Angiosperms are the most advanced and most numerous group of the modern plant world.

Flowering plants evolved from a group of extinct algae that gave rise to seed ferns. Thus, gymnosperms and angiosperms are parallel branches of evolution, having a common ancestor, but then evolving independently of each other. Remains of the first flowering plants are found in Early Cretaceous sediments.

Starting from the end of the Cretaceous period of the Mesozoic era, angiosperms began to dominate the Earth, which acquired a number of advantages over other higher plants, including gymnosperms. The same period accounts for the greatest distribution of insects, birds and mammals, which are interconnected by food chains, adaptations to reproduction and living in the same environmental conditions. The life forms of angiosperms are represented by trees, shrubs or herbs, which determines their greatest ecological plasticity and distribution on land in all natural zones and water basins. Their main vegetative organs are the root, stem and leaf, which have numerous modifications and are the most specialized in structure and function.

Angiosperms, like gymnosperms, reproduce using seeds, but their seeds are protected by the pericarp, which contributes to their better preservation and distribution. And the appearance of a flower, an organ of seed reproduction, which (in general) gives rise to a new generation (reproduction), puts this plant department in the position of the most highly organized representatives of the plant kingdom.

The morphological diversity of flowering plants is very large. The structure of their vegetative and generative organs reaches the greatest complexity; the tissues are characterized by a high degree of specialization.

Flowering plants are the only group of plants capable of forming complex multi-layered communities.

The department of angiosperms is divided into two classes - dicotyledons and monocotyledons.

DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF ANGIOSPERMS (T.L. Bogdanova. Biology. Assignments and exercises. A guide for applicants to universities. M., 1991)

1. The presence of a flower.
2. The presence of an ovary and a fruit that retains ovules and seeds.
3. Pollination by wind, insects, water, birds.
4. The female prothallus is an eight-nucleate embryo sac without archegonia.
5. The male prothallus is a pollen grain (pollen), consisting of two cells - vegetative and generative.
6. Double fertilization: one sperm fertilizes the egg, the other - the secondary (central) nucleus of the embryo sac.
7. Double fertilization ends with the following transformations: a fruit is formed from the ovary, a seed is formed from the ovule (ovule), a seed is formed from the zygote (diploid), and a secondary endosperm is formed from the fertilized secondary nucleus.
8. The endosperm is represented by tissue with a triploid set of chromosomes. It is formed simultaneously with the embryo of the seed; reserve nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, fats) are deposited in it.
9. During germination, as soon as water enters the seed, its swelling begins, reserve substances turn into soluble forms available for absorption by the embryo. Some of the reserve substances of the endosperm are broken down by respiratory enzymes. which releases energy (in the form of ATP) necessary for the growth of the embryo.
10. The triploidity of the nuclei of endosperm cells, which carry hereditary information from the maternal and paternal organisms, increases the adaptability of the young plant to various environmental conditions.
11. From the seed embryo grows a sporophyte (asexual diploid generation), which can be represented by various life forms - grass (annual or perennial), shrub, tree, liana. Any life form of a plant has basic organs - root, stem, leaves and their modifications, as well as flowers, seeds, fruits.

Class Monocots

The name of the class “monocots” is due to the fact that the seed embryo contains one cotyledon. Monocots differ significantly from dicots in the following characteristics: 1) fibrous root system, the root has a primary structure (it lacks a cambium); 2) leaves are mostly simple, entire, with arcuate or parallel veins; 3) the vascular bundles in the stem are closed, scattered throughout the entire thickness of the stem.

