Option #1
The establishment of the Academy of Sciences dates back to: A) 1700; B) by 1709; B) by 1721; D) by 1725
2. Place in chronological sequence: A) Opening of Moscow University;
B) opening of the Russian Academy; C) opening of the Academy of Sciences; D) Bering expedition
3. The style in which the architect V. Rastrelli built the Winter Palace, distinguished by its decorative pomp and splendor, was called: A) modern; B) classicism; B) baroque; D) empire style
4. Who is called the “father of Russian theater”: A) A.P. Sumarokova; B) G. Gregory; B) F.G. Volkova; D) A.P. Chekhov
5. Author of the comedy “The Minor,” where the author denounced the ignorance and arbitrariness of officials: A) D.I. Fonvizin; B) G.R. Derzhavin; B) A.N. Radishchev; D) N.M. Karamzin
6. Writer, journalist, published the magazines “Truten”, “Wallet”, “Painter”, was imprisoned in the Shlisselburg fortress: A) D.I. Fonvizin; B) G.R. Derzhavin; B) A.N. Radishchev; D) N.I. Novikov
7. First President Russian Academy: A) I.I. Shuvalov; B) M.V. Lomonosov; B) Catherine II; D) E.R. Dashkova
8. The author of the world's largest Tsar Bell, cast in 1735: A) father and son of Matorina;
B) I.P. Kulibin; B) A. Chokhov; D) father and son Cherepanovs
9. Russian inventor of lathes and screw-cutting machines: A) I.P. Kulibin; B) I.I. Polzunov; B) A. Nartov; D) K. Frolov
10. Inventor, mechanic of the 18th century, author of a model of a single-arch bridge across the Neva, an elevator, the first ships that sailed along rivers against the current: A) I.P. Kulibin; B) I.I. Polzunov; B) A. Nartov; D) K. Frolov
11 Year of opening of the Smolny Institute of Noble Maidens - the first higher educational institution for noble girls:
A) 1725; B) 1755; B) 1757; D) 1764
12. Style and direction in literature and art, translated from Italian as “quaint, ancient”: A) baroque;
B) classicism; B) gothic; D) Romanesque style.
13. Famous portrait artists of the 18th century were: A) A.P. Antropov, I.P. Argunov, F.S. Rokotov;
B) D.G. Levitsky, V.L. Borovikovsky; B) Full name Shubin, I.E. Repin; D) G.I. Ugryumov; A.P. Losenko
14. Among the serf theaters of the 18th century, the theater stood out: A) on the estate of A.V. Suvorov; B) Counts Sheremetevs;
B) merchants Strogonov; D) factory owners Demidovs
15. Sculptor, his most famous work " Bronze Horseman", installed in the center of St. Petersburg in honor of Peter I:
A) Full name Shubin; B) K. Rastrelli; B) E. Falcone; D) I.P. Martos
16. Architect, author Peter and Paul Fortress: A) D. Trezzini; B) V.V. Rastrelli; B) M.F. Kazakov; D) I.E. Starov
17. The founder of Russian classicism in architecture, the author of the Pashkov House in Moscow, created the Tsaritsyn palace ensemble near Moscow, the Mikhailovsky Castle in St. Petersburg: A) D. Trezzini; B) V.V. Rastrelli; B) M.F. Kazakov;
D) V.I. Bazhenov

