One of the types of compositional techniques of the 20th century. A composition method (theoretically developed by A. Schoenberg), in which the musical fabric of a work is derived from a 12-tone series of a certain structure, and none of the 12 sounds of the chromatic scale is repeated. The series can appear both in a horizontal presentation (in the form of a melody-theme), and in a vertical one (in the form of consonances), or both at the same time. It arose in the process of the development of atonal music. Various types of dodecaphonic technique are known. Of these, the methods of Schoenberg and J. M. Hauer acquired the most importance. The essence of Schoenberg's method of dodecaphony is that the melodic voices and harmonies that make up a given work are produced directly or ultimately from a single primary source - a selected sequence of all 12 sounds of the chromatic scale, interpreted as a unity. This sequence of sounds is called a series. Representatives of dodecaphony are Arnold Schoenberg, Anton Webern, Alban Berg, J. M. Hauer, Hindemith, Igor Stravinsky, Shostakovich, Pierre Boulez, etc.

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The main directions of development of painting of the 20th century

General characteristics The 20th century is marked by an extraordinary variety of artistic trends in the visual arts, which cannot be united by any one style. Painting of the 20th century is characterized by a variety of styles and directions, and the search for new paths in fine art.

Movements in fine arts Fauvism (Henri Matisse); Cubism (Pablo Picasso); Surrealism (Salvador Dali); Abstract art (Wassily Kandinsky); Suprematism (Kazimir Malevich); Analyticism (Pavel Filonov).

Fauvism One of the first artistic movements of the 20th century was Fauvism (savagery). Fauvism is characterized by flat images, thick lines, and a combination of yellow and green colors. Initially, Fauvism was considered an alien art, only later did researchers find in them a unique creative method.

A. Matisse “Dance”, 1910. The plot of Matisse’s painting was inspired by the folk dances he saw. Another version - "Dance" - was written under the impression of Greek vase painting. The main means of expression of the canvas is the combination of the laconicism of pictorial means with its enormous size. "Dance" is written in only three colors. Blue represents the sky, pink represents the bodies of the dancers, and green represents the hill. The painting depicts a dance, a round dance of five naked people on a hilltop.

Cubism Picasso Cubism is an artistic movement based on pyramidal structures and geometric bodies. Cubism went through several stages of its development: - analytical cubism; -synthetic cubism; The main figures of Cubism are Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso.

Georges Braque (1882 - 1963) “Violin and Palette”, 1910. Georges Braque was a representative of analytical cubism. In 1908 he organized an exhibition in Paris. His main technique was the superposition of one image on another - the versatility of the picture. Deciphering the author's intention is very difficult for viewers.

Pablo Picasso (1881 – 1973) Picasso’s painting “Les Demoiselles d’Avignon”, which challenged a debauched society, caused true outrage.

Still Life with a Straw Chair, 1912 The painting belongs to synthetic cubism, using various objects from real life.

P. Picasso “Portrait of Vollard”, 1910

Surrealism Surrealism is super-reality. It officially emerged in 1924. In the work of the surrealists, fantasies, daydreams, dreams and memories acquired particular importance. The paintings of the surrealists combined reality with unreality. The main techniques of the surrealists are grotesque, irony, paradox. Representatives: Max Ernst, Rene Magritte, Salvador Dali.

Max Ernst. "Oedipus the King", 1922.

Rene Magritte "The Therapist", 1937

Salvador Dali "The Persistence of Memory", 1931

Abstractionism Abstractionism is classified as Russian avant-garde. The main principle of abstract art is the knowledge of space and the abstraction of what is written. The representative of abstract art is Wassily Kandinsky (1866 – 1944).

Abstractionism

V. Kandinsky “Composition 6”, 1913

V. Kandinsky. "Dominant Curve", 1936

Suprematism Suprematism is the highest degree of art. The founder and, perhaps, the only one of its figures was Kazimir Malevich. The main components of Suprematism are color and geometric shapes. Suprematism is complex in its understanding and its perception depends entirely on a person’s imagination.