Family Cereals (over 6 thousand species)

Biology of the family: herbaceous plants (with the exception of bamboo). The stems are simple, sometimes branched, cylindrical or flattened, separated by nodes. Most plants are hollow at the internodes and filled with tissue only at the nodes. Such a stem is called a straw. The leaves are linear or lanceolate, with a sheath at the base. At the junction of the vagina and the plate there is a growth - a tongue, the shape of which is a sign when identifying cereals. The flowers are yellowish-green, small, collected in inflorescences, spikelets that form a spike, raceme, panicle. At the base of each spikelet two glumes are attached, covering the spikelet. There are 2–5 flowers in a spikelet. The perianth consists of two floral scales, two films. The bisexual flower contains three stamens and a pistil with two feathery stigmas. In some cases, there are 1–6 spikelets and floral scales, 2–6, rarely 40 stamens. The fruit is a grain (nut or berry). Economic importance: 1. Wheat, rye, barley, oats, corn, rice, sorghum, mogar, sugar cane - grain, industrial crops (receive sugar, alcohol, beer). 2. Fescue, bluegrass, timothy - forage grasses. 3. Reed, bamboo. The stems are used in construction, to produce paper, as fuel. Cereals are widely used to stabilize sand, slopes, and in decorative floriculture. 4. Creeping wheatgrass, wild oat grass, bristle grass, and barnyard grass are weeds.

Liliaceae family (about 2800 species)

Biology of the family: one-, two- and perennial herbs, subshrubs, shrubs into trees. Perennial herbs are characterized by the presence of bulbs or rhizomes. The flowers are bisexual, less often unisexual. The perianth is mostly corolla-shaped, sometimes cup-shaped, consisting of free or incompletely fused leaves. The number of stamens corresponds to the number of perianth leaves. One pestle. The fruit is a three-lobed capsule or berry. Economic importance: 1. Onions, garlic, asparagus - vegetable crops. 2. Lily of the valley, aloe, hellebore - raw materials for medicines. 3. Lily, lily of the valley, tulip, hyacinth - decorative crops.

Class dicotyledons

A systematic feature of dicotyledons is the presence of two cotyledons in the embryo. The distinctive features of dicotyledons are the following: 1) the root system is taprooted, with developed lateral roots; 2) the root and stem have a secondary structure, there is a cambium; 3) vascular-fibrous bundles of the stem are open, arranged concentrically; 4) leaves, both simple and complex; 5) flowers of five- and four-membered types; 6) the endosperm in ripened seeds is well expressed in a number of species: Solanaceae, Apiaceae, etc. But in legumes, Asteraceae, etc. others (for example, peas, beans, sunflowers), are poorly developed or completely absent and reserve nutrients are located directly in the cotyledons of the embryo.

Rosaceae family (about 3 thousand species)

Biology of the family: distributed in countries with subtropical and temperate climates. Very diverse in the structure of the flower, inflorescences, fruits and leaves. A characteristic feature is the peculiar structure of the gynoecium and receptacle. The latter tends to grow. In some plant species, the parts of the flower that surround the pistil are fused at their bases and form a fleshy cup, the hypanthium, with the fused receptacle. Flowers with a double five-membered perianth, many stamens, they are arranged in a circle (their number is a multiple of 5), one or several pistils. The ovary is superior, inferior or middle. The fruits are drupes, nuts, often false or mixed. Insect-pollinated plants. Economic importance: 1. Rosehip. The fruits contain a lot of vitamin C, 1–8% sugar, up to 2% starch, 1–5% nitrogenous substances. The roots are rich in tannins. Used in the food (medicines) and perfume industries. 2. Roses (anthus, tea), raspberries, strawberries, apple trees, pears, rowan berries, plums, cherries, apricots, peach, almonds - ornamental crops, used in the food, perfume, and pharmaceutical industries.

Legume family (about 12 thousand species)

Biology of the family; stems erect, climbing, creeping. The leaves are compound with stipules. The structure of the flower is typical: a calyx of 5 sepals (3+2), a corolla of 5 petals (the back one is the sail, the two lateral ones are the vela, the two lower ones are fused at the top - the boat). There are 10 stamens (9 of them grow together and form an open tube). One pestle. The ovary is superior, unilocular. The fruit is a bean. Pollinated by insects. Economic importance of members of the family (astragalus, camel thorn - subshrub, vetch, peas, clover, alfalfa, beans, soybeans, lupine): food, fodder, melliferous, ornamental plants. Thanks to nodule bacteria, green manure. Nutritional and feed quality is reduced due to the concentration of glycosides (glycyrrhizine, coumarin, ononine) and alkaloids (cytisine, sparteine). They play a significant role in the formation of vegetation cover.

