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The Chinese people are friendly and sociable, so they are very easy to learn. The Chinese people are friendly and sociable, so they are very easy to learn. Do not be surprised if you start talking on the street or in transport (especially long-distance trains) . This is not considered to be something exceptional. Meeting, the Chinese greet each other with words, sometimes with a slight nod of the head. Handling of "you" is rarely used, mainly to the elderly or unfamiliar people. In general, during a conversation using "you." Special respect to the other party may appeal to emphasize the use of “master” (“Mrs.”), with the addition of the names - it also depends on the degree of closeness of the relationship. Personal name is after the Chinese names and consists of one or two syllables. Treatment only in name only possible between close friends (if not very strong differences in age), or relatives.

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Chinese people like to go on a visit and invite guests home. And since China has long been home phones are small, people used to come to visit and without warning. Chinese people like to go on a visit and invite guests home. And since China has long been home phones are small, people used to come to visit and without warning. However, if you receive an invitation to a Chinese house, it is best to come a little earlier. You can not be late for a visit. Considered impolite to linger at a party. Guest can come with one of the friends, not necessarily familiar with the owner. Guests are always greeted very warmly and be sure to treat. It is considered impolite to come to visit without a gift, especially if the family is elderly or children. As a gift, usually presented with fruit, cakes and sweets. If the family has children, you can give, and children's toys. You should not give expensive gifts - this could cause controversy. By the way, to accept gifts made in China with both hands.

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The peculiarity of the Chinese etiquette - an indispensable politeness. Therefore, China"s first ceremonially taken to refuse a treat or gift. In this case, feasting, or the giver should politely insist, coaxing guests or give as gifts. The peculiarity of the Chinese etiquette - an indispensable politeness. Therefore, China" s first ceremonially taken to refuse a treat or gift. In this case, feasting, or the giver should politely insist, coaxing guests or giving as gifts. During the meal, you should try a little of everything. It is necessary to express gratitude for the reception, good entertainment and hospitality. Leave the house should be soon after dinner, not sitting up.

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National customs Each nationality of China has developed its own way of life, reflected in the food, clothing, housing, customs, rituals and the like, which have left their mark on the natural, social, economic and other factors. So, in the south of China the staple food is rice, while residents of northern regions prefer flour products. At the Uighurs, Kazakhs and Uzbeks favorite dishes - lamb kebabs, rice and fried tortillas "nan"; Mongolians prefer fried rice, fried rump, and tea with milk; Koreans have held in high esteem pudding "Dag", cold noodles and sauerkraut; Tibetans eat dzambu - roasted barley flour in butter and drink tea with melted butter; Do people nationality, ching, let used as gum leaves arekovoy palms.

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Clothes As for clothing, the manchzhurki prefer to walk in robes "Qipao" Mongolians are national robes and boots; Tibetans wear plowed Ankle-long caftans "forelock"; Miao ethnic women, and Yao wear skirts with numerous assemblies; among the Uighurs popular embroidered skullcaps; Koreans wear shoes with a curved toe, reminiscent in shape of a ship; Miao women, and Tibetan women love jewelry of gold and silver; Mongols, Tibetans, achany wear a belt decorated with silver daggers "dyaodao."

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In areas densely populated by Han people, the customs are simple. In areas densely populated by Han people, the customs are simple. On the day of birth is no special ritual, many people prefer to have a "shoumyan" - noodles symbolize longevity. And it happens that in urban families in this day served at the table European cake. In China, set to "The Marriage Act," in which men who have reached 22 years old, and women under 20 years of age have the right to marry and get a marriage license in the relevant competent authority. And established their legal marital relationship. A wedding is not a compulsory procedure from a legal point of view. Wedding - a holiday when the bride and groom receive congratulations from their loved ones. Wedding ceremonies are held at the national minorities in different ways: sometimes they are magnificent and solemn, sometimes simple and modest. On this day, some made to rejoice and sing songs from other brides supposed to cry before leaving the family home. With some guys choose the bride, others, on the contrary, - girls in husbands take guys. In some nations decided to smear the cheeks are black make-up, while others - joking with the bride and groom, at the third - tease -in-law, and all of it is fun and interesting.

