Rhythm Rhythmic alternation of color spots, lines, strokes creates the illusion of movement, especially if there is a gradual increase or decrease in rhythm. Rhythmic alternation of color spots, lines, and strokes create the illusion of movement, especially if the rhythm gradually increases or decreases.

Asymmetry, displacement of the compositional center If in the picture the left and right parts are not balanced, asymmetrical, then the impression of movement is also created. If in the picture the left and right parts are not balanced, asymmetrical, then the impression of movement is also created.

Undoubtedly important role The anatomically correct representation of the movement of people and animals, as well as the image of plants bent by the wind, clouds of dust, etc. also play a role. Of course, an anatomically correct representation of the movement of people and animals, as well as the image of plants bent by the wind, clouds of dust, etc. also play an important role.

Statics Statics If an artist depicts objects at rest, then he uses symmetrical, balanced compositions, where the main object is located in the center of the canvas. If the artist depicts objects at rest, then he uses symmetrical, balanced compositions, where the main object is located in the center of the canvas.

This pair of harmonization means is used to express the degree of stability of the compositional form. Such stability is assessed purely emotionally, by the impression that the form makes on the viewer. This impression can come from a static or dynamic object as a whole or its parts.

Static forms according to the impression they make, they are assessed as extremely stable (square, rectangle, cube, pyramid). A composition made up of similar forms has a monumental, static character. The main types of static forms are presented in Figure 13.

1 Symmetrical shape 2 Metric 3 With minor

displacement of elements

4 With a combination of equals 5 With a slight 6 With a lightweight top

elements bevel elements

7 Horizontal division 8 Equal arrangement 9 With large elements

elements

10 With a large main 11 Symmetrical arrangement 12 With a highlighted center element of the elements

Figure 13 - Main types of static forms

A composition is considered static if it is built according to the laws of classical symmetry.

Dynamic shapes typical of the shapes of many modern moving design objects, especially various moving Vehicle. Often these forms actually move in space. The dynamic composition is based on an asymmetrical solution and some imbalance. The main types of dynamic forms are presented in Figure 14.

1 Offset shape 2 Rhythmic 3 Perpendicular

from the center by the axes of the elements

4 Parallel arrangement 5 Lightweight bottom 6 Curved type

elements

7 Diagonal division 8 Free arrangement 9 Elongated elements

elements

10 Inclined 11 Asymmetrical 12 Included in open

arrangement of elements arrangement of elements space

Figure 14 - Main types of dynamic forms

Practical task

1 Create a static composition on a free theme, using the diagrams in Figure 13 (Appendix A, Figures 10-11).

2 Perform dynamic exercises on the topics: wind, explosion, speed, tyrant, etc., using the diagrams in Figure 14 (Appendix A, Figures 12-13).

Requirements:

search variants of the composition are carried out in batches of 7-10 pieces;

display the fundamental difference in the organization of statics and dynamics in the composition.

Material and dimensions of the composition

Pencil, ink, black felt-tip pen, gel pen. Sheet format – A3.

Repeat

Many natural phenomena are characterized by alternation and repetition. Symmetry is repetition. The law of repetition in design occurs when certain elements (line, shape, texture, color) are used more than once. Repetition creates a sense of order. A simple repeat consists of one repeating element. Complex - the composition repeats elements of two or more types (color, pattern, lines, etc.). Depending on the way elements are organized in a design, repetition can be in different directions: vertical, horizontal, diagonal, spiral, radial-beam, fan-shaped. In each case, a new character of movement appears and, accordingly, a new sound and special expressiveness. Horizontal repetition is about stability and balance; vertical – slimness, height; diagonal, spiral - active, rapid movement.

The repetition can be regular (same frequency of repetitions) (Figure 15) and irregular (Figure 16), which is more interesting because allows the eyes to compare small changes.

Figure 15 - Regular repetition Figure 16 - Irregular repetition

Practical task

1 Create a composition from one repeating element, choosing your own type of movement (horizontal, vertical, diagonal, spiral).

2 The same thing, but from two or more elements (Appendix A, Figure 14).

Requirements:

Two sketches are completed for each task.

Material and dimensions of the composition:

Pencil, ink, black felt-tip pen, gel pen. Sheet format – A4.

With this topic, I want to open a series of lessons dedicated to the basics of composition.
After all, it is with the composition that any photograph begins.
And in order for your photographs to look harmonious and competent, you need to learn its basics.