Family Solanaceae (about 2200 species)

Biology of the family: herbs, less often subshrubs, shrubs. Leaves are alternate, without stipules. Simple, with a whole or dissected plate. Flowers are correct or incorrect. The corolla is fused-petalled, tubular. There are 5 stamens attached to the corolla tube. There is one pistil with an upper two-locular ovary, which contains numerous seed germs. The flowers are bisexual. Insect-pollinated plants. The fruit is a berry or capsule (rarely drupe-shaped). Most nightshades contain poisonous alkaloids, which are used in small doses to produce medicines. Economic importance: 1. Nightshade (black nightshade). Citric acid and drugs are obtained from the leaves, and tobacco oil is obtained from tobacco seeds. 2. Potatoes, eggplants, tomatoes, peppers. Used in the food industry. Z. Belladonna (belladonna), scopolia, datura, black henbane are medicinal plants.

Family Cruciferae (about 2 thousand species)

Biology of the family: one-, two-, perennial herbs, subshrubs with alternate leaves, sometimes collected in a basal rosette. The flowers are bisexual, collected in racemes. The perianth is double, four-membered. Sepals and petals are arranged crosswise. There are 6 stamens, 4 of them are longer, 2 are shorter. One pestle. The fruit is a pod or pod. The seeds contain 15–49.5% oil. Economic importance: 1. Wild radish, shepherd's purse, field mustard, jaundice - weeds. 2. Cabbage, radish, turnip, rutabaga are garden crops. 3. Mustard, pane – oilseeds. 4. Levkoy, night beauty, matthiola - ornamental plants.

Family Asteraceae (about 15 thousand species)

Biology of the family: annual and perennial herbaceous plants, subshrubs, shrubs, small trees. Leaves are alternate or opposite, without stipules. A typical feature is a basket inflorescence. Individual flowers are located on the flat or convex bottom of the basket. The basket has a common involucre consisting of modified apical leaves. Typical flowers are bisexual, with a lower ovary, to which a modified calyx is attached, a corolla ligulate, tubular, funnel-shaped; the color is white, blue, yellow, light blue, etc. Flowers are unisexual (male or female), the outermost flowers are often sterile. There are 5 stamens, they grow together by dust particles into a tube through which passes a style bearing the stigma. The fruit is an ordinary achene with a hairy tuft or membranous crown.

Cross-pollination or self-pollination

Economic importance: 1. Lettuce, chicory, artichoke - food crops. 2. Sunflower is an oilseed crop. 3. Jerusalem artichoke – forage crop. 4. Dandelion, wormwood, string, yarrow, chamomile are medicinal plants. 5. Dahlias, marigolds, chrysanthemums - ornamental plants, 6. Euphorbia thistle, cornflower, blue, creeping bitterweed - weeds.

Table. Department of angiosperms (T.L. Bogdanova. Biology. Assignments and exercises. A guide for applicants to universities. M., 1991)

Signs	Class dicotyledons	Class Monocots
Number of cotyledons in the seed embryo
Root system:
a) origin	Tap root system	Adventitious root system
	Rod-like, fibrous	fibrous
Cambium		Absent
Sheet	Simple, complex; plate whole, dissected	Simple, solid plate
Leaf venation	Reticulate (pinnate, palmate)	Parallel, arcuate
Number of flower parts	Multiples of four, five	Multiple of three
Main families	Rosaceae, legumes, cruciferous plants, nightshades, asteraceae	Liliaceae, Cereals

Table. Comparative characteristics of the families of the angiosperm department ((T.L. Bogdanova. Biology. Assignments and exercises. A guide for applicants to universities. M., 1991)

