Topic: Customs of the peoples of Kuban

Goal: to help students familiarize themselves in detail with and consolidate knowledge about the peculiarities of everyday culture and customs of the population of Kuban.

Tasks of formation of UUD:

Regulatory: -formulate and maintain the learning task; adequately perceive the suggestions of the teacher and classmates to correct mistakes

Cognitive: - search and selection, transmission of information orally, constructing reasoning, monitoring and evaluating the result of activity.

Communicative: -ask questions; formulate your difficulties; argue your position; - be active in solving problems; -build statements that are understandable to classmates.

Personal: -adopting the image of a “good student”; -respect for the opinions of classmates; -exercise self-control.

Equipment:

Progress of the event

Organizational moment. Greetings.

Each of us needs to know the history and customs of our people. It’s not for nothing that the Kuban wisdom says, “A people without traditions is like a tree without roots.” - Today we will get acquainted with the customs and holidays in Kuban.

Main part.

1) Customs of the peoples of Kuban.

People of different nationalities live in the Krasnodar region. The Greeks, for example, celebrated the holiday of Sirandonas in April and prepared a dish of forty herbs - hortarike. They celebrated spring on May 1st.

In Armenian settlements, before the New Year, mummers climbed onto the roofs of houses and lowered a bag into the chimney. So that the owners of the house put gifts in it. Our neighbors, the Circassians, organized games that took place in big yard.

2) Respect for elders.

3) Respect for parents.

Honoring parents, godfathers and godmothers was not just a custom, but an internal need for a son or daughter to take care of them. The authority of father and mother was so revered that they did not begin any work without the blessing of their parents. This custom is still preserved in Cossack families to this day. In Kuban, they addressed their father and mother only as “You” - “You, mother”, “You, tattoo”. Respect for elders was instilled in the family since early years. The children knew which of them was older in relation to whom.

The elder sister was especially revered, gray hair younger brothers and sisters called nanny, nanny, since she replaced the busy homework mother. Not only parents, but also the entire adult population of the village and village showed concern for the upbringing of the younger generation. For indecent behavior of a teenager, an adult could not only make a reprimand, but also easily “punch his ears”, or even “treat” him with a light slap on the face, and inform his parents about this, who would immediately “add.”

4) The birth of a Cossack.

The Cossacks appreciated family life and married people were treated with great respect. The unmarried Cossacks all nursed the newborn baby, and when his first tooth appeared, they certainly came to see and there was no end to the delight of these battle-hardened warriors. All the father's relatives and friends brought a gun, cartridges, gunpowder, bullets, a bow and arrows as a gift to the newborn. These gifts were hung on the wall. The father put a sword belt on the child, put him on a horse and then returned his son to his mother. When the baby started teething, his father and mother put him back on the horse and took him to church to serve a prayer service to Ivan the warrior. Three-year-old children could already ride horses freely, and by the age of five they were galloping across the steppe. - Listen to “Lullaby”.

5.) Cossack clothing.

The Cossack perceived clothes as a second skin, kept them clean and never allowed himself to wear someone else's clothes. The Cossacks had a custom of men's conversations without women and women's conversations. If they got together, the women sat on one side of the table, the men on the other.

6). Cult of the gift.

There was a cult of gifts and gifts. A Cossack never returned after a long absence from home without gifts, and they never went on a visit without a present.

7) Cossack weapons.

Among the Cossacks and Kubans it was considered a disgrace to buy a dagger. The dagger is usually either inherited, or as a gift, or, oddly enough, stolen or obtained in battle. Checker. The Cossack had to purchase a saber for himself. Nobody gave him a weapon. A Cossack was obliged to go on a campaign in uniform, with weapons and, of course, on horseback.

8)Work with sayings.- Sayings about the horse and weapons of the Cossack. How do you understand the meaning of sayings?

A Cossack without a horse is like a warrior without a gun (a horse for a Cossack is part of a weapon)
Cossack with a horse both night and day (Cossack and horse are inseparable)
All relatives are not worth a horse (the price of a combat horse is high)
A horse is learned by riding, and a friend is learned in trouble (virtues are tested in difficult moments)
In battle, a Cossack glorifies himself not with his tongue, but with his horse and blade (glory is only won by deeds)
A good horse in a run is like a falcon in the sky (i.e., easy in a race)
Don’t blame the horse, blame the road (look for the reason for failure fairly)
Drive your horse not with a whip, but with oats (reward is healthier than punishment)
A healthy horse sleeps standing (an important indicator of health)
The horse's reliable stirrup - the crown is intact in battle (check your ammunition - you will stay alive in battle)
Horses in meadows are like pearls in silks (beautiful and valuable)

9) Cossack horse.

