1. Lightning is beneficial. In their “lightning-fast” flight, they manage to snatch millions of tons of nitrogen from the air, “bind” it and send it into the ground. This free fertilizer enriches the soil in which grains grow.

2. Atmosphere globe weighs 5,300,000,000,000,000 tons. If, for example, it were necessary to transport a cargo equal to the weight of the earth’s atmosphere from Moscow to Leningrad, and if each train had 100 cars and covered the entire journey in 10 hours, then it would take almost 4 billion years to transport this cargo.

3. Earth and air are inseparable. If the earth's atmosphere did not move with the Earth, then many trips would be very easy to make. It would be enough to rise above the earth's surface by hot-air balloon and descend when the desired area of ​​the Earth is under the balloon.

4. The North Pole is warmer than the South Pole. The North Pole is at sea level, the South Pole is at an altitude of over 3 kilometers from sea level. The North Pole is surrounded on all sides by continents, which provide a lot of heat in the summer; a branch of the warm Gulf Stream approaches the North Pole; The North Pole is illuminated by the sun almost a day longer than the South Pole.

5. In the Atacama Desert on the Pacific coast of America, no more than 8 millimeters of precipitation falls annually; Because of the dryness, the corpses of dead animals dry out there and do not rot for thirty years.

6. Overcoming the force of gravity, a powerful thermal “engine” driven by the energy of the Sun annually lifts 511 thousand cubic kilometers of water from the surface of the entire globe into the atmosphere. 411 thousand cubic kilometers rises from the ocean surface alone.

7. Thunderstorms in Egypt occur only once every 200 years.

8. The weather vane is believed to be one of the most ancient meteorological instruments. About two thousand years ago, the idea of ​​constructing a “windsock” was brought from the East to Europe. ancient japan and in China the weather vane had the appearance of a dragon. In medieval European cities it became a custom to decorate spiers tall buildings weather vane depicting a rooster. These devices were called “weather roosters”, since a change in wind was often followed by a change in weather.

9. There is an ancient masonry well that “predicts” the weather on the Ustyurt plateau, in Kazakhstan. Before rain, fog or snowfall, it draws in air, and on a fine, dry sunny day, on the contrary, it pushes it out. If at this moment you throw a hat into the well, it will fly back out before reaching the water. The phenomenon well, lined with dugout lime slabs, serves the Guryev shepherds as a natural barometer. He regularly notifies them of approaching bad weather.

The biggest mirage

The largest mirage was observed in the Arctic at 83° N. and 103°W Donald B. MacMillan in 1913. This mirage, called Fata Morgana, consisted of images of “hills, valleys, forested peaks, spreading 120 ° along the horizon,” which 6 years earlier the American explorer R. Peary had mistakenly taken for the Earth Crocker. On July 17, 1939, the mirage of Mount Speifells-Jökul (1437m) in Iceland was observed at sea at a distance of 539-563 km.

Auroras

They are caused by discharges of electrically charged solar particles in the upper layers of the atmosphere and are observed most often at high latitudes. Auroras can occur at certain times in cloudless dark night in polar regions within 67° geomagnetic latitude. The upper boundary of the auroras passes at an altitude of 1000 km, while the lower boundary drops to 72.5 km.

Lowest latitude

The rarest cases of the appearance of auroras at very low latitudes have been recorded in Cusco, Peru (August 2, 1744), Honolulu Hawaii (September 1, 1859)

Noctilucent clouds reflect long after sunset sunlight. This is due to the fact that they are at a very high altitude. They are believed to consist of ice crystals or meteor dust at altitudes of about 85 km.

Eclipses

Maximum possible duration solar eclipse equals 7 minutes. 31 p.

The longest eclipse (7 minutes 8 seconds) whose duration has been measured was observed in the Philippines on June 20, 1955. An eclipse lasting 7 minutes 29 seconds should occur on July 16, 2186 in the center of the Atlantic. This will be the longest eclipse in 1,469 years.

An annular eclipse can last 12 minutes 24 seconds.

The total duration of any lunar eclipse in a year can be 104 minutes.

Most and least common.

The greatest possible number of eclipses in a year is 7, as was the case in 1935, when 5 solar and 2 lunar eclipses. In 1982, there were 4 solar and 3 lunar eclipses.

The minimum possible number of eclipses per year is 2, both solar, as was the case in 1944 and 1969.

Atmosphere pressure.

