Description of the presentation THE GOLDEN AGE OF RUSSIAN LITERATURE Completed by: Ovchinnikova D. Group: based on slides

THE GOLDEN AGE OF RUSSIAN LITERATURE Performed by: Ovchinnikova D. Group: 3 L/D

The 19th century is called the “Golden Age” of Russian poetry and the century of Russian literature on a global scale. We should not forget that the literary leap that took place in the 19th century was prepared by the entire course of the literary process of the 17th and 18th centuries. The 19th century is the time of formation of the Russian literary language, which took shape largely thanks to A.S. Pushkin.

PUSHKIN Alexander Sergeevich (1799 - 1837), poet, prose writer, playwright, publicist, critic, founder of new Russian literature, creator of the Russian literary language. Raised by French tutors, all he learned from home schooling was an excellent knowledge of French and a love of reading. Even as a child, Pushkin became acquainted with Russian poetry from Lomonosov to Zhukovsky, with the comedies of Moliere and Beaumarchais, the works of Voltaire and other enlighteners of the 18th century.

A. S. Pushkin began his ascent to the literary Olympus with the poem “Ruslan and Lyudmila” in 1920. And his novel in verse “Eugene Onegin” was called an encyclopedia of Russian life. Romantic poems by A. S. Pushkin “The Bronze Horseman” (1833), “The Bakhchisarai Fountain”, “The Gypsies” ushered in the era of Russian romanticism. Many poets and writers considered A.S. Pushkin their teacher and continued the traditions of creating literary works laid down by him. One of these poets was M. Yu. Lermontov. His romantic poem “Mtsyri”, the poetic story “The Demon”, and many romantic poems are known. It is interesting that Russian poetry of the 19th century was closely connected with the socio-political life of the country

N.V. Gogol Along with poetry, prose began to develop. Prose writers at the beginning of the century were influenced by the English historical novels of W. Scott, the translations of which were extremely popular. The development of Russian prose of the 19th century began with the prose works of A. S. Pushkin and N. V. Gogol. Pushkin, under the influence of English historical novels, creates the story “The Captain's Daughter,” where the action takes place against the backdrop of grandiose historical events: during the Pugachev rebellion. A.S. Pushkin did a colossal amount of work exploring this historical period. This work was largely political in nature and was aimed at those in power.

Since the middle of the 19th century, the formation of Russian realistic literature has been taking place, which was created against the backdrop of the tense socio-political situation that developed in Russia during the reign of Nicholas I. A crisis of the serfdom system is brewing, and contradictions between the authorities and the common people are strong. There is an urgent need to create realistic literature that is acutely responsive to the socio-political situation in the country.

Writers turn to socio-political problems of Russian reality. The genre of the realistic novel is developing. I. S. Turgenev, F. M. Dostoevsky, L. N. Tolstoy, I. A. Goncharov created their works. Socio-political and philosophical issues predominate. Literature is distinguished by a special psychologism.

A. P. Chekhov M. Gorky The literary process of the late 19th century revealed the names of N. S. Leskov, A. N. Ostrovsky A. P. Chekhov. The latter proved himself to be a master of the small literary genre - the story, as well as an excellent playwright. A.P. Chekhov's competitor was Maxim Gorky.

The end of the 19th century was marked by the emergence of pre-revolutionary sentiments. The realistic tradition began to fade away. It was replaced by the so-called decadent literature, the distinctive features of which were mysticism, religiosity, as well as a premonition of changes in the socio-political life of the country. Subsequently, decadence developed into symbolism. This opens a new page in the history of Russian literature.

The conditions were difficult and cruel,
in which advanced
Russian literature.
Feudal system
left its mark on everything
areas of Russian life. Tsarskaya
censorship mercilessly suppressed
free speech. Greatest
figures of Russian literature
were persecuted
many of them finished their
life is tragic. Nevertheless
Russian literature has reached
XIX century amazingly bright
flourishing and took one of the first
places in Europe.
The 19th century is called the "Golden"
century" of Russian poetry and
century of Russian literature in
on a global scale.