Suprematism by Malevich “Harvesting the Rye”, 1912

"Black Square", 1913

"Peasant Woman", 1932

Questions and tasks Divide into groups. 1. Formulate the basic principles of your direction. 2.Try to create a piece of painting that suits your genre. 3. Prepare a coherent answer about the plot of your painting.

– presentation on the Moscow Art Culture, continuing the theme “Art of the 20th Century”. This is an attempt to give an idea of ​​the diversity of trends in European fine art of the 20th century.

Painting of the 20th century - a new language of art

Illustrations in the presentation “Painting of the 20th century – a new language of art”, will introduce you to some of the main trends in the fine arts of the 20th century. No era has given world artistic culture as many names and creations as the twentieth century. Along with realistic art, which continues to develop despite the calls of avant-garde artists to destroy old art, such trends as Fauvism, expressionism, futurism, cubism, abstract art, surrealism and others " isms". The new language of art was not understood by many, often causing outrage or ridicule. Fundamental changes in the life of society led to the birth of new forms in art.

New language of art

Is there something that unites these numerous directions in painting? The main thing, in my opinion, is the desire to create new forms, the denial of “old art”, the tendency to destroy traditions. In this regard, the manifestos of the Dadaists and Futurists are characteristic, in which they sought to justify the appearance of creations that often shocked and caused bewilderment and indignation among art lovers:

Manifesto of Futurism

1909, Italy, Filippo Marinetti

From Italy we proclaim to the whole world this furious, destructive, incendiary manifesto of ours. With this manifesto we are establishing Futurism today, because we want to free our land from the fetid gangrene of professors, archaeologists, talkers and antiquarians...

Museums are cemeteries!.. There is undoubtedly a similarity between them in the gloomy mixture of many bodies, unknown to each other. Museums are public bedrooms where some bodies are doomed to rest forever next to others, hated or unknown. Museums are absurd slaughterhouses of artists and sculptors, mercilessly killing each other with blows of color and line in the arena of walls!…

Raise your head! With our shoulders proudly squared, we stand on top of the world and once again challenge the stars!

Painters of the 20th century do not set themselves the goal of depicting reality; they are convinced that

"The Purpose of Art − not conveying impressions of reality, A an image of its tragic and chaotic essence, hostile to man, passed through the artist’s personality »

This is, for example, the art of the Expressionists, whose work was greatly influenced by political events in Europe in the first half of the 20th century.

Is this art?

“Dada's Cannibal Manifesto”

1918, Paris, Francis Picabia

“...Dada does not smell of anything, he is nothing, nothing, nothing.

Like your hopes: nothing,

like your paradise: nothing,

like your idols: nothing,

like your political men: nothing,

like your heroes: nothing,

like your artists: nothing,

like your religions: nothing"

“Dadaism is great!!!

“Dada is Art! This, in my opinion, is one of those movements that had great fame; not accepted by the majority and, as a consequence, living a stormy and short life.
Dadaism is a monument to a plastic bottle, these are paintings with objects pasted on it... This is a philosophical absurdity, this is a stumbling block, this is a denial of everything classical and accepted by the majority. Dada is everything and nothing. This is and this is not.
Everyone has it, but not everyone accepts it. Probably Dada has a smell: the smell of rebellious gaiety, the smell of an eternal search for the absurd.”

A wonderful film created by the smart people (literally) of Arzamas Academy will help you understand the art of the 20th century, which is difficult to understand and often not accepted by many:

Sometimes, in search of new forms in art, painters of the 20th century come to deny content that would be understandable to connoisseurs of traditional art, shocking and shocking the viewer, as some Dadaists and surrealists did.

avant-garde
abstractionism
futurism
cubofuturism
Suprematism
Rayonism
symbolism

Vanguard

Heyday falls on 1914-1922
Main directions
- abstract art
- futurism
- cubofuturism
- Suprematism
Prerequisites: rethinking
traditional cultural values, development of the scientific and technical process

Association "Jack of Diamonds"

