Inner Asia and Southern Siberia – small homeland Turks, this is that territorial “patch”, which over time grew into a thousand-kilometer territory on a global scale. The geographical formation of the area of ​​the Turkic peoples occurred, in fact, over the course of two millennia. The proto-Turks lived trapped in the Volga back in the 3rd – 2nd millennium BC, they constantly migrated. The Ancient Turkic “Scythians” and Huns” were also an integral part of the Ancient Turkic Khaganate. Thanks to their ritual structures, today we can get acquainted with the works of ancient early Slavic culture and art - this is precisely the Turkic heritage.

The Turks were traditionally engaged in nomadic cattle breeding; in addition, they mined and processed iron. Leading a sedentary and semi-nomadic lifestyle, the Turks in the Central Asian interfluve formed Turkestan in the 6th century. The Turkic Khaganate, which existed in Central Asia from 552 to 745, was divided in 603 into two independent Khaganates, one of which included modern Kazakhstan and the lands of East Turkestan, and the other comprised the territory that included present-day Mongolia, Northern China and Southern Siberia.

The first, western, kaganate ceased to exist half a century later, conquered by the eastern Turks. The Turgesh leader Uchelik founded a new state of the Turks - the Turgesh Kaganate.

Subsequently, the Bulgars and the Kyiv princes Svyatoslav and Yaroslav were engaged in the military “formatting” of the Turkic ethnic group. The Pechenegs, who devastated the southern Russian steppes with fire and sword, were replaced by the Polovtsians, they were defeated by the Mongol-Tatars... In part, the Golden Horde (Mongol Empire) was a Turkic state, which later disintegrated into autonomous khanates.

There were numerous other significant events in the history of the Turks, among which the most significant is the formation of the Ottoman Empire, which was facilitated by the conquests of the Ottoman Turks, who captured the lands of Europe, Asia and Africa in the 13th – 16th centuries. After the decline of the Ottoman Empire, which began in the 17th century, Peter's Russia absorbed most of the former Golden Horde lands with Turkic states. Already in the 19th century, the Eastern Transcaucasian khanates joined Russia. After Central Asia, the Kazakh and Kokand khanates, together with the Bukhara Emirate, became part of Russia, the Mikin and Khiva khanates, together with the Ottoman Empire, constituted the only conglomerate of Turkic states.

On September 7, a live broadcast of the Alpari Club Day project took place. Director of the Gumilyov Center Pavel Zarifullin answered Alexander Razuvaev’s questions.
At Club Day we looked at the current geopolitical situation in the Middle East and Central Asia. Particular attention was paid to resolving the Russian-Turkish crisis and the mediating role of Baku and Astana in this. And also ethno-trainings from the Lev Gumilyov Center to overcome the Russian-Turkish crisis. Pavel Zarifullin also answered in detail the question: who are the Turks? About their role in world history and the formation of Russia.

Who are the Turkic peoples? What do they have in common? Where do they live?

Turkic peoples are a group of peoples who speak similar Turkic languages. Distributed very widely. From Balkan Peninsula, where the Turks and Gagauz live, to our harsh taiga, to Yakutia, because the Yakuts are also Turks. Well, the word “taiga” is of Turkic origin.
Those. This great amount people, millions, hundreds of millions, scattered throughout the Eurasian continent from the Northern Arctic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea. And, of course, all these peoples have a common root - one of the largest states of antiquity or the Middle Ages or the era that was just between the era of antiquity and the Middle Ages - this is the Turkic Khaganate. A giant state the size of Soviet Union, which was already in the 6th century, we know very little about it.
But there is a Eurasian idea, the idea of ​​Lev Nikolayevich Gumilyov, that our father Genghis Khan, our mother the Golden Horde, that modern Great Russia or the Muscovite Kingdom arose within the Golden Horde, adopting the main successes and skills of this country.
But if you dig further, who is the grandfather in this case of our country, the Russian Federation? And the grandfather of our country is the Great Turkic Khaganate, from which grew not only the Turkic peoples, but also many others. And Iranian, and Finnish, and Slavic.

The Turkic Kaganate is the era of conquests and campaigns, the era of the emergence of the Great Silk Road, as an already economic phenomenon, a phenomenon of economic integration. Turkic El in the 6th century simultaneously bordered Byzantium, Iran, China, and controlled the Great Silk. And, thanks to the Turkic Khaganate, the Byzantines and Europeans could meet with the Chinese even then. Those. The Turks have a huge, glorious past.

There were many other Turkic states, for example, the Seljuk Sultanates, the Ottoman Empire, and Desht-i-Kipchak. The Turks gave Russia an aristocracy. Lev Nikolaevich Gumilev perfectly described that from half to three quarters of Russian noble families were of Turkic or Mongolian origin. Actually, this can be seen in the surnames of the great glorious families: Suvorov, Kutuzov, Apraksin, Alyabyev, Davydov, Chaadaev, Turgenev - these are Turkic surnames. Those. proverb of Turgenev, himself a descendant of a Turkic aristocrat: “scratch a Russian and you will find a Tatar,” i.e. Turkic - it has the most direct relation to our country. So, our grandfather is the Turkic Kaganate and, if you scratch us for a long time, then, of course, the Russians will find a lot of Turkic.

What is the percentage of originally Persian and Turkic words in the Russian language?