Among the Kuban residents, before leaving home for war, the Cossack’s wife led the horse, holding the reins in the hem of her dress. According to the old custom, she passed on the reins, saying: “On this horse you are leaving, Cossack, on this horse you are returning home with victory.” Having accepted the occasion, the Cossack hugged and kissed his wife and children, sat in the saddle, took off his hat, made the sign of the cross, stood up in his stirrups, looking at the clean and cozy white hut and the front garden.

Then he pulled his hat over his head, warmed his horse with his whip, and left the quarry to the gathering place. In general, among the Cossacks the cult of the horse prevailed in many respects over other rituals. Before the Cossack left for war, when the horse was already under the marching pack, the wife first bowed at the horse’s feet to protect the rider, and then to the parents, so that prayers would be constantly read for the warrior’s salvation.

10) Housing construction.

Ceremony during the construction of housing. Pieces of animal hair and feathers were thrown at the construction site - “to keep everything running.” Wooden beams were raised on towels “so that the house would not be empty.” After the completion of construction work, the owners provided refreshments in lieu of payment (they were not supposed to take it for help). Most of the participants were also invited to a housewarming party.

11). Cossack and guests.

Immense respect for the guest was due to the fact that the guest was considered a messenger of God. The most dear guest was considered a stranger from distant places, in need of shelter, rest and care. Those who did not show respect to the guest were deservedly subjected to contempt. Regardless of the guest’s age, he was given best place at meals and on vacation.

It was considered indecent to ask a guest for 3 days where he was from and what the purpose of his arrival was. Even the old man gave up his seat, although the guest was younger than him. The Cossacks had a rule: wherever he went on business or to visit, he never took food either for himself or for his horse. In any farm, village, village, he always had a distant or close relative, godfather, matchmaker, brother-in-law, or just a colleague, or even just a resident, who would greet him as a guest, feed both him and his horse; the Cossacks stayed at inns in rare cases when visiting fairs in cities. To the credit of the Cossacks, this custom has not undergone any significant changes in our time.

Cossack hospitality has long been known not only to historians, but also to ordinary people.

12). Holidays in Kuban.

What holidays are celebrated in Kuban?

As throughout Russia, Christmas was honored and widely celebrated in Kuban, New Year, Maslenitsa, Easter, Trinity, but in Kuban they were celebrated especially. (I show the slide, the children name the holidays)

13). Messages from children.

Easter is a bright and solemn holiday. On this day they tried to wear everything new. The table was also updated. Ritual food was prepared in advance: eggs were painted, Easter cakes were baked, a pig was fried. The eggs were painted in different colors: red – fire, blood, sun. Blue – sky, water. Green is grass. In some villages, a design called “pysanka” was applied to the eggs.

Ritual bread - Easter, was a real work of art. They tried to make it tall, decorated it with pine cones, flowers, bird figures, and sprinkled it with colored millet. Easter is the tree of life, the pig is a symbol of fertility, the egg is the beginning of life. Returning from church, they washed themselves with water containing red dye in order to be beautiful and healthy. The entertainment side of the holiday was very eventful: round dances, games with paints, swings.

A wedding in Kuban is a holiday with strict rules. The most preferred time of year for a wedding was considered to be autumn and winter, when there was no field work and, moreover, this was a time of economic prosperity after the harvest. The age of 18–20 years was considered favorable for marriage. It was not allowed to extradite girls to other villages if there were many bachelors and widowers in their own. The young were deprived of the right to choose. The parents had the final say in choosing the bride and groom. A towel (rushnik) was of great importance in the wedding ceremony of the Slavic population of Kuban. Holding a towel, the bride and groom walked to the church to get married. The wedding loaf was placed on the towel. All wedding towels were richly decorated with hand-woven lace.

According to custom, the wedding table was set in two houses: the groom's and the bride's.

Only the groom's guests could be present. The second day of the wedding took place at the bride's parents' place. The wedding ended with catching chickens in the yards of the participants in the festivities and cooking noodles over a fire. This was called “putting out” the wedding.

14) Harvest Festival.

This is a major fruit festival. This holiday falls around September 6, it was held after the harvest was harvested and the gods must be thanked for new food. A few days after the holiday, live fire is produced, which will be stored in ovens all winter until spring.

With a smoldering brand from the living fire, they go around the sown fields and thus protect them from “dashing and ghost”. During this round, ritual plowing of the field also takes place, so that a whole procession with fire and a plow moves around the fields. On this day they move to a new home. Housewarming day and moving the brownie from the old hearth. It was done like this. In an old hut, an old woman lights a stove. At noon the coals are put into a pot. Turning to the baked corner, the old woman says: “You are welcome, grandfather, to come to our new home.” The pot is covered with a towel, covered with a lid and carried to a new home. There the grandmother knocks on the door and asks: “Are the owners happy to have guests?” “You’re welcome to grandpa for the housewarming,” they answer her. At home, coals are placed in the stove. The pot is broken and buried at the front corner of the house.