Control section on the topic: “Culture of Russia in the 18th century”
2

1. The name is associated with the culture of the 18th century:
A) Simona Ushakova; B) Simeon of Polotsk; B) Vasily Bazhenov; D) Ivan the Red
2. D.I. Fonvizin, A.N. Radishchev, G.R. Derzhavin, N.I. Novikov were contemporaries:
A) Catherine II; B) Peter I; B) princess Sophia; D) Catherine I
3. Who did A.S. say about? Pushkin: “Historian, rhetorician, mechanic, chemist, mineralogist, artist and poet, he experienced everything and penetrated everything”: A) about I.I. Polzunov; B) about M.V. Lomonosov; B) about I.P. Kulibino; D) about N.M. Karamzin
4. The founder of sentimentalism in Russian literature:
A) D.I. Fonvizin; B) G.R. Derzhavin; B) A.N. Radishchev; D) N.M. Karamzin
5. Author of the book “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow,” about which Catherine II said: “A rebel worse than Pugachev”:
A) D.I. Fonvizin; B) G.R. Derzhavin; B) A.N. Radishchev; D) N.I. Novikov
6. Author of “Russian History”, “father of Russian history”:
A) N.M. Karamzin; B) M.V. Lomonosov; B) V.N. Tatishchev; D) V.O. Klyuchevsky
7. Famous navigator, led the First Kamchatka Expedition, proved the existence of a strait between Asia and America: A) V. Bering; B) S. Dezhnev; B) V. Poyarkov; D) E. Khabarov
8. First inventor steam engine: A) I.P. Kulibin; B) I.I. Polzunov; B) A. Nartov; D) K. Frolov
9. Kogo G.R. Derzhavin called “Archimedes of our days”: A) I.P. Kulibin; B) I.I. Polzunov; B) A. Nartov; D) K. Frolov
10. Year of opening of the Academy of Arts at Moscow State University: A) 1725; B) 1755; B) 1757; D) 1764
11. Style and direction in literature and art dominated in Russia in the middle - second half of the 18th century, the signs of which are symmetry, strict forms, yellow and White color, nobility, majestic simplicity:
A) baroque; B) classicism; B) gothic; D) Romanesque style.
12. From the serf peasants of the Sheremetev counts came a whole family of painters and architects:
A) Kovalevs; B) Zhemchugovs; B) Argunovs; D) Rokotovs
13. Among the outstanding creations of the sculptor F.I. Shubin there is a sculptural bust of: A) M.V. Lomonosov; B) Emperor Paul I; B) Empress Catherine I; D) Empress Catherine II
14. An Italian sculptor who worked in Rome and Paris moved to Russia with his son in 1716; most famous sculptures"Anna Ioannovna with a Little Arab"; equestrian monument of Peter I: A) F.I. Shubin; B) K. Rastrelli; B) E. Falcone; D) I.P. Martos
15. The first architect of St. Petersburg: A) D. Trezzini; B) V.V. Rastrelli; B) M.F. Kazakov; D) I.E. Starov
16. Architect, author of the Winter Palace - Hermitage: A) D. Trezzini; B) V.V. Rastrelli; B) M.F. Kazakov; D) I.E. Starov,
17. Architect, supervised the drafting master plan Moscow, according to his designs the Senate buildings were erected in the Moscow Kremlin, Moscow State University, Golitsyn Hospital: A) D. Trezzini; B) V.V. Rastrelli; B) M.F. Kazakov; D) V.I. Bazhenov

Attached files

Russian culture of the 18th century.

1. The legislative act of Peter I on the reform of church governance and the subordination of the church to the state was called:

a) “Table of Ranks”,

b) “Decree on unified inheritance”,

c) “Spiritual regulations”,

d) "Order".

2. Match the names of the sculptors with their works:
1 F. I. Shubin a) “The Bronze Horseman”

2 M.I. Kozlovsky b) “Minin and Pozharsky”

3 I. P. Martos c) “Samson...”

4 E.M. Falcone d) “A. V. Suvorov"

e) “Bust of M.V. Lomonosov”

3. What was the name of the first Russian printed newspaper:

a) “Izvestia”,

b) “Chimes”,

c) “Vedomosti”?

4. Name state document, which determined the order of civil, military and court service for nobles.

5. Name the first Russian book that taught the rules of good manners:

A) “Butts, how to write compliments”,

b) “Symbols and emblems”,

c) “An honest mirror of youth.”

6. Buildings of St. Petersburg from the time of Peter the Great, preserved to this day (find the odd one out and underline):

Building of 12 Collegiums, Shlisselburg Fortress, Menshikov Summer Palace, Hermitage Palace, Peter and Paul Cathedral, Kunstkamera, Peter and Paul Fortress.

7. Name the scientist who revived the forgotten art of mosaic in Rus':

a) Kulibin

b) Lomonosov

c) Tatishchev

8. Under Elizabeth Petrovna, three decrees were issued that had great importance for Russian culture, remember their names:

a)1755,

b) 1756,

c) 1757

9. The main features of classicism (find the odd one):

a) Liberation from religious and church morality,

b) Rationalism,

c) Appeal to antiquity,

d) Dynamism,

e) Strict regulation of the creative process.

