LECTURE No. 6

silver Age Russian culture

The concept of the Silver Age.

The turning point in the life of Russia at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century, associated with the transition to an industrial society, led to the destruction of many values ​​and age-old foundations of people's lives. It seemed that not only had changed the world, but also ideas about good and evil, beautiful and ugly, etc.

The understanding of these problems affected the sphere of culture. The flowering of culture during this period was unprecedented. It covered all types creative activity, gave birth to a galaxy of brilliant names. This phenomenon was called the Silver Age of Russian culture (the Golden Age is considered the first third XIX V.). The Silver Age is characterized by greatest achievements in culture, but the culture itself has become more complex, and the results of creative activity have become more contradictory.

Science and technology.

At the beginning of the 20th century. The main headquarters of Russian science remained the Academy of Sciences with a developed system of institutes. Universities with their scientific societies, and all-Russian congresses scientists.

Great strides were made in mechanics and mathematics, which made it possible to develop new fields of science - aeronautics and electrical engineering. Of great importance for this were the studies of the creator of hydro- and aerodynamics, the author of works on the theory of aviation, which served as the basis for aviation science.

In 1913, in St. Petersburg, at the Russian-Baltic Plant, the first domestic aircraft of the “Russian Knight * to the “Ilya Muromets * design” were built. In 1911 he created the world's first backpack parachute.

A teacher from Tsiolkovsky in 1903 published an article “Exploration of world spaces using jet instruments,” which outlined the theory of rocket motion. This laid the foundation for future space flights.

The works became an impetus for the development of biochemistry, biogeochemistry and radiogeology. The scientist was distinguished by the breadth of his interests, he raised deep problems and foresaw discoveries in a variety of areas.

The great Russian physiologist created the doctrine of conditioned reflexes, in which he gave a materialistic explanation of the higher nervous activity of humans and animals.

In 1904, for research in the field of digestive physiology, the first Russian scientist was awarded Nobel Prize. Four years later (1908) he was awarded this prize for his work in the field of immunology and infectious diseases.

"Milestones".

Soon after the revolution of 1905 -1907. Several well-known liberal philosophers and publicists (,) published the book “Milestones. Collection of articles about the Russian intelligentsia" (1908).

The authors of "Vekhi" believed that the revolution should have ended after the adoption of the Manifesto of October 17, as a result of which the intelligentsia received the political freedoms they had always dreamed of. The intelligentsia was accused of ignoring the national and religious interests of Russia, suppressing dissent, disrespect for the law, and inciting the darkest instincts among the masses. The Vekhi people argued that the Russian intelligentsia was alien to its people, who hated it and would never understand it.

Many publicists, primarily supporters of the cadets, spoke out against the Vekhovites. Their articles were published by the popular newspaper “Novoye Vremya”.

Vodkin gave national traditions painting a special form. His “Bathing of the Red Horse” resembles the image of St. George the Victorious, and in “Girls on the Volga” there is a clear connection with realistic painting

XIX century.

Music.

The largest Russian composers of the early 20th century. There were also whose creativity, excited and intense in nature, was especially close to wide public circles during the period of anticipation of the revolution of the 1st century. Scriabin evolved from romanticism to symbolism, anticipating many innovative trends of the revolutionary era. The structure of Rachmaninov's music was more traditional, and there is a sense of connection with the musical heritage of the past century. In his works, the state of mind was usually combined with pictures of the outside world, poetry of Russian nature, or images of the past.

QUESTIONS AND TASKS

1. What is the Silver Age of Russian culture?

2. Tell us about the development of science and technology at the beginning of the 20th century.

4. What trends in literature existed at the beginning of the 20th century?

5. What new appeared in painting and music at the beginning of the 20th century?

§ 12. Culture and religion of the Ancient World

Section III history of the Middle Ages, Christian Europe and the Islamic world in the Middle Ages § 13. The Great Migration of Peoples and the formation of barbarian kingdoms in Europe

§ 14. The emergence of Islam. Arab conquests

§15. Features of the development of the Byzantine Empire

§ 16. The Empire of Charlemagne and its collapse. Feudal fragmentation in Europe.