The highest atmospheric pressure is 815 mm. rt. Art. (or 1133 MB) was registered on December 12, 1968 in the village. Akapa (Siberia, Russia).

The world's lowest pressure (870 hPa) was recorded 482 km west of the island of Guam, Pacific Ocean, at 16 44 N latitude. and 137 46 E. October 12, 1979

During Hurricane Jimber Pacific Ocean On September 12, 1988, the atmospheric pressure (at sea level) was recorded as 645 mmHg. (or 860 MB.)

The lowest temperature (-143° C) was recorded at an altitude of 80.5-96.5 km during a night observation of clouds over Kronogard, Sweden, from July 27 to August 7, 1963.

Height of clouds.

Cirrus clouds are usually found at altitudes of 8250 m and above. However, the height of rare noctilucent clouds reaches 240,000 m. Cirrus clouds at an altitude of 8075 m contain unfrozen supercooled water, the temperature of which is -35 ° C.

The lowest are stratus clouds - their height is 1066 m and below. The clouds with the greatest thickness are tropical rain clouds with a vertical front thickness of up to 20,000 m.

Windiest place

The Commonwealth Sea off the coast of George V in Antarctica is the windiest place in the world, with wind speeds reaching 320 km/h.

Most strong wind on the surface of the earth

A wind speed of 371 km/h was recorded on Mount Washington (1916 m above sea level), New Hampshire, USA, on April 12, 1934. A record wind speed (333 km/h) on the plain (44 m above sea level) was recorded March 8, 1972 at the US Air Force base in Thule, Greenland.

The highest wind speed in a tornado (459 km/h) was recorded in Wichita Falls, Texas, USA, on April 2, 1958.

The most destructive cyclone

On November 12, 1970, winds reaching a speed of 240 km/h and a tidal wave 15 m high hit the coast, the Ganges delta and the offshore islands of Bhoda, Hatia, Kukri Mukri, Manpura and Rabnabad (East Pakistan, now Bangladesh), in As a result, between 300,000 and 500,000 people died.

The largest tornado casualties. On April 26, 1989, a tornado struck the town of Shaturia, Bangladesh. Approximately 1,300 people lost their lives, more than 50,000 were left homeless.

Maximum property damage caused by a tornado. The giant storms that struck Iowa, Illinois, Wisconsin, Indiana, Michigan and Ohio in April 1985 killed 271 people, injured thousands more and caused more than $400 million in damage.

The most big number homeless as a result of the typhoon. Typhoon Ike, with wind speeds reaching 220 km/h, hit the Philippines on September 2, 1985. 1,363 people were killed, another 300 were injured, and 1.12 million people were left homeless.

Highest death toll from a typhoon. About 10,000 people died on September 18, 1906, when a devastating typhoon with wind speeds of 161 km/h hit Hong Kong.

The most tragic consequences of the monsoon. The monsoon that swept through Thailand in 1983 killed nearly 10,000 people and caused $396 million in damage. In its wake, nearly 100,000 contracted diseases brought by the monsoon, and about 15,000 people had to be evacuated.

Waterspout.

The tallest waterspout for which information is reliable was observed on May 16, 1898 at Eden, New South Wales, Australia. Using a theodolite, its height was determined - 1528m. Its diameter was 3 m.

A person depends on everything that surrounds him. This also applies to atmospheric pressure. In this article we will understand what normal air pressure is and how its changes can affect a person’s condition.

What it is?

First of all, you need to understand the concepts. So, air pressure in science is most often called atmospheric pressure. The atmosphere itself is the shell of the Earth, which consists of air and “stretches” several thousand kilometers in height. The following facts will be interesting:

1. If the Earth had no atmosphere, the planet would be as dead as the Moon. During the day the temperature here would be +130 °C, at night - minus 150 °C.
2. Pascal calculated that the weight of the atmosphere is equal to a copper ball with a diameter of 10 km, which is approximately five quadrillion tons.
3. The earth's surface itself, as well as all the bodies that are located on it, experience atmospheric pressure, that is, the pressure of the air thickness on them.
4. The atmosphere is by nature a mixture large quantity gases, the most basic of which are: nitrogen - about 78%, oxygen - about 20%, argon - less than 1%, other gases (carbon dioxide, neon, helium, krypton, etc.) - in very small quantities.