10. The main goals of the “Enlightenment” (to find the superfluous):
a) Introduction of fair laws,

b) Education of the nation,

c) Propaganda of the national idea,

Propaganda of the great truths of freedom.

11.In the 18th century, historical knowledge developed. Famous historians were (find the odd one):

F. Polikarpov, G. Miller, N. Novikov, A. Mankiev, L. Schlötzer, K. Kavelin, M. Lomonosov.

12. Match the names of scientists with their achievements:
1 Shelikhov G.I. a) founder of epidemiology;
2 Samoilovich D.S. b) description of the Aleutian Islands;
3 Kulibin I.P. c) universal steam engine;
4 Polzunov I.I. d) father of domestic astronomy;
5 Razumovsky S. Ya. d) single-arch wooden bridge across the Neva,

prosthetics for the disabled

13. About whom we're talking about?

He was a poet, playwright and classicist theorist. He wrote 9 tragedies and 12 comedies; he is rightfully considered the creator of Russian theater. His most famous tragedies: “Dmitry the Pretender”, “Khorev”. This man published the first Russian literary magazine"Hardworking Bee"

14. In the last quarter of the 18th century, the formation of a national composer school in Russia. Match the composers and musical genres:

1 Kozlovsky O. A. a) spiritual choral singing

2 Bortnyansky D. S. b) lyrical song

3 Fomin E.I. c) opera

4 Sokolovsky M. M.

5 Berezovsky M. S.

15. Name the term:

The style and direction in literature and art, which turned to the ancient heritage as a norm and ideal, was based on the ideas of rationalism, on ideas about the rational laws of the world, proclaimed sublime heroic and moral ideals, strove for a strict organization of images, pursued an educational program for art.

16. Match the names of famous travelers and their discoveries:

1 Krasheninnikov S.P. a) Northern Sea Route

2 Laptev brothers b) description of Kamchatka

3 Atlasov V. c) expedition to Siberia and Far East

4 Krylov I. A. d) “Felitsa”

5 Derzhavin G. R. d) “Philomena”

Thanks for the work!

Key

1 – in

2 1 –d; 2 – c, d; 3 – b; 4 – a.

3 – in

4 “Table of ranks”

5 – in

6 - Summer Palace of Menshikov

7 – b

8 a) – opening of Moscow University

b) - opening of the theater

c) – opening of the Academy of Arts

9 – g

10 – a

11 – N. Novikov

12 1- b; 2 – a; 3 – d; 4 – in; 5 – g

13 Sumarokov

14 1- b; 2 – a; 3 – d; 4 – in; 5 – a

15 classicism

16 1- in; 2 – a; 3 – b; 4 – d; 5 – g

36 – 32 points = “5”

31 – 27 points = “4”

26 – 22 points = “3”

21 points or less = “2”

Culture of Russia in the 18th century. Option 1.

1. Moscow University was founded in:

1) 1755 2) 1687 3) 1725 4) 1762

3. Which of the following individuals were outstanding portrait artists of the 18th century?

1) F. Rokotov, R. Levitsky

2) V. Bazhenov, M. Kazakov

3) V. Rastrelli, I. Starov

4) V. Trediakovsky, A. Sumarokov

4. Kamchatka expeditions in the first half of the 18th century, which paved the eastern sea route from Russia to North America, headed by:

1) V. Bering: 2) S. Khabarov; 3) S. Dezhnev; 4) V. Atlasov.