§ 17. Main features of Western European feudalism

§ 18. Medieval city

§ 19. The Catholic Church in the Middle Ages. The Crusades, the Schism of the Church.

§ 20. The emergence of nation states

21. Medieval culture. Beginning of the Renaissance

Topic 4 from ancient Rus' to the Muscovite state

§ 22. Formation of the Old Russian state

§ 23. The Baptism of Rus' and its meaning

§ 24. Society of Ancient Rus'

§ 25. Fragmentation in Rus'

§ 26. Old Russian culture

§ 27. Mongol conquest and its consequences

§ 28. The beginning of the rise of Moscow

29. Formation of a unified Russian state

§ 30. Culture of Rus' at the end of the 13th - beginning of the 16th century.

Topic 5 India and the Far East in the Middle Ages

§ 31. India in the Middle Ages

§ 32. China and Japan in the Middle Ages

Section IV history of modern times

Topic 6 the beginning of a new time

§ 33. Economic development and changes in society

34. Great geographical discoveries. Formations of colonial empires

Topic 7: countries of Europe and North America in the 16th - 18th centuries.

§ 35. Renaissance and humanism

§ 36. Reformation and Counter-Reformation

§ 37. The formation of absolutism in European countries

§ 38. English revolution of the 17th century.

§ 39, Revolutionary War and American Formation

§ 40. French Revolution of the late 18th century.

§ 41. Development of culture and science in the XVII-XVIII centuries. Age of Enlightenment

Topic 8 Russia in the 16th - 18th centuries.

§ 42. Russia during the reign of Ivan the Terrible

§ 43. Time of Troubles at the beginning of the 17th century.

§ 44. Economic and social development of Russia in the 17th century. Popular movements

§ 45. The formation of absolutism in Russia. Foreign policy

§ 46. Russia in the era of Peter’s reforms

§ 47. Economic and social development in the 18th century. Popular movements

§ 48. Domestic and foreign policy of Russia in the mid-second half of the 18th century.

§ 49. Russian culture of the XVI-XVIII centuries.

Topic 9: Eastern countries in the 16th-18th centuries.

§ 50. Ottoman Empire. China

§ 51. Countries of the East and the colonial expansion of Europeans

Topic 10: countries of Europe and America in the 19th century.

§ 52. Industrial revolution and its consequences

§ 53. Political development of the countries of Europe and America in the 19th century.

§ 54. Development of Western European culture in the 19th century.

Topic II Russia in the 19th century.

§ 55. Domestic and foreign policy of Russia at the beginning of the 19th century.

§ 56. Decembrist movement

§ 57. Domestic policy of Nicholas I

§ 58. Social movement in the second quarter of the 19th century.

§ 59. Foreign policy of Russia in the second quarter of the 19th century.

§ 60. Abolition of serfdom and reforms of the 70s. XIX century Counter-reforms

§ 61. Social movement in the second half of the 19th century.

§ 62. Economic development in the second half of the 19th century.

§ 63. Russian foreign policy in the second half of the 19th century.

§ 64. Russian culture of the 19th century.

Topic 12 Eastern countries during the period of colonialism

§ 65. Colonial expansion of European countries. India in the 19th century

§ 66: China and Japan in the 19th century.

Topic 13 international relations in modern times

§ 67. International relations in the XVII-XVIII centuries.

§ 68. International relations in the 19th century.

Questions and tasks

Section V history of the XX - early XXI centuries.

Topic 14 The world in 1900-1914.

§ 69. The world at the beginning of the twentieth century.

§ 70. Awakening of Asia

§ 71. International relations in 1900-1914.

Topic 15 Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century.

§ 72. Russia at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries.

§ 73. Revolution of 1905-1907.

§ 74. Russia during the period of Stolypin reforms

§ 75. Silver age of Russian culture

Topic 16 first world war

§ 76. Military actions in 1914-1918.