According to legend, it was believed that in the morning an eel crawls out into wet meadows and shakes off all its ailments onto the dew. Then they cling to people. Healers used eels to tell fortunes. They threw them on the coals and guessed by the way the eel jumped. And finally, Mother Osenina came to earth, just for a month. And its time is cool, but beautiful and satisfying.

15) Staging. Shchedrovki.

The evening on New Year's Eve is called "generous evening." On this evening, every home must cook dumplings with cheese and potatoes, fry sausage, and bake pies with cabbage. Boys and girls go to give.

They come up to the window of some hut and shout: - Hello, master and hostess! May I be generous to you? Having received permission, they sing schedrovka: Shchedrivochka was generous

It fell until the end.

Shcho ti, titka, puffed up

Give us a break.

It's hot - give it to us,

It's so cold - whine to you.

Shchedryk, bucket

Give me the Varenyk.

A breast of porridge,

Kilce cowboys.

The hosts took out full cup dumplings and sausages, pies with meat and potatoes, were treated to those who were generous.

16). Sowing.

There was another ritual. Sowing for the New Year. The morning of the New Year began with the arrival of the sowers. It was believed that prosperity and good luck throughout the year depended on the first day.

Boys and boys went to sow. Sometimes they dressed up in women's clothes. The guys put large canvas bags over their shoulders, full of cereal seeds, peas, sunflowers, and beans. Appearing on the threshold, they said: “Hello, owners! Happy New Year!"

The first thing the boys did was sit on the threshold and ask them to “cluck” like hens so that the quacks would lay eggs well. When they sat down, they were sprinkled with holy water. Then they began to sow. To ensure a bountiful harvest, the grains were first thrown into the holy corner and then thrown up.

Throwing grains to the ceiling, the sowers said:

I sow - I winnow, I sow

Happy New Year.

Tah-toh, tararoh!

Ferment, God, peas!

Zhito, wheat,

All arable land (everything that is planted).

The grains were then swept up and given to the poultry so that they would be healthy and lay eggs well.

17) Driving a goat.

On New Year's Eve they took a goat. This colorful, cheerful ritual was intended to ensure happiness and abundance in the coming year.

It was not for nothing that they sang: De goat hode - there is a lively rode. There's a goat with a horn - there's a haystack there. De goat top - top - a hundred kopecks live there

The most important thing is to make a goat mask. Sometimes the mask was a canvas bag with a sheepskin beard and straw horns. More often the mask was made entirely of wood. Lower jaw They made it hanging and the goat could open its mouth. A bell was suspended from the goat's horns. The goat's retinue was not numerous.

Usually there was a did, a gypsy, a guide and a mikhonosha (carrying a bag for treats), a musician and a group of song performers in festive costumes.

Here is the ritual recorded in the village of Brynkovskaya.

Guide: Master, let the goat in?

Host and hostess: Oh, come in, come in!

Guide: Only the goat is restless and mischievous.

Chorus: Good luck to you, honest gentlemen,

We are not walking alone, we are leading a goat.

And horned and bearded.

They took it recently - the bulla is young,

And the teperychki has grown old,

She didn’t feed her children.

That goat went to Mikhaylivka,

And in Mikhaylivka all the people are archers.

They want to take the goat and ruin it from their retinue.

Then the goat collapsed, but we became alive. (the guide laments over the goat).

Guide: Oh, my goat! Oh, my dear! Well, from now on I’ll be in labor! Lord my God! Oh, everything was fine. Yes, you served Mani in silence. Yes, I gave us that milk. There was a lot of milk. Now why should I get money? Guys! Who can treat you?

Cossack: I'm flying!

Guide: You? Do you take a lot?

Cossack: No!

Guide: If the goat gets tired, I’ll pay! (The Cossack makes movements with his hands.)

Cossack: I’ll fly out in one fell swoop. I know this prayer... oh-oh-oh!

A goat was running through the mist,

Four paws, heels whip

pole head,

Hail to her and God help her! (the goat starts to move)

Guide: Oh-oh! Wiggle your little head! Oh, you’re my little goat!

18). Listening to a song.- Not a single holiday in Kuban was complete without a song.

Lesson summary.

Name the customs of the peoples of Kuban.

What was the name of the holiday in which only boys participated?

Why did they throw wool and feathers during housing construction?