5. The creator of the first Russian professional theater was

1) D.I. Fonvizin 2) F.P. Shubin 3) F.G. Volkov 4) V.I Bazhenov

6. The publisher of the satirical magazines “Truten” and “Zhivopiets” was:

1. Catherine II
2. E. R. Dashkova
3. A.N. Radishchev
4. N.I. Novikov

7. Match:

1. Lomonosov A) theater
2. Kulibin B) science
3. Borovikovsky V) architecture
4. Rastrelli D) technique

D) painting

8. Which building does not belong to classicism:

1. Moscow University building
2. Pashkov's house
3. Tauride Palace
4. Smolny Monastery

9. The initiator of the creation of Moscow University was (a)...

1) Empress Catherine II

2) E.R. Vorontsova-Dashkova

3) M.V. Lomonosov

4) G.A. Potemkin

10. Please select the correct match

Architectural monument

1) Winter Palace a) V. Bazhenov

2) Tauride Palace b) V. Rastrelli

3) Ladies of the Noble Assembly in Moscow c) D. Ukhtomsky

4) Pashkov House d) M. Kazakov

11. Who are we talking about?

A self-taught mechanic, whom G. R. Derzhavin called the “Archimedes of our days.” Catherine P appointed him a mechanic at the Academy of Sciences. Under his leadership, various machines, instruments, and tools were manufactured in the mechanical workshop. He did especially a lot for the royal court. Thus, his “egg figure” clock, which is kept in the St. Petersburg Hermitage, presents a striking sight. The clock mechanism is still fixed

D. S. Bortnyansky, V. A. Pashkevich, E. I. Fomin

13. What is extra in the row?

Buildings erected according to the designs of M. V. Kazakov: Senate in the Moscow Kremlin, Moscow University, Golitsyn and Pavlovsk hospitals, Tauride Palace, house of princes Dolgoruky

Culture of Russia in the 18th century. Option 2.

1. The Academy of Sciences in Russia was founded in:

1. 1755 2)1725 3) 1757 4) 1762

1) V. I. Bazhenov; 2) V.V. Rastrelli; 3) M. F. Kazakov; 4) I E. Starov.

3. Russian architects of the 18th century:

1. Tatishchev, Shcherbatov
2. Kazakov, Bazhenov
3. Shubin, Argunov
4. Kulibin, Polzunov

1. Bering
2. Chirikov
3. Krasheninnikov
4. Atlasov

5. Which of the representatives of the Russian nobility had the famous serf theater:

1. Menshikovs
2. Sheremetyevs
3. Dolgoruky
4. Osterman

6. “A rebel worse than Pugachev” Catherine II called

1. Biron 2) Radishchev 3) Novikov 4) Bazhenova

7. Match:

1. Derzhavin A) theater
2. Rokotov B) painting
3. Bazhenov V) technology
4. Polzunov G) literature

D) architecture

8. Whose literary creativity belongs to the direction of sentimentalism:

1. Trediakovsky
2. Derzhavina
3. Karamzin
4. Fonvizina

9. The creation of Moscow University is connected with the activities:

1. N.I. Novikov and Catherine II
2. F. Prokopovich Peter I
3. M.V. Lomonosov and I.I. Shuvalova
4. A. T. Bolotova and E. R. Dashkova

10. Match:

1. Tatishchev A) “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow”
2. Radishchev B) “Russian History”
3. Levitsky V) Painting “Catherine the Lawgiver”
4. Bazhenov G) comedy “Minor”

D) Pashkov’s house

11. Who are we talking about?

To whom A.S. Pushkin dedicated these lines: “Combining extraordinary willpower with the extraordinary power of concepts, he embraced all branches of education. The thirst for science was the strongest passion of this soul, filled with passions. Historian, rhetorician, mechanic, chemist, mineralogist, artist and poet, he experienced everything and penetrated everything...”

12. By what principle is the series formed?

Literacy schools, gymnasiums, closed educational establishments, vocational schools.

13. What (who) is extra in the series?

Portrait artists A. P. Antropov, N. I. Argunov, F. I. Shubin, F. S. Rokotov, D. G. Levitsky, V. L. Borovikovsky

In Russian culture XVIII V. Significant changes are taking place, which are determined by fundamental changes in the socio-economic sphere, in the life and way of life of the people. The main influence is the fact that a capitalist structure is being formed in the country’s economy.

The 18th century prepared a powerful rise of Russian culture in XIX century, which is called the “golden age” of Russian culture.

In the second half of the 18th century. V field of education in Russia, two trends that had emerged under Peter I continued to develop: expansion of the network of educational institutions, increase in the number public schools and consolidation of the principle of class education, expansion of the network of educational institutions for nobles.

The center of Russian education became University of Moscow, created on the initiative of M. V. Lomonosov. The decree on the establishment of Moscow University with two gymnasiums (noble and common) was signed in 1755. Elizaveta Petrovna. In fact, this meant the creation of the first Russian university. All documents were prepared by Lomonosov, who ensured that teaching was conducted in Russian. The university had 3 faculties: philosophy, law, and medicine. Serfs were not allowed to be students. In 1757 was opened in St. Petersburg Academy of Arts- a higher educational institution in the field of plastic arts, which has done a lot for the development of Russian painting and sculpture. In 1783 open Russian Academy - science Center for the study of Russian language and literature.

IN mid-18th century V. a system began to take shape in the country secondary school. It was planned to introduce three types of educational institutions - small, medium and main public schools. IN provincial cities Main four-year schools were created, and small two-year schools were created in district towns. The children of peasants, artisans, soldiers, and sailors were taught here. The main textbooks were “Grammar” by M. Smotritsky, “The First Teaching of the Line” by F. Prokopovich, “Arithmetic” by L. Magnitsky, ABC, Book of Hours, Psalter. Children of the Orthodox clergy studied in 66 theological seminaries. Noble children received education in closed noble educational institutions: private boarding schools, gentry corps - or were taught at home. More than 20 schools - mining, medical, navigation, commercial - provided special education.

In 1764 The first women's educational institution is created"Educational Society of Noble Maidens" at the Smolny Monastery in St. Petersburg. For 12 years, girls from noble families were taught foreign languages

, arithmetic, history, music, dancing, home economics, etc. The Catherine Institute was opened in Moscow for bourgeois women. All activities in the field of education were associated with the name of I. I. Betsky, who headed the Academy of Arts, the Cadet Corps, and the Smolny Institute. He believed that through education it was possible to create a new breed of people. To give to children a good education , it is necessary to isolate them from their parents, home environment (to avoid bad influence

) and placed in closed schools (boarding schools). The center of scientific thought in Russia since 1725. becomes the Academy of Sciences. Its first members were foreign scientists: the great mathematicians L. Euler, I. Bernoulli. But there were also many rogues among the foreigners: the librarian Schumacher or the historian Bayer, the creator of the Norman theory about the origin of the Russian state. Since the mid-60s, the expeditionary activities of the Academy of Sciences have gained wide scope. Geographers, ethnographers, and naturalists traveled across the vast expanses of European Russia and Siberia. Ethnographer S.P. Krasheninnikov in 1757 made up

"Description of the land of Kamchatka" , where he collected information about nature, the population, their way of life and rituals. In the 18th century the first works on history are created Russian state documents, collated many chronicle materials, provided them with geographical, ethnographic, and chronological notes. The entire “Russian History...” was published in the second half of the 1760s, when its author was no longer alive. Historians M. M. Shcherbatov and I. N. Boltin made a great contribution to the development of social sciences and the development of Russian history, historiography, etc.

An outstanding encyclopedist and educator was Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov (1711-1765). Lomonosov showed the universality of his scientific interests. The scientist was engaged in research in mathematics, physics, chemistry, astronomy, geology, biology, and linguistics. Through his efforts, the first chemical laboratory in Russia was created, where the technology for producing colored glasses and tar for mosaics was developed, and research in physical chemistry was conducted. Lomonosov was the first in our country to create atomic doctrine, on the basis of which he was able to develop the so-called physical picture of the world. With his works he laid the foundation for natural sciences in Russia. In "Ancient Russian history» Lomonosov outlined ideas about the origin of the name and people of Russia. Greatest Merit Lomonosov is that he was, is and will remain the first Russian poet.

In the second half of the 18th century. In Russian literature, as well as in culture as a whole, classicism was established, the ideological basis of which was the struggle for a powerful statehood under the auspices of autocratic power. Classicism was formed in all countries as literary direction absolutism. Russian classicism was characterized by strong educational tendencies, the pathos of citizenship, and accusatory motives. The aesthetics of classicism established a hierarchy of genres - “high” (tragedy, epic, ode) and “low” (comedy, satire, fable, etc.). M. V. Lomonosov, A. P. Sumarokov, A. D. Kantemir, Ya. B. Knyazhnin, V. K. Trediakovsky, M. M. worked in the style of classicism in literature. Kheraskov.

One of the largest and most prominent representatives of Russian classicism was the poet G. R. Derzhavin. His odes “Themis”, “Nobleman” and others are imbued with the idea of ​​strong statehood and at the same time include satire on nobles, civil lyrics, philosophical reflections, everyday sketches, landscapes. Derzhavin played an exceptional role in the formation of Russian literature and the development of the language.

D. I. Fonvizin’s comedies “The Brigadier” and “The Minor” were extremely popular. In the comedy “The Brigadier,” the writer satirically depicts the morals of the Russian nobility and their passion for everything French. In “The Minor” the author directly names the cause of all evil Russian life - serfdom, denounces the system of noble upbringing and education, creates typical images of the landowners-serfs Prostakovs, Skotinins and the ignorant ignoramus Mitrofanushka, which later became household names.

In the middle of the 18th century. Russian architecture is still dominated by the Baroque style. St. Petersburg becomes a city of palaces. V. Rastrelli erects his masterpieces in the Baroque style:

The Great Palace in Tsarskoe Selo, the Winter Palace, the Smolny Monastery, the Stroganov Palace. Monumentality, splendor, fancy lines of facades, stucco decorations of walls, abundance of columns, round, oval windows - character traits Russian Baroque.

In the second half of the 18th century. Baroque is being replaced by classicism, for which ancient art was a model of artistic perfection. The architectural creations of classicism are characterized by simplicity and grandeur, reasonable design of buildings, symmetry of compositions and harmony of proportions. The founders of Russian classicism in architecture were V. I. Bazhenov (Pashkov House in Moscow, design of the Grand Kremlin Palace, palace ensemble in Tsaritsyn), M. F. Kazakov (Moscow University, Senate building in the Moscow Kremlin, Hall of Columns Noble Assembly, 1st City Hospital), I. E. Starov (Tavrichesky Palace. Trinity Cathedral of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra).

A new phenomenon in Russian fine arts this period- sculptural portrait. A bright representative in this area there was a talented Russian sculptor F. I. Shubin, who created a gallery of psychologically expressive sculptural portraits of A. M. Golitsyn, M. R. Panina, I. G. Orlov, M. V. Lomonosov. Representatives of classicism were sculptors - F. F. Shchedrin, M. I. Kozlovsky. In 1782, a monument to Peter I was solemnly opened in St. Petersburg - the famous “Bronze Horseman” by the sculptor E. Falcone.

Second half of the 18th century. - the heyday of the Russian portrait, which put forward whole line outstanding portrait artists - A. P. Antropov, I. P. Argunov, F. S. Rokotov, D. G. Levitsky, V. L. Borovikovsky. The development of Russian painting and sculpture was greatly facilitated by the Academy of Arts, opened in 1757.

In 1756

The first professional theater in Russia was established in St. Petersburg, the basis of which was a troupe of Yaroslavl actors led by F.G. Volkov. Volkov’s successor and his friend I. A. Dmitrievsky did a lot for the development of Russian theater. Thus, culture and public life Russia second half of the XVIII V. reflect the fundamental transformations taking place in the socio-economic sphere. The ideas of the Enlightenment had a noticeable impact on public life in general. This is the period when Russia begins to develop natural Sciences , the formation of the Russian literary language

. The richness and diversity of the cultural process in the second half of the 18th century. paved the way for the “golden age” of Russian culture in the 19th century. The 18th century is called the era of European Enlightenment. The great philosophers Voltaire, Montesquieu, Kant believed that social life is not subject to God, but to natural laws. Historical progress - main idea

Enlightenment. In Russia, the ideas of the Enlightenment became widespread; Catherine II herself was keen on them (until about the 70s, before Pugachev’s uprising). Enlightenment is an anti-feudal ideology of the era of transition from feudalism to capitalism, which arose in Russia in the 60s years XVIII c., when social contradictions in the country have reached a certain urgency, and issues of relations between landowners and peasants have come to the fore foreground . At the first stage, Russian educators, sharply criticizing serfdom, advocated only mitigating and limiting the most blatant manifestations of serfdom. At the same time, they pinned all their hopes on the omnipotence of enlightenment and an enlightened monarch. At the second stage, in the 80-90s, educators advocated the abolition of serfdom as state system . True, in late XVIII