Basics of composition.
Statics and dynamics in composition.
First a little introduction
What is composition? Composition (from Latin compositio) means composition, combination of various parts into a single whole in accordance with some idea. This refers to the thoughtful construction of an image, finding the relationship of its individual parts (components), which ultimately form a single whole - a photographic image complete and complete in linear, light and tonal structure. In order to better convey an idea in photography, special means of expression: lighting, tonality, color, point and moment of shooting, plan, angle, as well as pictorial and various contrasts. Knowing the principles of composition will help you make your photographic works more expressive, but this knowledge is not an end in itself, but only a means to help achieve success.
The following compositional rules can be distinguished: transmission of motion (dynamics), rest (statics), golden ratio (one third).
Composition techniques include: conveying rhythm, symmetry and asymmetry, balancing parts of the composition and highlighting the plot and compositional center.
Composition tools include: format, space, composition center, balance, rhythm, contrast, chiaroscuro, color, decorativeness, dynamics and statics, symmetry and asymmetry, openness and closedness, integrity. Thus, the means of composition are everything that is necessary to create it, including its techniques and rules. They are diverse, otherwise they can be called means artistic expression compositions.

We will definitely return to consider these and other issues, but today we will consider in more detail the transfer of motion (dynamics) and rest (statics).

First, I will tell you what is typical for a static composition, and show with an example how to achieve this in your work. Static compositions are mainly used to convey peace and harmony. To highlight the beauty of objects. Maybe to convey solemnity. Calm home environment. Objects for a static composition are chosen that are similar in shape, weight, and texture. Characterized by softness in the tonal solution. Color solution build on nuances - similar colors: complex, earthy, brown. The center is mainly involved symmetrical compositions. For example, I will make a small still life. Artistic value it is not large, and all the techniques and means of composition in it are a little exaggerated for clarity)) So, to begin with, I select the objects that I will use and draw a diagram of my future still life. In principle, any object can be fit into one of these shapes:

Therefore, we will take them as a basis. For my still life, I chose three objects - a cup, a saucer and, as an auxiliary object, candy. For more interesting composition Let’s take objects that are different in size, but very similar in color and texture (as the properties of statics oblige). After moving the figure a little, I settled on this diagram:

Here the center is involved, the figures are located frontally and are at rest.
Now we need to decide on the tonality of the objects, that is, divide them into the lightest object, the darkest, and halftone. And at the same time with color saturation. Having painted over the figures and played a little with the colors, I settled on this option:

Now, based on this scheme, I build my still life. I take pictures, and this is what I get:

But as we see, this does not quite fit the properties we need. We need to achieve greater generalization of the objects so that they practically look like a single whole, and also the colors are more similar. I am going to solve these problems with the help of light. I use combined lighting - a combination of directional and diffuse light: dim fill light, and directional - a flashlight beam. After a couple of shots and experiments with light, I manage to achieve desired result. I process it a little in FS and here is the result:



As you can see, we managed to create a static still life, according to all the rules: Objects are at rest, in the center of the composition, overlapping each other. The colors are soft and complex. Everything is built on nuance. The items are the same in texture, almost the same in color. The overall lighting solution unites them and creates an atmosphere of calm and harmony.

DYNAMICS

Now let's move on to dynamic composition. Dynamics is the complete opposite of statics in everything! Using dynamic construction in your works, you can more vividly convey mood, an explosion of emotions, joy, and emphasize the shape and color of objects! Objects in dynamics are mainly arranged diagonally, asymmetrical arrangement is encouraged. Everything is built on contrasts - contrast of shapes and sizes, contrast of colors and silhouettes, contrast of tone and texture. The colors are open and spectral.
For clarity, I will take the same objects, only I will replace the cup with a more contrasting color. Again using our three figures, I build a composition, but based on the properties of dynamics. This is the diagram I came up with:

Now I’m working on the tone and color, not forgetting that everything should be as contrasting as possible in order to convey movement in the still life. Here the tonal sketch is ready:
Now we bring all this into reality, arrange objects, take shots. Let's look at what we got and what needs to be changed
So, the location seems to be good, but due to the general light it was not very possible to create contrast, especially in colors. The objects look too much the same. I decide to use a colored flashlight to emphasize the shape, and make the objects contrast in color. I experiment with blue light, choose the most successful frame in my opinion, modify it a little in FS and here is the result:

Now everything seems to be in its place. The composition is built diagonally, the objects and their arrangement relative to each other are dynamic, one might say contrasting: the saucer is standing, and the cup is lying down. The colors are more than contrasting.)) The same applies to the tone. That seems to be all. I specifically tried to reduce all the techniques and rules to a minimum, so as not to rewrite numerous pages of notes here.))

Visual art is based on the concept of "composition". It ensures the meaning and integrity of the work. When solving an artistic problem, the creator selects means of expression, thinks through the form of embodiment of the idea and builds a composition. To present an idea, the artist needs a variety of means, one of which is dynamics and statics in the composition. Let's talk about the specifics of static and dynamic composition.