Theodor Shumovsky, an accomplice of Lev Nikolaevich Gumilyov (they were imprisoned on the same case in Kresty), an outstanding Russian linguist, philologist, translator of the Koran, said that from a third to a half of Russian words are of Turkic and Persian origin. Why Turkic and Persian, because the Turkic and Persian peoples lived side by side for millennia, just as the Russians actually once lived together. And a lot of words have a mixed origin, for example the Russian word “hearth”, it has a Turkic-Persian origin. The first part of the word is Turkic, and the second is Persian. "Otjah" or "otgyah". The very original word “Ateshgah” means “temple of fire worshipers.” This is the name of the sanctuaries in Iran and Azerbaijan, the temples of the Zoroastrians. Russian word the “hearth” seemed to bud off from it, to form. According to one version, the word “book” itself is of Turkic-Persian origin. From the word “kan” - knowledge, “gyah” - place, i.e. "place of knowledge" Then, among both the Turks and Persians, this word replaced the Arabic word “kitab”. But we still use our Turkic-Persian past.
And, of course, the heroes of our fairy tales, such as Kashchei the Immortal or Baba Yaga, are of Turkic origin. Because the word “kashchei” comes from the Old Turkic “kus” - bird. Kashchei is a “shaman-bird worshiper”, a fortuneteller based on the flights of birds. The Turks worshiped birds, like the people who came from Siberia, from Altai. Altaians still worship birds and messengers. And many Turkic clans had bird patrons. Actually, the Russians adopted a lot from them and the names of our cities Kursk, Galich, Voronezh, Uglich, Orel, they have a similar function in name and etymology. They record the bird patrons of regions and cities. So, “kashchei” is from the Turkic word “kus” - “bird”. And the word “art” comes from the same root. As if to soar. Or the word “bush” - the place where the bird lives. “Kashchei the Immortal” is a shaman - a bird worshiper, he looks like that in a skeleton costume, our wonderful character. Let us also add that Kashchei is the king. In the same Rome, the Augustan kings descended from bird fortunetellers - from augurs. The figure of Kashchei in Russian fairy tales captures very ancient legends and archetypes. And, as we see, they are of Turkic origin.
Or Baba Yaga, translated from Turkic simply as “white old man,” white sorcerer. In Russian conditions, where matriarchy was strong in ancient times, the elder “changed” his gender. But although the white elder, I think, the creature is already asexual, because... This is a sacred creature that performs magical and healing functions.

It turns out that the Turkic is deeply embedded within us. For example, we watch Channel One, but we don’t think about why it is “first”? After all, there is a Russian word “one”, “one”. Why isn’t it a “single” channel? The word “first” is from the Turkic “ber”, “bir” - one. Those. "first" from "first". The account was instilled from the Horde, and maybe even earlier - during the time of the Turkic Kaganate. The word “altyn” came to us that way, i.e. "gold". Actually, the “first” one came from there. The Russian word “fatherland”, naturally, comes from “ati” - “father”. Because the Slavs were once part of a variety of state formations that were created by the Turks, the Golden Horde, the Turkic Kaganate.
Well, if you remember earlier, the ancestors of the Turks were the Huns. Their language is called Proto-Turkic. This is Attila's empire. “Attila” is not a name either. This is an initiatory title, like “father of nations” - from “ati”. We are all familiar with the words “fatherland”, father, but our father turns out to be Turkic, according to this logic. What is reflected in the Russian language.

Not everyone remembers our previous club days. In one of them you said that in fact the Great Russians, as an ethnic group, appeared somewhere during the time of Ivan the Terrible, i.e. the ethnic group originated in the Horde. And we have maintained contact with the more ancient, ancient Russian ethnos, which in fact was already in decline during the period of Kievan Rus. This question is, how Russian, as an ethnos, is a young ethnos, how strong was the Turkic component in it, and at the same time the connection with what historians call Kievan Rus?

Well, the ethnogenesis of the Great Russians, of modern Russians, is very complex. After all, there was an arrival of the Slavs in Zalesye, but these territories were originally Finnish. We talked about the place of the Turks in our language and ethnic group. But all the old names of cities, rivers, lakes are still Finnish. “Oka” is translated from Turkic as “white” and “Volga” as “white”, but only from Finnish dialects. Sudogda, Vologda, Murom are Finnish names. And the ethnogenesis of the Great Russians took place in a unique way. These include people from the Horde, the Turkic and Mongolian aristocracy, and Finnish tribes. It is known that among northern Russians there is still a significant amount of even genetically Finnish blood. And when they tell us that where is this trace of the Mongols, as such, in the Russian ethnos, in modern research, geneticists are constantly conducting them, where is our Mongolian? They argue that there was no Mongolian Rus', because this was not particularly reflected in genetics. This suggests that there were no predatory, aggressive campaigns of the Mongols, as such. And there was no yoke.
But we have a huge amount of Turkic component for one simple reason. The main haplogroup of Russians is R1a, but the Tatars have the same haplogroup. And it’s very difficult to figure out who is Russian and who, relatively speaking, is not Russian, because the haplogroup is approximately the same in Eastern Slavs and among the Turks in our country (Tatars, Kazakhs, Altaians, Balkars, Nogais).
And we really had an aristocracy, most likely less Mongolian, but more Turkic, because the Turks went to serve the Mongol Empire, and they made up the majority in it.
Great Russian ethnogenesis followed the formation of the Moscow state, which largely copied its “alma mater,” the Golden Horde. The Moscow princes copied the army (Turkic words: “esaul”, “target”, “drum”, “guard”, “cornet”, “hurray”, “dagger”, “ataman”, “saber”, “koshevoy”, “Cossack” ", "to roam", "holster", "quiver", "horse", "damask steel", "hero"). Copied finances. Hence we have the words “money”, “profit”, “customs”, “treasury”, “label”, “brand” (and “comrade”), “artel”. They copied the transport system. This is how “coachman” arose - this is a Mongolian word in our language. From the Mongolian “yamzhi” - a system of transport corridors. And they dressed “in the Tatar way”: “shoe”, “kaftan”, “harem pants”, “sheep coat”, “bashlyk”, “sarafan”, “cap”, “veil”, “stocking”, “hat”.
This is such a new horde, you can call it that, there is no need to be shy about this word, “horde” is a wonderful word, it largely coincides with the word “order” in semantic meaning. A "New Horde" arose, but with Slavic language, With Christian faith. That is why the Russians were later able to annex the lands that once belonged to the Horde. Because the local population perceived them as their own. There was another round of ethnogenesis. We are constantly pointed at Ukraine, but the situation there was somewhat different. On the territory of Ukraine, as a rule, people who did not like this Horde system, the “Yasa” of Genghis Khan, escaped.
The late Oles Buzina wrote about this that a lot of people fled to the Zaporozhye Sich, to whom this discipline, empire, and organization were disgusting. Such an anarchic, free type of people, but they were praised there, in fact, the rabble fled there, which Genghis Khan’s “Yasu” refused to recognize. "Trash" in a good way, of course. They "cut off" from everyone.
And there they somehow grouped, nested, and so the Ukrainian dialect gradually arose, the Ukrainian ethnic group with its own laws, with its own ideas, completely in many ways opposed to the Muscovite kingdom. Such an anti-horde, if you can call it that. It’s also a very interesting, original education, an original ethnogenesis. We are still disentangling the result of this ethnogenesis.

