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Stages of the Renaissance 1. Earlier Renaissance roughly coincides with the 15th century 2. High Renaissance first quarter of the 16th century. 3. Late Renaissance 1520-1600.

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Florence (XII – XIII centuries) – the cradle of the Renaissance. The Medici were patrons of science and culture. Culture is freedom, but dependent on orders from patrons. Associated with the new secular worldview expressed by humanists, culture loses its inextricable connection with religion, painting and statue spread beyond the temple. Dante (1265 - 1321) – Divine Comedy.

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The Early Renaissance period in Italy covers the time from 1420 to 1500. During these eighty years, art has not yet completely abandoned the traditions of the recent past, but has tried to mix into them elements borrowed from classical antiquity. Madonna and Child by Albertinelli Mariotto

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Sandro Botticelli Madonna with the book Sandro Botticelli The Birth of Venus Early Renaissance

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Around 1500, in the works of Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael Santi, Michelangelo Buonarotti, Giorgione, and Titian, Italian painting and sculpture reached their highest point, entering the High Renaissance. Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475 - 1564) Sculpture of David, painting of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican. Masters of the 15th century (primarily L.B. Alberti, P. della Francesco) created the theory of fine arts and architecture.

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High Renaissance Leonardo da Vinci (1452 - 1519) Encyclopedist. Mona Lisa, architectural projects, technical inventions (prototypes of aircraft, printing press, machine gun, the world's first bicycle, the first tank in history). . Girl with ermine Maholet

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Raphael Santi (1483 - 1520) – portraits, sculptures, cathedral paintings. Among the heroes are ordinary people.

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Due to the economic crisis of the 14th century, the Renaissance period in architecture began only at the beginning of the 15th century and lasted until the beginning of the 17th century in Italy and longer beyond its borders. Renaissance architecture loses its Gothic aspiration to the sky and gains “classical” balance and proportionality, proportionality to the human body. Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence.

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Great architects of the Renaissance: F. Brunelleschi D. Bramante Raphael Santi Michelangelo

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Late Renaissance The classical ideal of the High Renaissance, associated with the humanism of the 15th century, quickly lost its significance, not responding to the new historical situation (Italy lost its independence) and spiritual climate (Italian humanism became more tragic). The works of Michelangelo and Titian acquire dramatic tension and tragedy.

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Professional music is losing the character of a purely church art and is being influenced by folk music. The art of vocal and vocal-instrumental polyphony reached a high level in the work of representatives of “Ars nova” (“New Art”) in Italy and France in the 14th century. Various genres of secular musical art appeared - frottola and villanella in Italy, villancico in Spain, ballad in England, madrigal, which originated in Italy (Luca Marenzio, J. Arkadelt, Gesualdo da Venosa), but became widespread, French polyphonic song. Sounds frottola Renaissance music

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The art of making bowed instruments flourishes in Italy. “Struggle” between two types of bowed instruments - the viol (aristocratic environment), and the violin - an instrument of folk origin. The Renaissance ends with the emergence of new musical genres - solo song, cantata, oratorio and opera.

Artistic culture of the Renaissance.

The Renaissance is one of the most striking periods in the history of the development of European culture.

Renaissance is an entire cultural era in the process of transition from the Middle Ages to modern times, during which a cultural revolution (turn, shift) took place. Fundamental changes are associated with the elimination of the ancient Christian mythological worldview. Despite the origin of the term "Renaissance", strictly speaking, there was not and could not be a revival of antiquity. A person cannot return to his past. The Renaissance, using the lessons of antiquity, introduced innovations. He did not bring back to life all ancient genres, but only those that were in tune with the aspirations of his time and culture. The Renaissance combined a new reading of antiquity with a new reading of Christianity. The Renaissance brought these two fundamental principles of European culture closer together.

The concept of "Renaissance" is multifaceted. Those arguing about it never came to a common opinion. Some consider it “paganism”, “anti-Christianity”, others, on the contrary, see Christian-Catholic elements in it, looking for its roots in Christian culture. The attitude to this problem is revealed by the worldview of the researchers themselves.