Date of appearance: 1911
At first there were only Moscow painters, then
Petersburg, later from different cities.
Denial of the traditions of realism of the 19th century, style: Fauvism and
cubism, techniques of Russian folk toys
In 1912, a number of artists who gravitated towards
abstractionism, cubo-futurism.
Participants:
– N. Goncharova
– P. Konchalovsky
– A. Kuprin
– M. Larionov

Avant-garde directions

Abstractionism
Refusal of the real image of forms
Creation of unreal shapes, certain colors
combinations to evoke various
associations
Founders:
- Wassily Kandinsky
- Kazimir Malevich
- Natalya Goncharova
- Mikhail Larionov
The first abstract painting was painted by Kandinsky at the end
1900

Paintings by V. Kandinsky

Cossacks (1917)
Yellow-red-blue (1925)
Accent
pink (1926)
Influx of improvisation
(1913)

Futurism
Accounted for 1910-1920
Artists were attracted not by content, but by form
The main artistic principles are speed, movement
energy
Painting is characterized by:
– energetic compositions
– predominance of zigzags, spirals, beveled cones
- overlaying figures on top of each other

Cubofuturism
Accounted for 1911-1915
The paintings are composed of cylindrical, cone, flask shapes,
having a metallic sheen
The artists acutely sensed the onset of a new stage of life and
realized that new means were required to express it

Suprematism
The movement was founded by Kazimir Malevich in 1910
Features of painting:
– combinations of different colors
– The simplest geometric shapes (straight line, square,
circle, rectangle)
Suprematist paintings are the first step of “pure creativity”
(balancing the creative power of man and God)
Malevich created the group "UNOVIS" (Approvers of the New
Art), which developed the ideas of Suprematism, led
revolutionary activity.

Paintings by K. Malevich

Suprematism
(1916)
Lumberjack
Black square
Cavalry

Rayonism

The direction appeared in the 1910s.
Artists depicted not the object itself, but rays of light,
reflected from it (which the eye perceives)
Rays are transmitted using colored lines
Artists – participants of the “Donkey Tail” association:
– N. Goncharova
– M. Larionov

Canvases by M. Larionov and N. Goncharova

Red
Rayonism
Larionova
Radiant
lines
Larionova
Rayonism
Goncharova
Radiant
lilies
Goncharova

Association "Donkey's Tail"

Founders:
– M. Larionov
– N. Goncharova
We left the "Jack of Diamonds" and decided to create
your association
Artists sought to combine “extreme movements”
painting (cubism, etc.) with folk art traditions

Symbolism

For artists, the main expression of beauty is
The themes of the paintings are mythological, fairy tales
Religious subjects
Artists depicted moments of life
Symbolist artists:
– E. Borisov-Musatov
– M. Nesterov
– M. Vrubel
– K. Petrov-Vodkin
– A. Vasnetsov
– V. Vereshchagin

The development of culture in the first half of the 20th century was particularly influenced by: Urbanization. Migration. The difference in everyday life. Attachment disorder. Social upheaval. Scientific and technological progress. Under the influence of these factors, a revision of previous views on the universe and moral values ​​began. Under the influence of these factors, a revision of previous views on the universe and moral values ​​began.

Modernism: this is a general designation for all avant-garde movements in art of the first half of the 20th century; this is a general designation for all avant-garde movements in art of the first half of the 20th century; claimed to be the only true “art of modernity” or “art of the future”; claimed to be the only true “art of modernity” or “art of the future”; is an early stage in the development of avant-garde art. is an early stage in the development of avant-garde art.

Symbolism (from the French Symbolisme - sign) is one of the largest movements in the art of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Time of origin: 2000 Time of origin: 2000 Place of origin: France. Place of origin: France. Features: Features: - polysemy of images, - polysemy of images, - play of metaphors and associations, - play of metaphors and associations, - mystery, - mystery, - mysticism. - mysticism. He developed in literature, music, painting, and theater arts. He developed in literature, music, painting, and theater arts.

Prominent representatives: In literature: C. Baudelaire (France) M. Maeterlinck (Belgium) V. Bryusov (Russia) A. Blok (Russia) In music: A. Scriabin (Russia) A. Scriabin (Russia) In painting: O. Beardsley (England). M. Ciurlionis (Lithuania) M. Vrubel (Russia) M. Vrubel (Russia) O. Redon (France) O. Redon (France) In dramaturgy: V. Meyerhold (Russia, USSR)

Odilon Redon French symbolist artist. French artist - symbolist. Years of life: Years of life: Features of creativity: Features of creativity: - creativity is divided into “black” and “color” periods; - creativity is divided into “black” and “color” periods; - close intertwining with impressionism and surrealism; - close intertwining with impressionism and surrealism; - mystical and even creepy. - mystical and even creepy.

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Vrubel Russian artist – symbolist, graphic artist, sculptor, decorator, illustrator. Russian artist – symbolist, graphic artist, sculptor, decorator, illustrator. Years of life: Years of life: Features of creativity: Features of creativity: - mysticism; - mysticism; - mystery; - mystery; - mystery. - mystery.

Impressionism (from the French impression - “impression”) is a movement in art. Time of origin: second half of the 19th century. Time of origin: second half of the 19th century. Place of origin: France. Place of origin: France. Most developed in painting. Most developed in painting. Features: Features: - reflection of the real world in motion; - reflection of the real world in motion; - multicolor. - multicolor.

Bright representatives. In painting: C. Monet (France) C. Monet (France) E. Manet (France) E. Manet (France) O. Renoir (France) O. Renoir (France) E. Degas (France) E. Degas (France) ) In music: C. Debussy (France) C. Debussy (France) M. Ravel (France) M. Ravel (France)

Fauvism (from the French fauve “wild”) is a direction in French painting Time of origin: Time of origin: end of the 19th century. – beginning of the 20th century end of the 19th century – beginning of the 20th century Features:Features: - emotionality, - emotionality, - high artistic expressiveness, - high artistic expressiveness, - color intensity, - color intensity, - refusal of chiaroscuro, - refusal of chiaroscuro, - simple outlines. - simple outlines.

Henri Matisse is a prominent representative of Fauvism. France.France. Years of life:Years of life: 1869 – – Artist, sculptor, animator.Artist, sculptor, animator.

Expressionism (from the Latin expressio “expression”) is a movement in European art. Time of origin: 2000 Time of origin: 2000 Place of origin: Germany. Place of origin: Germany. Features: Features: - expression of an emotional state, - expression of an emotional state, - flashiness and grotesqueness, - flashiness and grotesqueness, - anarchy, rebellion. - anarchy, rebellion. Representatives: Representatives: - Otto Dix (Germany) - Otto Dix (Germany) - Ernst Barlach (Germany) - Ernst Barlach (Germany) - Emil Nolde (Germany) - Emil Nolde (Germany)

Abstract Expressionism is a movement of artists who paint quickly and on large canvases. Time of origin: 2000 Time of origin: 2000 Place of origin: Europe, USA. Place of origin: Europe, USA. Features: Features: - non-geometric strokes with large brushes; - non-geometric strokes with large brushes; - dripping (squeezing paint onto canvas, drops of paint); - dripping (squeezing paint onto canvas, drops of paint); - spontaneity; - spontaneity; - improvisation. - improvisation.

Jackson Pollock (USA) is a prominent representative of abstract expressionism. “Alchemy” J. Pollock creates.

Surrealism (from the French Surrealisme - “super-realism”) is a movement in the art of the 20th century, which proclaimed the source of art to be the sphere of the subconscious. Time of origin: early 1920s. Time of origin: early 1920s. Place of origin: France. Place of origin: France. Features: Features: - a paradoxical combination of forms, - a paradoxical combination of forms, - the intrinsic value of the entertainment of phenomena, - the intrinsic value of the entertainment of phenomena, - alogism of compositions, - alogism of compositions, - contrasting combination of the ordinary and the miraculous. - a contrasting combination of the ordinary and the miraculous.

Bright representatives. In literature: A. Breton (France) B. Poplavsky (Russia) In cinema: L. Buñuel (France) J. Cocteau (France) Jan Svankmajer (Czech Republic) In painting: S. Dali (Spain) S. Dali (Spain) M .Ernst (Germany) R.Magritte (Belgium) R.Magritte (Belgium) M.Chagall (Russia) Photo: F.Halsman (Latvia, Germany)

Rene Magritte. Years of life: Years of life: 1898 – – Features of creativity: Features of creativity: - equanimity of style, - equanimity of style, - objects do not lose their objectivity, - objects do not lose their objectivity, - his work is a struggle with deceptive self-evidence. - his work is a struggle against deceptive self-evidence.

Salvador Dali is the brightest representative of surrealist art. Spain, France. Spain, France. Years of life: 1904 – Years of life: 1904 – 1989.

(Avant-garde, “advanced detachment”) is the general name of movements in European art that arose at the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries, expressed in a polemical and combative form. (Avant-garde, “advanced detachment”) is the general name of movements in European art that arose at the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries, expressed in a polemical and combative form. Its time frame: years. Its time frame: years.

About t French. Cube – “cube”. Time of origin: beginning of the 20th century. Features: - the world is expressed in the form of geometric signs and structures; - x is characterized by a distorted appearance of real objects and phenomena; - decomposition of complex forms into simple ones. Most of all he manifested himself in painting.

List of sources of illustrations: onlinedisa.ru onlinedisa.ru edudic.ru edudic.ru Images.yandex.ru Images.yandex.ru ru.wikipedia.org ru.wikipedia.org smalbay.ru smalbay.ru

Pablo Picasso. Pablo Picasso Spain. Spain. Artist, sculptor, graphic artist, ceramist, designer. Artist, sculptor, graphic artist, ceramist, designer. Founder of Cubism. Founder of Cubism.

P. Picasso “Guernica”. 1937 The reason for creating the painting was the event of April 1937, when German and Italian aircraft bombed and destroyed the small Basque town of Guernica. aircraft bombed and destroyed the small Basque town of Guernica.

From French Dada - “incoherent babble of a newborn” Time of origin: 1916 (World War I) Features: Features: - irrationality. - irrationality. - denial of recognized canons in art. - denial of recognized canons in art. - cynicism. - cynicism. - lack of system. - lack of system. - destruction of aesthetics. - destruction of aesthetics. In the 20s he merged with surrealism. In the 20s he merged with surrealism.

Dada song. this song of a Dadaist with the heart of a true Dada, the knocking in the engine is not a problem, because the engine and he is Dada Count heavy autonomous rode in the elevator unharmed, he tore off his huge little finger and sent the elevator to Rome for this, the trouble in the heart is no longer Dada water is always needed water is always needed rinse your brains rinse brains dada dada pay off debts pay off debts What are the signs, What are the signs that are characteristic of Dadaism, can Dadaism be seen in this see in this song? song?

from lat. Supremus - “highest”, a type of abstract art. from lat. Supremus - “highest”, a type of abstract art. Origin: 1910s. Origin: 1910s. Features: Features: -combination of multi-colored planes from the simplest geometric shapes. - a combination of multi-colored planes from the simplest geometric shapes. - balanced asymmetry. - balanced asymmetry. - dominance of color over visual meaning. - dominance of color over visual meaning.
Russian, Soviet, avant-garde style in fine arts, architecture, photography, decorative and applied arts. Russian, Soviet, avant-garde style in fine arts, architecture, photography, decorative and applied arts. Time of origin: 1) 1910s. Time of origin: 1) 1910s. 2) s years. 2) s years. Features: -rigor. Features: -rigor. -geometricism. -geometricism. - laconicism. - laconicism. -solidity. -solidity.
Constructivism in literature. Osip Maksimovich Brik (1888 - 1945) - Osip Maksimovich Brik (1888 - 1945) - ideologist of Russian constructivism, ideologist of Russian constructivism, literary critic, playwright, critic, literary critic, playwright, critic, screenwriter. screenwriter. Published in the magazine "Lef", was the editor, together with V. Mayakovsky, of the magazines "Lef" and the magazines "Lef" and "New Lef" "New Lef"