Next question. Here on financial market discussed that Gazprom could buy Bashneft, official news. I even joked that new company will be called, if this happens, “Tengrioil”. Tengri, Tengrism, which, by the way, is now gaining strength in the same White Horde, in Kazakhstan, what is it? Monotheism? In more detail, because again there are many questions on this topic.

But in the case of Gazprom in Tengri, I, of course, do not believe in their special religiosity. Tengri, in their case, is money. Because the Russian word “money” comes from the Turkic “tengri” naturally. "Tenge" is the currency of the Golden Horde. Now it is the currency of Kazakhstan. Russians began to call any financial means this way.
But the monotheism of the Turks is known. Those. before coming to the Great Steppe, which is their cradle, before the arrival of Jews, Muslims, Christians, the Turks worshiped one god thousands of years ago, even before the birth of Christ, if we talk about the ancestors of the Turks, the Huns. And Tengri - god - a single sky. And the great ruler, relatively speaking, Genghis Khan, is the will of the great sky. The Turkic religion has a rich history and rich cultural heritage. And, it is worth noting that very few peoples had their own written language for thousands of years. Basically, the ethnic groups of Eurasia exported writing from the Phoenicians or Greeks, or from the Arameans. And most types of writing, they have a very specific connotation to these peoples, the peoples of the Middle East and the Mediterranean.
In addition to two groups of peoples - the Germans and the Turks, who had independent runic writing for several thousand years. These runes are similar, but have different sound and semantic meanings. The Turks had their own runic alphabet, which, naturally, went back to the will of the sky, to the will of Tengri, came from the sacred runic calendar, from observations of the sun, moon, stars, space, the phenomenon of Tengri. According to legend, it was the heavens who once handed this runic writing to the first Turkic kagans. Therefore, to claim that the Turks are some kind of savage peoples (a constant idea of ​​Western scientists and Russian nationalists) is very stupid. They will be more culturally advanced than many ethnic groups that still exist on planet Earth.

Expressed from a theological point of view, is Tengri God the father? From the point of view of Christian perception?

Yes. God is the Father. Lord of Hosts. From the point of view of Orthodoxy, “Lord of hosts” is translated as “Lord of the stars”, “Lord of the sky”. “Lord of the seven heavens” would be more correct, because our numeral “seven” comes from the Arabic “sebu” - seven. Here is Tengri - the Lord of all heavens. Supreme Commander of Space.

I have friends from Kazakhstan, and the meaning of Tengrism, as they say, is that there is one God, it’s just that each ethnic group has a traditional way of communicating with him. Such a question is the Turks as an ethnic group, modern Türkiye, the last conflict. In history, the Russian Empire fought with Turkey many times. Who are they to us? Enemies, partners or maybe allies against the West? This story.