There is no generally accepted definition of the cultural phenomenon of the Renaissance. Art critics, historians, thinkers, and writers offer their explanations for this phenomenon, paying attention to various signs. If we group together many of the most common features, we can understand the cultural meaning of the Renaissance as:

— flourishing of culture;

— revolution in culture;

— transitional cultural stage;

— restoration of antiquity.

Each of these signs can manifest itself independently of the Renaissance, but only their complex forms a qualitatively new stage of culture. The European Renaissance is a time of powerful cultural flourishing and restoration of many cultural traditions of Greco-Roman antiquity; a decisive cultural restructuring and a transitional stage to a new time in the history of European civilization.

The names of Petrarch, Boccaccio, Brunelleschi, Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo can be hailed as symbols of Renaissance culture.

The main thing in the Renaissance is the highlighting and affirmation of the human personality in culture and society, which results in various forms of Renaissance anthropocentrism.

The foundations of a new European sense of personality are being formed - an autonomous individualistic personality, aware of its own value, active and experiencing the need for freedom. From this moment on, the human personality, and not the world, not the whole, for the first time becomes the starting point for the formation of a system of perception of the world. This enormous change in culture occurs precisely in the Renaissance - a new way of seeing the world is formed in Italy in the first half of the 15th century. The human personality is being affirmed in culture. For the first time, this personality became isolated, separated from the world.

As a result, the whole world disintegrated into separate individualized things that began to close in on themselves. However, in the Renaissance this process was not yet completed, being limited mainly to man and extending much less to other things of the world.

The result was the movement of man to the center of the material world, gradually growing and overshadowing the higher world, and consequently, the advancement of the material world to the fore and the transformation of man himself into an active creative force in it. Anthropocentrism of the first half of the 15th century. highlighted not just the individual, but the individual as an active, active principle.

In this regard, the problem of human dignity was acutely posed, which was established within its framework quite uncompromisingly precisely in the material plane. One of the main Renaissance values ​​was the concept of “glory” as the goal towards which a person should move.

As a result of all this affirmation of the creative, active material principle, a new image of man gradually began to emerge, a new type of man - “homo faber” - “man-creator”, “man-creator”, “man-producer”, the essence of which was ultimately revealed , into a succinct aphoristic formula: “man is the architect of his own happiness.”

Humanity has its own biography: infancy, adolescence and maturity. The era, which is called the Renaissance, is most likely to be likened to the period of emerging maturity with its integral romance, the search for individuality, and the struggle against the prejudices of the past. Without the Renaissance there would be no modern civilization. The art of the Renaissance arose on the basis of humanism (from Latin - “humane”) - a movement of social thought that originated in the 14th century in Italy, and then during the second half of the 15th-16th centuries. spread to other European countries. All major types of art - painting, graphics, sculpture, architecture - have changed enormously.

Creatively revised principles of the ancient order system were established in architecture, and new types of public buildings emerged. Painting was enriched by linear and aerial perspective, knowledge of the anatomy and proportions of the human body. Earthly content penetrated into the traditional religious themes of works of art. Interest in ancient mythology and history has increased. everyday scenes, landscapes, portraits. Along with monumental wall paintings decorating architectural structures, painting appeared and oil painting arose.

Art had not yet completely divorced itself from craft, but the creative individuality of the artist, whose activity at that time was extremely diverse, had already come to the fore. The universal talent of the Renaissance masters is amazing - they often worked in the fields of architecture, sculpture, painting, and combined their passion for literature. poetry and philosophy with the study of exact sciences. The concept of a creatively rich, or “Renaissance” personality subsequently became a household word.

In the art of the Renaissance, the paths of scientific and artistic comprehension of the world and man were closely intertwined. Its cognitive meaning was inextricably linked with sublime poetic beauty; in its desire for naturalness, it did not stoop to petty everyday life. Art has become a universal spiritual need.

