other. Need created an organ for itself: the undeveloped larynx of the monkey was slowly but steadily transformed, and the organs of the mouth gradually learned to pronounce one articulate sound after another.

When did the type of modern man, commonly called Homo sapiens, arise? All ancient finds in the Upper Paleolithic layers are dated in absolute terms to 25–28 thousand years ago. The formation of Homo sapiens led to the coexistence of late progressive forms of Neanderthals and emerging small groups of modern humans for several millennia. The process of replacing the old species with a new one was quite long and complex.

The expansion of the frontal lobes of the brain was the main morphological feature that distinguished emerging modern humans from late Neanderthals. The frontal lobes of the brain are the seat of not only higher thinking, but also social functions. The growth of the frontal lobes expanded the sphere of higher associative thinking, and with it contributed to the complexity of social life, diversity labor activity, caused further evolution of body structure, physiological functions, and motor skills.

The brain volume of “homo sapiens” is twice as large as that of “homo habilis.” He is taller and has a straight figure. “Reasonable people” speak coherently.

In appearance, the “reasonable people” who lived in different countries, were different from each other. Natural conditions such as abundance or scarcity sunny days, sharp winds carrying clouds of sand, severe frosts, left their mark on appearance people. Their division into three main races began: white (Caucasoid), black (Negroid) and yellow (Mongoloid). Subsequently, the races were divided into subraces (for example, yellow - into Mongoloid and Americanoid), areas with a population of transitional races were formed on the borders between races (for example, on the border between the Caucasoid and Negroid races, the transitional Ethiopian race appeared). However, the physiological differences between the different races are not significant; from a biological point of view, all modern humanity belongs to the same subspecies species Homo sapiens. This is confirmed, for example, genetic research: DNA variation between races is only 0.1%, and genetic diversity within races is greater than differences between races.

Thus, the process of evolution explains the presence of similarities in external and internal structure humans and mammals. Let us briefly list them: the presence of a head, torso, limbs, hair, nails. The skeletons of both humans and mammals are made of the same bones. Similar layout and functions internal organs. Like mammals, humans feed their young with milk. But a person also has significant differences, which will be discussed further.

Where did the huge Cro-Magnon population come from on Earth and where did it disappear to? How did races appear? Whose descendants are we?

Why were Cro-Magnons distributed throughout the world? Could one population live in a huge area from Vladimir to Beijing? Which archaeological finds confirm this theory? Why was the Cro-Magnon brain larger than the brain of a modern person? Why do the classic Neanderthals of Europe bear little resemblance to modern humans? Could they have lost their speech a second time? Was Neanderthal Bigfoot and hunted by Cro-Magnon man? During what period did the geological and cultural catastrophe occur? What did the sudden and simultaneous melting of two large glaciers lead to? Where did the Cro-Magnons disappear to? How were the major racial groups formed? Why was the Negroid racial group the last to appear? Did the Cro-Magnons maintain contact with their cosmic curators? Paleoanthropologist Alexander Belov discusses whose descendants we are and who is watching us from space?