But genetically, the Turkish Turks are, of course, very far from the Turks we know, from the Tatars, from the Altaians, from the Kazakhs. In general, they are much closer to the Persians, Arabs, and Greeks. Genetic data confirms this. It’s just that there weren’t very many Turks who once went to the “last sea”, to the west, to the White Sea, as they called the Mediterranean. Small tribes of nomads came, the most active part, because the main part remained at home, in the Steppe.
But those “who reached it,” the passionaries, became the aristocracy of the local peoples. They found descendants of the Persians, descendants of the Greeks there. They sculpted something out of this, some states. This is how they blinded Turkey. But the spirit, such a spiritualist, of the Turkic nomads, warriors, soldiers, of course, flourished in Turkey. And even the glorious wars, known as the Janissaries, are the Slavs who converted to Islam. Slavic boys, who were taken into good Turkic families, were raised in the Islamic and Turkic spirit, they then went and slaughtered for Islam, for the great Ottoman Empire, for their Turkic padishah, as we see in the super popular series “ Magnificent century"(all our housewives watch it with pleasure).
Here it is - the Turkic spirit, spirituality, of course, it flourished in the Ottoman Empire. But it cannot be said that it was definitely a Turkic state. They began to build a Turkic state when the Ottoman Empire collapsed. Because they spoke the Ottoman language, which is some kind of mixture of Persian, Arabic, Slavic words with a small number of Turkic words.
Kemal Atatürk almost banned the Ottoman language. The Ottoman Empire was such an imperial project, a globalist project. He learned a lot from Byzantium, not from the point of view of religion, but from the point of view of geography, strategy, personnel policy. Their best sailors were the descendants of the Greeks, the “pirates” were the descendants of the French and Italians who converted to Islam. Those. they took everyone from everyone. They took Turkic cavalry, because Turkic cavalry is always the best, everyone knows this.
Those. the Ottoman project, I cannot say that it was definitely some kind of Turkic, just as in the Russian Empire it cannot be said that the Russian project was Slavic. Well, how Slavic is it, when the dynasty is German, the population is mixed, the nobility is half-Turkic, half of the Cossacks spoke Turkic dialects until the 20th century. It turns out that perhaps the Turks from the Russian Empire fought against the Slavs from the Ottoman Empire. It was such a mess.
The emergence of Turkic nationalism itself is associated with the figure of Kemal Ataturk, with the 20th century. When the Ottoman Empire collapsed, they began to think about how they should live, what they could cling to in order to simply survive hostile world. And they began the emergency Turkification of their country. In fact, they began to create the language anew, and in order to somehow restore it (because it was thoroughly Persian or Slavic - the Ottoman language), they sent ethnographic expeditions, Kemal Ataturk sent, to the Oghuz Turks, who lived exactly on the territory of the Soviet Union . These are Azerbaijanis, Turkmen and Gagauz. And they began to take words from them, instead of Arabic, instead of Persian. Those. The Turkic state of Turkey is in many ways an artificial construct, when the population, which is largely descendants of the Greeks and other tribes of Asia Minor, was artificially driven into Turkic nationalism and the new Turkic language.
Now, if Kazakhstan, of course, is a Turkic country, or Russia is even a more Turkic country, I think, than Turkey. But the Turks made pan-Turkism their sign. This was very actively used by the USA in " Big game"against the Soviet Union. The complex of these ideas was aimed at destroying our big country.
So that all Turkic peoples: Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Altaians, Yakuts, Bashkirs, Tatars, would, one way or another, perceive the Turks as their older brother. Although I’ll say it again, from a genetic point of view this is a little funny, because genetically Turks are no different from southern Italians, for example, from the inhabitants of Naples or Sicily. Just twin brothers. Well, since they had a powerful history, they had an Empire, they claimed to lead the Turkic world. Of course, neither the Russian Empire nor the Soviet Union liked this. The Russian Federation did not like this and does not like this kind of idea. Eurasian ideology could reconcile this complex of contradictions, very complex and discord between our countries.
Eurasianism arose as the idea of ​​uniting Slavic and Turkic vectors. The Slavs and Turks, when they are separated, try to say that the Russian Empire is a Slavic kingdom, and the Ottoman Empire is a Turkish kingdom and they must fight among themselves. Then you start to look into it, it turns out that the Russian Empire is half a Turkic kingdom. And the Ottoman Empire is half a Slavic kingdom. Those. everything was crushed.
We, Eurasians, argue that when Turks and Slavs meet, it turns out well, it turns out a symphony. As Lev Nikolaevich Gumilyov said - complementarity. There are peoples who complement each other. And on the contrary, such a Turkic-Slavic symbiosis has always given birth to tenacious and creative peoples and individuals.
From this point of view, we can not only reconcile our country, Russia, which, of course, is the fruit of the Slavic-Turkic symbiosis. And more broadly - not just to restore the Soviet Union, but to make it more powerful, like the Eurasian Union, which is also based on the Slavic-Turkic brotherhood.

The main drivers of the Eurasian Union are the Slavs and Turks, Belarusians, Russians, Kazakhs, Tatars, and Kyrgyz.
But we can come to an agreement with the Turks. Because, I repeat once again, the ethnogenesis of the Turks is significantly connected with ethnogenesis and with the combination of Slavic and Turkic elements. I already spoke about the Janissaries. Most of the viziers during the heyday of the Ottoman Empire, they were traditionally also Slavic Serbs, Sokolovici. Well, as a matter of fact, we know very well about the red-haired wife of Suleiman the Magnificent. Everyone knows about Alexandra of Russia, who became the great queen of the Ottoman Empire. Therefore, when we talk about Eurasianism, Eurasian integration, here we can find a common language with the Turks, establish joint affairs, economic and geopolitical. Because no one here says who is higher there? The Turks are the first people, and the rest are under them - this is the main idea of ​​​​pan-Turkism.
If we say Eurasianism, then everyone is equal from this point of view. Together we create, as it were, a large tree of nations, Big world peoples, in the center of which stands the axis of the Slavs and Turks. Thanks to this axis, complementarity, and all other friendly peoples, Finnish, Ugric, and Caucasian, we all together form a large-scale community in our space. From the point of view of Eurasian ideology, by removing pan-Turkism or pan-Slavism or nationalisms of any kind, Russian nationalism or Turkish nationalism, we can (and now this will happen) improve relations with the fraternal Turkish Republic. Then it becomes fraternal, in the space of Eurasian brotherhood, camaraderie, friendship of peoples, and Turkey and I, I think, can do a lot together for peace and cooperation in Eurasia.

The role of Baku and Astana in the recent reconciliation and in this entire project?

Well, I think everyone tried, because everyone did not benefit from the confrontation between Turkey and Russia. This is not a new confrontation. Indeed, at one time, the war between the Russian Empire and Turkey was actively supported on both sides by our opponents, the Poles, Swedes, British, French, and Germans. They literally pitted, for example, the Pope against Turkey and Russia in order to draw back forces so that Russia would not interfere with Europe and Turkey would not interfere with Europe. So that we torture each other, beat each other, get tired and then the Europeans would come and make peace with us.
This is how everything happened Russian-Turkish wars. In this sense, the latest conflict between Russia and Turkey benefited only our Western competitors. And, of course, Astana tried, the role of Nursultan Abishevich Nazarbayev in this reconciliation is very great. And the Azerbaijani side, thanks to them.
But I think this conflict was not beneficial to anyone. And the people did not understand him. Because we constantly conduct sociological research and ethnic research. The conflict with America is understandable, and the Russian people seem to take part in this conflict and support their president. The conflict with radical Islamism is clear. Nobody welcomes radical Islamism. In Russia, no one, even normal Muslims, will support them.
But the conflict with Turkey was not clear to the people. And despite the fact that thousands of our state-paid propagandists howled like wolves in the Turkish direction, the people still perceived the Turks as a fraternal people. And they understood that the king and the sultan had a fight, and tomorrow they would make peace. In turn, we at the Lev Gumilyov Center conducted a special ethno-training, at which we organized energy peace between our countries, where one representative of Turkey solemnly asked for forgiveness from Russia, at this training.