The formation of Renaissance culture in Italy took place in economically independent cities. In the rise and flowering of Renaissance art, a large role was played by the Church and the magnificent courts of uncrowned sovereigns (ruling wealthy families) - the largest patrons and customers of works of painting, sculpture and architecture. The main centers of Renaissance culture were first the cities of Florence, Siena, Pisa, then Padua. Ferrara, Genoa. Milan and later than all, in the second half of the 15th century, the rich merchant Venice. In the 16th century, Rome became the capital of the Italian Renaissance. From this time onwards local art centers. except for Venice, have lost their former significance./data/files/s1473707573.ppt (Renaissance Culture)

Renaissance, or Renaissance (French Renaissance, Italian Rinascimento) is one of the most striking eras in the history of European culture, which replaced
culture of the Middle Ages and
preceding the culture of the new
time. It got its name in
connection with the revival of interest in antiquity
art as an ideal, a model. Approximate
chronological framework of the era of the XIV-XVI centuries

Renaissance

The revival arose in
Italy. It's hard
established only in the 20s
years of the 15th century. In France,
Germany and other countries
this movement has begun
much later. By the end
XV century it reached its
highest bloom. In the XVI
century, a crisis of ideas is brewing
Renaissance, consequence
what is emergence
mannerism and baroque.

Architecture Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence. A gem of Renaissance architecture

Greatest flowering
Renaissance
architecture has survived in
Italy, leaving behind
itself two monument cities: Florence and
Venice. Above creation
buildings they worked there
great architects -
Filippo Brunelleschi,
Leon Battista Alberti,
Donato Bramante,
Giorgio Vasari and
a lot others.

Pazzi Chapel architect Brunelleschi
Dome of the Cathedral of St. Maria del
Fiore, Brunelleschi,
Rossellino, 1420-1436,
1446-1470, Florence
Palazzo Pitti architect Brunelleschi

Church
Santa Maria Novella
Alberti,
1456-1470
Florence

Palazzo
Pitty
Ammanati
Bartolomeo
1560-1565,
Florence

Sculpture

Founder
sculptures
There was a revival
Donatello. One of
his main merits -
revival so
called round
statues. This laid
foundations of development
sculptures
subsequent
time. Most
mature work
statue of David.
Saint Mark
David statue
Judith and Olifern

art

From all areas of culture, art
took first place in Italy.
Of all types of art, the first
belonged to the fine arts
art and architecture.
They are called the "Fathers" of the Renaissance
painter Masaccio, sculptor
Donatello, architect Brunelleschi.

Periods of the Early Renaissance

Period like this
called
"Early
Renaissance"
covers in
Italy time since 1420
to 1500.
Botticelli. Madonna with pomegranate.
OK. 1490

Painting. Sandro Botticelli

"Spring"
"Birth of Venus"

High Renaissance

The second period of the Renaissance - time
the most magnificent development of his style -
commonly called "High"
Renaissance", it extends to
Italy from approximately 1500 to 1580
year. At this time the center of gravity
Italian art from Florence
moves to Rome thanks to
Julia's accession to the papal throne
II. At the same time, dad and his closest
successors, Rome becomes, as it were,
new Athens of the time of Pericles: in
it creates many
monumental buildings are performed
magnificent sculptural
works, frescoes are painted and
paintings that are still considered
pearls of painting; that's all
three branches of art go well together
hand in hand, helping one another and
mutually influencing each other.
Antiquity is now being studied more
thoroughly, reproduced from
greater rigor and
consistency; calm and
dignity is established and completely
the classic imprint is on everything
creating art.

Leonardo da Vinci

Raphael

Michelangelo Buonarroti

Late Renaissance

Third period
Renaissance
extends into
Italy
approximately 3090s XVI century.
Representative
this period
is an artist
Titian

Titian

Northern Renaissance

Renaissance period in the territories of the Netherlands,
It is customary to separate Germany and France into separate
style direction with some differences
with the Renaissance in Italy, and call it “Northern
Revival".
Chateau de Chambord in France. 1519-1547.