§ 77. War and society

Topic 17 Russia in 1917

§ 78. February Revolution. From February to October

§ 79. October Revolution and its consequences

Topic 18 countries of Western Europe and the USA in 1918-1939.

§ 80. Europe after the First World War

§ 81. Western democracies in the 20-30s. XX century

§ 82. Totalitarian and authoritarian regimes

§ 83. International relations between the First and Second World Wars

§ 84. Culture in a changing world

Topic 19 Russia in 1918-1941.

§ 85. Causes and course of the Civil War

§ 86. Results of the Civil War

§ 87. New economic policy. Education of the USSR

§ 88. Industrialization and collectivization in the USSR

§ 89. Soviet state and society in the 20-30s. XX century

§ 90. Development of Soviet culture in the 20-30s. XX century

Topic 20 Asian countries in 1918-1939.

§ 91. Türkiye, China, India, Japan in the 20-30s. XX century

Topic 21 World War II. Great Patriotic War of the Soviet people

§ 92. On the eve of the World War

§ 93. First period of World War II (1939-1940)

§ 94. Second period of World War II (1942-1945)

Topic 22: the world in the second half of the 20th - early 21st centuries.

§ 95. Post-war world structure. Beginning of the Cold War

§ 96. Leading capitalist countries in the second half of the twentieth century.

§ 97. USSR in the post-war years

§ 98. USSR in the 50s and early 6s. XX century

§ 99. USSR in the second half of the 60s and early 80s. XX century

§ 100. Development of Soviet culture

§ 101. USSR during the years of perestroika.

§ 102. Countries of Eastern Europe in the second half of the twentieth century.

§ 103. Collapse of the colonial system

§ 104. India and China in the second half of the twentieth century.

§ 105. Latin American countries in the second half of the twentieth century.

§ 106. International relations in the second half of the twentieth century.

§ 107. Modern Russia

§ 108. Culture of the second half of the twentieth century.

§ 75. Silver age of Russian culture

The concept of the Silver Age.

The turning point period in the life of Russia at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century, associated with the transition to industrial society, led to the destruction of many values ​​and age-old foundations of people’s lives. It seemed that not only the world around us was changing, but also ideas about good and evil, beautiful and ugly, etc.

The understanding of these problems affected the sphere of culture. The flowering of culture during this period was unprecedented. It covered all types of creative activity and gave birth to a galaxy of brilliant names. This cultural phenomenon late XIX- beginning of the twentieth century. received the name of the Silver Age of Russian culture. It is also characterized by the greatest achievements, which again confirmed Russia's advanced positions in this field. But culture is becoming more complex, the results of creative activity are more contradictory.

Science and technology.

At the beginning of the twentieth century. The main headquarters of Russian science was the Academy of Sciences with a developed system of institutes. Universities with their scientific societies, as well as All-Russian congresses of scientists, played a significant role in the training of scientific personnel.

Research in the fields of mechanics and mathematics has achieved significant success, which has made it possible to develop new fields of science: aeronautics and electrical engineering. Research played a significant role in this N.E. Zhukovsky, the creator of hydro- and aerodynamics, works on the theory of aviation, which served as the basis for aviation science.

In 1913, the first domestic aircraft “Russian Knight” and “Ilya Muromets” were created at the Russian-Baltic Plant in St. Petersburg. In 1911 . G. E. Kotelnikov designed the first backpack parachute.

Proceedings V. I. Vernadsky formed the basis of biochemistry, biogeochemistry and radiogeology. He was distinguished by his breadth of interests, the formulation of deep scientific problems and the anticipation of discoveries in a wide variety of fields.

Great Russian physiologist I. P. Pavlov created the doctrine of conditioned reflexes, in which he gave a materialistic explanation of the higher nervous activity of humans and animals. In 1904, I. P. Pavlov, the first Russian scientist, was awarded the Nobel Prize for research in the field of digestive physiology. Four years later (1908) he was awarded this prize I. I. Metsnikov for research into problems of immunology and infectious diseases.

"Milestones".