I’ll explain the meaning of ethno-trainings. Lev Nikolaevich Gumilyov said that an ethnic group, a people, forms an energy field. Such energy fields are created by any natural community of people, families, and organizations. But an ethnos is a collection of energy fields. We address this field directly, we have technology, and we create a certain event. And then that's how it happens. First, at our Lev Gumilyov Center, a person representing Turkey asked for forgiveness; he was played by a Gagauz; in Russia, she was played by an Ossetian (for some reason it happened that way). I asked forgiveness. And after some time, a month later, the Turkish president asked Russia for forgiveness, asked to accept his apology. I think everyone tried, both at the energy level, and at the technological level, and at the diplomatic level. And this conflict, I hope, will not happen again. And secondly, we will have to restore the results of this conflict for a very long time because economic relations were severed between our countries, and this is not beneficial to anyone.

Now everyone is talking about Uzbekistan. Tamerlane's role in this whole story?
Well, in the same Uzbekistan, Tamerlane was appointed such a sacred ancestor of the entire local population, although this is a little strange.
Firstly, he was not a chigizid. Some believe that it was. But this is not true.

There are also a lot of disputes. The fact remains that this is a very serious piece on the chessboard of humanity. The man who managed to create an Empire, if not the size of Genghis Khan, but comparable to him, not the size of the Turkic Khaganate, but actually comparable. He united all of Central Asia, Iran, part of India, Asia Minor.

I write columnism, and have written several times that if Tamerlane had taken Moscow, then probably the capital of the future Empire would have been another city. And Islam, not Orthodoxy, would become the state religion. How fair is this?

The fact is that, no matter how much you take Moscow, it is only better for it. Everything in Moscow is like water off a duck's back. No matter how much you burn her, she will always get up and feel good again.
From the point of view of the collision with our civilization, Russian-Eurasian or the Union of Forest and Steppe, as we call it, of course, Tamerlane was an enemy, because he represented a slightly different culture. A renewed caliphate, in fact. He nurtured it and created it only with a center not in Baghdad, not in Damascus, but with a center in Samarkand. Islam was harshly imposed. Under him, Nestorian Christianity was destroyed in Central Asia, completely and irrevocably. He just went and killed everyone.
And before that, millions of Christians lived there, in Central Asia, the same Turks. And on various expeditions in Kyrgyzstan I come across rock carvings of crosses. Crosses, Nestorian creeds. It was the last Christians who hid from Tamerlane in the Kyrgyz canyons. And then he found them there and cut them and burned them. Those. the man was of incredible aggression, incredible strength.
And he brought ruin and death to the steppe, to our territory, to the territory of the modern Eurasian Union. He burned the steppes and captured everyone. And if he had captured Rus' then, he would not have spared anyone. Because the Mongols came, relatively speaking, they negotiated with the local population, the princes, passed through the country, took resources and moved on. But Tamerlane drove the population of entire regions, entire districts into his territory. And in this way it was more reminiscent of fascist Germany, when they took the population of several regions and sent them to work.
Those. such slave-owning Asia came to us. This is one of the novels from Asia, about Asian despots, about some terrible pharaohs who drive entire tribes back and forth. Here he was a classic Asian despot, incompatible with the code of behavior on our territory, among, relatively speaking, kings or khans. In Russia and the Great Steppe, people have never been exterminated for their religion.
Kings or khans did not act this way and did not turn everything into an endless slave trade. Tamerlane carried the slave trade and brought his cultural code to us, but did not reach it. God or Tengri, they saved this territory from destruction.

The question is this. Azerbaijan, they are also Turks, part Turkic world. Their prospects. But it cannot be bypassed within the framework of Eurasian integration - there is also Armenia. How is this?

We, in my opinion, had a good broadcast, related to the issues of Karabakh, it was quite well attended. This is a video you can watch. And soon we will post the text of the ethno-training that we carried out on Karabakh.
I looked now, it’s quite safe, the passions have already subsided. The problem must be solved, it must be solved, because the land lies abandoned. Karabakh is a land that used to prosper. It was multinational, multinational, multireligious. There lived Armenians and Azerbaijanis, Kurds and Russians in this territory. Now it lies largely abandoned. Karabakh needs to be developed. The fact that the “Black Hills” is a closed area has been turned into a dead end, a transport dead end, this hinders the development of our trade, the development of our economies. And the Karabakh issue must be resolved.
Karabakh should probably be given a special status in the Eurasian Union, maybe it could be guarded by special troops of the Eurasian Union, have a rather complex status, different options can be discussed for a condominium.

But, nevertheless, the problem must be solved. I believe that our generation is obliged to solve this problem.
But most importantly, I believe, from the point of view of economic development of the Eurasian Union, the greatest progress was achieved recently, when the North-South route, which had been discussed for decades, was approved by the leaders of Russia, Azerbaijan and Iran. Now the transport corridor will be actively developed, roads will be built, the fleet of ships in the Caspian Sea will increase. This will be real Eurasian integration if this happens. Then Azerbaijan will organically become part of the Eurasian Union, and there will be no need to invent anything.

