Presentation of a fairy tale about animals of ancient India. Indian folk tales. Sacred Animals of India

20.10.2019

MUNICIPAL BUDGETARY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

KOMBAINOVSKAYA BASIC EDUCATION SCHOOL

NAMED AFGHAN WARRIOR ALEXEY DEMYANIK

Administrative

test

in history in 5th grade per course

"History of the Ancient World"

2015 – 2016 academic year

Information and creative projects.

Using additional literature and online resources, collect information on one of the topics you have chosen:

Inventions and discoveries of primitive people. What role did these discoveries play?inventions in the life of primitive people? Are they still in use today?

The most ancient types of writing. When, where and why did writing originate? How did ancient writing differ from our writing? What is the origin of our alphabet?

India – the birthplace of many fables and tales about animals. Get to know them. Which ones did you like best? How? What beliefs are associated with the fact that in ancient Indian literature the characters are often animals?

Ancient culture of China. What achievements of the ancient culture of China can living Chinese have the right to be proud of?

Religions of the world. Followers of which ancient religions worshiped many gods? What religions are characterized by monotheism (worship of a single god)? Do not forget that one of these religions arose later than the others, in that historical era called the Middle Ages.

The sages of ancient times about the rules of behavior. What do these rules have in common? Why are the instructions of the biblical sages, Buddha, Confucius, Socrates valuable for people of our time? What are the teachings of Jesus Christ?

The structure of ancient states. How did governance in Athens under Pericles and the Roman Republic differ from governance in Ancient Egypt, Persia, and China?

Patriotism of the Greeks in the wars with the Persians. Why did democracy foster love for one's fatherland? What battles with the Persians and why can serve as an example of Greek patriotism?

Spectacles that arose in ancient times. Which ones are still loved today? What spectacles were prohibited at the request of Christians? Why?

Famous buildings and buildings of antiquity. What did they look like? Where and for what purposes were they created? Which of them have survived to this day?

Present the results of the project in the form of a presentation or prepare a detailed colorful message.

Interaction between teacher and students in the educational process

Stages

Teacher activities

Student activity

1. Development of design specifications

1.1 Selecting a project topic

The teacher selects possible topics and offers them to students

Students discuss and make a general decision on the topic

The teacher invites students to jointly select a project topic

A group of students, together with the teacher, selects topics and proposes them to the class for discussion.

The teacher participates in the discussion of topics proposed by students

Students independently select topics and propose them to the class for discussion.

1.2 Identification of subtopics in project topics

The teacher preliminarily identifies subtopics and offers them to students to choose from.

Each student chooses a subtopic or proposes a new subtopic

The teacher takes part in a discussion with students about the subtopics of the project

Students actively discuss and propose options for subtopics. Each student chooses one of them for himself (i.e., chooses a role for himself)

1.3 Formation of creative groups

The teacher carries out organizational work to unite students who have chosen specific subtopics and activities

Students have already defined their roles and are grouped according to them into small teams.

1.4. Preparation of materials for research

work

If the project is voluminous, then the teacher develops assignments, questions for search activities and literature in advance

Individual high school and middle school students take part in developing assignments.

Questions to find answers can be developed in teams followed by class discussion

1.5. Definition

forms of expression

results of the project

activities

The teacher takes part in the discussion

Students in groups and then in class discuss forms of presenting the results of research activities: video, album, natural objects, literary living room, etc.

2. Development

project

Students carry out search activities

3. Design

results

The teacher advises, coordinates the work of students, stimulates their activities

Students, first in groups, and then in interaction with other groups, formalize the results in accordance with accepted rules

4. Presentation

The teacher organizes an examination (for example, invites senior schoolchildren or a parallel class, parents, etc. as experts)

Report on the results of their work

5. Reflection

Evaluates his activities in the pedagogical management of children’s activities, takes into account their assessments

They reflect on the process, themselves in it, taking into account the assessment of others.

Group reflection is desirable

Project evaluation criteria are

Significance and relevance

Correctness of methods

Participants' activity

Depth of penetration into the problem

Evidence of conclusions

Registration of results

Project content:

title of the project topic;

relevance of the project, problem;

fundamental and problematic issues;

goals and objectives of the project;

problem solution hypothesis;

form for presenting the results of the project and materials prepared in accordance with it;

used literature and information resources;

problems that the authors encountered while working on the project, how they solved them, and what they learned.

The ancestors of the Indian population came to this land from different parts of the world. Therefore, today Indian fairy tales are told by hundreds of nationalities inhabiting the country.

How to distinguish an Indian fairy tale?

Despite all the diversity of cultures, religions and even languages, the best Indian fairy tales for children have some peculiarities. The main focus of most stories are:

desire to gain knowledge;

religiosity;

preference for a righteous lifestyle;

placing family values at the forefront;

inclusion of poetic forms.

Religious quotes and teachings are directly put into the mouths of some characters.

Brief history of creation

Old Indian legends date back to before our era. Then they were created as teachings for the sons of the ruler of the country. But they already had a fairy-tale form, they were written on behalf of animals. The oldest collection of fairy tales itself is “Kathasaritsagaru”, based on the most ancient beliefs in traditional Indian gods.

Gradually all the folklore stories took shape. Magical, everyday, love, and heroic tales arose. In the country's folk art, many stories were written about ordinary people who defeated all the adversities of fate. Fairy tales about animals possessing all human qualities were spread. They interacted with each other, denounced vices, and praised virtuous behavior. Often the narrative included short advice given by the wisest hero. This is how fairy tales remain today.

What attracts you to the amazing legends of India?

The fairy-tale fantasies of India attract with their amazingly colorful oriental flavor, storytelling style and, of course, the abundance of magical plots. At the same time, the child unobtrusively receives wise advice and forms a correct vision of the surrounding world of people and animals.

Defense of the history project
"INDIA is the birthplace of many fables and tales about animals."
We are students of grade 5 “B”, Anastasia Lozhechnikova and Daria Borodina. We present to your attention a history project: “India is the birthplace of many fables and tales about animals”
Project manager: Svetlana Ivanovna Repinskaya - history teacher
The OBJECT of our research is the country of India
The SUBJECT of the research is animal heroes of fairy tales and fables of India
We have put forward a hypothesis: The veneration of sacred animals in India is the reason that India is a country of many fairy tales and fables about animals
When preparing for the project, we set ourselves the following GOAL:
Find out what beliefs are associated with the fact that in ancient Indian literature the characters are often animals. We have set ourselves the following TASKS:
Get acquainted with Indian fairy tales and fables about animals
Find out which ones you liked best and why.
Find out what beliefs are associated with the fact that in ancient Indian literature the characters are often animals
Find interesting information in additional literature and the Internet about India, and what animals Indians consider sacred.
Research methods:
Reading literature
Observation
Poll - questionnaire
Analysis of results

India is an ancient country approximately 8 thousand years old. The amazing Indian people lived on its territory. Which were divided into several social castes. Where priests played an important role. Although historians do not know who ruled such an amazing state. The Indians had their own language and writing. Their letters cannot be deciphered by scientists to this day.
The ancient Indians gave humanity such agricultural crops as cotton and sugar cane. They made thin chintz fabric. They domesticated the largest animal in the world, the elephant.
They revered and believed in different gods. Animals were deified. Along with the gods, the Vedas, the Sanskrit language and the Brahmins were revered as guardians of culture and sacred knowledge. Brahmins were considered living gods.
This is a very interesting state and people.
ELEPHANTS
The elephant is the personification of wisdom, strength and prudence. The image of an elephant serves as an emblem of royal power, because this animal symbolizes all the qualities necessary for a good ruler: dignity, insight, intelligence, patience, peacefulness. In ancient India, the elephant was considered a symbol of sacred wisdom and invincible power. Due to its longevity, the elephant also symbolizes overcoming death.
MONKEYS
According to Hinduism, the monkey is considered a sacred animal belonging to the god Hanuman and killing them is prohibited.
They are simultaneously revered as an incarnation of the Hindu god Hanuman and hated as aggressive barbarians.
SNAKES
Snakes are considered sacred and are treated with respect and care. Temples were erected in their honor; images of reptiles carved from stone are often found near roads, reservoirs and villages.
There are countless legends and tales about snakes in India, but the most unexpected signs are also associated with them. It is believed that the snake personifies eternal movement, acts as the embodiment of the soul of an ancestor and the guardian of the home. That is why Hindus put the snake sign on both sides of the front door.
COW
Why do Indians revere these animals so much? Firstly, cows here are equated to the status of a mother, because this animal is characterized by such maternal qualities as modesty, kindness, wisdom and calmness. In India, a cow is called “Gau Mata”, which literally translates as “MOTHER COW”.
Secondly, cow urine is widely consumed in India. In Ayurvedic medicine (Indian doctors), cow urine is considered a very powerful remedy for treating serious diseases, especially the liver. Ayurveda also recognizes human urine as a potent remedy for the treatment of many diseases.
Killing a cow is punishable by twenty years in prison.
We found and read fairy tales in additional literature: About a dog, a cat and a monkey. Golden fish. Cunning jackal. Golden antelope. Jackal and partridge and others.
Indian fables are collected in the collection “Panchatantra”
Tales about animals in India were common among forest tribes, whose life was closely connected with wild nature.
Most fairy tales have something in common with Russian ones.
“Make me laugh and make me cry, feed me and get me out of trouble,” demands the capricious jackal from his friend the partridge (“The Jackal and the Partridge”). But the same motifs are also combined in Russian fairy tales about a fox: a blackbird rescues it from a hole, feeds it and gives it water. Only he does this not out of friendship, but out of coercion.
Indian fairy tales and fables feature animals - jackal, tiger, monkey, crocodile, crab.
In many of these fables and tales it is easy to recognize people of different social status. These stories, fables and fairy tales are written in prose, and the teachings contained in them are usually written in verse. Some of them preserved satire on kings, nobles and brahmins, portrayed as unjust, greedy and hypocritical.
We conducted a SURVEY-questionnaire, in which 15 people took part, students of MKOU Secondary School No. 2
He's in front of you
1. What animals of India do you know about? Cow, elephants, cobras, monkeys, cats, dogs, fish, jackal, tigers.
2. What Indian fairy tales do you know? About the raj and the bird, about the dog, cat and monkey, the golden fish, the cunning jackal.
3.What have you heard about the animals of India? Some animals in India are sacred.
4. What sacred animals of India do you know? Elephant (12 people), cow (7 people), monkey (5 people)
Results of our research:
The Indians believed that animals, birds and insects thought, felt and talked to each other, just like people.
Therefore, they composed fairy tales and fables in which animals were the main characters.
Thus, as a result of our research, we confirmed the hypothesis: the veneration of sacred animals in India is the reason that India is a country of many fairy tales and fables about animals.
We found out that cows, elephants, monkeys, and snakes were and remain sacred animals in India.

Municipal state educational institution secondary school No. 2
History project 5th grade
"India is the birthplace of many fables and tales about animals"
Completed by students of class 5 “B” of MKOU secondary school No. 2
Lozhechnikova Anastasia
Borodina Daria
Project Manager:
Repinskaya Svetlana Ivanovna - history teacher
g Plast
2014
Content
The theme of the project is “India, the birthplace of many fables and tales about animals”
Object of study: India
Subject of research: Animals - heroes of fairy tales and fables about animals
Hypothesis
Project goal
Tasks
Research methods
Sacred animals
Survey
Conclusion

=Panchatantra. Collection of fables and parables of ancient India=

Panchatantra (Sanskrit - “five books”, or according to another interpretation “five tricks”, more precisely - “the science of management called Panchatantra”) is a famous collection of fables and parables that arose in India around the 3rd century. n. e. and through the mediation of the Persians (Pahlavi translation of the 6th century) and Arabs (translation from the Pahlavi Ibn Moqaffa of the 8th century) became the property of world literature.

Like almost all the epic works of ancient India, the Panchatantra is built on the principle of framing in the form of five prose stories (“Separation of Friends”, “Gain of Friends”, “War of Crows and Owls”, “Loss of Gain” and “Reckless Deeds”, the heroes of the first story are jackal-ministers Karataka and Damanaka, after whom the collection in Arabic translation was named); These stories, in turn, are united by an introductory story about the sage Vishnusharman, who wrote the Panchatantra as an instruction to the royal sons, and are the framework for many inserted parables, fables and poetic sayings. In addition to independent versions of the Panchatantra, both in its entirety and in fragments, it is included in a number of other epic works of ancient India: in large poetic collections of tales of Somadeva and Kshemendra, in prose framed collections “Hitopadesha”, “Seventy Tales of a Parrot”, etc.

The content of the Panchatantra is a discussion in narrative form of difficult incidents presented to the ruler; its goal is to teach diplomacy and good Sanskrit to young men of noble families. Thus, Panchatantra is a kind of educational book, a didactic work. But Panchatantra didactics has very little to do with morality. It arose among sectarian city dwellers, equally opposed to both Brahmanism and Buddhism, expressing the interests of this environment and the demands it made on state power. Its goal is to show that moral laws are not absolute, that they recede into the background before the idea of the welfare of the state.

It is clear that this worldview, this artistic method easily found an echo wherever the prerequisites for the isolation of the “urban class” already existed, where representatives of merchant capital began to feel constrained under the conditions of the feudal system. It is not for nothing that most of the Panchatantra plots were so easily adopted by the urban class of the medieval West and used by them to ridicule monks, priests and knights.
Read a book

Municipal state educational institution

"Baranovskaya secondary school"

History Project

“India is the birthplace of fairy tales

about animals"

Completed by a 5th grade student

Ivanova Kristina

Head: Grigorova L. M.,

history and social studies teacher

With. Baranovo.

Introduction

1. Sacred animals of India

2. Tales about animals, their features and varieties

Conclusion

Sources of information

Applications

Introduction

India is one of the most amazing countries in the world. Perhaps no country can compare with its rich culture, its customs, traditions, and religions. My acquaintance with India began in childhood, when I read R. Kipling’s fairy tale “Mowgli”. And then we studied India in history lessons.

India is located on the Hindustan Peninsula. It has a rich flora and fauna. India is a “land of wonders”. She gave the world many amazing discoveries: cotton fabrics, cane sugar, seasonings, chess, numbers. India is a multinational country. Each nation has its own culture, language, traditions. India is a country with rich religious traditions.

Problem:

Why did animal stories appear in India?

Target my project: to find out the connection between religious beliefs and Indian folklore.

find information on the topic;

establish a connection between religious beliefs and the plots of Indian fairy tales;

4) select and systematize the necessary material;

5) compose a literary booklet of Indian fairy tales and recommend it to classmates for reading.

I did not choose the topic of this project by chance. I and all the kids in our class love fairy tales, especially fairy tales about animals. In history class we learned that India is considered the birthplace of fairy tales. “Why her?” I thought and decided to find out about this in more detail and introduce my research to the guys.

Sacred Animals of India

Hinduism is one of the ancient and main religions of India. Hinduism is a belief in myths and legends, the worship of gods, of which there are several thousand, but the main three are Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva. Hinduism is a way of life that emphasizes respect for animals. All animals were considered the brothers and sisters of man, whose common father was God. Hinduism emphasizes the kinship of man with all animals, and this makes it impossible to have a hostile or even indifferent attitude towards animals. Indians believe in the transmigration of souls - this is called reincarnation. If a person treats animals cruelly, then after death his soul will move into the soul of this animal and will also be subjected to violence. For the same reason, most Indians are vegetarians - they do not eat meat.

A special place in the religious beliefs of Hindus is the worship of sacred animals. The most revered animal in India is the cow. This animal is shown the greatest respect everywhere. She can move freely around streets , creating traffic jams. A normal sight for the streets of Delhi and Bombay is considered to be a situation where a cow blocked traffic and lay down to rest across roads. And the cars, in turn, wait patiently when animal will give way. Killing a cow is considered the most terrible crime in India. Ate beef in the next world there are so many difficult years of suffering, How many the cow has hairs on its body. Many temples in India hold festivals dedicated to cow . On this day, the cow is decorated with expensive, beautiful fabrics and garlands, and various dishes are presented to them. The cow represents abundance, purity, holiness. Just like Mother Earth, the cow is the principle of selfless sacrifice. It produces milk and other dairy products, which serve as the basis of a vegetarian diet.

Elephants enjoy special attention and respect among Indians. According to Hindu traditions, any person who harms an elephant incurs a curse. One of the most revered and widespread deities in Hinduism is the elephant-headed god Ganesh. It brings wealth and prosperity. Helps in business and removes any obstacles.

Today, the elephant is a hardworking helper for peasants. Recently, regular censuses of these giants have begun to be carried out in India. The elephant's passport indicates the gender, age and special features. Along with the passport, it is planned to introduce work books, where all actions in the field of serving people will be recorded. Elephant festivals are held in India in the spring. Dressed up giant elephants proudly parade through the streets, participate in various competitions and even dance. And in the fall, Ganesh's birthday is celebrated. Fruits, milk, and flowers are brought to the statues of the elephant god.

Another sacred animal is the rat. In the town of Deshnok, in Rajasthan, there is a unique temple created specifically for these animals. It bears the name of Karni Mata, a Hindu saint. She lived in the XIV-XVI centuries, and showed the world many miracles. Her mission is victory over obstacles, pain and suffering, protection, as well as destruction of everything that interferes with development.

According to local residents, there are more than twenty thousand rats here. These are the happiest rats in the world. People do not disdain them, do not scream in horror when they approach. On the contrary, pilgrims from all over the country flock here to bring tribute to the rats, feed them, and express their respect. This is the only place in the world where people worship rats. Indians treat these animals with love and respect and firmly believe that they will bring happiness. Candy bitten by a rat is considered a sacred food.

The monkeys that live everywhere in India are also surrounded by an aura of holiness in India. According to legend, the kingdom of Hampi in the state of Goya was once ruled by monkeys, two brothers Bali and Sugriva. The evil Bali expelled his brother, and Sugriva and his devoted companions joined the army of King Rama. Rama helped him take the throne. Sugriva's friend Hanuman became Rama's faithful assistant. It was he who tied a torch to his tail to consecrate the battlefield and help Rama defeat the evil demon. Despite their holiness, monkeys often irritate Indians with their importunity, curiosity and thievery. A few years ago, near Jaipur, a monkey appeared and robbed houses after knocking on the door.

The spectacled cobra is considered sacred in Hinduism. According to legend, the god Vishnu, the patron of goodness and law, rests on it in the waves of the world’s oceans. Cobras also wrap around the neck of the omnipotent Shiva. They cover both the arms and the head with their rings. Buddha sat under the swollen hoods of a multi-headed cobra during his sermons, having previously turned her to the path of good by the power of his teaching.

Snake charmers are a special caste in India. They can be seen at all fairs and market streets in India, as well as in places visited by tourists. They squat in front of their round baskets, from which swaying cobras stick out, and play the pipes. Sometimes cobras begin to crawl out of their baskets and attempt to escape. But they are immediately caught and returned back.

Tales about animals, their characteristics and varieties

Fairy tales are one of the main genres of Indian folklore. Folklore is poetic creativity that grows on the basis of the labor activity of mankind, reflecting the experience of thousands of years.

Fairy tales are epic, mostly prosaic works of a magical, adventurous or everyday nature with a fictional attitude. Their beginning was lost in the darkness of primitive times. Not every invention became a fairy tale. According to tradition, only what was important for people was passed down from generation to generation. Storytellers expressed the wisdom of their people, their aspirations and dreams. This is where the originality and uniqueness of fairy tales comes from.

The diverse and rich nature of India has greatly influenced the folk culture of its regions. The general name for wild, impenetrable nature in India is jungle. Indian nature has been the subject of numerous tales and fables such as the Panchatantra and the Jatakas.

The genres of fairy tales are different: everyday, magical, fairy tales, legends, fairy tales about animals. Fairy tales can be original or folk. There are fairy tales that are instructive, kind, sad, and funny. But they are all magical. People believe in magic, and that goodness, truth and purity of thoughts will definitely prevail over evil, lies and pretense, and peace, love and justice will reign in the world.

The tales are based on religious beliefs and the diversity of Indian wildlife. The characters in Indian folk tales about animals are usually represented by images of wild and domestic animals. Images of wild animals prevail over images of domestic animals: fox, panther, etc. Domestic animals are much less common. They do not appear as independent characters, but only in conjunction with wild ones: a cat and a ram, a bull and a pig. There are no tales only about domestic animals in Indian folklore.

The authors of fairy tales endowed animals with human character. They speak human language and act like humans. In fairy tales, animals suffer and rejoice, love and hate, laugh and swear. Each character is an image of a certain animal, behind which stands one or another human character. For example, a jackal is cunning, cowardly; tiger - greedy and always hungry; Leo – strong, domineering; The mouse is weak and harmless. Labor triumphs over wealth, truth over lies, good over evil.

Fairy tales glorify the best human qualities: courage and resourcefulness, hard work and honesty, kindness and justice. Everything negative: selfishness, arrogance, stinginess, laziness, greed, cruelty - inevitably fails. Fairy tales are full of humor and everyday life situations, and are distinguished by their rich plots.

Each line is imbued with the people’s love for their own culture; they describe in detail the life of the inhabitants of ancient times.

Over the long history of its existence, India many times found itself under the yoke of Muslim rulers, which left a considerable mark on folk art.

After the liberation of India from colonial oppression and the formation of a republic, new collections of fairy tales began to appear in different parts of the country - in Bengal, Bihar, Punjab, Braj. In the new collections, folklore is presented for the most part, not in translations, but in those dialects in which the tales were recorded by collectors. Ethnographers and linguists - researchers of small peoples and their languages - do a lot of work in collecting folklore.

Conclusion

Thus, during the work we managed to learn a lot of new and interesting things.

In the folklore of the peoples of the world, fairy tales are the most amazing creation.

Fairy tales are a centuries-old encyclopedia of folk life, but the encyclopedia is lively and entertaining. A magical and truthful, funny and instructive fairy tale is passed on from mouth to mouth, from generation to generation.

Indian nature has been the subject of numerous tales such as the Panchatantra and the Jatakas. In India, the heroes of fairy tales are animals that the inhabitants feared and therefore revered.

Indian fairy tales are distinguished by their rich, fascinating plots. Just like India itself, which attracts with its mysteries, so its fairy tales leave a long, good, unforgettable impression. Fairy tales of ancient India have been translated into many languages of the world, and interesting films and cartoons have been made based on their plots.

The finished product of the work on the topic “India - the birthplace of fairy tales about animals” was the literary booklet “What a delight these fairy tales are.” In it I recommend for reading fairy tales that are in the school and Baranovsk rural libraries. These are not only Indian folk tales, but also tales written by the English writer Rudyard Kipling. He was born and raised in India. All fairy tales are interesting and, most importantly, instructive.

Information sources

Children's encyclopedia "1001 questions and answers", Moscow, "ONICS", 200

A Brief History of Indian Literatures. L., 1974

To prepare this work, materials from the site were used http://www.krugosvet.ru/

http://o-india.ru/2012/10/indijskie-skazki-i-skazki-ob-indii/

http://znanija.com/task/17673603

Appendix No. 1. The sacred animal of India is the cow.

Appendix No. 2. The sacred animal of India is the elephant.