The concept of composition

B is the leading characteristic of the artistic form. It ensures the unity and interconnection of all elements and parts of the work. In the concept of “composition”, researchers put such meanings as a skillful combination of expressive means, the embodiment of the author’s plan in the material, and the development of the theme in space and time. It is with its help that the author presents the main and secondary, and forms the semantic and pictorial centers. It is present in any form of art, but dynamics and statics in composition are most noticeable and significant in Composition is a kind of tool that organizes all expressive means and allows the artist to achieve the highest expressiveness of form. The composition combines form and content, they are united by an aesthetic idea and artistic design author.

Principles of composition

Despite the fact that the main unifying principle of the composition is the artist’s unique idea, there are common principles for constructing the compositional form. The basic principles or laws of composition developed in artistic practice, they were not artificially invented, but were born during the centuries-old creative process many artists. Integrity is the first and most important law of composition. According to him, the work must have a carefully verified form in which nothing can be subtracted or added without violating the design.

The primacy of idea over form is another law of composition. All means are always subordinated to the artist’s idea; first the idea is born, and only then does material embodiment appear in color, texture, sound, etc. Any composition is built on the basis of contrasts, and this is another law. The contrast of colors, sizes, textures allows you to attract the viewer’s attention to certain elements of the form, highlight the compositional center and give the idea special expressiveness. Another immutable law of creating a composition is novelty. Each work of art is a unique author's view of a phenomenon or situation. It is in finding a new perspective and new means of embodying an idea, perhaps eternal and familiar, that lies main value creations.

Composition means

Everyone developed their own assortment of expressive compositional means. IN fine arts these include lines, strokes, color, chiaroscuro, proportions and golden ratio, form. But there are also more general means that are typical for many artistic forms. These include rhythm, symmetry and asymmetry, highlighting the compositional center. Dynamics and statics in composition are universal means of expression aesthetic idea. They are closely related to the existence of composition in space and time. The unique relationship between different media allows artists to create individual and original works. It is in the arrangement of this expressive arsenal that the creator’s original style is revealed.

Types of composition

Despite all the individuality works of art, there is a fairly limited list of compositional forms. There are several classifications that distinguish types of compositions for different reasons. According to the features of object representation, frontal, volumetric and deep-spatial types are distinguished. They differ in the distribution of objects in space. Thus, the frontal plane represents only one plane of the object, the volumetric one - several, the deep-spatial one - shows several long-term plans and placing objects in three dimensions.

There is also a tradition to highlight closed and open composition, in which the author distributes objects either relative to the center or in relation to the outer contour. Researchers divide compositional forms into symmetrical and asymmetrical, based on the dominant arrangement of objects in space with a certain rhythm. In addition, dynamics and statics in a composition are also the basis for distinguishing the types of form of a work. They differ in the presence or absence of movement in the work.

Static composition

Stability and statics have special associations in humans. The whole world around us strives to move and therefore something constant, unchanging, motionless is perceived as a certain value. Looking at the laws of composition, researchers have found that static is present in almost all forms of art. Since ancient times, artists have seen special art And difficult task is to capture the beauty of some object or object. Static compositions are perceived as emotions of peace, harmony, balance. Finding such a balance is a real challenge for an artist. To solve this problem, the artist uses a variety of means.

Static means of composition

Both statics and dynamics in the composition, simple figures in which they are the main means of expression, they use a different set of forms. Statics is perfectly conveyed by such geometric figures like a rectangle and a square. Static compositions are characterized by the absence of bright contrasts; colors and textures are used close to each other. The objects in the compositions do not differ much in size. Such compositions are built on nuances, a play of shades.

Dynamic composition

Dynamics and statics in the composition, the definition of which we present, are solved using traditional expressive means: lines, colors, dimensions. Dynamics in art is the desire to reflect the transience of life. Like static, motion transfer is serious artistic task. Since it has diverse characteristics, this problem, unlike statics, has many more solutions. Dynamics evokes a wide range of emotions and is associated with the movement of thought and empathy.

Dynamic Tools

A wide range of expressive means are used to convey the feeling of movement. These are vertical and distribution of objects in space, contrast. But the main means is rhythm, that is, the alternation of objects at a certain interval. Movement and static are always interconnected. In each work one can find elements of each of these principles. But for dynamics, rhythm is the fundamental principle.

Examples of statics and dynamics in a composition

Any art form can provide examples of static and dynamic compositions. But in the visual arts they are much easier to detect, since these principles are basic to visual form. Statics and dynamics in composition, examples of which we want to present, have always been used by artists. Examples of static compositions are still lifes, which were originally built precisely as a captured moment of stopping movement. Many classical portraits, for example, Tropinin, Borovikovsky, are also static. The embodiment of static is the painting by K. Malevich “Black Square”. Many genre, landscape and battle works are dynamic compositions. For example, “Troika” by V. Perov, “Boyaryna Morozova” by V. Surikov, “Dance” by A. Matisse.