The 19th century began with the heyday of sentimentalism and the emergence of romanticism.
These literary trends found expression primarily in
poetry. The poetic works of poets E.A. come to the fore.
Baratynsky, K.N. Batyushkova, V.A. Zhukovsky, A.A. Feta, D.V.
Davydova, N.M. Yazykova.
Baratynsky
Eugene
Abramovich
Batyushkov
Konstantin
Nikolaevich
Zhukovsky
Basil
Andreevich
Fet
Afanasy
Afanasievich
The creativity of F.I. Tyutchev "Golden Age"
Russian poetry was completed.
Davydov
Denis
Vasilevich
Languages
Nikolai
Mikhailovich
Tyutchev
Fedor
Ivanovich

The central figure of this time was
Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin.
A.S. Pushkin began his ascent to
literary Olympus from the poem “Ruslan and
Lyudmila" in 1920. And his novel is
poems "Eugene Onegin" was named
encyclopedia of Russian life.
Romantic poems by A.S. Pushkin
“The Bronze Horseman” (1833), “Bakhchisarai
fountain", "Gypsies" opened the era
Russian romanticism.

Pushkin was the central figure of Russian
literature of the first decades of the 19th century. Belinsky
directly names this period of Russian literature
"Pushkinsky". Not associated with the name of Pushkin
only the high flowering of Russian poetry, but also
formation of the Russian literary language.
Pushkin showed the spiritual beauty and power of the Russian
human, the beauty of native nature, folk
poetry - fairy tales, songs, legends. Its significance for
Russian literature is immeasurable. "He's the beginning for us
started everyone,” Gorky said about Pushkin.
"Ruslan and Ludmila"
"Dubrovsky"
"Eugene Onegin"
"The Story of Pugachev"
“History of the village of Goryukhin”
"Prisoner of the Caucasus"
"Robber Brothers"
"Bakhchisarai Fountain"
"Gypsies"
"Boris Godunov"
"Captain's daughter"
"Arap of Peter the Great"
"Bronze Horseman"
"Little Tragedies"
"Belkin's Tales"
"Poltava"
Fairy tales
Poems

Many poets and writers considered A. S. Pushkin
their teacher and continued the foundations laid down by him
traditions of creating literary works.
One of these poets was M.Yu. Lermontov.
Lermontov emerged as a poet in an era of timelessness,
when the Decembrist movement was already strangled, and
a new generation of advanced, thinking people have not yet
got stronger. This gave rise to motifs in his poetry
loneliness and bitter disappointment.
His romantic poem “Mtsyri” is well known.
poetic story “Demon”, set
romantic poems. In the center of the most
significant works of Lermontov are worth
image of a proud personality seeking strong sensations
in the fight. These are Arbenin (drama “Masquerade”,
1835--1836), Demon ("Demon", 1829--1841) and
Pechorin (“Hero of Our Time”, 1840).

Along with poetry, prose began to develop. Development of Russian prose of the 19th century
began with the prose works of A.S. Pushkin and N.V. Gogol. They
identified the main artistic types that will
developed by writers throughout the 19th century. This
artistic type of the “extra person” and the so-called type of “small
person."
Literature inherited its
journalistic and satirical character. IN
prose poem by N.V. Gogol's "Dead Souls"
writer in a sharp satirical manner
shows a scammer who is buying
dead souls, various types of landowners,
which are the embodiment of various
human vices. In the same regard
The comedy “The Inspector General” was sustained.

The tendency to depict vices and shortcomings
Russian society is a characteristic feature of the entire Russian
classical literature. It can be traced in
works of almost all writers of the 19th century. At
this is where many writers implement satirical
trend in a grotesque form. Examples of grotesque
satires are the works of N.V. Gogol “The Nose”,
M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin “Lord Golovlevs”,
“The History of a City”, “Fairy Tales”.