Soon after the revolution of 1905 -1907. Several famous publicists (N.A. Berdyaev, S.N. Bulgakov, P.B. Struve, A.S. Izgoev, S.L. Frank, B.A. Kistyakovsky, M.O. Gershenzon) published the book “Milestones. Collection of articles about the Russian intelligentsia."

The authors of Vekhi believed that the revolution should have ended after the publication of the Manifesto on October 17, as a result of which the intelligentsia received the political freedoms they had always dreamed of. The intelligentsia was accused of ignoring the national and religious interests of Russia, suppressing dissent, disrespecting the law, and inciting the darkest instincts among the masses. The Vekhi people argued that the Russian intelligentsia was alien to its people, who hated it, and would never understand it.

Many publicists, primarily supporters of the cadets, spoke out against the Vekhovites. Their works were published by the popular newspaper “Novoe Vremya”.

Literature.

Russian literature includes many names that have gained worldwide fame. Among them I. A. Bunin, A. I. Kuprin and M. Gorky. Bunin continued the traditions and preached the ideals of Russian XIX culture V. For a long time, Bunin's prose was rated much lower than his poetry. And only “The Village” (1910) and “Sukhodol” (1911), one of the themes of which was the social conflict in the village, made people talk about him as a great writer. Bunin's stories and tales, such as “Antonov Apples” and “The Life of Arsenyev”, brought him world fame, which was confirmed by the Nobel Prize.

If Bunin's prose was distinguished by rigor, precision and perfection of form, and the author's outward dispassion, then Kuprin's prose revealed the spontaneity and passion characteristic of the writer's personality. His favorite heroes were people who were spiritually pure, dreamy, and at the same time weak-willed and impractical. Often love in Kuprin’s works ends in the death of the hero (“Garnet Bracelet”, “Duel”).

The work of Gorky, who went down in history as the “petrel of the revolution,” was different. He had the powerful temperament of a fighter. New, revolutionary themes and new, previously unknown literary heroes appeared in his works (“Mother”, “Foma Gordeev”, “The Artamonov Case”). IN early stories(“Makar Chudra”) Gorky acted as a romantic.

New directions in literature and art.

The most important and largest movement in literature and art of the 90s of the 19th and early 20th centuries. was symbolism, the recognized ideological leader of which was a poet and philosopher V. S. Soloviev. Scientific knowledge of the world

Symbolists opposed the construction of the world in the process of creativity. Symbolists believed that the higher spheres of life cannot be known in traditional ways, they are accessible only through knowledge secret meanings characters. Symbolist poets did not strive to be understood by everyone. In their poems they addressed selected readers, making them their co-authors.

Symbolism contributed to the emergence of new movements, one of which was Acmeism (from the Greek . Akme- blooming power). The recognized head of the direction was N. S. Gumilev. The Acmeists proclaimed a return from the polysemy of images and metaphor to the objective world and the exact meaning of the word. Members of the Acmeist circle were A.A.Akhmatova, O. Mandelstam. According to Gumilyov, Acmeism was supposed to discover the value human life. The world must be accepted in all its diversity. Acmeists used different cultural traditions in their creativity.

Futurism was also a kind of offshoot of symbolism, but it took the most extreme aesthetic form. For the first time, Russian futurism declared itself in 1910 with the release of the collection “Tank of Judges” (D.D. Burlyuk, V.V. Khlebnikov and V.V. Kamensky). Soon the authors of the collection, together with V. Mayakovsky and A. Kruchenykh, formed a group of cubo-futurists. The futurists were poets of the street - they were supported by radical students and the lumpen proletariat. Most of the futurists, in addition to poetry, also engaged in painting (the Burliuk brothers, A. Kruchenykh, V.V. Mayakovsky). In turn, futurist artists K. S. Malevich and V. V. Kandinsky wrote poetry.

Futurism became the poetry of protest, seeking to destroy the existing order. At the same time, the Futurists, like the Symbolists, dreamed of creating art that could transform the world. Most of all they feared indifference to them and therefore took advantage of any occasion for a public scandal.

Painting.

At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century. Such prominent Russian painters of the second half of the last century, such as V. I. Surikov, the Vasnetsov brothers, and I. E. Repin, continued their creative activity.

At the end of the century, K. A Korovin and M. A Vrubel came to Russian painting. Korovin’s landscapes were distinguished by bright colors and romantic elation, a sense of air in the painting. The brightest representative of symbolism in painting was M.A. Vrubel. His paintings are like a mosaic, molded from sparkling pieces. The color combinations in them had their own semantic meanings. Vrubel's plots amaze with fantasy.

Significant role in Russian art of the early twentieth century. the movement played World of Art", which arose as a peculiar reaction to the movement of the Itinerants. The ideological basis of the works of the “miriskusniks” was the depiction of non-rude realities modern life, but eternal themes of world painting. One of the ideological leaders of the “World of Art” was A. N. Benois, who had versatile talents. He was a painter, graphic artist, theater artist, and art historian.

The activities of the “World of Art” were contrasted with the creativity of young artists grouped in the organizations “Jack of Diamonds” and “Youth Union”. These societies did not have their own program; they included symbolists, futurists, and cubists, but each artist had his own creative personality.

Such artists were P. N. Filonov and V. V. Kandinsky.

Filonov gravitated towards futurism in his painting technique. Kandinsky - to the latest art, often depicting only the outlines of objects. He can be called the father of Russian abstract painting.

Not so were the paintings of K. S. Petrov-Vodkin, who preserved the national traditions of painting in his canvases, but gave them a special form. Such are his paintings “Bathing the Red Horse,” reminiscent of the image of St. George the Victorious, and “Girls on the Volga,” where the connection with Russian realistic painting of the 19th century is clearly visible.

Music.

The largest Russian composers of the early twentieth century were A.I. Scriabin and S.V. Rachmaninov, whose work, excited and upbeat in nature, was especially close to wide public circles during the period of intense anticipation of the revolution of 1905-1907. At the same time, Scriabin evolved from romantic traditions to symbolism, anticipating many innovative trends of the revolutionary era . The structure of Rachmaninov's music was more traditional. It clearly shows the connection with the musical heritage of the past century. In his works, the state of mind was usually combined with pictures of the outside world, poetry of Russian nature, or images of the past.

The Silver Age of Russian culture is considered one of the most sophisticated eras. According to N. Berdyaev, after a period of decline, this was the stage of the rise of philosophy and poetry. The spiritual life of the Silver Age was perceived as an exceptional phenomenon, reflecting the completion historical cycle and marking the beginning absolutely new era.

In the nineties of the 11th century, after depression and timelessness, a surge of energy in creativity began. The poets of the eighties prepared the ground for the decadents of the nineties. At the end of the 11th century, new movements began to make themselves known, and new mechanisms for their development were determined. One of the new trends was the avant-garde. The avant-gardists were accompanied by a certain lack of demand, “unrealization.” This intensified their drama, the initial disharmony with the outside world that they carried within themselves.

The Silver Age of Russian culture was characterized by a certain synthesis of all arts. D. Merezhkovsky named three main elements characteristic of the turn of the century. He included symbols among them, mystical content and the development of artistic sensitivity. The Silver Age in literature was expressed in the transition from realism to symbolism.

In the first decade of the 20th century, so many poets appeared in the country that the past 11th century seems deserted in comparison with this period. The Silver Age of Russian culture is considered a difficult and turbulent time. characterized by coexistence various directions and currents. Many of them were transient, ephemeral.

The second decade of the twentieth century began with the entry into literature of the greatest poets and prose writers: B. Pasternak, V. Mayakovsky, A. Akhmatova, S. Yesenin, M. Tsvetaeva, A. Tolstoy. Symbolism is being replaced by other movements, but its features are visible in such directions as Acmeism, Futurism, and New Peasant poetry.

The Silver Age of Russian culture is also marked by the emergence of new styles of the New Russian style, Art Nouveau. For the architects of that time, the architectural idea consisted of an organic connection between form, structure and material. Along with this, a desire for So, in architecture there are noticeable components of sculpture and painting.

Despite the fact that the avant-garde in Russia, as well as in the West, sought to absolutize the “I” in creativity and asociality, the Russian social cultural soil had a significant impact on the work of avant-garde artists. The avant-garde was faced with the task of expressing spiritual “absolutes” in forms corresponding to the depth of the psyche.

The history of culture during this period is the result of quite difficult path. Most of the formed directions, circles, and currents turned out to be unstable. This, according to a number of authors, confirmed the beginning of the collapse of culture, its end.

The need for a fundamentally new artistic and scientific interpretation of reality has become established in public consciousness. Both religious and philosophical quests, the establishment of a liberal state tradition of orientation towards reforms and development, the formation cultural sphere new type.

The Silver Age in Russia became the era of outstanding poets, writers, painters, philosophers, actors, and composers. None national culture, except for the Russian one, has not experienced such a rapid rise. The beginning of the twentieth century is characterized as a fusion of flights of fantasy and science, dreams and reality, what should be and what is, the present and the past. This is a peculiar period. This time was perceived differently by different cultural figures. According to a number of authors, this particular era represents the time of the formation of a new mentality, the birth of the religious philosophical Renaissance, the liberation of thinking from sociality and politics.

On turn of XIX-XX century there was an unprecedented rise in Russian culture. Usually, when hearing the phrase “Silver Age,” one thinks of literature, in particular the poetry of Blok, Bryusov, Gumilyov, etc. However, this period is famous not only for literature.

It is truly comparable to the “golden age” - the age of Pushkin.

Borders of the Silver Age

The boundaries of this period are also defined differently.

• Actually, there is practically no discrepancy with the beginning of the “Silver Age” - this is 1892 (manifestos of the modernists and D. Merezhkovsky’s collection “Symbols”).
• But some consider the coup of 1917 to be the end of this period, others - 1922 (the year after the death of Gumilyov, the death of Blok, the wave of emigration).

Distinctive features and achievements of the Silver Age

So what is wonderful and interesting about this time?

This century in Russia was marked by vibrant diversity in all directions cultural life society.

Russian philosophy

Philosophy of the Silver Age

Silver Age Theater

The Silver Age of Russian culture is also reflected in the development theatrical arts. First of all, this is the system of K. Stanislavsky and Nemirovich-Danchenko, but also Alexandrinsky and Chamber theaters, V. Komissarzhevskaya theater.

Painting

Painting and sculpture of the Silver Age

New directions are also characteristic of painting and sculpture (, “Union of Russian Artists”, “ Blue Rose"and others, works by P. Trubetskoy, A. Golubkina).

Gain world fame opera singers(F. Chaliapin, L. Sobinov, A. Nezhdanova), dancers ( ).

Russian music

Music of the Silver Age

Features of symbolism

The main features of this literary movement:

• two worlds(the real world and the other world),
• special role of the symbol as something that cannot be expressed in a concrete way,
• special significance of sound recording,
• mystical and religious motives and etc.

The names of V. Bryusov, A. Blok, A. Bely and others are well known.

b) Russian Acmeism

(from the Greek “acme” - peak, tip, flowering) - rejection and continuation of Russian symbolism.

Features of Acmeism

• philosophy of action,
• acceptance of the world
• experiencing the objectivity and materiality of this world, denial of mysticism,
• picturesque image,
• masculinity of perception of the world and life,
• the weight of the specific meaning of a word and etc.

The first among equals was, undoubtedly, N. Gumilyov. And also S. Gorodetsky, M. Zenkevich, A. Akhmatova, O. Mandelstam.

c) Russian futurism

To some extent, it was a continuation of European futurism. At its inception, it did not have a single center (it was represented by four hostile factions in Moscow and St. Petersburg)
Features of this direction:

• looking to the future
• feeling of impending changes
• denial of the classical heritage,
• urbanism,
• search for new words, inflections, new language and etc.

V. Khlebnikov, D. Burlyuk, I. Severyanin and others.

Our presentation:

The specificity of this century lies in the fact that the work of Russian artists of this period combined not only the features of realism, but also:

• romanticism (M. Gorky),
• naturalism (P. Boborykin),
• symbolism (L. Andreeva)

It was a glorious century!!! The Silver Age of great Russian culture!

Did you like it? Don't hide your joy from the world - share it

Target: To familiarize students with the poetry of the Silver Age; define the basic principles of modernist poetry; to uncover social essence And artistic value new directions in art of the late XIX - early XX centuries; improve skills expressive reading; bring up moral ideals, awaken aesthetic experiences and emotions. Equipment: Textbook, texts of poems, portraits of Silver Age poets, reference diagrams, photo presentation, literary (crossword) dictation (answers are on the board).

Projected

Results: Students compose abstracts of the teacher’s lecture; participate in a conversation based on previously studied material; define the basic principles of modernism; expressively read and comment on poems by poets of the Silver Age, revealing them artistic originality; interprets selected poems. Lesson type: A lesson in learning new material.

DURING THE CLASSES

I. OrganizationalStage

II. UpdateSupportingKnowledge

Reading by the teacher of a poem by B. a. Slutsky

THE LAST CENTURY

Not cars - they called motors those cars that are easy to use now - but then they were wonderful.

A pilot was an aviator, an airplane was an airplane, even a photo-painter was called a photo in that strange century,

What happened by chance

Between the twentieth and the nineteenth,

It started in nine hundred

And it ended on the seventeenth.

♦ What “century” does the poet mean? Why does he call less than two decades a century? With what inventions and scientific theories, besides those mentioned by B. Slutsky, is this era connected?

♦ Silver Age... What thoughts arise in your mind when you hear these words? What associations does the sound of these words evoke? (Silver Age - shine, brightness, fragility, instantaneity, fog, mystery, magic, fragility, glare, reflection, transparency, glow, radiance, haze...)

III. StagingGoalsANDTasksLesson.

MotivationEducationalActivities

Teacher. literature is a mirror of the world. It always reflects, to one degree or another, the processes taking place in society. At the beginning of the twentieth century. all spiritual life is imbued with understanding and reflecting the world “in a new way”, searching for new unusual shapes in art...

A century ago, the Silver Age was at its strongest. Its frosty dust shines silver in our poetry, painting, theater, music to this day. To contemporaries this time might have seemed like a time of decline and decline, but we see it from our present time as an era of exuberant growth, diversity and wealth, which the artists of the turn of the century generously endowed us with on credit with huge installments. A lot has been written about the Silver Age - and the more you read about it, the more you understand the fundamental impossibility of knowing it completely. Facets multiply, new voices are heard, unexpected colors appear.

And today in the lesson we will learn about the phenomenon of the Silver Age, we will reveal the artistic value of new trends in the art of the late 19th - early 20th centuries.

IV. JobAboveSubjectLesson

1. lecture by the teacher with confirmation of the main points by photo presentation (on the board)

(Students write theses.)

Reading by a pre-prepared student of K. Balmont's poem ""

I came to this world to see the sun

And a blue outlook.

I came to this world to see the sun

And the heights of the mountains.

I came to this world to see the sea

And the lush color of the valleys.

I have concluded the worlds in a single gaze,

I am the ruler.

I defeated cold oblivion

Having created my dream.

Every moment I am filled with revelation,

I always sing.

Suffering defeated my dream,

But I am loved for that.

Who is equal to me in my singing power?

Nobody, nobody.

I came to this world to see the sun,

And if the day goes out,

I will sing, I will sing about the sun

At the hour of death!

So, we meet with the whole universe, the new richest and the most interesting world- Silver Age. Many new talented poets are appearing, many new literary trends. they are often called modernist or decadent.

The word “modernism” translated from French means “newest”, “modern”. Different movements were represented in Russian modernism: acmeism, futurism, etc. modernists denied social values, opposed realism. Their goal was to create a new poetic culture that would promote the spiritual improvement of humanity.

The name Silver Age is firmly attached to the period of development of Russian art of the late 19th - early 20th centuries. This was a time, even for Russian literature, surprising for the abundance of names of artists who opened truly new paths in art: a. A. and O. E. Mandelstam, A. A. Blok and V. Ya. Bryusov, D. S. Merezhkovsky and M. Gorky, V. V. Mayakovsky and V. V. Khlebnikov. This list (of course, incomplete) can be continued with the names of painters (M. A. Vrubel, M. V. Nesterov, K. A. Korovin, V. A. Serov, K. A. Somov, etc.), composers (A. N. Scriabin, I. F. Stravinsky, S. S. Prokofiev, S. V. Rachmaninov), philosophers (N. A. Berdyaev, V. V. Rozanov, G. P. Fedotov, P. A. Florensky, l. I. Shestov).

What artists and thinkers had in common was the feeling of the beginning of a new era in the development of humanity and a new era in the development of culture and art. This is the reason for the intense search for new artistic forms, which marked the Silver Age in the history of Russian literature, and above all the emergence of new trends (symbolism, acmeism, futurism, imagism), which claimed the most complete, perfect expression of the demands placed on art by time. How this time was perceived and assessed by contemporaries can already be judged by the titles of extremely popular books at that time: O. Spengler’s “The Decline of Europe” (1918–1922), M. Nordau’s “Degeneration” (1896), the sudden outbreak of interest in the “philosophy of pessimism” ", at the origins of which is the name a. Schopenhauer. But something else is also characteristic: a premonition literally floating in the air of the inevitability of changes that will ultimately prove beneficial for humanity. Today the Silver Age of Russian culture is called

A historically short period at the turn of the century, marked by an extraordinary creative upsurge in poetry, humanities, painting, music, theater. This name was first proposed by N. a. Berdyaev. This period is also called the “Russian Renaissance”. Question about chronological boundaries This phenomenon in literary criticism has not been finally resolved.

Symbolism- the first and largest of the modernist movements that arose in Russia. The beginning of the theoretical self-determination of the Russian was laid by D. S. Merezhkovsky, in whose opinion the new generation of writers faced “a huge transition and preparatory work" D.S. Merezhkovsky called the main elements of this work “mystical content, symbols and the expansion of artistic impressionability.” The central place in this triad of concepts was given to the symbol.

To a certain extent, similar features were inherent in the works of M. Gorky, the most popular realist writer at that time. Being a sensitive observer, he extremely expressively reproduced in his stories, stories, and essays dark sides Russian life: peasant savagery, bourgeois indifferent satiety, unlimited arbitrariness of power ("Foma Gordeev", plays "Philistines", "At the Depths").

However, from the very beginning of its existence, symbolism turned out to be a heterogeneous movement: several independent groups took shape within its depths. Based on the time of formation and the characteristics of their ideological position, it is customary to distinguish two main groups of poets in Russian symbolism. Adherents of the first group, who made their debut in the 1890s, are called “senior symbolists” (V. Ya. Bryusov, K. D. Balmont, D. S. Merezhkovsky, Z. N. Gippius, F. Sologub, etc.). In the 1900s New forces poured into symbolism, significantly updating the appearance of the movement (A. A. Blok, Andrei Bely, V. I., etc.). The accepted designation for the “second wave” of symbolism is “young symbolism.” The “senior” and “younger” symbolists were separated not so much by age as by the difference in worldviews and the direction of creativity (Vyach. Ivanov, for example, is older than V. Bryusov in age, but showed himself to be a symbolist of the second generation).

Symbolism enriched Russian poetic culture with many discoveries. The symbolists gave poetic word previously unknown mobility and polysemy, taught Russian poetry to discover additional shades and facets of meaning in words. Symbolism tried to create a new philosophy of culture,

After going through a painful period of reassessment of values, he strove to develop a new universal worldview. Having overcome the extremes of individualism and subjectivism, the symbolists at the dawn of the 20th century. posed the question in a new way public role artist, began to search for such forms of art, the comprehension of which could unite people again.