Small and large peoples of Siberia. Diversity of indigenous peoples of Siberia
Description of the presentation by individual slides:
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Indigenous peoples of Siberia in the modern world. Municipal budgetary educational institution "Gymnasium No. 17", Kemerovo Compiled by: teacher of history and social studies T.N. Kapustyanskaya.
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The largest peoples before Russian colonization include the following peoples: Itelmens (indigenous inhabitants of Kamchatka), Yukagirs (inhabited the main territory of the tundra), Nivkhs (inhabitants of Sakhalin), Tuvinians (indigenous population of the Republic of Tuva), Siberian Tatars (located in the territory of Southern Siberia from Ural to Yenisei) and Selkups (residents of Western Siberia).
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The Yakuts are the most numerous of the Siberian peoples. According to the latest data, the number of Yakuts is 478,100 people. In modern Russia, the Yakuts are one of the few nationalities that have their own republic, and its area is comparable to the area of the average European state. The Republic of Yakutia (Sakha) is geographically located in the Far Eastern Federal District, but the Yakut ethnic group has always been considered an indigenous Siberian people. The Yakuts have an interesting culture and traditions. This is one of the few peoples of Siberia that has its own epic.
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The Buryats are another Siberian people with their own republic. The capital of Buryatia is the city of Ulan-Ude, located east of Lake Baikal. The number of Buryats is 461,389 people. Buryat cuisine is widely known in Siberia and is rightfully considered one of the best among ethnic cuisines. The history of this people, its legends and traditions is quite interesting. By the way, the Republic of Buryatia is one of the main centers of Buddhism in Russia.
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Tuvans. According to the latest census, 263,934 identified themselves as representatives of the Tuvan people. The Republic of Tyva is one of the four ethnic republics of the Siberian Federal District. Its capital is the city of Kyzyl with a population of 110 thousand people. The total population of the republic is approaching 300 thousand. Buddhism also flourishes here, and the Tuvan traditions also speak of shamanism.
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The Khakass are one of the indigenous peoples of Siberia, numbering 72,959 people. Today they have their own republic within the Siberian Federal District and with its capital in the city of Abakan. This ancient people have long lived in the lands west of the Great Lake (Baikal). It was never numerous, but that did not prevent it from carrying its identity, culture and traditions through the centuries.
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Altaians. Their place of residence is quite compact - the Altai mountain system. Today Altaians live in two constituent entities of the Russian Federation - the Altai Republic and the Altai Territory. The number of the Altai ethnic group is about 71 thousand people, which allows us to speak of them as a fairly large people. Religion – shamanism and Buddhism. Altaians have their own epic and a clearly defined national identity, which does not allow them to be confused with other Siberian peoples. This mountain people has a centuries-old history and interesting legends.
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The Nenets are one of the small Siberian peoples living compactly in the area of the Kola Peninsula. Its population of 44,640 people allows it to be classified as a small nation whose traditions and culture are protected by the state. The Nenets are nomadic reindeer herders. They belong to the so-called Samoyed folk group. Over the years of the 20th century, the number of Nenets approximately doubled, which indicates the effectiveness of state policy in the field of preserving the small peoples of the North. The Nenets have their own language and oral epic.
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Evenki are a people predominantly living in the territory of the Sakha Republic. The number of this people in Russia is 38,396 people, some of whom live in the regions adjacent to Yakutia. It is worth saying that this is approximately half of the total number of the ethnic group - approximately the same number of Evenks live in China and Mongolia. The Evenks are a people of the Manchu group who do not have their own language and epic. Tungusic is considered the native language of the Evenks. Evenks are born hunters and trackers.
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The Khanty are the indigenous people of Siberia, belonging to the Ugric group. The majority of the Khanty live on the territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, which is part of the Ural Federal District of Russia. The total number of Khanty is 30,943 people. About 35% of the Khanty live in the Siberian Federal District, with the lion's share of them in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The traditional occupations of the Khanty are fishing, hunting and reindeer herding. The religion of their ancestors is shamanism, but recently more and more Khanty people consider themselves Orthodox Christians.