Since the middle of the 19th century, the formation of Russian realistic literature has been taking place, which
is being created against the backdrop of the tense socio-political situation in Russia
during the reign of Nicholas I. A crisis of the feudal system is brewing, strong
contradictions between the authorities and the common people. There is a need to create
realistic literature, acutely reacting to the socio-political situation in
country. Literary critic V.G. Belinsky denotes a new realistic
direction in literature. His position is developed by N.A. Dobrolyubov, N.G. Chernyshevsky.
A dispute arises between Westerners and Slavophiles about the paths of historical development
Russia.
Belinsky
Vissarion
Grigorievich
Dobrolyubov
Nikolai
Aleksandrovich
Chernyshevsky
Nikolai
Gavrilovich

Writers address socio-political issues
Russian reality. The genre of the realistic novel is developing.
His works are created by I.S. Turgenev, F.M. Dostoevsky, L.N.
Tolstoy, I.A. Goncharov. The socio-political,
philosophical problems. Literature is distinguished by a special psychologism.
Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev (1818 - 1883) began his literary
activities in the 40s, when Russian public life was still
liberal and democratic have not completely separated
trends. In the essays that Turgenev published on the pages
"Contemporary" under the general title "Notes of a Hunter" (1847--1852
gg.), shows the inhuman oppression of peasants under serfdom. IN
in the novel “On the Eve” (1860) he showed the Bulgarian revolutionary
Insarova. But Turgenev was looking for a hero who had developed on Russian soil and
dedicated himself to serving Russia. He found such an image in the face
commoner Bazarov, depicted by him in the novel “Fathers and Sons” (1862).

An artist of enormous talent, Fedor Mikhailovich
Dostoevsky (1821 -1881) created unsurpassed in strength and
expressiveness of the picture of the suffering of people under oppression
capitalism, but rejected the revolutionary path and during
for many years he waged a fierce struggle against ideas
democratic camp.
Dostoevsky entered literature as a representative
"natural school", continuing the traditions of Pushkin and
Gogol. His first story is “Poor People” (1846). In it
Dostoevsky depicts suffering with deep compassion
“poor people” living in a big city are protected
the dignity of a common man, shows his superiority
over representatives of the aristocracy. But he doesn't see in
“little man” ability to protest and fight.
Dostoevsky's largest work is the novel
"Crime and Punishment" (1866). It contains
a person imbued with his consciousness
exclusivity, contempt for the masses and confidence
in their right to violate moral norms. Dostoevsky
debunks this individualist and reveals
the internal collapse of his aspirations.

Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy (1828 - 1910) occupies a prominent position
place among the figures of world culture. Through all creativity
Tolstoy has the image of a man painfully searching for the truth,
who wants to understand what is happening (from autobiographical
the story “Childhood” to the novel “War and Peace”). In a number of works,
dedicated to the war in the Caucasus, and in their wonderful
“Sevastopol Stories” (1855-1856) Tolstoy drew
pictures of war, free from false battle heroics, and
depicted the greatness of a Russian soldier performing his duty
simple and calm, loud phrases.
The novel "War and Peace" (1863-1869) is a grandiose epic of the people's war against
Napoleon, the greatest work of not only Russian, but also world literature. Tolstoy
showed here the entire Russian society, created a broad picture of Russian life. Tolstoy brought out
in his novel of numerous Russian people who courageously and modestly accomplish great things
feats.
Tolstoy is a genius
psychologist, master
folk images
life represents
is one of the peaks, up to
which rose
world literature.

Outstanding Russian novelist Ivan Aleksandrovich Goncharov
(1812 -1891) shared hostility towards Russian enlighteners
serfdom and the belief that its destruction would bring
prosperity of Russia. Goncharov’s novels “Ordinary”
history" (1847) and "Oblomov" (1859) appeared before 1861, i.e.
until the final demarcation of liberal and
democratic tendencies. In "Ordinary History" he
ridiculed noble romanticism, idleness and groundlessness
noble dreamers. Goncharov's best creation is
novel "Oblomov". In the images of Ilya Ilyich Oblomov and his servant
Zakhara he embodied the types of patriarchal master and servant
serf era. In the last novel "The Precipice" it affected
the writer's hostile attitude towards democracy.