Alexander Belov: Soviet anthropologist Debets, he believed that he even introduced into science the term “Cro-Magnons in the broad sense of the word.” What does this mean? People of the Upper Paleolithic are more or less similar to each other, regardless of where they lived, on the Russian Plain, in Europe, or in Australia, or in Indonesia, and even in America there are remains of Cro-Magnons. In fact, they were distributed throughout the world, and from this we conclude that the population was more or less homogeneous. And so Debets just introduced into science the concept of “Cro-Magnons in the broad sense of the word.” He united into this population all the people of the Upper Paleolithic who lived regardless of where they lived, they were more or less similar to each other, and he called them with this term, “Cro-Magnons in the broad sense of the word.” That is, it is not associated with the Cro-Magnon Grotto in France or in some parts of Europe. They find, for example, the skull of Sungir 1, an old man according to Vladimir, he is very similar, a Cro-Magnon, to a similar skull 101, which was found near Beijing in the Cave of Dragon Bones, in fact, just one skull. You can see on the map how great the distance is between Vladimir and Beijing, that is, approximately the same population lived over a huge distance. It was, of course, not numerous, that is, there are few remains of Cro-Magnons, it must be said, that is, this population was numerically small. And this is what is characteristic of Cro-Magnons: they are united not only by a single morphotype, they are also united by the presence of a large brain. If on average a modern person has an average brain volume of 1350 cubic centimeters, then Cro-Magnons have an average of 1550, that is, modern people, alas, have lost 200-300 cubic centimeters. Moreover, he lost not just cubes of the brain, as if in the abstract, he lost precisely those zones, those representations of the associative and parietal frontal zones of the brain, that is, this is exactly the substrate with which we think, where the intellect itself is based. And in fact, the frontal lobes are responsible for inhibitory behavior, for the fact that, roughly speaking, we do not restrain our emotions, we expose ourselves to some kind of unrestrained, emotional affects. And if these brakes are turned off, then, of course, a person can already switch to some affective behavioral reactions. This is very bad and has a detrimental effect on him. own destiny and on the fate of the society in which he lives. And this is exactly what we see among the Neanderthals, the early Neanderthals, they are called atypical, they lived about 130 thousand years ago, they are found in Asia, mainly in Europe, Asia Minor, they were more or less similar to modern people. And the classic Neanderthals of Europe, their chin protuberance actually disappears, their larynx becomes high, they have a flat base of the skull. This suggests that Neanderthals lost speech for the second time, this is what this means. Alexander Zobov, our famous Russian and Soviet anthropologist, spoke and wrote a lot about this. And in fact, a paradoxical thing turns out, and their culture also becomes practical, so they dig a trench and accidentally discover the skeleton of Neanderthals without any accompaniment of archaeological equipment or so on. This suggests that this is, if you like, roughly speaking, a Bigfoot of the Upper Paleolithic era. And, apparently, they were simply hunted by Cro-Magnons. In Croatia, this massacre is known, when 20 bones and broken skulls of Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons were found; most likely, such fights or battles in the Upper Paleolithic took place between Neanderthals, the predecessors of modern people, and Cro-Magnons.

And in this regard, the question arises, where did the Cro-Magnons go, strictly speaking, and who are we? modern people? There are several versions on this matter, but if you follow the tradition of Soviet anthropology and Debets, in particular, then it is quite clear and clear picture it is depicted that the classic Cro-Magnons, Cro-Magnon-like types, they spread throughout the entire Earth, created quite high culture, it was apparently connected with some new unusual technologies that we have already lost, we don’t know, and with some knowledge that we, unfortunately, also lost, and with a connection, perhaps, with our cosmic predecessors, this also indicates, for example, rods, some astronomical calendar carved circles and others different features, this is evidence of this. And somewhere around the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary, about 10 thousand years ago, a geological cultural catastrophe occurs. But in historical terms, this Upper Paleolithic is actually replaced by the Mesolithic, Middle Stone Age, that is, the ancient Stone Age, it is replaced by the Mesolithic. And in fact, the Middle Stone Age, during this period of time amazing things happen. Suddenly, I would say, both glaciers melt, suddenly melt, and the Scandinavian glacier is huge, the thickness of which reached three kilometers in height, and it reached Smolensk, that’s what it was, its epicenter over the Gulf of Bothnia. At the same time, the North American glacier, which generally occupied half the size in terms of thickness and breadth, is also melting. North America, continent. And naturally, the level of the World Ocean during this period, 12-10 thousand years before new era, it rises sharply to 130-150 meters. And it is clear that people who find themselves in this situation will be divided, Africa is separated from Asia, Europe is also separated from Asia by water barriers, that is, in place of the Russian Plain, seas are formed here, which merge into the Caspian and the Black Sea, and into the Mediterranean then. Many racial groups, future racial groups, finding themselves in isolation, in island isolation, so to speak, firstly, the population size decreases sharply, that is, anthropologists talk about a “bottleneck” that racial groups, all racial groups go through, this is exactly what is happening at this moment, and that, in general, they are geologically separated. And once in isolation, in geological isolation, the following basic racial groups begin to form: Caucasians in Europe, Mongoloids in Asia, these are Far East, Asia, Central Asia, and Africans on the African continent. This is due to the fact that genetic exchange does not take place between these groups for several thousand years, at least.

Here we must add cultural isolation to this. Cultural isolation may have done even more negative things than such purely geographical isolation. Negroids are changing quite a lot, and it is the Negro race that appears at this moment. Negroids, they are very young, one might say, that is, this is the Neolithic, the end of the Mesolithic, the beginning of the Neolithic, at least 9-10 thousand years before the new era, blacks appear.