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The Evens are a people related to the Evenks. According to one version, they represent an Evenki group that was cut off from the main halo of residence by the Yakuts moving south. A long time away from the main ethnic group made the Evens a separate people. Today their number is 21,830 people. Language: Tungusic. Places of residence: Kamchatka, Magadan region, Republic of Sakha.
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The Chukchi are a nomadic Siberian people who are mainly engaged in reindeer herding and live on the territory of the Chukotka Peninsula. Their number is about 16 thousand people. The Chukchi belong to the Mongoloid race and, according to many anthropologists, are the indigenous aborigines of the Far North. The main religion is animism. Indigenous industries are hunting and reindeer herding.
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The Shors are a Turkic-speaking people living in the southeastern part of Western Siberia, mainly in the south of the Kemerovo region (in the Tashtagol, Novokuznetsk, Mezhdurechensky, Myskovsky, Osinnikovsky and other regions). Their number is about 13 thousand people. The main religion is shamanism. The Shor epic is of scientific interest primarily for its originality and antiquity. The history of the people dates back to the 6th century. Today, the traditions of the Shors have been preserved only in Sheregesh, since most of the ethnic group moved to the cities and were largely assimilated.
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Muncie. This people has been known to Russians since the beginning of the founding of Siberia. Ivan the Terrible also sent an army against the Mansi, which suggests that they were quite numerous and strong. The self-name of this people is Voguls. They have their own language, a fairly developed epic. Today, their place of residence is the territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug. According to the latest census, 12,269 people identified themselves as belonging to the Mansi ethnic group.
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The Nanais are a small people living along the banks of the Amur River in the Russian Far East. Belonging to the Baikal ethnotype, the Nanais are rightfully considered one of the most ancient indigenous peoples of Siberia and the Far East. Today the number of Nanais in Russia is 12,160 people. The Nanais have their own language, rooted in Tungusic. Writing exists only among the Russian Nanais and is based on the Cyrillic alphabet.
The Khanty are an indigenous Ugric people living in the north of Western Siberia, mainly in the territories of the Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs of the Tyumen Region, as well as in the north of the Tomsk Region.
The Khanty (the obsolete name “Ostyaks”) are also known as the Yugras, but the more accurate self-name “Khanty” (from the Khanty “kantakh” - person, people) was established as the official name in Soviet times.
Until the beginning of the 20th century, Russians called the Khanty Ostyaks (possibly from “as-yakh” - “people of the big river”), and even earlier (until the 14th century) - Yugra, Yugrich. The Komi-Zyryans called the Khanty egra, the Nenets - khabi, the Tatars - ushtek (eshtek, expired).
The Khanty are close to the Mansi, with whom they unite under the common name Ob Ugrians.
Among the Khanty there are three ethnographic groups: northern, southern and eastern. They differ in dialects, self-name, economic and cultural features. Also among the Khanty there are territorial groups - Vasyugan, Salym, Kazym Khanty.
The northern neighbors of the Khanty were the Nenets, the southern - the Siberian Tatars and the Tomsk-Narym Selkups, the eastern - the Kets, Selkups, as well as the nomadic Evenks. The huge territory of settlement and, accordingly, the different cultures of neighboring peoples contributed to the formation of three quite different ethnographic groups within one people.
Population
The number of Khanty in the Russian Federation is 30,943 people according to the 2010 census). Of these, 61.6% live in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, 30.7% - in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, 2.3% - in the Tyumen region without Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, 2.3% - in the Tomsk region.
The main habitat is limited primarily to the lower reaches of the Ob and Irtysh rivers and their tributaries.
Language and writing
The Khanty language, together with Mansi and Hungarian, makes up the Ob-Ugric group of the Uralic family of languages. The Khanty language is known for its extraordinary dialect fragmentation. There is a western group - the Obdorsk, Priob and Irtysh dialects and an eastern group - the Surgut and Vakh-Vasyugan dialects, which in turn are divided into 13 dialects.
Dialectal fragmentation made the creation of writing difficult. In 1879, N. Grigorovsky published a primer in one of the dialects of the Khanty language. Subsequently, priest I. Egorov created a primer of the Khanty language in the Obdor dialect, which was then translated into the Vakhov-Vasyugan dialect.