Family	Life form	Flower formula		Representatives	Meaning
Rosaceae	Trees, shrubs, herbs	*ch5l5tO0p1 cherry *h5+5l5tO0pO0 strawberry	Apple, drupe, achene	Apple, pear, cherry, plum, rose, strawberry	Fruit trees, shrubs, herbs. Medicinal, essential oil, ornamental plants
	Shrubs, herbs			Peas, beans, clover, alfalfa, lupine, yellow locust	Feed and food crops. Honey plants. An important role in crop rotation is the enrichment of the soil with nitrogen fixed by nodule bacteria. Decorative, medicinal: plants
Cruciferous (brassicas)			Pod, pod	Cabbage, radishes, turnips, rapeseed, shepherd's purse	Food and feed crops. Honey plants. Weeds
Solanaceae		*H(5)L(5)T5P1	Berry, box	Potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco, henbane, dope	Food and feed crops. Ornamental plants. Poisonous plants used to make medicines
Compositae (Asteraceae)		Inflorescence basket: *Ch5L(5)T5P1 tubular flowers; |CH5L(5)T5P1 reed flowers		Sunflower, chamomile, cornflower, dandelion, thistle, aster	Food, ornamental, melliferous plants. Medicinal. Weeds. Some cause allergies (ragweed)
Liliaceae		Yuz+zTz+zGT	Berry, box	Onion, garlic, tulip, lily of the valley	Food crops. Medicinal and ornamental plants
Cereals (poagrass)		Inflorescence complex spike, panicle, spadix TO(2)+2TzP!	Caryopsis	Wheat, rye, rice, corn, wheatgrass, timothy, bluegrass, bamboo	Main grain crops. Forage crops. Rhizomatous cereals (creeping wheatgrass) are weeds. Allergens

Ecology of angiosperms

Currently, the dominant angiosperms on Earth are the youngest and most numerous plants. They passed their evolutionary path in those living conditions that were characteristic of the end of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic, i.e., in an environment close to modern. Therefore, their structure and life activity are most consistent with the ecological conditions of various natural and climatic zones of the globe and the established more ancient flora and fauna. Of all plants, angiosperms are the most widely distributed both in natural habitats and in agricultural conditions. The evolution of mammals, birds, and insects is largely connected with flowering plants, and they are not only food and habitat for each other, but also in many ways a means for survival and reproduction. Thus, raspberry seeds germinate better if they pass through the digestive tract of a bird that eats the fruit of this plant. Herbivores, feeding on grass, fertilize the soil with their excrement, creating better conditions for the life of these same grasses. Insects, feeding on pollen and nectar of flowers, promote cross-pollination of plants. But at the same time, giant swarms of locusts are destroying vast fields; herds of goats completely knock out plants by the roots, leaving bare wastelands. As a result of such interactions in nature, the number of a population increases and then sharply decreases, which applies equally to locusts and goats, since they themselves are subsequently left without food and die.

Angiosperms, together with gymnosperms, create the human habitat - these are the “green lungs” of the Earth, this is the integrity of our nature, its beauty, uniqueness, this is the food and health of people, both in the spiritual and physical sense. However, forest fires, deforestation, trampling, gas pollution, radiation exposure, drainage, and flooding change the face of the planet and pose a threat to human existence. The scientific and technological revolution has brought unforeseen changes to the natural environment. The ecological balance of the Kola Peninsula, the Tyumen north, and the environs of the lake is deeply disturbed. Baikal. The Aral Sea and the lake are dying before our eyes. Balkhash. The taiga in the European part of Russia has almost been cut down. All people of the Earth, and our country in particular, must remember this, and now the future depends on each person, on his attitude to nature.

Sinkwine “Gymnosperms” noun adjective, adjective verb, verb, verb phrase Name the topic of the lesson using a video fragment http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9a4DnEWXMHM General characteristics of the department Flowering (Angiosperms) plants The meaning of flowering plants Food for humans and animals Raw materials for industry Medicinal preparations Decorative decorations General characteristics of flowering plants (angiosperms) Flowering plants grow in all climatic zones and under different conditions, so they are very diverse. They are represented by various life forms: …, …, …. Among the flowering plants there are annual, ...summer and ...summer plants. Fertilization of flowering plants http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VgwrpKn4i7s Life forms Lifespan of flowering plants General characteristics of flowering plants (angiosperms) A distinctive feature of angiosperms is the presence of..., the main components of which are stamens and.... From the ovary of the latter, flowering plants develop..., inside which are located..., containing... and endosperm, covered with seed.... Structure of a wheat seed General characteristics of flowering plants (angiosperms) During the process of fertilization in flowering plants, one sperm fuses with the egg, and the second with the central cell of the embryo sac. This fertilization is called... Flowering plants are the largest group of plants on Earth. These include about... species. Sinkwine “Flowering, or Angiosperms” noun adjective, adjective verb, verb, verb phrase Homework Required task: Answer questions No. 5-6 on p. in writing. 56 Optional task: Prepare a report on the history of growing beets or pears (no more than 12 lines) Sources used Biology. Plants. Bacteria. Mushrooms. Lichens. 5-6 grades. Workbook No. 2: textbook. manual for general education students. Organizations / N. F. Bodrova. – M.: Mnemosyne, 2014.http://school.xvatit.com/images/5/50/27.07-19.jpghttp://www.biolog.shkola782.edusite.ru/images/6kljiznformyir0.pnghttp:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=VgwrpKn4i7shttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9a4DnEWXMHM