Last question. September 12 is coming soon. The Orthodox Church honors Alexander Nevsky. I can’t finish without mentioning this figure, because on the one hand, a wide circle knows the famous Soviet film, that he defeated the Germans. On the other hand, the “frostbitten” Russian Nazis really don’t like him, because he crushed the anti-Horde uprisings. Moreover, he is with Batu and his son, from their point of view, he is a pagan. Here, accordingly, is this figure.

Well, first of all, Alexander Nevsky is a symbol of Russia. This was the only, in my opinion, fair vote that could have taken place. People chose between Stalin and Stolypin, everyone quarreled, and then somehow calmed down and chose Alexander Nevsky. I remember there was such a competition on television - not a competition, a kind of voting. They really chose him as a symbol of Russia, because he created Russia. When it was necessary to choose between west and east, Alexander chose the east.

And as we find out, from a historical point of view, he did not lose, i.e. not only didn’t lose, but won. Because the entire east gradually went to Russia. Those who chose the west, like the inhabitants of Galicia and their prince Galician, well, we see in what idiotic state they are now on the outskirts of Europe. They are not even taken to this Europe. The Poles are sitting in the outskirts of Europe, but these are howling like dogs outside the outskirts. It’s not even the dogs that guard the garden, these are the Balts, so classic.
And the dogs that were kicked out. A classic dog from a Ukrainian cartoon who was kicked out. And the abandoned dog walks between the wolves, then goes to the Turkic wolves, then tries to penetrate back to the place from which he was kicked out. This, unfortunately, is the fate of Western Ukraine. Then they handed this devilish fate to all the other Little Russians.
Alexander Nevsky made a different choice. Yes, he went to the pagans, but to which pagans? The son of Batu Khan, his brother Khan Sartak was a Christian of the Nestorian faith.
He simply headed East. “Meeting” the sun galloped and his people “meeting” the sun followed him and reached Alaska.
And Alexander Nevsky walked first. We have been thinking for a long time about how the Russians even went to explore Lake Baikal. And the first to visit Lake Baikal was Alexander Nevsky, on the way to Karakorum. And now our theater master Andrei Borisov staged a wonderful performance at the Irkutsk Drama Theater based on Alexander Nevsky. And this is very symbolic. In Irkutsk, the understanding comes that Alexander Nevsky was the first to arrive at Baikal, and then his people came after him centuries later. And Alexander Nevsky was the first to go to the Horde in Sarai-Batu, in modern Astrakhan, in Sarai-Berke to Khan Berke, at his headquarters, which was located not far from Volgograd. And today the townspeople recognized Alexander Nevsky as the heavenly patron of Volgograd. He showed us the way.

This is our father. If the Turks are still figuring out who their father is, either Suleiman the Magnificent, or Kemal Ataturk, then we know who our father is, our “ati”. This is Alexander Nevsky, who showed us the way to the East, the “sunny path”. In this sense, he is the person who leads us. The first was Andrei Bogolyubsky, who led the capital from Kyiv, from the endless “pre-Maidan moods,” to Vladimir Rus. And Alexander Nevsky continued his path further; he led Russia to the East. Since then, Russia is an eastern country and Russians, of course, eastern people, in the vanguard of all other peoples of the East.

http://www.gumilev-center.ru/rossiya-i-tyurkskijj-ehl-2/

Turks of Russia, Turks Wikipedia
Total: approximately 160-165 million people

Türkiye Turkey - 55 million

Iran Iran - from 15 to 35 million (Azerbaijanis in Iran)
Uzbekistan Uzbekistan - 27 million
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan - 12 million
Russia Russia - 11 million
PRC PRC - 11 million
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan - 9 million
Turkmenistan Turkmenistan - 5 million
Germany Germany - 5 million
Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan - 5 million
Caucasus (without Azerbaijan) - 2 million
EU - 2 million (excluding UK, Germany and France)
Iraq Iraq - from 600 thousand to 3 million (Turkomans)
Tajikistan Tajikistan - 1 million
USA USA - 1 million
Mongolia Mongolia - 100 thousand.
Australia Australia - 60 thousand
Latin America (without Brazil and Argentina) - 8 thousand.
France France - 600 thousand.
Great Britain Great Britain - 50 thousand
Ukraine Ukraine and Belarus Belarus - 350 thousand.
Moldova Moldova - 147,500 (Gagauz)
Canada Canada - 20 thousand
Argentina Argentina - 1 thousand.
Japan Japan - 1 thousand
Brazil Brazil - 1 thousand.
Rest of the world - 1.4 million

Language

Turkic languages

Religion

Islam, Orthodoxy, Buddhism, ayyy shamanism

Racial type

Mongoloids, transitional between Mongoloids and Caucasoids (South Siberian race, Ural race) Caucasians (Caspian subtype, Pamir-Fergana type)

Not to be confused with Turkic language.

Türks(also Turkic peoples, Turkic-speaking peoples, peoples of the Turkic linguistic group) - an ethno-linguistic community. They speak languages ​​of the Turkic group.

Globalization and increased integration with other peoples have led to the widespread spread of the Turks beyond their historical area. Modern Turkic-speaking peoples live on different continents - in Eurasia, North America, Australia and in the territories of various states - from Central Asia, the North Caucasus, Transcaucasia, the Mediterranean, South and of Eastern Europe and further east - up to Far East Russia. There are also Turkic minorities in China, America, the Middle East and Western Europe. The largest settlement area is in Russia, and the largest population is in Turkey.

• 1 Origin of the ethnonym
• 2 Brief history
• 3 Culture and worldview
• 4 Lists of Turkic peoples
  • 4.1 Disappeared Turkic peoples
  • 4.2 Modern Turkic peoples
• 5 See also
• 6 Notes
• 7 Literature
• 8 Links

Origin of the ethnonym

According to A. N. Kononov, the word “Turk” originally meant “strong, strong.”