In the 1930s, the Kazym dialect served as the basis for the Khanty alphabet; since 1940, the Middle Ob dialect has been used as the basis for the literary language. At this time, writing was initially created on the basis of the Latin alphabet, and since 1937 it has been based on the Kyllic alphabet. Currently, writing exists on the basis of five dialects of the Khanty language: Kazym, Surgut, Vakhovsk, Surgut, Sredneobok.
In modern Russia, 38.5% of the Khanty consider Russian their native language. Some of the northern Khanty also speak Nenets and Komi languages.
Anthropological type
The anthropological features of the Khanty allow us to classify them as a Ural contact race, which is internally heterogeneous in the territorial correlation of Mongoloid and Caucasian features. The Khanty, along with the Selkups and Nenets, are part of the West Siberian group of populations, which is characterized by an increased proportion of Mongoloidity, compared to other representatives of the Ural race. Moreover, women are more Mongolian than men.
In terms of their build, the Khanty are of average or even below average height (156-160 cm). They usually have straight black or brown hair, which is usually long and worn either loose or braided, dark complexion, dark eyes.
Thanks to the flattened face with somewhat prominent cheekbones, thick (but not full) lips and a short nose, depressed at the root and wide, upturned at the end, the Khanty type is externally reminiscent of the Mongolian. But, unlike typical Mongoloids, they have correctly cut eyes, often a narrow and long skull (dolicho- or subdolichocephalic). All this gives the Khanty a special imprint, which is why some researchers are inclined to see in them the remnants of a special ancient race that once inhabited part of Europe.
Ethnic history
In historical chronicles, the first written mentions of the Khanty people are found in Russian and Arabic sources of the 10th century, but it is known for certain that the ancestors of the Khanty lived in the Urals and Western Siberia already 6-5 thousand years BC, subsequently they were displaced by nomads in lands of Northern Siberia.
Archaeologists associate the ethnogenesis of the Northern Khanty, based on the mixture of aboriginal and alien Ugric tribes, with the Ust-Poluy culture (late 1st millennium BC - early 1st millennium AD), localized in the Ob River basin from the mouth of the Irtysh to the Ob Bay. Many traditions of this northern taiga fishing culture are inherited by the modern northern Khanty. From the middle of the 2nd millennium AD. The northern Khanty were strongly influenced by the Nenets reindeer herding culture. In the zone of direct territorial contacts, the Khanty were partially assimilated by the tundra Nenets (the so-called “seven Nenets clans of Khanty origin”).
The southern Khanty are settled up from the mouth of the Irtysh. This is the territory of the southern taiga, forest-steppe and steppe and culturally it gravitates more towards the south. In their formation and subsequent ethnocultural development, a significant role was played by the southern forest-steppe population, which was layered on the general Khanty base. The Turks and later the Russians had a significant influence on the southern Khanty.
The Eastern Khanty are settled in the Middle Ob region and along the tributaries Salym, Pim, Tromyegan, Agan, Vakh, Yugan, Vasyugan. This group, to a greater extent than others, preserves the North Siberian features of a culture that goes back to the Ural traditions - draft dog breeding, dugout boats, the predominance of swing clothing, birch bark utensils, and a fishing economy. Another significant component of the culture of the Eastern Khanty is the Sayan-Altai component, which dates back to the formation of the southwestern Siberian fishing tradition. The influence of the Sayan-Altai Turks on the culture of the Eastern Khanty can be traced at a later time. Within the modern territory of their habitat, the Eastern Khanty interacted quite actively with the Kets and Selkups, which was facilitated by belonging to the same economic and cultural type.
Thus, in the presence of common cultural features characteristic of the Khanty ethnic group, which is associated with the early stages of their ethnogenesis and the formation of the Ural community, which, along with the Mornings, included the ancestors of the Kets and Samoyed peoples. The subsequent cultural “divergence” and the formation of ethnographic groups were largely determined by the processes of ethnocultural interaction with neighboring peoples.