Elizaveta Harun
Customs, traditions and morals of the Kuban Cossacks. Preliminary work with children for physical education and speech therapy entertainment

Preliminary work with children for physical education and speech therapy entertainment in the senior group

Cossack can't count himself Cossack, if he does not know and does not comply traditions and customs of the Cossacks. Merciless to enemies Cossacks in their midst they were always complacent, generous and hospitable. Based on character Cossack there was some duality: sometimes he is cheerful, playful, funny, then unusually sad, silent, inaccessible. Cossack is a warrior from head to toe, from birth to death.

At the first call he throws Cossack his peaceful pursuits, in two or three days he got ready to go on a campaign, and on the fourth he was already rushing on his steppe horse and was the first to appear on the battlefield.

During the campaign and at the front he is patient, hardy and unpretentious: on the move, eats quickly, sleeps very little, always on the alert, constantly ready to rush at the enemy.

But what the Cossack is strong and strong?

He is strong due to his age-old, unchanging friendship with the horse. There is no stronger friendship in the whole world than this friendship. But he is also capable of lying with his horse for several days in the bushes, in the reeds, without getting bored, without losing vigor, and vigilantly watching the enemy.

Cossack and without a horse, he is quick and agile, like a loach, flexible, like a young stem, like a coastal reed. Looks bold open: the eyes laugh, and there is a lively, but very kind smile on the face.

U Kuban Cossacks before leaving home for the horse war Cossack's wife let him down, holding the reins at the hem of the dress. The old way custom, she passed on the occasion, sentencing: “You’re leaving on this horse, Cossack, on this horse and return home with victory.” Having accepted the occasion, only after that Cossack hugged and kissed his wife, children, and often grandchildren, sat in the saddle, took off his hat, made the sign of the cross, stood up in his stirrups, looking at the clean and cozy white hut, at the front garden in front of the windows, at cherry orchard. Then he pulled his hat over his head, warmed his horse with his whip, and left the quarry to the gathering place.

Extremely strict in traditions were observed among the Cossacks, customs, beliefs that were a vital necessity for every Cossack family, non-compliance or violation of them was condemned by all residents of the farm or village, village. Customs, there are many traditions: some appear, others disappear. Those that remain are those that most reflect everyday and cultural characteristics Cossacks that have been preserved in the memory of the people since ancient times.

1. Respect for elders.

2. Immense respect for the guest.

3. Respect for women (mother, sister, wife).

Disrespect for father and mother was considered a great sin. Without the consent of parents and relatives, as a rule, issues of creating families: parents accepted the most direct participation in its creation.

Restraint, politeness and respect were observed in dealing with parents and elders in general. On Kuban turned to their father, mothers only on "You" - "You, mom", "You, tattoo".

Custom respect and veneration for the elder obliges the younger, first of all, to show care, restraint and readiness for providing help and demand adherence to some etiquette (when the old man appeared, everyone had to stand up - Cossacks when in uniform, put your hand on the headdress, and without uniform, take off your hat and bow).

It was not allowed in the presence of an elder sit, smoke, talk (enter without his permission) and even more so - it is obscene to express oneself.

It was considered indecent to overtake an old man (senior in age); it was necessary to ask permission to pass. When entering somewhere, the eldest is allowed to pass first.

It was considered indecent for a younger person to enter into conversations in the presence of an older person.

Old man (senior) the younger one must give way.

The younger one must show patience and restraint, and not argue in any case.

The elder's words were binding on the younger.

In conflict situations, disputes, discord, fights, the old man’s word (senior) was decisive and required immediate execution.

Cossacks and guests

The most dear and welcome guest was considered a stranger from distant places, in need of shelter, rest and care. Regardless of the age of the guest, he was given the best place at meals and on vacation. It was considered indecent to ask a guest for 3 days where he was from and what the purpose of his arrival was. Even the old man gave up his seat, although the guest was younger than him.

On par with hospitality Cossacks were distinguished by extraordinary honesty. In Sich, one could leave money on the street without fear that it might be stolen.

Birth Cossack Cossack was born a warrior, and with the birth of the baby, his military school began. All the father's relatives and friends brought a gun, cartridges, gunpowder, bullets, a bow and arrows as a gift to the newborn. These gifts hung on the wall where the mother and baby were lying. At the end of forty days after the mother, having said a cleansing prayer, returned home, the father put a saber belt on the child, holding the saber in his hand, mounted the horse and then returned the son to the mother, congratulating her on the Cossack. When the newborn’s teeth were cutting through, his father and mother put him back on the horse and took him to church to serve a prayer service to Ivan the Warrior. The baby's first words were "But" And "poo"- urge the horse and shoot. War games outside the city and target shooting were favorite pastimes for young people in free time. These exercises developed shooting accuracy, many of Cossacks could, at a considerable distance, knock out a coin held between their fingers with a bullet.

Three-year-old children could already freely ride horses around the yard, and at the age of 5 they were galloping across the steppe.

Handicrafts Kuban Artistic art wood processing has a deep tradition in Kuban. Wooden utensils - barrels, buckets, troughs, bowls, spoons, mortars, stirrers and others items were made in all villages rich in timber. Made of wood Cossacks they loved to make furniture, carved mirrors, window frames, wooden carved umbrellas, and painted chests.

Pottery on Kuban was common in places where there was clay suitable for making ceramics. Basically, simple dishes and simple toys for children were made; pottery production was often combined with brick making. On Kuban potters enjoyed great honor and respect; songs, fairy tales, and proverbs were written about them. Forms Kuban ceramics are simple, bright, floral ornament.

One of the oldest folk crafts Eastern Slavs is wicker weaving. A significant part of household utensils - from vegetable baskets to wicker fences and outbuildings - residents Kubansky The villages were made from wicker. All kinds of tops, baskets, various wattles, purses (containers for storing grain, sheepfolds were woven from flexible, golden willow vine. Even the first cordon buildings were made Cossacks made of vines.

Historically on Kuban Forging, the blacksmith's craft, became the most widespread. Blacksmiths were the main craftsmen. In each Kuban village with late XIX century up to five forges worked. Everything necessary for the life of village residents was made here - horseshoes, locks, grips, chimneys for pipes, as well as interior items.

Kuban people believed that a blacksmith can forge happiness for the young. And if he wants, he will send misfortune. Iron protected the horses' hooves, and the person who found a horseshoe was considered lucky. Blacksmiths forged knives, axes, nails, arrows, and chain mail.

Chain mail was a necessary accessory for any person; wars wore it when going into battle. This metal clothing reliably protected the wearer from enemy blows.

In ancient times, iron and products made from it were highly valued.

Kuban blacksmiths created real works of art from metal: forged roof umbrellas - "visors", grilles for windows, doors, balconies, grand staircases, fences, weather vanes. They even worked out their original ornament and created in the villages and cities Kuban beautiful ensemble of metal lace.

The art of embroidery has always been valued Kuban. Embroidered patterns not only decorated clothes and household items fabric items, but also served as amulets against evil forces. In every family, regardless of social status, women should own various types handicrafts: weaving and embroidery. In the houses of princes, boyars, rich people in Rus' and wealthy Cossacks of Kuban there were embroidery and weaving workshops where all the women of the house spent their leisure time. As a rule, creative process the mistress of the house was in charge.

Work and rest Cossacks

IN Cossack families worked tirelessly. The field ones were especially difficult work during the holy season It's time to harvest the harvest. We worked from dawn to dusk, the whole family moved to live in the field, the mother-in-law or the eldest daughter-in-law took care of household chores.

In winter, with early morning to late at night, women spun, weaved, sewed. In winter, men were engaged in all kinds of repairs and repairs of buildings, tools, vehicles, their responsibility was to care for horses and livestock.

The Cossacks knew how not only to work, but also have a good rest.

On Sunday and holidays working was considered a sin. In the morning the whole family went to church, a kind of place of spiritual communication.

Youth preferred"street" in summer or "gatherings" in winter. On "street" Acquaintances were made, songs were learned and performed, songs and dances were combined with games. "Gatherings" They took place with the onset of cold weather in the houses of girls or young spouses. The same people gathered here "street" companies. On "gatherings" the girls crushed and carded hemp, spun, knitted, and embroidered. Job accompanied by songs. When the boys arrived, dancing and games began.

The villagers spent their free time in “conversations” and at “gatherings”. On "conversations" married and elderly people whiled away the time. Here they discussed current affairs, shared memories, and always sang songs. Special variety in life Cossacks holidays and Sundays were introduced; after church services there were often fairs, races, and other entertainment. Cossacks were big fans of choral singing and military sports competitions.

Main entertainment for the Cossacks There was archery or gun shooting. On holidays there were horse races and fist fights, Cossacks They showed horse riding. competed Cossacks and in overcoming a water obstacle. Group Cossacks in full gear she raced on horseback to the river. Having thrown themselves into the water, they swam across it on horseback. The winner was the one who came ashore first.

Did you hear them talking to each other Cossacks in the old days?

Not at all like you and I now. Spoken Kuban speech is a valuable and interesting element folk culture. She combined two language: Russian and Ukrainian. Many Kuban residents easily switched in conversation from one language to another. When asked what language they speak Cossacks, in Russian or Ukrainian, many answered: "On ours, on Cossack, on Kuban» . In Ukrainian "speak" –"to dabble". So they began Kuban talk from behind large quantity Ukrainian words call « Kuban balachka» .

Interesting to know...

Liman - harbor, bay - a shallow bay where a river flows into the sea. An estuary is formed when lowland rivers are flooded by the sea and can be open (lip) or separated from the sea by a narrow strip of land.

Church - architectural structure, intended for worship and religious ceremonies (a kind of place of spiritual communication).

Gatherings are a seasonal form of youth leisure in the autumn and winter.

Spinning - twisting (fibers of flax, wool, etc., to make threads.

Stanichniki - a resident of the village.

The sign of the cross is a prayer gesture, representing is an image of a cross with the movement of the hand. The sign of the cross is performed in different cases, for example, when entering and leaving a temple, before or after saying a prayer.

Disrespect for the swarmers is a negative spiritual moral quality of children, manifested as disrespect, disrespect, inattention, selfishness, disobedience.

Etiquette is the norms and rules of behavior of people in society.

Sich - the name of the administrative centers of Zaporozhye Cossacks.

Wicker weaving is the craft of making wicker products from wicker.

A vine is a shoot of a climbing plant or shrub, mainly grapes or willow.

Craft - small handmade based on the use of hand tools and personal skill employee, allowing the production of high-quality, often highly artistic products.

Utensils - items household items , including kitchen and tableware, devices for storing and carrying things, etc.

A unique region of our country. It is located at the junction of climatic zones, historical civilizations And national cultures. It is about the peoples and traditions of the region that will be discussed further.

Demographic information

About 5 million 300 thousand people live in the Krasnodar region. Almost all the peoples of Russia live here: Tatars, Chuvashs, Bashkirs, etc. Of these, citizens Russian Federation are 5 million 200 thousand people. 12.6 thousand live as foreigners. With dual citizenship - 2.9 thousand. Persons without any citizenship - 11.5 thousand people.

The number of residents is constantly growing. The influx of migrants contributes to this. Housing in the region is in great demand. People move here for permanent place residence. This is due to the mild climate of the region.

There are 26 cities, 13 large settlements and 1,725 ​​other small rural areas in the region. settlements. The ratio is urban and approximately 52 to 48 percent. Almost 34% of the urban population lives in four major cities: Sochi, and Armavir.

Alloy of different nations

The peoples living in the Krasnodar region are about 150 nationalities. The main ethnic groups inhabiting Kuban:

• Russians - 86.5%.
• Armenians - 5.4%.
• Ukrainians - 1.6%.
• Tatars - 0.5%.
• Others - 6%.

The bulk of the population, as can be seen from the list, are Russians. Smaller ones ethnic groups live compactly in small areas. These are, for example, Greeks, Tatars, Armenians. In the Krasnodar Territory they mainly live on the coast and surrounding areas.

Kuban Cossacks

The historical class of Cossacks today is engaged in preparing future conscripts for the army, military-patriotic education of youth, protecting important objects in the region, and maintaining public order. All nations can no longer imagine life without them Krasnodar region, because their role is enormous in maintaining order in the region.

The uniqueness of the Kuban land

The traditions of the peoples of the Krasnodar region are very unique. Everyone who considers himself a Cossack must comply with long-standing traditions and instructions of experienced people faithful to the cause of their ancestors. Of course, it is difficult to list all the cultural features of Kuban. There are a lot of traditions and customs here. And they are all distinguished by rationality and beauty. But we will try to tell you about the most interesting ones.

Construction and improvement of houses

For Cossacks, building a home is one of the most important events in life. Almost the entire world helped each family build a house.

This is what they thought Kuban Cossacks, binds the people into a single whole, which means it makes them stronger. Tourist houses were built according to this principle.

Before construction began, scraps of dog, sheep, chicken feathers, etc. were thrown around the perimeter of the future housing area. This was done so that there would be livestock in the house.

Then the pillars were dug into the ground and intertwined with vines. When the frame was ready, they called all their friends and neighbors to be the first to make a “mud” at home.

The walls were covered with clay mixed with straw. A cross was driven into the corner of the “front” to bless the house and its inhabitants. They smeared the housing in 3 layers, the last of which was mixed with manure.

Such houses were considered the warmest and “kindest” not only in terms of the quality of the structure, but also due to the positive energy of the people who helped build them. After the construction was completed, the owners organized gatherings with refreshments. This was a kind of gratitude for help, in exchange for modern cash payment.

The interior decoration was almost the same for all residents of Kuban. There were two rooms in the house. There was a stove in the small one. Wooden benches almost the entire length of the room and a huge table. This spoke of large families and hospitality. IN big room there were chests, a chest of drawers and other furniture. As a rule, it was made to order. The main place in the house was the red corner - a table or shelf, lined with icons and decorated with towels and paper flowers. Candles, prayer books, Easter dishes, and memorial books were kept here.

Towels are a traditional Kuban home decoration. A piece of fabric tied with lace, with a cross stitch or satin stitch pattern.

The traditions of the peoples of the Krasnodar region go deep into antiquity. They honor their ancestors and try to instill culture and traditions in their children. A very popular part of the Kuban interior is photographs on the walls. It was believed that the photos showed important events from family life.

Cossack clothing

The men's wardrobe consisted of military and casual suits. Military uniform - dark Circassian coat, trousers of the same cloth, hood, beshmet, hat, winter cloak and boots.

Women's clothing consisted primarily of a calico or wool skirt, gathered at the waist for fullness, and a long-sleeved blouse with buttons, trimmed with hand-lace. The importance of clothing in the Cossacks was great value. It was believed that what prettier clothes, the more clearly it indicates status in society.

Kitchen

The peoples of the Krasnodar region are a multinational community, so the dishes of Kuban cuisine are very diverse. The main diet of the Cossacks is fish, fruits, vegetables, and livestock products. The most popular dish is borscht, to which beans, lard, meat, and sauerkraut were added. Also favorite dishes were dumplings and dumplings.

They eat much more meat in Kuban than in any other region of Russia. People in Kuban also love lard, which is eaten both salted and fried. In the past, food was traditionally cooked in ovens using cast iron cookware.

Crafts of Kuban residents

The peoples of the Krasnodar region were famous for their artisans. They worked with wood, clay, stone and metal. Each region had its own famous potters, who provided the entire people with dishes. Every seventh man worked in the forge. This is the most ancient Cossack art. Kuznetsov was appreciated and praised. They knew how to make edged weapons, household utensils, shoe horses and much more.

Women's craft was weaving. Girls were taught this handicraft from childhood.

Weaving provided the people with clothing and home decorations.

They made cloth from hemp and sheep wool. Machines and spinning wheels were mandatory items in every home. Women had to be able to work for them.

Peoples of the Krasnodar Territory: life

Families in Kuban were large. This was explained by a huge shortage of workers. From 18 to 38 years of age, every man was considered liable for military service. He served a 4-year military service and was required to attend all training camps, have a horse and full uniform.

Women took care of children and the elderly and did household chores. Each family had more than 5 children. In large ones their number reached up to 15. For each born child They were given land, which made it possible to have a good farm and feed the whole family. Children were introduced to work very early. At the age of 5-7 they were already helping in all matters that were within their power.

Language

They speak mainly a mixture of Russian and Ukrainian. IN oral speech there are many words borrowed from the highlanders. The speech is original and interesting. Many proverbs and sayings are used in communication.

Names of the peoples of the Krasnodar region

This part of Russia is so multinational that it can easily be called the land of united nations. Whom you will meet here! Thanks to its ethnic diversity, the culture of this region is multifaceted and interesting.

In the Krasnodar region live both the traditional peoples of Russia (Tatars, Mordvins, Mari, Chuvash, Ossetians, Circassians, Lezgins, Kumyks, Adygeans, Avars, Dargins, Udmurts), and representatives of nations of other states. These are Armenians, Ukrainians, Georgians, Belarusians, Kazakhs, Greeks, Germans, Poles, Uzbeks, Moldovans, Lithuanians, Finns, Romanians, Koreans, Tajiks, Turkmens, Estonians.

When you mention Kuban, a picture of dashing Cossacks on horseback and girls in elegant costumes appears in your head. North-West Caucasus, most of which is mainly the territory modern Kuban, famous for the diversity and abundance of flora and fauna, the area is also attractive for its geographical location. North Caucasus is a storehouse of natural resources, a variety of terrain, extraordinary beauty and the beauty of local nature. Like any people, the Cossacks have their own rituals and traditions, which were formed over several centuries and developed thanks to the cultures of the West and East, which echoed each other on this fertile land.

Life of a Kuban family

It so happened historically that the original and unique way of life and way of life of the Kuban family has its own characteristics, here are some of them:

1. A Cossack family almost always consisted of a large number of people. The family had five to seven children. Large families were created taking into account the fact that agriculture was carried out on their own, and there was always a lot of work.
2. Hospitality and generosity were an integral part of the Kuban people. This involves equating a guest, especially a stranger or foreigner, with God's messenger.
3. Raising children began with respect for elders. They were taught to listen to advice and not to interfere in adult conversations.
4. Men treated a woman, be it a mother, wife or sister, with special respect. According to Christian scripture, a wife should not interfere in the affairs of her husband and, conversely, a husband in the affairs of his wife.
5. When someone entered the house, they were sure to be baptized in the image, and the men took off their headdress.

Do you know which one holiday drinks was considered the most beloved and generally accepted among the Cossacks?

This drink was called “Varena”. It mixed honey, vodka, various dried fruits (apples, pears, raisins, grapes), which were boiled with various kinds of spices and ginger.

Folk customs Kuban is very diverse and interesting. When constructing housing, pieces of wool and feathers were thrown onto the ground so that everything would be in the house, while the entire population of the village took part in the construction. In order for the blessing to descend on the inhabitants of the future home, a wooden cross was built into the wall.

Holidays and celebrations

Celebrations of various kinds had their own nuances and rules: only married couples could attend the wedding, and weddings were held exclusively in the fall or winter. The choice of a betrothed for a daughter or a bride for a son was made by the parents. The New Year celebration was interesting. On the night from December 31 to January 1, they burned bonfires, told fortunes, organized various kinds of rituals, and went from house to house with carols and generous gifts. On the eve of Epiphany, people attended church, and they always returned home with holy water. Everything that remained on the table after the celebration, as well as straw and hay, was given and put on the cattle and poultry so that there would be prosperity in the house in the new year. In the spring, Maslenitsa was celebrated in Kuban; ritual food, consisting of pancakes and dumplings, was prepared in houses. The last Sunday before Lent was considered the day of “universal forgiveness.”

Traditions of the Kuban Cossacks

Kuban is a unique region in which elements of cultures have interpenetrated, interacted and formed for two hundred years different nations, including southern Russian and eastern Ukrainian.

House construction. An event very important for every Cossack family, and a cause in which many residents of the “kutka”, “edge”, and village took an active part. When laying the foundation of a house, special rituals were carried out: feathers and scraps of pet hair were thrown directly onto the construction site (“so that everything would be in order”), and the beams on which the ceiling was laid were raised on chains or towels (“so that the house would not be empty”).

Housing construction also had its own traditions and rituals. For example, a cross made of wood was built into the wall, in the front corner, in order to invoke a blessing on the inhabitants.

Interior decoration of the hut. Often in a Cossack house there are two rooms: the vylyka (great) and the small hut. The central place was considered the “goddess” (“red corner”). It was decorated in accordance with traditions and rituals in the form of an icon case with icons, which were decorated with towels. The latter were trimmed with lace at both ends. Patterns were embroidered on the cloth using satin stitch or cross stitch.

Cossack costume. The shape was established towards the middle XIX century. These were dark trousers, a Circassian coat made of black cloth, a bashlyk, a beshmet, a hat, a winter cloak, and boots. At the beginning of the 20th century, the beshmet and Circassian coat were replaced by a tunic, a hat by a cap, and a burka by an overcoat.

The women's costume consisted of a cotton blouse (blouse) and a skirt. The blouse certainly had long sleeves. It was trimmed with braid, elegant buttons, and lace.

Cossack food. Families ate wheat bread, as well as fish and livestock products, gardening and vegetable growing. The Cossacks loved borscht, dumplings, and dumplings. Residents of Kuban skillfully salted, boiled and dried fish. They consumed honey, made wine from grapes, cooked uzvar and jam, pickled and dried fruits for the winter.

Family life. Traditionally, families were large. This is due to the widespread spread of subsistence farming, and to the constant shortage of workers, and even to the difficult situation of harsh wartime. The woman took care of the elderly, raised children, and ran the household. Cossack families often had five to seven children.

Rituals and holidays. The Cossacks celebrated Christmas, Easter, New Year, Trinity, and Maslenitsa. There were different traditions: maternity, wedding, christening, seeing off a Cossack for service, and so on.

Wedding ceremonies required compliance with many strict rules. It was categorically impossible to organize a celebration during Lent, but it was possible in the fall and winter. Marriage at the age of 18–20 was considered normal. Young people had no right to choose: their parents decided everything. Matchmakers could even come without the groom, only with his hat. In such cases, the girl saw her future husband for the first time right at the wedding.

Oral colloquial speech. It is very interesting because it is a mixture of Russian and Ukrainian. In addition, it contains words borrowed from the languages ​​of the highlanders. This colorful alloy fully corresponds to the spirit and temperament of the Cossacks. Their speech was generously decorated with proverbs, sayings, and phraseological units.

Crafts and folk crafts. The Kuban land was known for its sons - gifted people, real masters. When making any thing, they first of all thought about how practical it would be. At the same time, the beauty of the object was not overlooked. Residents of Kuban sometimes created from the most simple materials(metal, clay, wood, stone) unique works of art.