The development of poetry subsides somewhat. It is worth noting the poetic
works of Nekrasov, who was the first to introduce social
problems. His poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'?” is well known, as well as
many poems that reflect on the hard and hopeless life
people.

The literary process of the late 19th century revealed the names of N.S. Leskov, A.N.
Ostrovsky, A.P. Chekhov.
The work of Nikolai Semenovich Leskov is one of the brightest and most original
phenomena in Russian literature of the 19th century. In his works Leskov reflected
contradictions of time, its rebellious spirit and tirelessness in search
truth. In his work the image of the righteous man of the Russian land appears.

Alexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky (1823 - 1886) an exceptional figure against the backdrop of XIX literature
V. In the life of the merchants, dark and ignorant,
entangled in prejudices, prone to
tyranny, absurd and funny whims, he
found original material for my
stage works. Pictures of life
merchants gave Ostrovsky the opportunity
show an important side of Russian life in general,
"dark kingdom" of Russia. in the drama "The Thunderstorm" he brought
feminine character, full of moral strength and
honesty, incapable of reconciliation with slavery,
protesting against him. In the plays "The Last
victim", "Dowry", "Talents and
fans" Ostrovsky showed a tragic
the fate of a woman in the world of rich and poor, masters and
slaves

Chekhov proved himself to be a master of small literary
genre - short story, and also an excellent playwright.
He is the founder of the “new drama”.
It was in it that Chekhov's
the concept of life, its special feeling and understanding.
All of Chekhov's work is a call to the spiritual
human emancipation.

The end of the 19th century took place under the sign of the formation of pre-revolutionary
moods. The realistic tradition began to fade away. She will be replaced
so-called decadent literature came, with distinctive
whose features were mysticism, religiosity, as well as premonition
changes in the socio-political life of the country. Subsequently
decadence grew into symbolism. This opens a new page in
history of Russian literature.
"Golden age
literature
"Silver Age
literature

Slide 1

Slide 2

RUSSIAN LITERATURE XIX century. direction years names Sentimentalism 10th year. YoungV.A. Zhukovsky, E.A. Baratynsky. Romanticism 10th year V.A. Zhukovsky, F.I. Tyutchev; K.F. Ryleev, V.K. Kuchelbecker; A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov. Realism 20-30s. A.S. Pushkin, N.V. Gogol “Natural School” 40-50s. A.I. Herzen, I.S. Turgenev, I.A. Goncharov, A.N. Ostrovsky, L.N. Tolstoy, F.M. Dostoevsky Revolutionary-democratic realism 60-70s. ON THE. Nekrasov, N.G. Chernyshevsky, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin Proletarian literature and symbolism of the 90s. M. Gorky; V. Bryusov

Slide 3

“Sturm und Drang” (German: Sturm und Drang) is a period in the history of German literature (1767-1785), associated with the rejection of the cult of reason characteristic of classicism in favor of extreme emotionality and descriptions of extreme manifestations of individualism, which is characteristic of pre-romanticism. Writers who identified themselves with the Sturm und Drang movement are called Sturmers (German Stürmer - “rebel, brawler”). The ideologist of this revolt against rationalism was the German philosopher Johann Georg Hamann, who shared the views of the French writer and thinker Jean-Jacques Rousseau. The workers of Sturm and Drang highly valued the translated plays of Shakespeare, Ossian's poems and the “natural” poetry of the Englishman Jung. At the same time, a new literary movement called sentimentalism arose in Europe.

Slide 4

Famous representatives of Sturm and Drang Hamann, Johann Georg (1730-1788) Wagner, Heinrich Leopold (1747-1779) Goethe, Johann Wolfgang (1749-1832) Schubart, Christian Friedrich Daniel (1739-1791) Schiller, Friedrich (1759- 1805)

Slide 5

Romanticism (from the French Romantisme) is an ideological and artistic movement that emerged at the end of the 18th century in European and American culture and continued until the 40s of the 19th century. It has spread to various spheres of human activity. In the 18th century, everything strange, fantastic, picturesque and existing in books and not in reality was called romantic. At the beginning of the 19th century, romanticism became the designation of a new direction, opposite to classicism and the Enlightenment.

Slide 6

It is characterized by - an affirmation of the intrinsic value of the spiritual and creative life of the individual, - a depiction of strong (often rebellious) passions and characters, - a depiction of spiritualized and healing nature.

Slide 7

REASONS FOR THE ARISE OF ROMANTICISM. The immediate cause of the emergence of romanticism was the Great French bourgeois revolution. Before the revolution, the world was orderly, there was a clear hierarchy in it, each person took his place. The revolution overturned the “pyramid” of society; a new one had not yet been created, so the individual had a feeling of loneliness. Life is a flow, life is a game in which some are lucky and others are not. In literature, images of players appear, people who play with fate: “The Gambler” by Hoffmann, “Red and Black” by Stendhal (and red and black are the colors of roulette!), and in Russian literature this is “The Queen of Spades” by Pushkin, “The Players” by Gogol, “Masquerade” by Lermontov.

Slide 8

Philosophy of Romanticism The category of the sublime is central to Romanticism. The chanting of the sublime is associated with Romanticism’s interest in Evil, its ennoblement and the dialectic of good and evil (“I am part of that force that always wants evil and always does good”). Romanticism contrasts the Enlightenment idea of ​​progress and the tendency to discard everything “outdated and outdated” with an interest in folklore, myth, fairy tales, the common man, a return to the roots and nature.

Slide 9

THE BASIC CONFLICT OF ROMANTICism The conflict between man and the world. The psychology of a rebellious personality emerges, which was most deeply reflected by Lord Byron in his work “Childe Harold’s Travels.” Romantic heroes are united by a sense of their own exclusivity. “I” is recognized as the highest value, hence the egocentrism of the romantic hero. But by focusing on oneself, a person comes into conflict with reality.

Slide 10

REALITY The world is strange, fantastic, extraordinary, as in Hoffmann’s fairy tale “The Nutcracker”, or ugly, as in his fairy tale “Little Tsakhes”. In these tales, strange events occur, objects come to life and enter into lengthy conversations, the main theme of which is the deep gap between ideals and reality. And this gap becomes the main THEME of the lyrics of romanticism.

Slide 11

Conclusions The personality is at the center of the artistic system of romanticism. The main conflict is the conflict between the individual and society. A romantic person is a passionate person. The growths were divided into high and low. Love in all its manifestations was considered high, while envy, greed, and ambition were considered low.

Slide 12

The romantic hero has a strong character, he is head and shoulders above those around him. Often in romantic works the hero is an artist. Exceptional circumstances correspond to exceptional circumstances. The romantic hero is incompatible with the everyday world. Favorite romantic environment is history and exotica.

Slide 13

Historical novel In romantic works, historical details, background, and color are reproduced in detail, but the pictures are given outside of history. History is a kind of decoration for the events being told.

Slide 14

Exoticism The events of romantic works unfold in an unusual setting (the songs of Byron’s poem “Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage” describe Portugal, Spain, Greece, Albania)

Slide 15

Interest in folklore Romantics are interested in the national psychological specificity of individual peoples and national identity. Hence the appeal to folklore, its processing and the creation of their own works.

Leontyeva Elizaveta Ivanovna

This presentation presents the writers of the Golden Age of Russian literature and an overview of their work

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Completed by: Elizaveta Leontyeva MBOU “Secondary School No. 12” “The Golden Age of Russian Literature”

1. Introduction The conditions in which advanced Russian literature developed were difficult and cruel. The serfdom system left its mark on all areas of Russian life. Heavy political oppression reigned in the country. Tsarist censorship mercilessly suppressed free speech. The greatest figures of Russian literature were persecuted, many of them ended their lives tragically. Ryleev was hanged by the royal executioners. Odoevsky was sent to hard labor, Bestuzhev was exiled to Siberia. The brilliant Pushkin spent his youth in exile, and was subsequently hunted down by the court camarilla and killed in the prime of his life. Lermontov was exiled to the Caucasus. Polezhaev was given up as a soldier. The tsarist government and the noble-monarchist clique that were in power were enemies, evil persecutors of advanced literature. Nevertheless, Russian literature reached in the 19th century. amazingly bright blossoming and took one of the first places in Europe. Classicism, which found perfect expression in various spheres of Russian art, developed in parallel with the romantic direction, and at the same time, already in the 20s in Russia, the features of realism were determined, which became the leading movement of literature of the 19th century.

2. Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin (1799-1837) - a great national genius, creator of poetic works of unsurpassed beauty and perfection. As an artist, he developed with extraordinary speed, unerringly assimilating the most valuable and significant things in Russian and world culture. Brought up on French classicism of the 17th century and educational literature of the 18th century, at the beginning of his creative career he was influenced by romantic poetry and, enriched by its artistic achievements, was one of the first in the literature of the 19th century to rise to the level of high realism.

2. Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin Based on the artistic principles of Walter Scott, Pushkin wrote “The Captain's Daughter” (1836), a historical story with classical clarity of plot lines and depth of psychological characteristics. In The Captain's Daughter, Pushkin showed not only the spontaneous nature of the peasant movement, but also its poetry and its doom. The unique beauty of Pushkin’s art manifested itself with tremendous force in his lyrics. Pushkin's lyrics reveal the inner world of man no less deeply than the lyrical poetry of the romantics, but the great poet's soul and heart are harmoniously combined with the powerful power of the mind. Pushkin's works are filled with the spirit of humanity. In terms of depth of feeling and classical harmony of form, they, together with Goethe’s lyric poems, belong to the best creations of world poetry. Pushkin was the central figure of Russian literature in the first decades of the 19th century. Belinsky directly calls this period of Russian literature “Pushkin’s.” The name of Pushkin is associated not only with the high flowering of Russian poetry, but also with the formation of the Russian literary language. Pushkin showed the spiritual beauty and power of the Russian person, the charm of his native nature, folk poetry - fairy tales, songs, legends. Its significance for Russian literature is immeasurable. “He started everything for us,” Gorky said about Pushkin.

3. Mikhail Yurievich Lermontov At the end of the 30s, a transition to a new type of realism was outlined. Belinsky saw its main feature in the strengthening of the critical principle, the growth of the revealing tendency. The work of Pushkin's greatest successor in the field of poetry, Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov (1814-1841), is marked by the pathos of denial of contemporary reality. Lermontov emerged as a poet in an era of timelessness, when the Decembrist movement had already been strangled, and the new generation of Russian revolutionaries had not yet matured. This gave rise to motifs of loneliness and bitter disappointment in his poetry.

3. Mikhail Yurievich Lermontov Hatred for the “secular mob”, for the blue gendarmerie uniforms of Nikolaev Russia runs through all of Lermontov’s poetry. His lyrics contain motifs of rebellion, a bold challenge, anticipation of a storm... -Images of rebels seeking freedom and rebelling against social injustice often appear in his poems (“Mtsyri”, 1840; “Song about the merchant Kalashnikov”, 1838). ). Lermontov is a poet of action. It is for inactivity that he castigates his generation, brought up in the era of reaction, incapable of struggle and creative work (“Duma”). At the center of Lermontov's most significant works is the image of a proud personality seeking strong sensations in struggle. These are Arbenin (drama “Masquerade”, 1835-1836), Demon (“Demon”, 1829-1841) and Pechorin (“Hero of Our Time”, 1840). Disappointed in the petty life around him, the poet went through an infatuation with such a demonic personality, but in his works of recent years he debunks the romantic poetry of proud loneliness. In his work, a deep sympathy for simple people, but full of true selflessness and heroism, was clearly visible, a mood that forms the main pathos of Russian literature of the 19th century.

4. Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol (1809-1852) completed an extremely important work for Russian literature in the 19th century. turn to prose genres - stories and novels. Gogol's first significant work, “Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka” (1831-1832), introduces the reader to the world of folk legends. The fantasy of this book and its carefree cheerful tone have little in common with the subsequent works of Gogol the realist. The second book is “Mirgorod” (1835), although it is a continuation of “Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka”, it is of a more mature nature. The four stories that make up Mirgorod seem to contrast with each other. In “Taras Bulba” Gogol conveys the daring and heroism of the Cossack freemen. The story “About how Ivan Ivanovich quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich” shows the dominance of vulgarity and petty interests in modern life and plays out insignificant incidents that make every living soul sad and bored. The terrible fantasy of “Viya” is opposed to the patriarchal idyll of “Old World Landowners”. A special place in Gogol’s legacy is occupied by his “Petersburg Tales,” which depict Gogol’s contemporary big city with its social contrasts. One of these stories, “The Overcoat” (1842), had a particular influence on subsequent literature. Sympathetically depicting the fate of a downtrodden and powerless petty official, Gogol opened the way for all democratic Russian literature" from Turgenev, Grigorovich and early Dostoevsky to Chekhov. "We all came out of Gogol's "Overcoat"" - in this phrase of Dostoevsky a true recognition of the significance of Gogol's story

5. Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin (1826-1889) - satirist of world significance. His satire, imbued with a conscious revolutionary-democratic tendency, is directed against the social system of autocratic Russia, exposes the ugliness of this system, bringing them to caricature and grotesqueness. Shchedrin shows great freedom in choosing forms and genres, resorting to satirical essays and feuilletons, novels and dialogues, comedies and pamphlets. In "The History of a City" (1869-1870), he gives a generalized satirical depiction of tsarism, the supreme power of the Russian empire. The novel “The Golovlev Lords” (1870-1880) shows the disintegration of the noble family, and the abomination and stench of serfdom are embodied in the image of Judas.

5. Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin Shchedrin clarified and supplemented his artistic analysis in “Poshekhon Antiquity” (1887-1889), where he processed the same life material in a form close to memoir. In “Fairy Tales” (1869-1886), Shchedrin, using a conventionally fantastic form, with exceptional power, clarity and expressiveness showed the social nuances of Russian life - peasants, officials, gentlemen generals, as well as the relationships between them. Shchedrin is merciless to all liberal attempts to clean up and correct the old serfdom order, to “expose” its minor vices in order to save the main one. Mockery of liberal phrase-mongers who easily give up their positions and grovel before the serf owners is one of Shchedrin’s constant themes. At the same time, Shchedrin, an incorruptible and staunch defender of the people, was alien to sentimental embellishment and idealization of the “peasant”. On the contrary, with bitterness, anger and merciless irony, he speaks about servility, darkness and ignorance, which help the oppressors of the people.

6. Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev (1818-1883) began his literary activity in the 40s, when liberal and democratic tendencies had not yet completely separated in Russian public life. He experienced the beneficial influence of Belinsky's ideas. The essays that Turgenev published on the pages of Sovremennik under the general title “Notes of a Hunter” (1847-1852) show the inhuman oppression of peasants under serfdom. In the novels “Rudin” (1856) and “The Noble Nest” (1859), the writer portrays an advanced representative of the nobility who feels deep dissatisfaction with the environment around him, but does not find the energy to break with it and become a fighter against it. Like Pushkin in Eugene Onegin, which served as the prototype for these novels, Turgenev pits his “superfluous man” against a woman with a strong moral character. The subtlety and depth of psychological analysis, the insightful portrayal of Russian nature, and the classical completeness of the style make these novels excellent works of Russian and world literature. Turgenev did not limit himself to depicting “extra people.”

6. Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev In the novel “On the Eve” (1860), he showed the Bulgarian revolutionary Insarov, whom the Russian girl Elena Stakhova selflessly followed. But Turgenev was looking for a hero who had developed on Russian soil and dedicated himself to serving Russia. He found such an image in the person of the commoner Bazarov, depicted by him in the novel “Fathers and Sons” (1862). Bazarov denies poetry and sublime feelings, which representatives of the nobility are proud of (therefore, in their eyes, he is a “nihilist”, a denier), he thinks that the main task is to disseminate the natural sciences. Although some of Bazarov’s traits offend the writer, Turgenev nevertheless portrays his hero as a deep and tragic personality, a true giant next to the small figures of educated landowners. In the last years of his life, the writer lived abroad almost constantly. He acted in the West as a propagandist of Russian literature; his own writings contributed much to its worldwide influence.

7.Ivan Aleksandrovich Goncharov The outstanding Russian novelist Ivan Aleksandrovich Goncharov (1812-1891) shared with Russian enlighteners hostility to serfdom and the belief that its destruction would bring prosperity to Russia. However, in his political views, Goncharov leaned towards a liberal-conservative position. Goncharov’s novels “Ordinary History” (1847) and “Oblomov” (1859) appeared before 1861, i.e. until the final demarcation of liberal and democratic tendencies. Like Turgenev, Goncharov was influenced by Belinsky. In “Ordinary History” he ridiculed noble romanticism, the idleness and groundlessness of noble dreamers.

The creators of art, who today are considered to be part of the “golden age,” are connected by invisible threads with a renewed worldview in the name of creative freedom. The development of social conflicts at the turn of the century imperiously demanded a reassessment of values, a change in the foundations of creativity and means of artistic expression. Against this background, artistic styles were born in which the usual meaning of concepts and ideals shifted. The new art, whimsical, mysterious and contradictory, thirsted for philosophical depth, mystical revelations, knowledge of the vast Universe and the secrets of creativity. Symbolist and futurist poetry, music claiming to be philosophy, metaphysical and decorative painting, a new synthetic ballet, decadent theater, and architectural modernism were born. At first glance, the artistic culture of the “golden age” is full of mysteries and contradictions that are difficult to analyze logically. It seems as if numerous artistic movements, creative schools, and individual, fundamentally non-traditional styles are intertwined on a grandiose historical canvas. Symbolism and futurism, acmeism and abstractionism, “world of art” and the “New School of Church Singing”... There were much more contrasting, sometimes mutually exclusive artistic movements in those years than in all previous centuries of the development of national culture. However, this versatility of the art of the “Silver Age” does not obscure its integrity, for from contrasts, as Heraclitus noted, the most beautiful harmony is born. 8.Conclusion

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4. Literature of the peoples of Russia Due to the high ideological intensity and deep nationality, advanced Russian culture had a powerful revolutionary impact on the cultural development of other peoples of Russia. It was primarily experienced by those peoples who had long been united with the Russian people in one state and developed with them within the framework of a common economic system. At the same time, the unity of revolutionary aspirations and joint participation in the liberation movement greatly contributed to the strengthening of cultural ties between the peoples of Russia. Introduction to advanced Russian culture inspired and morally supported the progressive national intelligentsia. For national writers and poets, Russian classical literature was a treasury of ideas and images, a school of artistic realism, and an example of selfless service to the people.

5. Conclusion None of the previous periods of Russian history saw such a rapid flowering of culture as the 19th century, which began with the work of the brilliant Pushkin. The phenomenal rise of Russia's spiritual culture meant the achievement of the highest peaks in literature, music, painting, history and philosophy. This allows us to call the 19th century the “golden age” of Russian culture, which acquired worldwide significance. XIX century was the time of the final formation of Russian national culture and the Russian nation as a community of people emerging in the process of development of capitalist relations. Russia entered the world cultural community with the undeniable advantage of its own national culture.