Thus, the culture of the people, their language and spiritual world are not homogeneous. This is explained by the fact that the Khanty settled quite widely, and different cultures formed in different climatic conditions.
Life and economy
The main occupations of the northern Khanty were reindeer herding and hunting, and less often fishing. The cult of the deer can be traced in all spheres of life of the Saverian Khanty. Deer, without exaggeration, was the basis of life: it was also transport, the skins were used in the construction of houses and sewing clothes. It is no coincidence that many norms of social life (ownership of deer and their inheritance) and worldview (in funeral rites) are also associated with deer.
The southern Khanty were mainly engaged in fishing, but they were also known for farming and cattle breeding.
Based on the fact that the economy influences the nature of settlement, and the type of settlement influences the design of the dwelling, the Khanty distinguishes five types of settlement with the corresponding characteristics of the settlements:
The Khanty, who were engaged in hunting and fishing, had 3-4 dwellings in different seasonal settlements, which changed depending on the season. Such dwellings were made of logs and placed directly on the ground; sometimes dugouts and semi-dugouts were built with a wooden post frame, which was covered on top with poles, branches, turf and earth.
Khanty reindeer herders lived in portable dwellings, in tents, consisting of poles placed in a circle, fastened in the center, covered with birch bark (in summer) or skins (in winter).
Religion and Beliefs
Since ancient times, the Khanty have revered the elements of nature: the sun, moon, fire, water, wind. The Khanty also had totemic patrons, family deities and ancestor patrons. Each clan had its own totem animal, it was revered, considered one of the distant relatives. This animal could not be killed or eaten.
The bear was revered everywhere, he was considered a protector, he helped hunters, protected against diseases, and resolved disputes. At the same time, the bear, unlike other totem animals, could be hunted. In order to reconcile the spirit of the bear and the hunter who killed it, the Khanty organized a bear festival. The frog was revered as the guardian of family happiness and an assistant to women in labor. There were also sacred places, the place where the patron lives. Hunting and fishing were prohibited in such places, since the animals were protected by the patron himself.
Traditional rituals and holidays have survived to this day in a modified form; they were adapted to modern views and timed to coincide with certain events. For example, a bear festival is held before the issuance of licenses to shoot bears.
After the Russians arrived in Siberia, the Khanty were converted to Christianity. However, this process was uneven and affected primarily those groups of Khanty who experienced the diverse influence of Russian settlers, these are, first of all, the southern Khanty. Other groups note the presence of religious syncretism, expressed in the adaptation of a number of Christian dogmas, with the predominance of the cultural function of the traditional ideological system.
Siberia occupies a vast geographical area of Russia. Once it included such neighboring states as Mongolia, Kazakhstan and part of China. Today this territory belongs exclusively to the Russian Federation. Despite the huge area, there are relatively few settlements in Siberia. Most of the region is occupied by tundra and steppe.
Description of Siberia
The entire territory is divided into Eastern and Western regions. In rare cases, theologians also define the Southern region, which is the mountainous area of Altai. The area of Siberia is about 12.6 million square meters. km. This is approximately 73.5% of the total. It is interesting that Siberia is larger in area than Canada.
Of the main natural zones, in addition to the Eastern and Western regions, the Baikal region is distinguished and the largest rivers are the Yenisei, Irtysh, Angara, Ob, Amur and Lena. The most significant lake waters are Taimyr, Baikal and Uvs-Nur.
From an economic point of view, the centers of the region can be called cities such as Novosibirsk, Tyumen, Omsk, Ulan-Ude, Tomsk, etc.
Mount Belukha is considered the highest point in Siberia - over 4.5 thousand meters.
Population history
Historians call the Samoyed tribes the first inhabitants of the region. These people lived in the northern part. Due to the harsh climate, the only occupation was reindeer herding. They ate mainly fish from adjacent lakes and rivers. The Mansi people lived in the southern part of Siberia. Their favorite pastime was hunting. The Mansi traded furs, which were highly valued by Western merchants.
The Turks are another significant population of Siberia. They lived in the upper reaches of the Ob River. They were engaged in blacksmithing and cattle breeding. Many Turkic tribes were nomadic. A little to the west of the mouth of the Ob River lived the Buryats. They became famous for the mining and processing of iron.