The discovery of this fact

Before understanding what the normal air pressure on a person is, it is worth considering how this phenomenon was discovered, that is, how scientists learned that atmospheric pressure exists. Everyone knows that air has its own weight (this can be easily verified experimentally by pumping the air out of a balloon and seeing that it has become lighter). For the first time, humanity found itself in confusion when, back in the 17th century, the Duke of Tuscany wanted to decorate his gardens with fountains, but he failed because the water simply refused to rise to a height of more than 10 meters. After this, the search began for the reasons for this fact, which lasted for five long years. And only in 1643, the scientist Torricelli, thanks to experiments with water and mercury, discovered atmospheric pressure. How did this happen? When the thickness of the tube and its inclination changed, the height of the mercury column did not change. And at sea level it was always about 760 mm Hg. Art. (this, by the way, is the normal air pressure, i.e., the atmosphere, at earth's surface and human). The scientist suggested that the height of the column is balanced by air pressure. Thus, knowing the density of the liquid and the height of the column, it is possible to calculate the atmospheric pressure. The truth of this assumption was confirmed by Pascal with the well-known experiment on Mount Pue de Dome.

About pressure

Air molecules are always in thermal motion. And, thanks to this fact (as well as gravity), their distribution in the earth’s atmosphere is uneven. The lower layers of the atmosphere (since the pressure of the upper layers occurs on them) have a higher air density. It is also worth mentioning in what units normal pressure is measured - mmHg. Art., i.e. in millimeters of mercury. As for the numbers, it is 760 mm Hg. Art. (at sea level), which is equal to 1013 hPa. It is important to say that with a change in altitude, density and pressure decrease. If we talk about low altitudes, then every 12 meters the pressure decreases by 1 mmHg. Art. If we talk about high altitudes, this pattern is violated.

About units

It is also worth considering what normal atmospheric pressure will be in various systems measurements. This information can often be useful. Once again about the norm: normal atmospheric pressure is a height of the mercury column of 760 mm at a temperature of 0 ° C, at a latitude of 45 ° above sea level. What will be the other indicators:

1. GHS system: 1013.25 mb.
2. SI system: 101 325 Pa.

Interesting facts about the atmosphere and its pressure

1. If the atmosphere did not rotate together with planet Earth around its axis, then hurricanes would constantly appear on the surface of our planet.
2. If the Earth’s atmosphere were to disappear, then a temperature of about 170 °C would be established on its surface, all the water would freeze, and the surface of the planet would be covered with an ice crust. There would also be complete silence, since sound does not travel in emptiness. The sky would become black, since its color depends on the air (there would be no twilight, dawn, etc.), and the stars would shine around the clock. And the worst thing is: all life on the planet would die immediately.

About portability

Having figured out what normal atmospheric pressure is, it is also worth talking about how it affects a person.

1. 1.5-2 km. So, if someone decides to climb to a height of one and a half to two kilometers (for example, Mount Ai-Petri), everything will be fine. This is the so-called indifferent, i.e. safe, zone, where changes in pressure on the human body are so insignificant that they practically do not affect his condition.
2. 2-4 km. If there is a desire to climb to the height of this range, there will already be some changes in the state of the human body. Disturbances may occur in the cardiovascular system and sensory organs. However, if a person is physically healthy, the ailment will quickly disappear and the body will adapt.
3. 4-5 km. If someone has a desire to climb Mount Elbrus or Klyuchevskaya Sopka, one should expect a rapid deterioration in general well-being.
4. 6-8 km. These heights are called the critical zone: already here a person experiences quite serious functional disorders in the body.
5. More than 8 km. If you want to climb to the very height of Mount Chomolungma, you should remember that for humans this is a deadly zone. You can stay there without a special breathing apparatus for no more than three minutes.
6. More than 16 km. You can stay at this altitude without special breathing equipment for no more than 9 seconds, after which immediate death will occur.

Why are measurements needed?

When considering the topic “normal air pressure”, some people may think: “Why do we need these measurements? Where are they used? So, first of all, changes in atmospheric pressure are important for determining weather changes. Also, changes in barometric pressure can tell people that their health may be changing.