Artists of the Northern Renaissance

Hans Baldung
Hieronymus Bosch
Pieter Bruegel
Albrecht Durer
Lucas Cranach
Hans Holbein
Jan van Eyck

Hieronymus Bosch Carrying the Cross Prodigal Son

Jan van Eyck

Portrait of Jan van Eyck
Madonna of Canon van der Paele
Madonna of Chancellor Rolin
Ghent Altarpiece
Portrait of the Arnolfini couple

Pieter Bruegel the Elder

1
Pieter Bruegel the Elder
2
3
4
5
6

Albrecht Durer

1
2
3
4
5
6

The science

Paracelsus and
Vesalius,
Jean Bodin and
Niccolo Machiavelli
Thomas More,
Tommaso
Campanello
Holbein G. Portrait of Thomas More. 1527

Philosophy

Nikolai Kuzansky
Leonardo Bruni
Marsilio Ficino
Pico della Mirandola
Lorenzo Valla
Manetti
Pietro Pomponazzi
Jean Bodin
Montaigne
Thomas More
Erasmus of Rotterdam
Martin Luther
Campanella
Giordano Bruno

Literature

Francesco Petrarch (1304-
1374
Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-
1375)
Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-
1527)
Ludovico Ariosto (1474-
1533)
Torquato Tasso (1544-1595)
monuments of the era:
"Decamerone" Boccaccio, "Don
Quixote" by Cervantes, and
especially in Gargantua and
Pantagruel" Francois
Rabelais.

Music

Flemish composer of the 15th century. G. Dufay
Various genres emerge
secular musical
arts - frottola and
villanelle in Italy,
Villancico in Spain, ballad
in England, madrigal, which originated
in Italy
L. Marenzio, I.
Arkadelt, Gesualdo yes
Venosa.
Josquin Despres, Orlando di
Lasso.
K. Janequin, K. Lejeune.
Renaissance
ends with the emergence of new
musical genres -
solo song, cantata,
oratorios and operas

Renaissance (XIV-XVI) is an era in the history of culture and art, reflecting the beginning of the transition from feudalism to capitalism. In classical forms, the Renaissance took shape in Western Europe, primarily in Italy, but similar processes took place in Eastern Europe and Asia. In each country, this type of culture had its own characteristics associated with its ethnic characteristics, specific traditions, and the influence of other national cultures.

Artists of the Italian Renaissance The Renaissance is the pinnacle from which we survey world culture in its development, with the life and work of famous poets, artists, thinkers, writers, composers, with descriptions of outstanding creations of art.

It was focused on the revival of ancient culture; She affirmed the strength, rationality, beauty and freedom of the individual; Had a holistic and diverse understanding of man, life and culture; Art was perceived as the equivalence and equality of forms of human activity; It had a pronounced democratic character, with man and nature at its center; The Renaissance had the following features:

Leonardo da Vinci

The illegitimate son of a certain Sir Pierrot and a simple peasant woman. Born near the city of Vinci. Since childhood, he showed equal interest in studying mechanics, astronomy, mathematics, and other natural sciences. Many of his observations anticipate the development of European science and painting by entire centuries. He died far from his homeland, in the French city of Cloux in 1519. Life, creativity, fate

All of da Vinci's works are extremely diverse; His paintings are characterized by geometric rigor of composition and a scientific approach to the anatomical structure of the human body; da Vinci invented his own method of painting - sfumato;. It is noteworthy that in many of Da Vinci’s paintings the background is a mountain landscape. Leonardo da Vinci. Portrait of Ginerva Benci

Last Supper, gg

Michelangelo Buanarroti () Above all and in everything, Michelangelo is a sculptor, but his paintings are so monumental that they can be mistaken for sculptures. The images created by Michelangelo are distinguished by their powerful physicality and anatomical precision; Being deeply religious, Michelangelo often wrote on biblical subjects. But the images he created have nothing to do with the canon. He was born in 1475 and died in 1564, outliving Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael by four and a half decades, leaving the High Renaissance far behind. In the last years of his life, he witnessed how the ideals of humanism were grossly violated. All this deeply outraged and wounded Michelangelo’s soul.

"Pieta"(g).

Last Judgment. Fresco. Sistine Chapel, Vatican

Tombstone of Giuliano Medici. Church of San Lorenzo, Florence