The largest ancient population of Siberia were the Tungus tribes. They settled in the territory from the Sea of Okhotsk to the Yenisei. They made a living by reindeer herding, hunting and fishing. The more prosperous were engaged in crafts.
There were thousands of Eskimos on the coast of the Chukchi Sea. These tribes have long had the slowest cultural and social development. Their only tools are a stone ax and a spear. They were primarily engaged in hunting and gathering.
In the 17th century there was a sharp leap in the development of the Yakuts and Buryats, as well as the northern Tatars.
Indigenous people
The population of Siberia today consists of dozens of nations. Each of them, according to the Russian Constitution, has its own right to national identification. Many peoples of the Northern region even received autonomy within the Russian Federation with all the attendant branches of self-government. This contributed not only to the rapid development of the culture and economy of the region, but also to the preservation of local traditions and customs.
The indigenous population of Siberia largely consists of Yakuts. Their number varies between 480 thousand people. Most of the population is concentrated in the city of Yakutsk - the capital of Yakutia.
The next largest people are the Buryats. There are more than 460 thousand of them. is the city of Ulan-Ude. Lake Baikal is considered the main asset of the republic. It is interesting that this particular region is recognized as one of the main Buddhist centers of Russia.
Tuvinians are the population of Siberia, which, according to the latest census, numbers about 264 thousand people. In the Republic of Tyva, shamans are still revered.
The population of such peoples as the Altaians and Khakassians is almost equal: 72 thousand people each. The indigenous people of the districts are adherents of Buddhism.
The Nenets population is only 45 thousand people. They live throughout their entire history, the Nenets were famous nomads. Today their priority income is reindeer herding.
Also in Siberia live such peoples as Evenks, Chukchi, Khanty, Shors, Mansi, Koryaks, Selkups, Nanais, Tatars, Chuvans, Teleuts, Kets, Aleuts and many others. Each of them has its own centuries-old traditions and legends.
Population
The dynamics of the region's demographic component fluctuates significantly every few years. This is due to the massive movement of young people to the southern cities of Russia and sharp jumps in the birth and death rates. There are relatively few immigrants in Siberia. The reason for this is the harsh climate and specific living conditions in villages.
According to the latest data, the population of Siberia is about 40 million people. This is more than 27% of the total number of people living in Russia. The population is evenly distributed across regions. In the northern part of Siberia there are no large settlements due to poor living conditions. On average, there is 0.5 square meters per person here. km of land.
The most populous cities are Novosibirsk and Omsk - 1.57 and 1.05 million inhabitants, respectively. Next according to this criterion are Krasnoyarsk, Tyumen and Barnaul.
Peoples of Western Siberia
Cities account for about 71% of the region's total population. Most of the population is concentrated in the Kemerovo and Khanty-Mansiysk districts. Nevertheless, the Altai Republic is considered the agricultural center of the Western Region. It is noteworthy that the Kemerovo District ranks first in population density - 32 people/sq. km.
The population of Western Siberia is 50% able-bodied. Most of the employment comes from industry and agriculture.
The region has one of the lowest unemployment rates in the country, with the exception of the Tomsk region and Khanty-Mansiysk.
Today the population of Western Siberia is Russians, Khanty, Nenets, and Turks. By religion, there are Orthodox, Muslims, and Buddhists.
Population of Eastern Siberia
The share of urban residents varies between 72%. The most economically developed are the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Irkutsk Region. From an agricultural point of view, the most important point in the region is the Buryat Okrug.
Every year the population of Eastern Siberia is becoming smaller. Recently, there has been a sharp negative trend in migration and birth rates. It is also the lowest in the country. In some areas it is 33 square meters. km per person. Unemployment is high.
The ethnic composition includes such peoples as Mongols, Turks, Russians, Buryats, Evenks, Dolgans, Kets, etc. Most of the population are Orthodox and Buddhists.
According to researchers from different regions, the indigenous peoples of Siberia settled in this territory in the Late Paleolithic era. It was this time that was characterized by the greatest development of hunting as a trade.
