Description of the presentation by individual slides:

1 slide

Slide description:

2 slide

Slide description:

The Sahara (Arabic: صحراء‎‎, French: Sahara) is the largest desert on Earth, located in North Africa. Extends approximately 4800 km from west to east and from 800 to 1200 km from north to south; has an area of ​​about 8.6 million km² (about 30% of the area of ​​Africa, slightly larger than the area of ​​Brazil). From the west, the Sahara is washed by the Atlantic Ocean, from the north it is bounded by the Atlas Mountains and the Mediterranean Sea, and from the east by the Red Sea. The southern border of the desert is defined by a zone of sedentary ancient sand dunes at 16° N, to the south of which is the Sahel, a transition region to the Sudanese savannah. Sahara

3 slide

Slide description:

The landscape of the Sahara is very diverse. There are 4 types of relief here: tectonic - structural plains, island mountains, highlands and depressions between them; erosive – remnants of eroded structural plains, dry riverbeds – wadis; water-accumulative - ancient alluvial plains and lake depressions (shotts, sebkhs) and aeolian - ergs. These morphostructural elements correspond to certain types of deserts: rocky (hamads), pebble (regs), sand-pebble (serir), sandy (ergs) and saline (sebkhs).

4 slide

Slide description:

“A land shining with lifeless beauty and ideal desert...” Albert Camus Ergi The Saharas are not dried up seas, as was previously thought. They were formed from sandy deposits that once accumulated along the shores of ancient giant lakes or at the mouths of long-vanished rivers. In the Nubian Desert there are so-called fossil ergs, so ancient that the dunes that fell off were petrified, turning into ridges of layered sandstone. Erg Chebbi, Morocco.

5 slide

Slide description:

The country of thirst and horror - Hamads The rocky deserts of the Sahara (hamads), occupying up to 70% of its area, are often devoid of higher vegetation. Cushion-shaped freodolia and limonastrum bushes are established only on isolated stone screes. The more humid deserts of Central Asia, although sparsely, are evenly covered with wormwood and solyanka. Low-growing saxaul thickets are common on the sandy-pebble plains of Central Asia. In tropical deserts, succulents settle on rocky surfaces. In South Africa these are cissus with thick barrel-shaped trunks, milkweed, and “tree lily”; in the tropical part of America - a variety of cacti, yuccas and agaves. In rocky deserts there are many different lichens that cover stones and color them white, black, blood red or lemon yellow. Scorpions, phalanges, and geckos live under the stones. Cottonmouth is found here more often than in other places.

6 slide

Slide description:

Serir Clay desert is a widespread type of desert developed on marine, lake, and river clay deposits of the arid zone. On surfaces composed of salt-bearing rocks (marls and clays), salt marshes with halophytes are formed, on less saline soils and in the deltas of ancient rivers - takyrs, almost devoid of vegetation or with a sparse cover of algae.

7 slide

The endless Sahara Desert has become synonymous with a hot, barren place where there is no life. In fact, this is not so - the interesting local ecosystem has long been able to adapt to existence in such extreme conditions, although, of course, it is not easy for humans to survive here. However, people also live in the Sahara, but an unprepared person in these inhospitable regions will definitely not last long.

Facts about the Sahara Desert

• In terms of area, it is approximately equal to half the area of ​​Russia or the entire area of ​​Brazil.
• The Sahara Desert accounts for about 30% of the area of ​​all of Africa.
• Contrary to popular belief, the Sahara Desert is not the largest on Earth - the palm belongs to the Antarctic Desert. But among the usual deserts with sand, heat and dunes, the Sahara takes first place ().
• Every year the Sahara conquers more and more space for itself. It expands to the south, moving 5-10 km annually.
• People live around oases in the Sahara.
• There are as many rocky areas here as there are sandy areas.
• The name "Sahara" comes from a consonant Arabic word, which translated simply means "desert".
• Rich deposits of gas and oil have been discovered on its territory.
• Among the hot deserts, the Sahara is not the driest. There are rains here, albeit vanishingly rarely, but in the Chilean Atacama Desert there hasn’t been any for about 400 years ().
• The highest point in the Sahara is the peak of Emi Koussi, rising 3.4 km above sea level.
• Partially on its territory there are 9 states plus one unrecognized one, called Western Sahara.
• The height of sand dunes in the Sahara Desert can reach 160-180 meters. This is higher than a building of 70 floors.
• It snowed in the Sahara in 1879 and 2012. True, he immediately melted.
• It is vanishingly rare here to experience heavy rains that last for several days.
• About 500 different plant species grow in the seemingly lifeless territory of the Sahara.
• The only river that constantly flows across the borders of the Sahara is the mighty Nile ().
• In total, about 2 million people live in the Sahara, mainly Berbers and Tuaregs.
• Most of the oases here appear in places where water from underwater rivers makes its way to the surface.
• Scientists have established that these regions turned into a desert about 5 million years ago, but the Sahara finally took on its modern appearance about 10,000 years ago.
• About 6,000 years ago, rivers flowed through it, but now all of them, except the Nile, have dried up.
• Every year, powerful winds bring clouds full of sand from the Sahara onto the African island country of Cape Verde, creating a lot of inconvenience for local residents ().
• In the very center of the Sahara, archaeologists have discovered ancient cave paintings indicating that primitive people once lived in these parts.
• There are permanent lakes in the Sahara, such as Ounianga and Ubari.
• The highest air temperature ever recorded in the Sahara was +57.8 degrees. At the same time, the surface here sometimes heats up to +80 degrees.
• In total, about 4,000 species of living creatures live here.
• In the central part of the Sahara it rains once every few years.
• On average, about 75 mm of precipitation falls here per year.
• In the Sahara, under the influence of southern winds, monstrous sandstorms arise, which then fall on the surrounding countries and sometimes rage for several days ().
• Much of the Sahara experiences heavy dew in the mornings.
• In the local mountain ranges there are frosts at night, and the air temperature drops to -18 degrees.
• In some parts of the Sahara, the average daily temperature exceeds +40 degrees. However, it is usually quite cold here at night.
• On the northern plateaus of the Sahara, snow falls almost every year.
• In medieval times, trade caravans passed through it, the largest of which, according to Arab historians, consisted of almost 12,000 camels.

LESSON

THE WORLD AROUND

3 CLASS

TEACHER: MUDRAKOVA E.I.

Lesson topic

DESERT

AFRICA

Research objectives

- Is there water in the desert?

- What animals live there?

Rules for working in a group

- work together;

- do not interrupt each other;

- listen to the opinions of others;

- evaluate the work of the group.

What are the natural conditions of the Sahara Desert?

- Located in northern Africa

- Surface sandy, clayey

- Little precipitation

- The air is dry and hot

- Temperature up to 50C in the shade

- Sand heats up to 70 C

- Samum

- Dunes

- Mirages

heavy

harsh

difficult

good

lungs

suitable

Oasis - an island of vegetation in the desert located near a natural reservoir

Desert flora

What is characteristic of desert vegetation?

-small leaves or scales;

- leaves-thorns;

-long root

Desert fauna

Game

"Get to know me"

1 group

Pygmy gerbil

Egyptian cobra

Lizard

2nd group

Jerboa

scarab beetle

Gazelle

3 group

Camel

Locust

Scorpion

Desert fauna

Protective painting

Hibernation

Ability to run fast

Undemanding to food and water

Reflection

Research objectives

- What are the natural conditions of the desert?

- Is there water in the desert?

- What plants grow in the desert?

- What animals live there?

- work together;

- work calmly, do not disturb others;

- do not interrupt each other;

- listen to the opinions of others;

- justify your point of view;

- evaluate the work of the group.

• Fulfilled all the rules

• Fulfilled 1 – 2 rules

• Didn't follow all the rules

"Ladder of Success"

1st step– I didn’t understand the new knowledge, didn’t remember anything, I was left with many questions; I couldn’t cope with independent work in class;

2nd and 3rd steps– I still have questions about a new topic, mistakes were made in independent work;

4th step– I have mastered the new knowledge well and can share it; I have not made any mistakes in my independent work.

Homework

1. Write a mini-essay on one of the topics:

"One Day in the Desert" ,

"Can a Man Live in the Desert?"

2. Prepare a report about one of the representatives of the flora or fauna of the desert.

Sahara DesertCompleted by geography teacher of State Budgetary Educational Institution of Secondary School No. 68
Molchanova Lyudmila Stepanovna
St. Petersburg

Countries that Sahara covers: Republic of Chad, Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Mauritania, Mali, Sudan, Tunisia, Niger, Western Sahara.

The relief of the Sahara is varied. The typical Saharan landscape is a rocky plateau and a sea of ​​sand. There are dunes that reach heights of up to 180

The relief of the Sahara is varied. A typical Saharan landscape is
rocky plateau and sea of ​​sand. There are dunes that reach
heights up to 180 meters.
Emi Kouso is the highest point in the Sahara Mountains. Its height reaches
3415 meters.
Relief of the Sahara
Summit Amy Kouso

The Sahara is the largest desert on Earth, located in North Africa. Extends approximately 4800 km from west to east and from 800 to 1200 km from north

The Sahara is the largest desert on Earth, located in Northern
Africa.
Extends approximately 4800 km from west to east and from 800 to 1200
km from north to south; has an area of ​​approximately 8.6 million square
kilometers (about 30% of the area of ​​Africa).

Sandstorm
View from space
View from an airplane
The climate of the Sahara is combined. Consists of
subtropics and tropics. The climate is one of the harshest in the world.
Predominantly northeasterly winds often lead to
sandstorms. The average temperature in the Sahara is 30 degrees Celsius,
and the maximum is 50 degrees. Temperatures often drop in winter
below zero.

Animals of the Sahara

Scorpion
Camel
African cobra
Varan

Vegetation of the Sahara

In the middle of the sandy desert there are sometimes amazingly beautiful corners - oases.

Amazing things to see in the Sahara Desert
natural phenomenon - MIRAGE

Sources of information: Internet resources:

http://blog.kp.ua/users/urgen71/post164723724/ - oasis
http://nc5.ru/forum/62-1902-1 - data on the Sahara
http://lifeglobe.net/blogs/details?id=970 – relief of the Sahara, animals
http://www.nachalnikov.net/archives/5991 - mirage
http://900igr.net/photo/o-zhivotnykh/Afrika-1.files/004-Vid-pustyni-sakhary-iz-kosmosa.htm l
- view of the Sahara from space
http://zavalinka.in/index.php?newsid=2606 2- Saharan plants

The Sahara stretches across much of North Africa, covering 9 million square kilometers. In fact, the Sahara Desert covers 30% of the entire African continent. It is the hottest and hottest place in the world with summer temperatures that often exceed 57 degrees Celsius. The desert experiences annual rainfall and very powerful sandstorms, lifting sand 1000 meters into the air and moving the dunes.

Some say that the Sahara Desert was much larger before the first ice age, and some say that the Sahara Desert appeared 4,000 years ago. For example, German scientists, using methods of computer modeling of the Earth's climate, found that the Sahara became a desert 4,000 years ago. 10 thousand years ago, the world's largest desert was covered with grass and low bushes, but then the summer became hotter and the rains almost stopped. Naturally, many ancient civilizations disappeared, and all living things left the Sahara. According to scientists from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Research, the transformation of the Sahara into a desert was one of the most dramatic climate events on Earth in the foreseeable millennia. Why is the climate so variable? It turns out that the inclination of the earth's axis to the Sun is gradually changing: approximately 9 thousand years ago it was 24.14 degrees, now it is 23.45 degrees. Today the Earth comes closest to the Sun in January, ten thousand years ago at the end of July. Subtle changes in the Earth's orbit around the Sun, amplified by interactions with the atmosphere, ocean and land, change the climate beyond recognition.

The climate of the Sahara is extraordinary. The humid factor is the wide position of the Sahara north and south of the Tropic of the North. This explains the fact that most of the desert is influenced by the northeast trade wind throughout the year. An additional influence on the climate is exerted by the Atlas mountain barrier located in the north, stretching from west to east and preventing the bulk of humid Mediterranean air from penetrating into the desert. In the south, from the Gulf of Guinea, wet masses freely enter the Sahara in summer, which, gradually drying out, reach its central parts. Extreme dryness of the air, a huge moisture deficit and, accordingly, extremely high evaporation are characteristic of the entire Sahara. According to the precipitation regime in the Sahara, three zones can be distinguished: northern, central and southern.