With this topic, I want to open a series of lessons dedicated to the basics of composition.
After all, it is with the composition that any photograph begins.
And in order for your photographs to look harmonious and competent, you need to learn its basics.

Basics of composition.
Statics and dynamics in composition.
First a little introduction
What is composition? Composition (from lat. composition) means composing, combining a combination of various parts into a single whole in accordance with some idea. This refers to the thoughtful construction of an image, finding the relationship of its individual parts (components), which ultimately form a single whole - a photographic image complete and complete in linear, light and tonal structure. In order to better convey an idea in photography, special expressive means are used: lighting, tonality, color, point and moment of shooting, plan, angle, as well as visual and various contrasts. Knowing the principles of composition will help you make your photographic works more expressive, but this knowledge is not an end in itself, but only a means to help achieve success.
The following compositional rules can be distinguished: transmission of motion (dynamics), rest (statics), golden ratio (one third).
Composition techniques include: conveying rhythm, symmetry and asymmetry, balancing parts of the composition and highlighting the plot and compositional center.
Composition means include: format, space, compositional center, balance, rhythm, contrast, chiaroscuro, color, decorativeness, dynamics and statics, symmetry and asymmetry, openness and closedness, integrity. Thus, the means of composition are everything that is necessary to create it, including its techniques and rules. They are diverse, otherwise they can be called means of artistic expressiveness of the composition.

We will definitely return to consider these and other issues, but today we will consider in more detail the transfer of motion (dynamics) and rest (statics).

First, I will tell you what is typical for a static composition, and show with an example how to achieve this in your work. Static compositions are mainly used to convey peace and harmony. To highlight the beauty of objects. Maybe to convey solemnity. Calm home environment. Objects for a static composition are chosen that are similar in shape, weight, and texture. Characterized by softness in the tonal solution. The color solution is based on nuances - similar colors: complex, earthy, brown. The center and symmetrical compositions are mainly involved. For example, I will make a small still life. Its artistic value is not great, and all the techniques and means of composition in it are a little exaggerated for clarity)) So, to begin with, I select the objects that I will use and draw a diagram of my future still life. In principle, any object can be fit into one of these shapes:

Therefore, we will take them as a basis. For my still life, I chose three objects - a cup, a saucer and, as an auxiliary object, candy. For a more interesting composition, let’s take objects that are different in size, but very similar in color and texture (as the properties of statics oblige). After moving the figure a little, I settled on this diagram:

Here the center is involved, the figures are located frontally and are at rest.
Now we need to decide on the tonality of the objects, that is, divide them into the lightest object, the darkest, and halftone. And at the same time with color saturation. Having painted over the figures and played a little with the colors, I settled on this option:

Now, based on this scheme, I build my still life. I take pictures, and this is what I get:

But as we see, this does not quite fit the properties we need. We need to achieve greater generalization of the objects so that they practically look like a single whole, and also the colors are more similar. I am going to solve these problems with the help of light. I use combined lighting - a combination of directional and diffuse light: dim fill light, and directional - a flashlight beam. After a couple of shots and experimenting with light, I manage to achieve the desired result. I process it a little in FS and here is the result:



As you can see, we managed to create a static still life, according to all the rules: Objects are at rest, in the center of the composition, overlapping each other. The colors are soft and complex. Everything is built on nuance. The items are the same in texture, almost the same in color. The overall lighting solution unites them and creates an atmosphere of calm and harmony.

DYNAMICS

Now let's move on to dynamic composition. Dynamics is the complete opposite of statics in everything! Using dynamic construction in your works, you can more vividly convey mood, an explosion of emotions, joy, and emphasize the shape and color of objects! Objects in dynamics are mainly arranged diagonally, asymmetrical arrangement is encouraged. Everything is built on contrasts - contrast of shapes and sizes, contrast of colors and silhouettes, contrast of tone and texture. The colors are open and spectral.
For clarity, I will take the same objects, only I will replace the cup with a more contrasting color. Again using our three figures, I build a composition, but based on the properties of dynamics. This is the diagram I came up with:

Now I’m working on the tone and color, not forgetting that everything should be as contrasting as possible in order to convey movement in the still life. Here the tonal sketch is ready:
Now we bring all this into reality, arrange objects, take shots. Let's look at what we got and what needs to be changed
So, the location seems to be good, but due to the general light it was not very possible to create contrast, especially in colors. The objects look too much the same. I decide to use a colored flashlight to emphasize the shape, and make the objects contrast in color. I experiment with blue light, choose the most successful frame in my opinion, modify it a little in FS and here is the result:



Now everything seems to be in its place. The composition is built diagonally, the objects and their arrangement relative to each other are dynamic, one might say contrasting: the saucer is standing, and the cup is lying down. The colors are more than contrasting.)) The same applies to the tone. That seems to be all. I specifically tried to reduce all the techniques and rules to a minimum, so as not to rewrite numerous pages of notes here.))