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

Families of the division of angiosperms.

The material contains characteristics of the families of angiosperms. Can be used in lessons in 7th grade and to prepare for the Unified State Examination....

“Bryophyte Department. Variety of mosses. General characteristics of mosses as higher spore plants. Reproduction and development of mosses. Liverworts and leaf-stemmed mosses. The importance of mosses in nature and national economy...

The world of plants is diverse and beautiful: mosses, algae, ferns, mosses, and seeds: pines, thujas, fir, spruce, but they are not the rulers of the kingdom. Signs of anosperms: 1. produce seeds. 2. The seed “lies” openly on the scales of the cone. 3. dusting occurs with the help of wind. 4. Only woody forms 1. The presence of flowers, which is why they are called flowering plants 2. The ovule is protected by the ovary 3. They form a fruit 4. Tissues are maximally adapted to perform their functions 5. Fast metabolism 6. Excellent adaptability to various environmental conditions 7. Gametophyte - ovule and pollen tube 8. Pollination occurs by wind, insects, birds, mammals 9. Life forms: trees, shrubs and grasses. Characteristics of Angiosperms. Distinctive features of angiosperms from gymnosperms: gymnosperms, angiosperms, the seed “lies” openly on the scales of the cone. flowers do not form in wood; vessels are not developed; pollination occurs with the help of wind. only woody forms. Seed Flower Tissue Pollination Life forms the ovule is protected by the ovary the presence of flowers tissues are maximally adapted to perform their functions pollination occurs by wind, insects, birds, mammals trees, shrubs and herbs. Common features of angiosperms and gymnosperms. 1. Have well-developed roots, stems, leaves 2. Produce seeds. 3. The seeds are not enclosed in the true fruit (sometimes covered with fleshy or hard structures (yew berry, pine nut). Angiosperms Let's talk. What plants are classified as angiosperms? Why are they called that? Angiosperms are plants... that bloom at least once a year life. What advantages do angiosperms have over gymnosperms? (page 174 of the textbook) Establish the correct sequence of plant evolution. We repeat. What are the root systems shown here? Why? . Why angiosperms? We repeat. What classes are angiosperms divided into? Class Dicotyledons Class Monocots We repeat. 1. What are the characteristics of plants of the class Dicotyledons? 3. Monocots? riznak vudolnye plants monocotyledonous plants 1. arodic seed 2 cotyledons 1 cotyledon 2. decayed forms of trees, shrubs and grasses mainly herbs vudolnye plants monocotyledonous plants 3. root system rod-like fibrous 4. aestia simple and complex simple rhiznak vudolary plants lonocotyledonous plants 5. leaf paradise whole and rugged whole 6. pinnate and palmate parallel and arcuate riznak vudolous plants monocotyledonous plants 7. double simple branifer 8. Flower parts multiple of 4 or 5 times 3 exceptions: Plantain - dicotyledonous plant Arc venation Crow's eye - monocotyledonous plant Reticulate venation Department Angiosperms Class Dicotyledons About 200 thousand plants, almost 300 families Class Monocots 64 thousand plants, 85 families Families: Cruciferous Rosaceae Solanaceae Moths Asteraceae, etc. Families: Liliaceae Onions Asparagus Cereals, etc. Class Monocots family Lacaceae (Yatliaceae) family Ucaceae family Iliaceae Classification (example) Kingdom Department Order Family Genus Species Plants Angiosperms, or Flowering Liliaceae Liliaceae Fritillary Yellow fritillary Class Dicotyledonous family False-flowered (striate) family Ozaceae family Obaceae (Otylaceae) family Aslenaceae family Restoraceae (apustaceae) Classification (example) Kingdom Division Class Order Family Genus Species Plants Angiosperms, or Flowering Dicotyledons Rosaceae Cinquefoil Cinquefoil anseri "Biological warm-up" 1. The main root is well expressed. 2. Fibrous root system. 3. Herbaceous, less often woody plants. 4. Plants have a cambium 5. Leaves are simple with arcuate or parallel venation 6. Embryo with two cotyledons 7. Leaves are simple or compound, most with reticulate venation 8. Plants do not have a cambium 9. The main root does not develop 10. Taproot system 11. Flowers are mainly four-membered or five-membered 12. Three-membered flowers Monocots: 2, 3, 5, 8, 9, 12 Dicotyledons: 1, 4, 6, 7, 10, 11 signs dicots monocots Leaf Stem Root Seed Flowers Representatives The number of flower parts is a multiple of 4 or 5 veined venation of the leaf vodicular bundles form a ring, there is a cambium tap root system arod has two cotyledons osa, strawberry, radish, cabbage aral or arc venation vodescent bundles are scattered, no cambium spectacled root system Number of flower parts is a multiple of 3 ǻ embryo one cotyledon oranges, lilies, tulips Why are angiosperms so diverse and dominant in the biosphere? Diversity of flowers Diversity of vegetative organs Grow in different climatic conditions, hence different ecological groups Have the ability to adapt to the most unsuitable conditions Sexual and vegetative reproduction Pollinated by wind, insects, self-pollination occurs Reproduction by seeds Homework Repeat the notes. Make up questions. Preparing material for a lesson - auction (each group chooses one family and selects material on representatives of this family, riddles, fairy tales, composes a syncwine, etc.) Writing a syncwine The first line is the theme of the syncwine, contains one word (usually a noun or pronoun ), which denotes the object or subject that will be discussed. The second line is two words (most often adjectives or participles), they describe the characteristics and properties of the item or object selected in the syncwine. The third line is formed by three verbs or gerunds that describe the characteristic actions of the object. The fourth line is a four-word phrase expressing the personal attitude of the author of the syncwine to the subject or object being described. The fifth line is one word - a summary characterizing the essence of the subject or object. I wish you success!