Today, most of the tribes and nationalities of this region are small in number and their culture is on the verge of extinction. Next, we will try to get acquainted with such an area of the geography of our Motherland as the peoples of Siberia. Photos of representatives, features of language and farming will be given in the article.
By understanding these aspects of life, we are trying to show the versatility of peoples and, perhaps, awaken in readers an interest in travel and unusual experiences.
Ethnogenesis
Almost throughout the entire territory of Siberia, the Mongoloid type of person is represented. It is considered to be its homeland. After the glacier began to retreat, people with precisely these facial features populated the region. In that era, cattle breeding had not yet been developed to a significant extent, so hunting became the main occupation of the population.
If we study the map of Siberia, we will see that they are most represented by the Altai and Ural families. Tungusic, Mongolian and Turkic languages on the one hand - and Ugro-Samoyeds on the other.
Social and economic features
Before the development of this region by the Russians, the peoples of Siberia and the Far East basically had a similar way of life. Firstly, tribal relations were common. Traditions were kept within individual settlements, and they tried not to spread marriages outside the tribe.
Classes were divided depending on the place of residence. If there was a large waterway nearby, then there were often settlements of sedentary fishermen, where agriculture began. The main population was engaged exclusively in cattle breeding; for example, reindeer herding was very common.
These animals are convenient to breed not only because of their meat and unpretentiousness to food, but also because of their skins. They are very thin and warm, which allowed peoples such as the Evenks to be good riders and warriors in comfortable clothes.
After the arrival of firearms in these territories, the way of life changed significantly.
Spiritual sphere of life
The ancient peoples of Siberia still remain adherents of shamanism. Although it has undergone various changes over many centuries, it has not lost its strength. The Buryats, for example, first added some rituals, and then completely switched to Buddhism.
Most of the remaining tribes were formally baptized in the period after the eighteenth century. But this is all official data. If we drive through the villages and settlements where the small peoples of Siberia live, we will see a completely different picture. The majority adhere to the centuries-old traditions of their ancestors without innovations, the rest combine their beliefs with one of the main religions.
These facets of life are especially evident on national holidays, when attributes of different beliefs meet. They intertwine and create a unique pattern of the authentic culture of a particular tribe.
Aleuts
They call themselves Unangans, and their neighbors (Eskimos) - Alakshak. The total number barely reaches twenty thousand people, most of whom live in the northern United States and Canada.
Researchers believe that the Aleuts formed about five thousand years ago. True, there are two points of view on their origin. Some consider them to be an independent ethnic entity, others - that they separated from the Eskimos.
Before this people became acquainted with the Orthodoxy they adhere to today, the Aleuts practiced a mixture of shamanism and animism. The main shamanic costume was in the form of a bird, and the spirits of various elements and phenomena were represented by wooden masks.
Today they worship a single god, who in their language is called Agugum and represents complete compliance with all the canons of Christianity.
On the territory of the Russian Federation, as we will see later, many small peoples of Siberia are represented, but these live only in one settlement - the village of Nikolskoye.
Itelmens
The self-name comes from the word “itenmen”, which means “a person who lives here”, local, in other words.
You can meet them in the west and in the Magadan region. The total number is just over three thousand people, according to the 2002 census.
In appearance they are closer to the Pacific type, but still have clear features of the northern Mongoloids.
The original religion was animism and fetishism; the Raven was considered the ancestor. The Itelmen customarily bury their dead according to the ritual of “air burial.” The deceased is suspended until decay in a tree house or placed on a special platform. Not only the peoples of Eastern Siberia can boast of this tradition; in ancient times it was widespread even in the Caucasus and North America.
The most common livelihood is fishing and hunting coastal mammals such as seals. In addition, gathering is widespread.
Kamchadal
Not all peoples of Siberia and the Far East are aborigines; an example of this would be the Kamchadals. Actually, this is not an independent nationality, but a mixture of Russian settlers with local tribes.
Their language is Russian mixed with local dialects. They are distributed mainly in Eastern Siberia. These include Kamchatka, Chukotka, the Magadan region, and the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk.
Judging by the census, their total number fluctuates around two and a half thousand people.
Actually, the Kamchadals as such appeared only in the middle of the eighteenth century. At this time, Russian settlers and traders intensively established contacts with the locals, some of them entered into marriages with Itelmen women and representatives of the Koryaks and Chuvans.
Thus, the descendants of precisely these intertribal unions bear the name of Kamchadals today.
Koryaks
If you start listing the peoples of Siberia, the Koryaks will not take the last place on the list. They have been known to Russian researchers since the eighteenth century.
In fact, this is not a single people, but several tribes. They call themselves namylan or chavchuven. Judging by the census, today their number is about nine thousand people.
Kamchatka, Chukotka and the Magadan region are the territories where representatives of these tribes live.
If we classify them based on their lifestyle, they are divided into coastal and tundra.
The first ones are nymylans. They speak the Alyutor language and are engaged in marine crafts - fishing and seal hunting. The Kereks are close to them in culture and way of life. This people is characterized by a sedentary life.
The second are the Chavchiv nomads (reindeer herders). Their language is Koryak. They live in Penzhinskaya Bay, Taygonos and surrounding areas.
A characteristic feature that distinguishes the Koryaks, like some other peoples of Siberia, are the yarangas. These are mobile cone-shaped dwellings made of skins.
Muncie
If we talk about the indigenous peoples of Western Siberia, we cannot fail to mention the Ural-Yukaghir people. The most prominent representatives of this group are the Mansi.
The self-name of this people is “Mendsy” or “Voguls”. "Mansi" means "man" in their language.
This group was formed as a result of the assimilation of the Ural and Ugric tribes during the Neolithic era. The first were sedentary hunters, the second were nomadic cattle breeders. This duality of culture and farming continues to this day.
The very first contacts with their western neighbors were in the eleventh century. At this time, the Mansi get acquainted with the Komi and Novgorodians. After joining Russia, colonization policies intensified. By the end of the seventeenth century they were pushed to the northeast, and in the eighteenth they formally adopted Christianity.
Today there are two phratries in this people. The first is called Por, considers the Bear to be its ancestor, and its basis is made up of the Urals. The second is called Mos, its founder is the woman Kaltashch, and the majority in this phratry belongs to the Ugrians.
A characteristic feature is that only cross-marriages between phratries are recognized. Only some indigenous peoples of Western Siberia have such a tradition.
Nanai people
In ancient times they were known as golds, and one of the most famous representatives of this people was Dersu Uzala.
Judging by the population census, there are a little more than twenty thousand of them. They live along the Amur in the Russian Federation and China. Language - Nanai. In Russia the Cyrillic alphabet is used, in China the language is unwritten.
These peoples of Siberia became known thanks to Khabarov, who explored this region in the seventeenth century. Some scientists consider them to be the ancestors of settled farmers, the Duchers. But most are inclined to believe that the Nanai simply came to these lands.
In 1860, thanks to the redistribution of borders along the Amur River, many representatives of this people found themselves overnight as citizens of two states.
Nenets
When listing peoples, it is impossible not to stop at the Nenets. This word, like many of the names of the tribes in these territories, means “man.” Judging by the data of the All-Russian Population Census, more than forty thousand people live from Taimyr to them. Thus, it turns out that the Nenets are the largest of the indigenous peoples of Siberia.
They are divided into two groups. The first is tundra, whose representatives are the majority, the second is forest (there are few of them left). The dialects of these tribes are so different that one will not understand the other.
Like all the peoples of Western Siberia, the Nenets have features of both Mongoloids and Caucasians. Moreover, the closer to the east, the fewer European signs remain.
The basis of the economy of this people is reindeer herding and, to a small extent, fishing. The main dish is corned beef, but the cuisine is replete with raw meat from cows and deer. Thanks to the vitamins contained in the blood, the Nenets do not suffer from scurvy, but such exoticism is rarely to the taste of guests and tourists.
Chukchi
If we think about what kind of people lived in Siberia, and approach this issue from an anthropological point of view, we will see several ways of settlement. Some tribes came from Central Asia, others from the northern islands and Alaska. Only a small fraction are local residents.
The Chukchi, or Luoravetlan, as they call themselves, are similar in appearance to the Itelmen and Eskimos and have facial features like those. This leads to speculation about their origin.
They met the Russians in the seventeenth century and fought a bloody war for more than a hundred years. As a result, they were pushed back beyond the Kolyma.
The Anyui fortress, where the garrison moved after the fall of the Anadyr fort, became an important trading point. The fair in this stronghold had a turnover of hundreds of thousands of rubles.
A richer group of Chukchi - the Chauchu (reindeer herders) - brought skins here for sale. The second part of the population was called ankalyn (dog breeders), they roamed in the north of Chukotka and led a simpler economy.
Eskimos
The self-name of this people is Inuit, and the word “Eskimo” means “one who eats raw fish.” That's what their neighbors called them - the American Indians.
Researchers identify this people as a special “Arctic” race. They are very adapted to life in this territory and inhabit the entire coast of the Arctic Ocean from Greenland to Chukotka.
Judging by the 2002 population census, their number in the Russian Federation is only about two thousand. The main part lives in Canada and Alaska.
The Inuit religion is animism, and tambourines are a sacred relic in every family.
For lovers of exotic things, it will be interesting to learn about igunak. This is a special dish that is deadly for anyone who has not eaten it since childhood. In fact, this is the rotting meat of a killed deer or walrus (seal), which was kept under a gravel press for several months.
Thus, in this article we studied some of the peoples of Siberia. We got acquainted with their real names, peculiarities of beliefs, farming and culture.
The history of Siberian peoples goes back thousands of years. Since ancient times, great people lived here, preserving the traditions of their ancestors, respecting nature and its gifts. And just as the vast lands of Siberia are vast, so are the diverse peoples of the indigenous Siberians.
Altaians
According to the results of the population census in 2010, the Altaians number about 70,000 people, which makes them the largest ethnic group in Siberia. They live mainly in the Altai Territory and the Altai Republic.
The nationality is divided into 2 ethnic groups - Southern and Northern Altaians, differing both in their way of life and the characteristics of their language.
Religion: Buddhism, shamanism, Burkhanism.
Teleuts
Most often, Teleuts are considered an ethnic group related to the Altaians. But some distinguish them as a separate nationality.
They live in the Kemerovo region. The number is about 2 thousand people. Language, culture, faith, traditions are inherent to the Altaians.
Sayots
Sayots live on the territory of the Republic of Buryatia. The population numbers about 4,000 people.
Being descendants of the inhabitants of the Eastern Sayans - the Sayan Samoyeds. The Sayots have preserved their culture and traditions since ancient times and to this day remain reindeer herders and hunters.
Dolgans
The main settlements of Dolganov are located on the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory - Dolgano-Nenets municipal district. The number is about 8,000 people.
Religion – Orthodoxy. The Dolgans are the northernmost Turkic-speaking people in the world.
Shors
Adherents of shamanism, the Shors, live mainly in the Kemerovo region. The people are distinguished by their distinctive ancient culture. The first mentions of the Shors go back to the 6th century AD.
The nationality is usually divided into mountain taiga and southern Shors. The total number is about 14,000 people.
Evenks
The Evenks speak the Tungusic language and have been hunting since time immemorial.
The nationality numbers about 40,000 people settled in the Republic of Sakha-Yakutia, China and Mongolia.
Nenets
A small nationality of Siberia, they live near the Kola Peninsula. The Nents are a nomadic people engaged in reindeer herding.
Their number is about 45,000 people.
Khanty
More than 30,000 Khanty live on the territory of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. They engage in hunting, reindeer herding, and fishing.
Many of the modern Khanty consider themselves Orthodox, but some families still profess shamanism.
Muncie
One of the oldest indigenous Siberian peoples is Mansi.
Ivan the Terrible also sent entire armies to battle with Mansi during the development of Siberia.
Today their number numbers about 12,000 people. They live mainly on the territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug.
Nanai people
Historians call the Nanais the oldest people of Siberia. The number is about 12,000 people.
They mainly live in the Far East and along the banks of the Amur River in China. Nanai is translated as - people of the earth.
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