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Completed by: Vlad Peskov 6th grade student Leader: V.A. Aleksandrova MCOU Polyanskaya secondary school

Cricket fighting was popular in China during the Tang Dynasty. Crickets are a hobby and a pastime for residents in the Yangtze River Delta. They are kept for their chirping, like birds for their singing. There are references to crickets in early Chinese literature from the Tang Dynasty (613-905), when the Chinese began keeping crickets in cages and it developed into an art. During the Song Dynasty (960-1280), cricket fighting originated.

Despite the ban introduced in 1949, it is still an exciting sporting spectacle for many people. Fighting crickets are caught towards the end of summer. Before a big battle, they are tickled with special devices. The winner is given the proud name "Winning Cricket". After death, his ashes are placed in a silver coffin. There are 67 species of fighting and loudly singing crickets. Especially outstanding crickets stand like racing ponies.

Like ponies, crickets have servants - grooms. They are kept in separate clay pots with a bed of humus and a tiny cup for water. Singing crickets are also kept in such pots. There is a special diet for fighting crickets and medicine if they get a cold. There are amazing cages for crickets - these are pumpkin bottles. They are cleaned from the inside, holes are cut out, and they are often grown in shapes that give the pumpkins fancy shapes. The pinnacle of art are cages made of ivory, jade, turtle shell or simple bamboo grown in a special way.

Only one species is used for fighting, and the origin of the crickets is of great importance to buyers. Crickets from Shandong Province are known for their skill and bravery. A Westerner may not be able to tell the difference, but to a Chinese it is obvious because they keep crickets as pets.”

A competitor with his cricket during the Yu-Shen Cup tournament on Chongmin Island. This tournament is held during a week-long national holiday and features 16 groups. Betting on grasshoppers is prohibited, but the winning team receives a prize certificate worth 10,000 yuan ($1,500).

Crickets at a zoological market in Shanghai. For those who do not collect or raise insects themselves, such a market is an ideal place to pick up a fighter. Prices range from $2 to $50, although particularly aggressive specimens can cost much more.

A shopper examines insects at a market in Shanghai before making a purchase. He teases the cricket with a straw to determine how aggressive it is.

A seller at a Shanghai market. Many small pets are sold here and the losing crickets are fed to the birds.

Singing crickets in jars. They are kept mainly because of the melodious sounds they make. It is believed that the fashion for these crickets was introduced by court women during the Tang Dynasty.

Sellers who do not have counters lay out their goods directly on the ground

The seller shows one of his fighters. Only male crickets fight. If a cricket loses a fight, it will not fight again for the next 24 hours. Scientists are studying this phenomenon in the hope that it will help them better understand the nature of human depression.

Set of crickets for sale.

Cricket fight on one of the counters

E yes for crickets at a two-day tournament in the city of Qibao, organized by the Minhang Collection Association.

Owners make sure their crickets are well fed during the Qibao tournament.

Before the match, judges weigh each cricket on electronic scales. Opponents are selected by size, weight and color.

Two crickets are placed in a plastic "arena" at a tournament in Kibao. The insects are poked with straws until they get angry and attack each other.

Participants and guests watch the fight on the big screen. Most of the participants are older men. Young cricket owners are rare. This is a sport for the older generation.

The Cricket House at Silay Farm is a museum of the long history of insect fighting.

People on the street in the old part of Shanghai gather around the battle site and money changes hands.

The participants watch the battle tensely. Even if you are unlucky, you can always try your luck next year.

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Chinese culture

China is one of the oldest civilizations. The history and culture of the Middle Kingdom goes back several thousand years, and during this time the Chinese have changed little. And this is largely due to their religion and philosophy, which modern China still adheres to.

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This state has always been peaceful and hospitable, which was determined by their vision of the world, attitude towards each other and towards nature. Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism raised kind, calm, hardworking people who honored their traditions and preserved them to this day. These teachings instilled in people a love and respect for harmony in all things. And it’s true. The proverb: “Sit on the shore and wait for the corpse of your enemy to float down the river” - about the Chinese. Although they were famous for their knowledge of military affairs and the invention of gunpowder, crossbows and mines, they preferred to resolve wars through diplomacy, because war is unpleasant for people. Isn't it true, wise people? Such peacefulness and wisdom simply cannot but command respect.