About the impact on humans

If a healthy person lives in one place for a long time, minor fluctuations in atmospheric pressure most often will not cause discomfort. However, if the pressure increases significantly, this causes an increase in heart rate, as well as a slight decrease in the minimum blood pressure. Breathing also becomes more rare, but quite deep. At the same time, the sense of smell and hearing decreases, the voice may become “deaf,” dry mucous membranes and numbness of the skin may appear. If the change in pressure is gradual, the person will endure all this quite normally, without any particular losses. If a sharp jump occurs, the body may react more “severely” to it. What will happen to the human body if normal pressure decreases? There will be increased and deepening of breathing, and the heartbeat will accelerate (however, the force of the blow will weaken). Also a consequence of low blood pressure is oxygen starvation body. What to do if it is simply impossible to influence weather changes? So, if a person knows that he does not tolerate fluctuations in atmospheric pressure, he must definitely monitor the weather forecasts. And if such unpleasant changes are approaching, you need to try to give up physical activity on “hard” days, freeing your body as much as possible from overwork. Well, and, of course, you can seek help from a doctor who will prescribe auxiliary medications.

The atmosphere is one of the most important components of our planet. It is she who “shelters” people from the harsh conditions of outer space, such as solar radiation and space debris. However, many facts about the atmosphere are unknown to most people.

1. True color of the sky

Although it's hard to believe, the sky is actually purple. When light enters the atmosphere, air and water particles absorb the light, scattering it. In this case, most of all dissipates purple That's why people see blue skies.

2. An exclusive element in the Earth's atmosphere

As many remember from school, the Earth's atmosphere consists of approximately 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and small amounts of argon, carbon dioxide and other gases. But few people know that our atmosphere is the only one on this moment discovered by scientists (besides comet 67P) that has free oxygen. Because oxygen is a highly reactive gas, it often reacts with other chemicals in space. Its pure form on Earth makes the planet habitable.

3. White stripe in the sky

Surely, some people have sometimes wondered why a jet plane remains in the sky white stripe. These white trails, known as contrails, form when hot, humid exhaust gases from a plane's engine mix with cooler outside air. Water vapor from the exhaust freezes and becomes visible.

4. Main layers of the atmosphere

The Earth's atmosphere consists of five main layers, which make life on the planet possible. The first of these, the troposphere, extends from sea level to an altitude of approximately 17 km at the equator. Most weather events occur here.

5. Ozone layer

The next layer of the atmosphere, the stratosphere, reaches an altitude of approximately 50 km at the equator. It contains the ozone layer, which protects people from dangerous ultraviolet rays. Even though this layer is above the troposphere, it may actually be warmer due to the energy absorbed from the sun's rays. Most jet planes and weather balloons fly in the stratosphere. Airplanes can fly faster in it because they are less affected by gravity and friction. Weather balloons can provide a better picture of storms, most of which occur lower in the troposphere.

6. Mesosphere

The mesosphere is the middle layer, extending to a height of 85 km above the surface of the planet. Its temperature hovers around -120 °C. Most meteors that enter the Earth's atmosphere burn up in the mesosphere. The last two layers that extend into space are the thermosphere and exosphere.

7. Disappearance of the atmosphere

The Earth most likely lost its atmosphere several times. When the planet was covered in oceans of magma, massive interstellar objects crashed into it. These impacts, which also formed the Moon, may have formed the planet's atmosphere for the first time.

8. If there were no atmospheric gases...

Without the various gases in the atmosphere, the Earth would be too cold for human existence. water vapor, carbon dioxide and other atmospheric gases absorb heat from the sun and "distribute" it across the planet's surface, helping to create a habitable climate.

9. Formation of the ozone layer

The notorious (and essential) ozone layer was created when oxygen atoms reacted with ultraviolet light from the sun to form ozone. It is ozone that absorbs most of the harmful radiation from the sun. Despite its importance, the ozone layer was formed relatively recently after enough life arose in the oceans to release into the atmosphere the amount of oxygen needed to create a minimum concentration of ozone

10. Ionosphere

The ionosphere is so called because high-energy particles from space and the sun help form ions, creating an "electric layer" around the planet. When there were no satellites, this layer helped reflect radio waves.

11. Acid rain

Acid rain, which destroys entire forests and devastates aquatic ecosystems, forms in the atmosphere when sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxide particles mix with water vapor and fall to the ground as rain. These chemical compounds are also found in nature: sulfur dioxide is produced when volcanic eruptions, and nitrogen oxide - during lightning strikes.

12. Lightning power

Lightning is so powerful that just one bolt can heat the surrounding air up to 30,000°C. The rapid heating causes an explosive expansion of nearby air, which is heard as a sound wave called thunder.

Aurora Borealis and Aurora Australis (northern and southern auroras) are caused by ion reactions occurring in the fourth level of the atmosphere, the thermosphere. When highly charged particles from the solar wind collide with air molecules above the planet's magnetic poles, they glow and create dazzling light shows.

14. Sunsets

Sunsets often look like the sky is on fire as small atmospheric particles scatter the light, reflecting it in orange and yellow hues. The same principle underlies the formation of rainbows.

In 2013, scientists discovered that tiny microbes can survive many kilometers above the Earth's surface. At an altitude of 8-15 km above the planet, microbes were discovered that destroy organic chemical substances, which float in the atmosphere, “feeding” on them.

Adherents of the theory of the apocalypse and various other horror stories will be interested in learning about.

Regional scientific - practical conference schoolchildren

"Eureka"

Section of Physics and Aerospace

Atmospheric pressure and

people's well-being

Moshonkina Valentina

MKOU Kornilovskaya Secondary School

Bolotninsky district

Novosibirsk region

Scientific director:

Karmanova Natalya Grigorievna,

physics and mathematics teacher

first qualified category

Kornilovo 2013

Introduction. 3

Main part.

What is atmospheric pressure? From the history of study 4

atmospheric pressure.

Interesting facts about atmospheric pressure. 5-6

What happens if atmospheric pressure decreases?

Atmospheric pressure and people's well-being. 6-9

Results of my research 10-11

III. Conclusion. 12

IV. Literature. 13

V. Applications. 14-17

I. Introduction.

When reporting on the weather on the radio, the announcers usually end by saying: atmospheric pressure 760 mmHg (or 749, or 754...). But how many people understand what this means and where weather forecasters get this data from? How is atmospheric pressure measured, how does it change and does it affect a person? What is weather sensitivity, and does it exist? How does a change in atmospheric pressure affect the well-being of a healthy or sick person? Which atmospheric pressure, low or high, is better tolerated by people? These are the questions I asked myself when starting this research.

I must say that this problem has been sufficiently studied, and on the Internet you can find many articles devoted to this topic, and where you can find answers to the questions I asked. These are articles describing the results of a web survey of people about the impact of weather changes on their well-being, articles devoted to the results scientific research on this issue, as well as articles devoted to labor protection of people whose work is associated with changes in atmospheric pressure.

I decided to conduct my research not just by interviewing people, but by simultaneously measuring blood pressure, since in hypertensive people the pressure is not always high, and in hypotensive people, on the contrary, it is not always low. Thus, establish a connection between blood pressure at a given moment, atmospheric pressure and a person’s well-being. (Annex 1)

The research was carried out over 2 months (October, November 2009) and 55 people were the object of research; age from 13 to 70 years. These are mainly school employees (23 people) and students in grades 7–11 (24 people), and 8 elderly people were also involved in the research, these are the grandmothers of school students. (Appendix 4).

Probably my work will not bring anything new to the coverage of this problem, but it was interesting for me to do it.

II. Main part.

What is atmospheric pressure? From the history of the study of atmospheric pressure.

The existence of air has been known to man since ancient times. The Greek thinker Anaximenes, who lived in the 6th century BC, considered air to be the basis of all things. At the same time, air is something elusive, as if immaterial - “spirit”.

For the first time, the weight of air confused people in 1638, when the Duke of Tuscany’s idea to decorate the gardens of Florence with fountains failed - the water did not rise above 10.3 m. (Appendix 2). It turned out that atmospheric pressure can only balance a water column of this height.

The search for the reasons for the stubbornness of water and experiments with a heavier liquid - mercury, undertaken in 1643 by the Italian scientist Torricelli, led to the discovery of atmospheric pressure. Torricelli discovered that the height of the mercury column in his experiment did not depend either on the shape of the tube or on its inclination. At sea level, the height of the mercury column has always been about 760mm. The scientist suggested that the height of the liquid column is balanced by air pressure. Knowing the height of the column and the density of the liquid, you can determine the amount of atmospheric pressure. (Appendix 3)

The correctness of Torricelli's assumption was confirmed in 1648. Pascal's experience on Mount Pui de Dome. Pascal proved that a smaller column of air exerts less pressure. Due to the Earth's gravity and insufficient speed, air molecules cannot leave the near-Earth space. However, they do not fall on the surface of the Earth, but hover above it, because are in continuous thermal motion .