c., frightened by the uprising of E. I. Pugachev and the revolution in France, the enlighteners abandoned the revolutionary struggle against absolutism. A major educator of the second half of the 18th century. was N.I. Novikov, comes from a wealthy landowner family. In 1767, he became a “scribe” in one of the departments of the Commission of Deputies convened by Catherine II to draw up a new Code. While keeping the minutes of the Commission, he received rich material about the state of affairs in landowner Russia and later used it in his publishing activities. In the 70s, Novikov published the satirical magazines Truten, Pustomelya, Wallet, and Zhivopiets in St. Petersburg. He made fun of and vices, it is no coincidence that the landowners in his works have such expressive surnames - Nedoumov, Zmeyanov, Zloradov; denounced their ignorance, greed, and hypocrisy. But Novikov did not rise to the idea of ​​abolishing serfdom, realized by the brightest minds of his time. After moving to Moscow, Novikov organized a printing company, published the newspaper “Moskovskie Vedomosti”, the magazine “Moscow Monthly Edition” and hundreds of books in all fields of knowledge. At one time, up to a third of all books printed in Russia came out of his printing houses. They dispersed throughout the country, forming new tastes, views, and ideas for Russian society.

But in 1792 Novikov was arrested, tried and sentenced first to death, and then to 15 years in prison. The reason was that Novikov belonged to Masonic movement in Russia. The investigation tried to identify harmful political intentions among Russian Freemasons in general, and among Novikov in particular. They were accused of having connections with foreign countries and attempting to involve the heir to the throne in the Freemasons. But in fact, Novikov was convicted for religious beliefs that differ from generally accepted ones. Paul I, who ascended the throne, freed him, and Novikov lived for more than 20 years on his family estate, where he died.

The second stage in the development of enlightenment in Russia is closely connected with the name of the Russian revolutionary thinker and writer A. N. Radishchev. Radishchev was well acquainted with the works of great figures of French educational philosophy. His worldview was strongly influenced by the peasant war led by Pugachev. In 1781-1783 he creates the ode “Liberty”, where his revolutionary convictions directed against the government and tsarism are fully manifested. Radishchev glorifies the people's revolution, believes that the “longed-for time” will come when the people, who have received their sight, will rise up and “crush” the predatory wolf - the Russian autocrat. In the 1780s, Radishchev worked on his main work, “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow,” which he printed in a home printing house in a circulation of 650 copies, without indicating the author’s name; only 25 copies of this number were sold. But Radishchev’s book immediately attracted attention and aroused, according to informed contemporaries, “great curiosity.”

Reflected in “The Journey...” wide circle ideas of the Russian Enlightenment. Radishchev not only clearly showed all the evils of autocracy and serfdom, but also for the first time in literature openly called for a merciless fight against this evil, considering the most the right way to freedom the revolutionary uprising of the people against the oppressors. In the margins of the book, Catherine II wrote that the author was “a rebel worse than Pugachev.” Radishchev was arrested and sentenced to death, which was commuted to exile to 10 years in Siberia. After the death of Catherine II, he was allowed to return to European Russia, but to live in a village without the right to leave under police supervision. In 1801, when Paul I was killed by conspirators and his son Alexander I ascended the throne, Radishchev was finally amnestied. He joined the Law Drafting Commission, but soon felt that all his projects and proposals, even the most moderate ones, were met with misunderstanding and rejection. There was a threat of a new exile. Deep disappointment in the possibility of implementing at least a minimal program of reforms and disbelief in enlightenment in Russia caused a fatal outcome. On September 11, 1802, A. N. Radishchev committed suicide. His words have been preserved: “Autocracy is the state most contrary to human nature.”

Culture of Russia in the 18th century. Option 1.
1. Moscow University was founded in:
1) 1755 2) 1687 3) 1725 4) 1762
2. Name of the architect who designed the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg and the Great Catherine Palace in Tsarskoe Selo:

3. Which of the following individuals were outstanding portrait artists of the 18th century?
1) F. Rokotov, R. Levitsky
2) V. Bazhenov, M. Kazakov
3) V. Rastrelli, I. Starov
4) V. Trediakovsky, A. Sumarokov
4. Kamchatka expeditions in the first half of the 18th century, which paved the eastern sea route from Russia to North America, were led by:
1) V. Bering: 2) S. Khabarov; 3) S. Dezhnev; 4) V. Atlasov.