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Greeting as a custom that should not be forgotten

The philosophy, culture and traditions of China have fostered a respectful attitude towards other people. Of course, there is a certain gradation of respect, especially if people from different social classes or ranks meet (at work, for example). Therefore, different types of greetings are used for different people, but always respectful. In the old days, the Chinese greeted each other by putting their palms together and bowing. In this way, they showed that their intentions were pure and there were no weapons in their hands. If a noble gentleman and a commoner met, the latter should bow deeper. In our time, China has partially preserved the traditions; the only greetings left are bows, and the subordinate always greets the boss with a deep bow, which expresses respect.

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Attitudes towards elders in Chinese culture

As Chinese customs show, elders and elderly people were always honored and respected because they were the bearers of wisdom that they passed on to other generations. Therefore, there was a special attitude towards them. They were even addressed in a special way - “Xiansheng”, which meant “teacher”, “master”. As for relationships in the family, no one ever contradicted the head of the family, the man, and this tradition has survived to this day. In the patriarchal society of China, the head of the family always began to eat first, and the rest of the family began after him.

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Visiting a Chinese family

If you are invited to visit by a friendly Chinese family, do not come empty-handed. You can give sweets that will be very useful for tea. You cannot give knives and watches, which in China symbolize death, as well as expensive gifts that can put the owners of the house in an awkward position. Avoid gifts in the amount of four - the number four is consonant with the hieroglyph meaning death and is considered an unlucky number. If you are given a gift, then accept it with both hands and open it at home.

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Tea ceremony

The Chinese tea ceremony - Gongfu Cha or, as it is often called in China, Kung Fu tea, is one of many historical Chinese traditions that originated several thousand years ago in ancient China. Chinese Gongfu Cha is the ancestor of all tea traditions that have spread throughout the world, representing a separate ritual of admiration for the taste of a tea drink, originating from the Chinese provinces of Fujian and Guangdong.

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National cuisine of China

Due to the fact that China is a multinational state with a long history, it has a rich and varied cuisine. Different provinces had their own dishes, which was determined by the geographical location and specialization of the region. Contrary to the popular belief that Chinese cuisine is represented only by rice and fish dishes, I would like to note that the national traditions of China also include the consumption of meat - pork, lamb, beef. In ancient times, meat was indeed consumed in small quantities, and rice, of course, dominated the table. Now the Chinese diet has diversified and is represented by all kinds of soups, fish and meat dishes, noodles and vegetables.

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Holidays in China

The traditional cultural festivals of the Chinese are related to their agricultural activities and nature. The Chinese celebrate the winter solstice, All Souls' Day, and Mid-Autumn Day, which marks the end of the harvest. Along with traditional holidays that have been celebrated for many centuries, relatively new dates have appeared related to the communist history of China. The People's Republic of China also celebrates International Women's Day, which also falls on March 8th.

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Chinese New Year

The Chinese New Year, which after 1911 is literally called the Spring Festival, has been the main and longest holiday in China since ancient times. It is often informally called the “lunar new year”, since it is a derivative of the lunisolar Chinese calendar, and its exact date is determined based on the lunar phases. According to the Chinese, on this first day of spring, nature awakens, the earth and its treasures come to life. sprouts of life. Each year is designated by one of the 12 zodiac animals and a color according to the “Five Elements” (“U-sin”) system.

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Mythology of Chinese New Year

According to ancient myth, at the beginning of each new year, the Chinese hide from a monster called Nian (年 (nián) means "year" in Chinese). Nian comes on New Year's Day to devour livestock, grain and food supplies, and sometimes villagers, especially children. To protect themselves, residents placed food at the entrance to the room, opposite the door, with the arrival of each new year. According to legend, the more food there is, the kinder and more compliant the beast will be, and after Nian is satisfied with the food prepared for him, he will no longer attack people and leave them alone. One day people saw that Nian was afraid of a small child dressed in red clothes and decided that he was afraid of the color red. Since then, every time New Year comes, people hang red lanterns and red scrolls on the windows and doors of their homes and light fireworks. According to legends, these traditions scare Nyan away and force him to go around the settlements.

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Chinese medicine

The achievements of the Chinese in medicine are truly enormous. Since ancient times, health problems have worried these people. And although many of their recipes and discoveries are lost or forgotten, even those remaining known to contemporaries are in many ways ahead of European medicine. Medicine in China is one of the oldest sciences, which dates back 4 thousand years. The classic work "Huang Ding Jing", written 2400 years ago, outlines some of the concepts of anatomy, physiology, pathology and diagnosis, and also describes methods of treating various diseases. This book laid the foundations of Traditional Chinese Medicine.

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Chinese opera

Chinese opera is a popular form of drama and musical theater in China with roots going back to the early periods in China. It is a complex performing art that is an amalgamation of various art forms that existed in ancient China and gradually developed over more than a thousand years, reaching its mature form in the 13th century during the Song Dynasty. The early forms of Chinese drama are simple, but over time they included various art forms such as music, song and dance, martial arts, acrobatics, as well as literary art forms to become Chinese opera.

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What attracts tourists to China?

National songs and dances, opera and drama, customs and morals, which have centuries-old traditions, are a treasure trove of China's tourism resources. Tourists in China can enjoy Peking Opera, the humorous dialogue "Xiangsheng" and other national arts that have original charm, and also get acquainted with national customs and mores by participating in such festivals as the "Water Festival" of the Dai people, the "Torch Festival" of Yiyang, "March Bazaar" of bai people, Zhuang song competitions, "Nadom", etc. Getting to know Chinese cuisine is another exotic thing when traveling around China. Tourism in China is a highly developed sector of the economy and has been growing rapidly in recent decades. In terms of the number of tourists visiting the country, China ranks 3rd in the world, and this is due to the beautiful, unusual and fascinating traditions of this country.

Chinese culture

Features of Chinese culture.

Chinese culture is one of the oldest cultures on the planet. It was she who laid the foundation for such religions as Confucianism and Buddhism. The culture of China is a special, original and amazing feature of this mysterious people.

The culture of this country developed gradually and measuredly. It changed along with the history and political system of China. Since the mid-20th century, culture has been greatly influenced by the construction of socialism and communism.

Painting

Guohua is the name of national painting. Its heyday occurred in the Tang Dynasty. In ancient times, painting was a hobby of aristocrats and artists. With the communists coming to power, painting changed its style. Today, traditional Chinese painting coexists with Western style.

Architecture

In the country you can find both ancient Chinese and modern architecture. Traditional architecture is distinctive and modest. All buildings are symmetrical and do not exceed three floors; they are made of wood. Basically, ancient architecture is preserved in villages and suburbs. In large cities and the capital, for the most part, architecture is subject to Western influence.

Martial arts

The main martial art of China is Wu-shu. This includes both hand-to-hand combat and combat with traditional weapons.

Traditionally, China divides musical instruments according to material. They are:

Bamboo,

Wooden,

Clay,

Leather,

Stone, etc.

Chinese folk dances originated before literature. Every Chinese can reproduce the national dance. Dance reflects the inner world of a person, his emotional stress and love. The heyday of the oldest national dance occurred during the Tang Dynasty.

Cinema

In China, the first movie was made in 1905 under the influence of America. There was a huge leap in the development of cinema in the mid-20th century. Today, China ranks third in terms of film production.

Literature

Chinese literature dates back more than 4,000 years. The main literary books were and are religious works. Fiction received less attention. Also important works are dynastic chronicles. In the 20th century, prose and poetry became popular. Modern literature is associated with the activities of Lu Xun.

The traditional culture of China is present in all spheres of life of the Chinese people. The interior, customs and cuisine are also unique. Almost every village has its own traditional cuisine and customs.

National Costume

The Chinese have the richest national costumes. People of different classes are required to wear different clothes. The main color in clothes is red. However, white, blue and other colors are also found. Dresses are decorated with embroidery depicting dragons, flowers, etc.

Holidays

There are a huge number of holidays in China. They are mixed. The most important holiday is New Year. The Chinese celebrate it not on January 1, like the rest of the planet, but on January 21. Moreover, the celebration takes place not one or two nights, but a whole month.

China is an amazing and beautiful country, where millions of tourists from all over the world come every year to get acquainted not only with its sights, but also to look at the life of the local people and their culture.

Of course, every country in the world has its own special customs, traditions, and a certain way of life. And China is no exception here - one of the oldest states in the world with its rich traditions and customs, rooted deep in history. Chinese traditions are an important component and an integral part of Chinese culture as a whole.

China is a huge multinational country, and at the same time, each individual nationality has its own traditions and distinctive characteristics, manifested in the manner of eating and dressing, in the way of life, in rituals and ceremonies, and much more.

Thus, the main food product in the south of the country is rice, while residents of the northern regions prefer flour products. Uzbeks, Kazakhs and Uyghurs love to eat lamb shish kebab. Mongols hold fried fat tails in high esteem, and Koreans eat cold noodles. As for the manner of dressing, there are also differences: Manchu women wear “qipao” (a woman’s dress with typical Chinese embroidery and designs); Tibetans - “chubu” (long-skirted caftan); Uighurs - embroidered skull caps; women of the Miao nationality wear skirts with numerous ruffles.

Most Chinese traditions are primarily concerned with etiquette, ceremony, and gift-giving. Etiquette is reflected in world-famous proverbs and sayings, such as “Courtesy does not require reciprocity”, “Courtesy is very highly valued and costs nothing” and others. It should be noted that the Chinese are distinguished by such qualities as perseverance, hard work, politeness, cordiality, hospitality, frugality, patriotism, respect and patience. Therefore, when going on a trip to this fabulous and mysterious country, you can not only discover a lot of new and interesting things, but also confidently count on a good-natured and warm welcome from the local residents!

However, in order not to offend local residents and not to feel like a stranger in a given country, you should remember certain rules of behavior in society:

The main form of greeting with foreign citizens is a handshake;

Scissors, knives and other cutting objects should not be given as gifts, as for the Chinese they signify a break in relations; also, you should not give straw sandals, flowers, watches and a handkerchief, because these things symbolize death;

If you are presented with a gift, then it would be more correct to open it at home, and not at the time of receipt;

When coming to China, you need to learn how to use their traditional utensils, since it is not customary there to eat with forks;

Tourists should not wear bright clothes to attract attention because they are not welcomed by locals. It is better to wear clothes in calmer bed colors.

Tea ceremony

The tea ceremony occupies a special place in the life of the Chinese people. For them, drinking tea means not just drinking this drink, but much more - it is a way to achieve inner harmony and bliss. In the Chinese language, the word “tea” means “the wisest of all plants,” and the action itself sounds like “Gong Fu Cha” (the highest skill of tea drinking). In order to fully reveal the taste and aroma of tea, certain methods of brewing it are used, as well as the mood and special atmosphere: gentle melodic music, cozy atmosphere, elegant small dishes.

Depending on the time of year, the Chinese tend to drink different types of tea: green tea in summer, floral tea in spring, young green tea in autumn, and tart black tea in winter. In addition, the Chinese distinguish several types of tea drinking for special circumstances.

1. Drinking tea as a sign of respect means a way of expressing respect to elders, i.e. on weekends, a family invites its older relatives to a restaurant to taste a cup of tea, thereby showing respect to them.
2. Tea drinking as an occasion for a family meeting emphasizes the importance of family values.
3. Drinking tea as a way to ask for forgiveness. Usually in such situations, the apologetic person, as a sign of sincere repentance, must pour tea himself to the person from whom he wants to ask forgiveness.
4. Wedding tea party - the bride and groom, as a sign of gratitude to their parents, serve them tea, while kneeling.

Since ancient times, a traditional Chinese wedding has been considered a very beautiful and vibrant ritual. And today some elements of this wedding procession have been preserved.

Before choosing a wedding date, couples are guided by a horoscope specially compiled for this event. It should be noted here that odd numbered days are not suitable for holding a wedding.

On the evening before the wedding, the bride should not see her groom.

Despite the fact that today many brides have begun to prefer not a traditional red dress, but a white European one, their wedding attire should contain at least one element of red. Mostly brides choose red shoes or gloves, and this color is also present in invitation cards and in gift decoration. After all, since ancient times, the Chinese have symbolized love, prosperity, joy and happiness.

A special place is given to the tea ceremony, which the newlyweds arrange for their parents. During the ceremony, the bride and groom must show respect to their parents by kneeling before them.

As for the kitchen, the number of dishes on each wedding table should not be less than 12, and each dish should have a beautiful name.

Family values

China belongs to those types of countries where family life and family values ​​are the basis of individual and social life. An important principle of morality in Chinese society is respect and honor for elders: children should honor their parents; the wife must listen to her husband, and he, in turn, is obliged to provide her with comfortable living and monitor the continuation of the family. However, recently, due to the current demographic situation in China, a family is allowed to have one child.