Due to thermal motion and the attraction of molecules to the Earth, their distribution in the atmosphere is uneven. With an atmospheric altitude of 2000-3000 km, 99% of its mass is concentrated in the lower (up to 30 km) layer. Air, like other gases, is highly compressible. Lower layers of the atmosphere, as a result of the pressure on them from the upper layers, have big air density.
at sea level the average is 760 mm Hg = 1310 hPa or 1 atm. (1 atmosphere)
With altitude, air pressure and density decrease. At low altitudes, every 12 m of ascent reduces atmospheric pressure by 1 mm Hg. At high altitudes this pattern is broken. This happens because the height of the air column exerting pressure decreases as it rises. In addition, in the upper layers of the atmosphere the air is less dense.

An average-sized person is affected by atmospheric pressure pressure force near 150,000N. But we can cope with such a load, because... external atmospheric pressure is balanced fluid pressure inside our body.

2. Interesting facts about atmospheric pressure. What happens if atmospheric pressure decreases?

The pressure of gases inside the body will tend to ``equilibrate'' with the external pressure. A very simple illustration: cups that are given to a patient. The air in them is heated, causing the gas density to decrease. The jar is quickly applied to the surface, and as the jar and the air in it cool, the human body in this place is drawn into the jar. Imagine such a jar around a person... But that’s not all. As you know, a person consists of at least 75% water. The boiling point of water at atmospheric pressure is 100 C. The boiling point strongly depends on pressure: the lower the pressure, the lower the boiling point. ...Already at a pressure of 0.4 atm. The boiling point of water is 28.64 0 C, which is significantly lower than the human body temperature; human blood will simply boil. About 15 years ago, at one of the institutes in Akademgorodok, the idea arose to try vacuum drying of meat. A large piece of meat was placed in a vacuum chamber and a sharp pumping began. The piece just exploded. After this experiment, it was quite difficult to scrape its results from the walls of the vacuum chamber.

How can a person tolerate different altitudes above sea level? 1-2 km is a safe or indifferent zone in which no physiological changes are observed in the body. 2-4 km is a zone of full compensation: some disturbances in cardiovascular activity quickly disappear thanks to the mobilization of the body. 4-5 km – zone of incomplete compensation: deterioration of general well-being. 6–8 km – critical zone: serious functional changes in the body’s vital activity. More than 8 km is a lethal zone: a person can stay at this altitude without breathing apparatus for only 3 minutes. At an altitude of 16 km - 9 s after which death occurs.

3.Atmospheric pressure and people’s well-being.

We often hear complaints about poor health due to changing weather and changes in atmospheric pressure. It is interesting to what extent these complaints have any basis in reality. I set myself the task of finding out whether there is a connection between these phenomena. If this connection exists, how does it relate to a person's blood pressure, and is there a connection with age.

I am not a pioneer on this issue. You can find articles on this topic on the Internet. So Alexey Moshchevikin

published the results of his research on the influence of atmospheric pressure on people’s well-being in February 2004, but he conducted his research solely on the basis of a survey of people visiting the Internet, relying only on people’s subjective feelings. The conclusion obtained by Moshchevikin as a result of his research:

IN
Contrary to popular belief, people’s well-being depends little (or not at all) on such a meteorological parameter as atmospheric pressure (according to at least under conditions of non-extreme values).

Percentage number of people who felt unwell in relation to total number in every category

On one of the Internet sites there is an article devoted to the influence of not only atmospheric pressure, but also humidity and air temperature on well-being, and these studies are, in our opinion, more serious. The authors believe that one in three adults react to sudden weather changes. Moreover, women experience this twice as often as men. People who feel discomfort from weather fluctuations, magnetic storms, and solar activity are called weather-sensitive. In women, due to sudden weather changes, good health can easily change to bad. There is even the science of biometeorology, which deals with these issues.

In an article by folk healer Nikolai Ivanovich Maznev

it talks about the reasons that cause deterioration in well-being when pressure changes. When pressure decreases, due to the difference between atmospheric pressure and pressure inside the body, gases in the stomach and intestines expand, which push up the diaphragm, making breathing difficult, and also cause abdominal pain. The blood vessels of the skin and mucous membranes dilate, which leads to nosebleeds. Pain in the ears appears due to protrusion of the eardrum outward, which disappears after equalizing the pressure on both sides; This is facilitated by yawning and swallowing, which create conditions for the middle ear to communicate with the outside air through the Eustachian tube. Due to lack of oxygen, shortness of breath, dizziness,

Staying in conditions of high atmospheric pressure is almost no different from normal conditions. Only at very high blood pressure is there a slight reduction in heart rate and a decrease in minimum blood pressure. Breathing becomes rarer but deeper. Hearing and sense of smell decrease slightly, the voice becomes muffled, a feeling of slightly numb skin appears, dry mucous membranes, etc. However, all these phenomena are relatively easily tolerated.
More unfavorable phenomena are observed during the period of changes in atmospheric pressure - increase (compression) and especially its decrease (decompression) to normal. The slower the change in pressure occurs, the better and without adverse consequences the human body adapts to it.
With reduced atmospheric pressure, there is increased and deepening of breathing, increased heart rate (their strength is weaker), a slight drop in blood pressure, and changes in the blood are also observed in the form of an increase in the number of red blood cells. The adverse effect of low atmospheric pressure on the body is based on oxygen starvation. It is due to the fact that with a decrease in atmospheric pressure, the partial pressure of oxygen also decreases, therefore, with the normal functioning of the respiratory and circulatory organs, less oxygen enters the body. Under normal conditions on the earth's surface, annual fluctuations atmospheric air do not exceed 20-30 mm, and the daily allowance is 4-5 mm. Healthy people tolerate them easily and unnoticed. But some patients are very sensitive to even such minor changes in pressure. Thus, with a decrease in blood pressure, people suffering from rheumatism experience pain in the affected joints; in patients with hypertension, their health worsens and attacks of angina are observed. In people with increased nervous excitability, sudden changes in pressure cause feelings of fear, worsening mood and sleep.

It must be said that the well-being of a person who has lived in a certain area for a long time is normal, i.e. the characteristic pressure should not cause any particular deterioration in well-being.
Meteosensitivity is observed in 35-70% of patients with various diseases. Thus, every second patient with diseases of the cardiovascular system feels the weather. Headache, weakness, and fatigue on the eve of a weather change worry almost every second person, especially older people. Significant atmospheric changes can cause overstrain and disruption of adaptation mechanisms. Then the oscillatory processes in the body - biological rhythms - become distorted and become chaotic.

And so, for healthy person meteorological fluctuations are usually not dangerous. Nevertheless, people who do not feel the weather still exhibit reactions to it, although sometimes they are not consciously aware of it. They must be taken into account, for example, among transport drivers. When weather conditions change sharply, it becomes more difficult for them to concentrate. Hence, the number of accidents may increase. As a result of illnesses (flu, sore throat, pneumonia, joint diseases, etc.) or fatigue, the body's resistance and reserves decrease

4. Results of my research.

Measurements were not taken every day, but only on those days when the pressure changed noticeably. Measurement results blood pressure and the survey were entered into tables (Appendix 4,5,6), in which age, current blood pressure, health (very poor, worse than usual, normal, excellent), as well as atmospheric pressure on that day were noted. If people felt unwell, they were asked whether this was due to changes in the weather or other reasons.

In our area, the most common atmospheric pressure is about 740 mmHg. Higher blood pressure is rare, so the pressure

750 mmHg I consider it as elevated (760 mm Hg is very rare) and 730 mmHg as reduced.

Studies have shown that most of those examined feel normal at different atmospheric pressures, regardless of blood pressure. What can be observed in the following table and diagram.

	Low atmospheric pressure	Normal atmospheric pressure	High atmospheric pressure
Adults.

Looking at the data, we can conclude that the younger generation feels better at any atmospheric pressure, which is to be expected, since a young body is less burdened with diseases than an adult. However, it is clear that with low blood pressure both adults and children feel somewhat worse than with normal and high blood pressure. It is also clear that with normal pressure everyone feels a little better: in children it approaches 100%, and in adults it approaches 80%, which corresponds to the conclusions in the article by Nikolai Maznev.

As for the reaction to changes in atmospheric pressure (weather), 63.6% of respondents responded that this affects their well-being, of which the vast majority have problems with blood pressure. Moreover, hypertensive people believe that they feel better at high atmospheric pressure, and hypotensive people feel better at low pressure.

Let's consider the well-being of hypertensive and hypotensive patients at different atmospheric pressures.

	Low atmospheric pressure	Normal atmospheric pressure	High atmospheric pressure
Hypertensive patients.
Hypotonics.
Healthy.

Here, hypertensives and hypotensives mean people who had high or low blood pressure on a given day, and healthy people with normal blood pressure.

Analyzing the diagram, we can say that hypertensive patients have the most problems with well-being. But, probably, the reason for this is not only the weather, but also health problems in general, because... and at normal atmospheric pressure their health is not very good. As for hypotensive patients, the results obtained seem doubtful to me, because There were very few of them among those examined.

III. Conclusion.

Analyzing the above, we can draw the following conclusions. People do have some weather sensitivity, and people who have certain diseases, in particular problems with blood pressure, are more susceptible to it. But we see that people with normal blood pressure are also sensitive to changes in atmospheric pressure. Low blood pressure is less tolerated, but even with high blood pressure there is some deterioration in well-being. Manifestations of meteosensitivity depend on the initial state of the body, age, the presence of any disease and its nature, the microclimate in which a person lives, and the degree of his acclimatization to it. Meteosensitivity is more often observed in people who rarely visit fresh air those engaged in sedentary, mental work, and not involved in physical education. For a healthy person, meteorological fluctuations are usually not dangerous. . More often, meteosensitivity is observed in persons with a weak (melancholic) and strong unbalanced (choleric) type nervous system. In people of a strong, balanced type (sanguine people), meteosensitivity manifests itself only when the body is weakened. We are not able to influence the weather. But helping your body survive this difficult period is not at all difficult. When forecasting a significant deterioration in weather conditions, and therefore sudden changes in atmospheric pressure, first of all you should not panic, calm down, and reduce as much as possible. physical activity.

I believe that the results of my study are consistent with the results of the studies described in the articles I mentioned above.

Literature.

1. E.K. Kiryanova. "Atmosphere pressure". Internet. Festival of pedagogical ideas.

2. Atmospheric pressure. From the history of discovery. Internet. www.townsketch.

3. N.I. Maznev. Influence environment. Air pressure and body condition. Internet. www.maznev.ru

4. Alexey Moshchevikin. The connection between blood pressure and well-being. Results of web testing. Internet. thermo.karelia.ru/projects/p_health_results.

5. Atmospheric pressure, wind, sun, pressure, humidity. Internet www.propogodu.ru/2/491/

6.Atmospheric pressure. Occupational Safety and Health. Internet. www.cultinfo.ru/fulltext/1/001/008/080/242.htm

7. Weather sensitivity and diseases associated with atmospheric pressure. Internet. humbio.ru/Humbio/prof_d/00008499.htm

8. The influence of atmospheric pressure on human well-being. Internet.

www.baroma.ru/atmdav.html

Annex 1

Appendix 2

Appendix 3

Appendix -5. Sample tables with measurement and survey data.

American experts named the 6 most unexpected facts about blood pressure that everyone needs to know about.

As already, the number of victims of hypertension in the world has exceeded one billion. However, if we take knowledge about high blood pressure, people still cannot boast of a large supply of it. Many people only know that the ideal pressure is 120/80, and also that it is better to use tonometers more often. In addition, there are other facts regarding blood pressure that are of interest to every person. Experts from Drsinatra.com spoke about them.

1. Lack of salt can lead to hypertension. Fine known fact is that excess salt in the diet increases blood pressure. However, lack of salt is also dangerous in terms of the development of hypertension, especially for victims of congenital heart failure. For them, reducing dietary salt to less than 1.8 grams per day may result in increased blood pressure. All other people need to ensure that the amount of salt does not exceed 4–5 g per day. In addition, it is important to pay attention to hidden salt in some foods such as salted nuts, canned soups and marinades.

2. Potassium is extremely important for healthy blood pressure. If you have hypertension, it is very important to eat foods rich in potassium. This is because potassium helps weaken artery walls and keep blood pressure levels normal. Some of these foods include bananas, coconut water, eggplant and baked potatoes.

3. Many doctors fail to treat blood pressure correctly. Some doctors may well try to relieve blood pressure while their patient is sitting on the end of the couch with his legs dangling down and holding his arm in the air. In this position of the body, blood pressure readings reflected on the tonometer will be unreliable. It is extremely important to comply correct position body to accurately obtain pressure information.

4. Blood pressure in different hands may vary. For some people, blood pressure in the left arm is always higher than in the right. This is why many doctors use a tonometer to read pressure information from both arms.

5. Low blood pressure is not a problem until you have symptoms. Many people have low blood pressure - up to 90/60. However, it only poses a health risk if you experience symptoms such as dizziness and fatigue. Sometimes this kind of pressure is observed even in victims of hypertension who simply overdid it in taking medications.

6. Lifting heavy objects can cause increased blood pressure. Physical exercise have great importance in terms of lowering blood pressure, but their variety is also important. Thus, lifting heavy weights causes an increase in blood pressure. If this becomes a problem for your health, then the intensity of the exercise must be reduced. In addition, do not forget about proper breathing.