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Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/359623763_441962703.pdf-img/359623763_441962703.pdf-9.jpg" alt="> Cinquain “Flowering, or Angiosperms” noun adjective, adjective verb, verb"> Синквейн «Цветковые, или Покрытосеменные» существительное прилагательное, прилагательное глагол, глагол словосочетание МБОУ СОШ № 9 г. !}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/359623763_441962703.pdf-img/359623763_441962703.pdf-10.jpg" alt="> Homework Required task: Answer questions in writing no."> Домашнее задание Обязательное задание: Письменно ответить на вопросы № 5 -6 на с. 56 Задание по желанию: Подготовить сообщение об истории выращивания свёклы или груши (не более 12 строк) МБОУ СОШ № 9 г. !}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/359623763_441962703.pdf-img/359623763_441962703.pdf-11.jpg" alt="> Sources used 1. Biology. Plants. Bacteria. Fungi. Lichens 5-6 grades."> Используемые источники 1. Биология. Растения. Бактерии. Грибы. Лишайники. 5 -6 классы. Рабочая тетрадь № 2: учеб. пособие для учащихся общеобразоват. Организаций / Н. Ф. бодрова. – М. : Мнемозина, 2014. 2. http: //school. xvatit. com/images/5/50/27. 07 -19. jpg 3. http: //www. biolog. shkola 782. edusite. ru/images/6 kljiznf ormyir 0. png 4. http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Vgwrp. Kn 4 i 7 s 5. http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=9 a 4 Dn. EWXMHM МБОУ СОШ № 9 г. !}