Short story

Main articles: Proto-Turks, Migration of the Turks Turkic world according to Mahmud Kashgari (XI century) Flag of the countries of the Turkic Council

The ethnic history of the proto-Turkic substrate is marked by the synthesis of two population groups:

• formed west of the Volga, in the III-II millennium BC. e., during centuries-long migrations in eastern and southern directions, became the predominant population of the Volga region and Kazakhstan, Altai and the Upper Yenisei valley.
• which appeared in the steppes east of the Yenisei later, was of intra-Asian origin.

History of interaction and merger of both groups ancient population over the course of two to two and a half thousand years, there is a process during which ethnic consolidation was carried out and Turkic-speaking ethnic communities were formed. It was from among these closely related tribes that in the 2nd millennium BC. e. modern Turkic peoples of Russia and adjacent territories emerged.

About the “Scythian” and “Hunnic” layers in the formation of the ancient Turkic cultural complex wrote D.G. Savinov, according to which they “gradually modernized and mutually penetrated each other, became the common property of the culture of numerous population groups that became part of the Ancient Turkic Khaganate. The ideas of continuity of the ancient and early medieval culture of nomads are also reflected in works of art and ritual structures.”

Since the 6th century AD, the region in the middle reaches of the Syr Darya and the Chu River began to be called Turkestan. According to one version, the toponym is based on the ethnonym “Tur”, which was the common tribal name of the ancient nomadic and semi-nomadic peoples of Central Asia. Another version is based on an early analysis of the ethnonym at the beginning of the 20th century by the Danish Turkologist and President of the Royal Danish Scientific Society Wilhelm Thomsen and suggests the origin of the specified term from the word “toruk” or “turuk”, which from most Turkic languages ​​can be translated as “standing upright” or "strong", "steady". At the same time, a prominent Soviet Turkologist, Academician. Barthold criticized this hypothesis of Thomsen and on the basis detailed analysis texts of the Türkuts (Turgesh, Kök-Türks) concluded that the term was more likely derived from the word “Turu” (establishment, legality) and about the designation of the people under the rule of the Turkic Kagan - “Turkic future”, that is, “the people ruled by me " The nomadic type of state was for many centuries the predominant form of organization of power in the Asian steppes. Nomadic states, replacing each other, existed in Eurasia from the middle of the 1st millennium BC. e. until the 17th century.

One of the traditional occupations of the Turks was nomadic cattle breeding, as well as iron mining and processing.

In 552-745, the Turkic Khaganate existed in Central Asia, which in 603 split into two parts: the Eastern and Western Khaganates. The Western Kaganate (603-658) included the territory of Central Asia, the steppes of modern Kazakhstan and East Turkestan. The Eastern Kaganate included in its composition modern territories Mongolia, northern China and southern Siberia. In 658, the Western Kaganate fell under the blows of the Eastern Turks. In 698, the leader of the Turgesh tribal union, Uchelik, founded a new Turkic state - the Turgesh Kaganate (698-766).

In the V-VIII centuries, the Turkic nomadic tribes of the Bulgars who came to Europe founded a number of states, of which the most durable were Danube Bulgaria in the Balkans and Volga Bulgaria in the Volga and Kama basin. 650-969 in the territory of the North Caucasus, the Volga region and the north-eastern Black Sea region there was the Khazar Khaganate. 960s he was destroyed prince of Kyiv Svyatoslav. The Pechenegs, ousted in the second half of the 9th century by the Khazars, settled in the northern Black Sea region and posed a threat to Byzantium and Old Russian state. In 1019, the Pechenegs were defeated by Grand Duke Yaroslav. In the 11th century, the Pechenegs in the southern Russian steppes were replaced by the Cumans, who were defeated and conquered by the Mongol-Tatars in the 13th century. The western part of the Mongol Empire - the Golden Horde - became a predominantly Turkic state in population. XV-XVI centuries it broke up into several independent khanates, on the basis of which a number of modern Turkic-speaking peoples were formed. At the end of the 14th century, Tamerlane created his own empire in Central Asia, which, however, quickly disintegrated with his death (1405).

IN early middle ages sedentary and semi-nomadic societies formed on the territory of the Central Asian interfluve Turkic-speaking population, who were in close contact with the Iranian-speaking Sogdian, Khorezmian and Bactrian populations. Active processes of interaction and mutual influence led to the Turkic-Iranian symbiosis.

The initial penetration of Turkic-speaking tribes into the territory of Western Asia (Transcaucasia, Azerbaijan, Anatolia) began in the 5th century. AD, during the so-called “Great Migration.” This became more widespread in the 8th-10th centuries; it is believed that it was at this time that the Turkic tribes of Khalaj, Karluk, Kangly, Kipchak, Kynyk, Sadak and others appeared here in the middle of the 11th century. e. A massive invasion of Oguz tribes (Seljuks) began in these territories. The Seljuk invasion was accompanied by the conquest of many Transcaucasian cities. This led to the formation in the X-XIV centuries. Seljuk and its subordinate sultanates, which broke up into several Atabek states, in particular the state of the Ildegizids (territory of Azerbaijan and Iran).

After the invasion of Tamerlane, the sultanates of the Kara Koyunlu and Ak Koyunlu were formed on the territory of Azerbaijan and Iran, which were replaced by the Safavid Empire, the third great Muslim empire in size and influence (after the Ottoman and Great Mughals), with a Turkic-speaking (Azerbaijani dialect of the Turkic language) imperial court, supreme clergy and army command. The founder of the empire, Ismail I, was the heir to the ancient Sufi order (based on an indigenous Aryan Iranian root), represented mainly by the Turkic-speaking “Kizilbash” (“red-headed”, wore red stripes on their turbans) and was also the direct heir to the Sultan of the Ak Koyunlu Empire, Uzun-Hasan ( Uzun Hasan); in 1501 he took the title of Shahinshah of Azerbaijan and Iran. The Safavid state existed for almost two and a half centuries and during its heyday covered the territories of modern Azerbaijan, Armenia and Iran (entirely), as well as modern Georgia, Dagestan, Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan and Pakistan (partially). Replaced on the throne of Azerbaijan and Iran in the 18th century. Safavid Nadir Shah was from the Turkic-speaking Afshar tribe (a sub-ethnos of Azerbaijanis living in Azerbaijani Iran, Turkey and part of Afghanistan) and founded the Afsharid dynasty. Nadir Shah became famous for his conquests, thanks to which he later received the title “Napoleon of the East” from Western historians. 1737 Nadir Shah invaded Afghanistan and captured Kabul, and in 1738-39. entered India, defeated the Mughal army and captured Delhi. After an unsuccessful campaign against Dagestan, Nadir, who fell ill on the way, died suddenly. The Afsharids did not rule the state for long, and in 1795 the throne was taken by representatives of another Turkic-speaking tribe, the “Qajars” (a subethnic group of Azerbaijanis in Northern Iran, the northern regions of Azerbaijan and Southern Dagestan), who founded the Qajar dynasty, which ruled for 130 years. The rulers of the northern Azerbaijani lands (historically located in the territories of the Seljuk atabeks and Safavid beglerbegs) took advantage of the fall of the Afsharids and declared their relative independence, which gave rise to the formation of 21 Azerbaijani khanates.

As a result of the conquests by the Ottoman Turks in the XIII-XVI centuries. territories in Europe, Asia and Africa, a huge Ottoman Empire was formed, but from the 17th century it began to decline. Having assimilated the majority of the local population, the Ottomans became the ethnic majority in Asia Minor. XVI-XVIII centuries, first the Russian state, and then, after the reforms of Peter I, Russian empire, includes most of the lands of the former Golden Horde, on which Turkic states existed ( Khanate of Kazan, Astrakhan Khanate, Siberian Khanate, Crimean Khanate, Nogai Horde.

At the beginning of the 19th century, Russia annexed a number of Azerbaijani khanates of Eastern Transcaucasia. At the same time, China annexes the Dzungar Khanate, exhausted after the war with the Kazakhs. After the annexation of the territories of Central Asia, the Kazakh Khanate and the Kokand Khanate to Russia, the Ottoman Empire, along with the Makin Khanate (Northern Iran) and the Khiva Khanate (Central Asia) remained the only Turkic states.

Culture and worldview

During the period of antiquity and the Middle Ages, ethnocultural traditions took shape and were successively consolidated, which, often having different origins, gradually formed features that are, to one degree or another, inherent in all Turkic-speaking ethnic groups. The most intensive formation of this kind of stereotypes occurred in ancient Turkic times, that is, in the second half of the 1st millennium AD. e.. Then the optimal forms of economic activity were determined (nomadic and semi-nomadic cattle breeding), in general, an economic and cultural type took shape (traditional housing and clothing, means of transportation, food, jewelry, etc.), spiritual culture, social family organization, folk ethics, art and folklore. The highest cultural achievement was the creation of their own written language, which spread from its Central Asian homeland (Mongolia, Altai, Upper Yenisei) to the Don region and the North Caucasus.

Shaman from Tuva during the ceremony

The religion of the ancient Turks was based on the cult of Heaven - Tengri; among its modern designations, the conventional name - Tengrism - stands out. The Turks had no idea about Tengri's appearance. According to ancient views, the world is divided into 3 layers:

• the upper one (the sky, the world of Tengri and Umai), was depicted as an outer large circle;
• middle (of earth and water), depicted as a middle square;
• the lower (underworld) was depicted as an inner small circle.

It was believed that originally Heaven and Earth were fused, creating chaos. Then they separated: a clear, clean Sky appeared above, and brown earth appeared below. The sons of men arose among them. This version was mentioned on steles in honor of Kül-tegin (died in 732) and Bilge Kagan (734).

Another version is about a duck(s). According to the Khakass version:

first there was a duck; making the other a comrade, she sent her to the bottom of the river for sand; she brings it three times and gives it first; the third time she left some of the sand in her mouth, this part became stones; the first duck scattered the sand, pushed for nine days, the earth grew; the mountains grew after the messenger duck spat stones out of his mouth; because of this, the first refuses to give her land; agrees to give land the size of a cane; the messenger pokes a hole in the ground and goes into it; the first duck (now God) creates a man from the earth, a woman from his rib, gives them cattle; second duck - Erlik Khan

Erlik is the god of the empty and cold underworld. He was represented as a three-eyed bull-headed creature. One of his eyes saw the past, the second - the present, the third - the future. “souls” languished in his palace. He sent troubles, bad weather, darkness and messengers of death.

Tengri's wife is the goddess of women's crafts, mothers and women in labor - Umai. In Turkic languages, words with the root “umai” have been preserved to this day. Many of them mean “umbilical cord”, “female reproductive organs”.

The patron of the earth was called the deity Ydyk-Cher-Sug (Sacred Earth-Water).

There was also a cult of the wolf: many Turkic peoples still retain legends that they descend from this predator. The cult was partially preserved even among those peoples who adopted a different faith. Images of a wolf existed in the symbolism of many Turkic states. The image of a wolf is also present on the national flag of the Gagauz people.

In Turkic mythical traditions, legends and fairy tales, as well as in beliefs, customs, rituals and folk holidays The wolf acts as a totemic ancestor, patron and protector.

The cult of ancestors was also developed. There was polytheism with the deification of the forces of nature, which was preserved in the folklore of all Turkic peoples.

Lists of Turkic peoples

Disappeared Turkic peoples

Avars (debatable), Alty Chubs, Berendeys, Bulgars, Burtases (debatable), Bunturks, Huns, