A small indigenous population is from 0 to 50,000 people. Officially, there are 47 of them throughout the country, except Dagestan. As the most multinational subject of the Federation, the State Council of the Republic itself determines the characteristics of the peoples living on its territory.

Chum salmon. The smallest people - only four people. The Ket language is the last living representative of the Yenisei language family. The last related dialects disappeared at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries along with their speakers.

North of Krasnoyarsk Territory

Hunting and fishing

Nenets("real man"). The most numerous of the small nations - 44,640 representatives.

Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Arkhangelsk Region

Reindeer husbandry

Nivkhi(4652 people). It is assumed that their related peoples live in Polynesia. And the culture originated in Japan, from where its carriers were expelled in the 7th century. Writers Vladimir Sangi, Chingiz Aitmatov, Gennady Gor spoke about the Nivkhs...

Amur region and Sakhalin

Fishing

Sami- (1,771 people live in Russia). They are Laplanders, Lapps. Residents of Lapland - a territory divided between Russia and the Scandinavian countries. They have a distinct national identity, an alphabet (Latin alphabet), a flag and anthem, and their rights are represented by elected representative bodies of cultural self-government. American actress Renee Zellweger is Norwegian Sami on her mother's side.

Kola Peninsula

reindeer husbandry, fishing, sea and land hunting

Yukaghirs(1597 people) - a people on the verge of extinction. The expedition, which took place in 2011, did not reveal a single Yukaghir in the third generation; representatives of the older generation do not remember Yukaghir fairy tales, although they know the names of the characters. Only six native speakers were identified.

Northern Yakutia, western Chukotka, Magadan region

Reindeer husbandry

Teleuts(2,643 people). The richest and most ancient history: in 391 the Tubgachamians were conquered, in 403 by the Rourans, in the 280s the Teleuts took Gaochian and ravaged Yuebani, created the state of Gaogyui allied with the Chinese, which was soon destroyed by the Hephthalites, in 550 they were conquered by the Turkuts...

Kemerovo region

Agriculture

Abazins(43,341 people - the second largest among small nations after the Nenets). Historic homeland is the territory of modern Abkhazia. The ancient Greek historian Herodotus (5th century BC) in his map of the ancient world mentioned the Abasags in the list of peoples who lived along the banks of the Pontus Euxine. In the 1st century, according to church tradition, the Apostle Andrew preached among the mountain peoples of the Alans, Abazgs and Zikhs. In 1073, Abaza icon painters and jewelry craftsmen participated in the painting of the Cathedral of the Kiev Pechersk Lavra.

Karachay-Cherkessia

Agriculture

Chukchi(15,908 people). A very warlike tribe - in their kayaks they terrorized not only their neighbors, but also swam to what is now Alaska and Canada. They resisted Russian occupation for almost a century and a half. They managed to appease them only with economic preferences.

Chukotka Autonomous Okrug

Reindeer husbandry, fishing

Alyutorians(0 people). According to the 2002 All-Russian Population Census, there were 12 of them. In the 2010 census, the Alyutors are not even mentioned as a subethnic group. It is not known whether there are native speakers left.

North of Kamchatka Territory

Reindeer husbandry, fishing, sea slaughter

Vod(64 people). A people close to complete extinction. Today its representatives live only in the village of Ust-Luga (a port will be built here), the villages of Krakolie (the construction plan involves its demolition) and Luzhitsy (it will be in an industrial zone). The port development plan provides for the resettlement of residents in the cities of the Leningrad region, which will completely destroy the water culture.

Leningrad region

Dolgan(7885 people) - the northernmost Turkic-speaking people in the world.

Taimyr

Reindeer husbandry

Nganasans(862 people). The northernmost people of Eurasia. In 1940-1960 they decided to make them settled, for which several villages were built. Today, only about a hundred people live semi-sedentarily at hunting and fishing “points”.

East Taimyr

Hunting, fishing

Soyots(3608 people). This people was the last to receive their written language. It was developed only in 2001 to revive the Soyot language. In 2003, the Soyot-Buryat-Russian Dictionary was published. Since 2005, the gradual introduction of language teaching in primary grades of Soyot schools in the Okinsky district of Buryatia began.

Buryatia

Reindeer and yak husbandry

Indigenous Minority Peoples of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Unified List), prepared by the Ministry of Federation and Nationalities of the Russian Federation on the basis of proposals from government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the territories of which these peoples live.

Karachay-Cherkess Republic

Kamchatka Krai

Republic of Karelia, Leningrad region, Vologda region

Leningrad region

Krasnoyarsk Territory, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)

Chukotka Autonomous Okrug

Kamchatka Territory, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Magadan Region

Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, districts of the Tyumen region, Sverdlovsk region, Komi Republic

Khabarovsk Territory, Primorsky Territory, Sakhalin Region

Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Nenets Autonomous Okrug, regions of the Arkhangelsk Region, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, Komi Republic

Khabarovsk Territory, Sakhalin Region

Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, areas of the Tyumen region, Tomsk region, Komi Republic

Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Magadan Region

Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Kamchatka Territory, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)

Tomsk region, Krasnoyarsk region

Kemerovo region, Republic of Khakassia, Republic of Altai

Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Krasnoyarsk Territory, Khabarovsk Territory, Amur Region, Sakhalin Region, Republic of Buryatia, Irkutsk Region, Transbaikal Region, Tomsk Region, Tyumen Region

Krasnoyarsk region

Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Magadan region, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug

Judicial practice and legislation - Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 24, 2000 N 255 (as amended on August 25, 2015) "On the Unified List of Indigenous Minorities of the Russian Federation"

2. The effect of this Procedure extends to persons belonging to small-numbered peoples and their communities in places of traditional residence in accordance with the Unified List of Indigenous Minorities of the Russian Federation, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 24, 2000 N 255 (Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2000, N 14, Art. 1493, 2000, N 41, Art. 4081, 2008, N 42, Art. 4831), List of indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation, approved by order of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 17, 2006 No. 536-r (Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2006, No. 17 (Part II), Art. 1905).

INDIGENOUS SMALL PEOPLES (small peoples), in the Russian Federation, special groups of the population living in the territories of the traditional settlement of their ancestors, preserving their traditional way of life, farming and crafts.

In Russia, one of the first legislative acts aimed at protecting the rights of indigenous peoples was the Charter on the Administration of Foreign Peoples of 1822. In the 1920s, in the decrees and decrees of the Soviet government (for example, in the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of October 25, 1926 “On the approval of the Provisional provisions on the management of indigenous peoples and tribes of the northern outskirts"), a closed list was formed, which initially included 24 ethnic communities. The Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1993 (Article 69) introduced the concept of “indigenous small peoples”. The Russian Federation has a Unified List of Indigenous Peoples of the Russian Federation (2000), as well as a List of Indigenous Peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation (2006). The unified list now includes 40 peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East (Aleuts, Alyutors, Vepsians, Dolgans, Itelmens, Kamchadals, Kereks, Ketians, Koryaks, Kumandins, Mansi, Nanais, Nganasans, Negidals, Nenets, Nivkhs, Oroks, Orochi, Sami , Selkups, Soyots, Taz, Telengits, Teleuts, Tofalars, Tubalars, Tuvans-Todzhins, Udeges, Ulchis, Khanty, Chelkans, Chuvans, Chukchi, Chulyms, Shors, Evenks, Evens, Enets, Eskimos, Yukaghirs), as well as Abaza, Besermyans, Vods, Izhorians, Nagaibaks, Shapsugs and 14 peoples of Dagestan.

According to Russian legislation, in order to recognize a people as indigenous, they must: recognize themselves as an independent ethnic community (self-identify), preserve their original habitat (territory), national crafts, that is, a special economic space, an original culture, a common native language, and have a population on the territory of Russia less than 50 thousand people. Domestic legislation on the status and protection of the rights of national minorities is based on international norms, Russian interstate treaties on human rights and the protection of the rights of national minorities. Indigenous peoples are identified as a separate group of peoples for the purpose of special protection by the state; they are endowed with a special status and have a number of legally established benefits (preferential use of biological resources, earlier retirement, replacement of military service with an alternative one, the list of professions of which includes herding deer; exemption from land payments, etc.). Issues in the field of protecting the rights of national minorities are comprehensively regulated by the Federal Law “On Guarantees of the Rights of Indigenous Minorities of the Russian Federation” (1999). At the federal level, there are also federal laws “On the general principles of organizing communities of indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation” (2000), “On the territories of traditional environmental management of indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation” (2001); The Concept of the federal target program “Economic and social development of indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East until 2015” was approved (2007). In addition, the subjects of the Federation independently solve the problems of national minorities living on their territories.

Lit.: Kharyuchi S.N. Indigenous peoples: problems of legislation. Tomsk, 2004; Andrichenko L.V. Regulation and protection of the rights of national minorities and indigenous peoples in the Russian Federation. M., 2005; Kryazhkov V. A. Status of indigenous peoples of Russia. Legal acts. M., 2005. Book. 3.