5. The creator of the first Russian professional theater was
1) D.I. Fonvizin 2) F.P. Shubin 3) F.G. Volkov 4) V.I Bazhenov
6. The publisher of the satirical magazines “Truten” and “Zhivopiets” was:
Catherine II
E. R. Dashkova
A.N. Radishchev
N.I. Novikov
7. Match:
Lomonosov A) theater
Kulibin B) science
Borovikovsky V) architecture
Rastrelli D) technique
D) painting
8. Which building does not belong to classicism:
Moscow University building
Pashkov's house
Tauride Palace
Smolny Monastery
9. The initiator of the creation of Moscow University was (a)...
1) Empress Catherine II
2) E.R. Vorontsova-Dashkova
3) M.V. Lomonosov
4) G.A. Potemkin
10. Specify the correct match
architectural monument architect
1) Winter Palace a) V. Bazhenov
2) Tauride Palace b) V. Rastrelli
3) Ladies of the Noble Assembly in Moscow c) D. Ukhtomsky
4) Pashkov House d) M. Kazakov
11. Who are we talking about?
A self-taught mechanic, whom G. R. Derzhavin called the “Archimedes of our days.” Catherine P appointed him a mechanic at the Academy of Sciences. Under his leadership, various machines, instruments, and tools were manufactured in the mechanical workshop. He did especially a lot for the royal court. Thus, his “egg figure” clock, which is kept in the St. Petersburg Hermitage, presents a striking sight. The clock mechanism is still fixed

D. S. Bortnyansky, V. A. Pashkevich, E. I. Fomin
13. What is extra in the row?
Buildings erected according to the designs of M. V. Kazakov: Senate in the Moscow Kremlin, Moscow University, Golitsyn and Pavlovsk hospitals, Tauride Palace, house of princes Dolgoruky

Culture of Russia in the 18th century. Option 2.
1. The Academy of Sciences in Russia was founded in:
1755 2)1725 3) 1757 4) 1762
2. Name of the architect - author of the projects for the Senate in the Kremlin, Moscow University:
1) V. I. Bazhenov; 2) V.V. Rastrelli; 3M. F. Kazakov; 4) I. E. Starov.
3. Russian architects of the 18th century:
Tatishchev, Shcherbatov
Kazakov, Bazhenov
Shubin, Argunov
Kulibin, Polzunov
4. Author of “Description of the Kamchatka Land”:
Bering
Chirikov
Krasheninnikov
Atlasov
5. Which of the representatives of the Russian nobility had the famous serf theater:
Menshikovs
Sheremetyevs
Dolgoruky
Osterman
6. “A rebel worse than Pugachev” Catherine II called
Biron 2) Radishchev 3) Novikov 4) Bazhenova
7. Match:
Derzhavin A) theater
Rokotov B) painting
Bazhenov V) technology
Polzunov G) literature
D) architecture
8. Whose literary work belongs to the direction of sentimentalism:
Trediakovsky
Derzhavina
Karamzin
Fonvizina
9. The creation of Moscow University is associated with the activities of:
N.I. Novikov and Catherine II
F. Prokopovich Peter I
M.V. Lomonosov and I.I. Shuvalova
A. T. Bolotova and E. R. Dashkova
10. Match:
Tatishchev A) “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow”
Radishchev B) “Russian History”
Levitsky V) Painting “Catherine the Lawgiver”
Bazhenov G) comedy “Minor”
D) Pashkov’s house
11. Who are we talking about?
To whom A.S. Pushkin dedicated these lines: “Combining extraordinary willpower with the extraordinary power of concepts, he embraced all branches of education. The thirst for science was the strongest passion of this soul, filled with passions. Historian, rhetorician, mechanic, chemist, mineralogist, artist and poet, he experienced everything and penetrated everything...”
12. By what principle is the series formed?
Literacy schools, gymnasiums, closed educational institutions, vocational schools.
13. What (who) is extra in the series?
Portrait artists A. P. Antropov, N. I. Argunov, F. I. Shubin, F. S. Rokotov, D. G. Levitsky, V. L. Borovikovsky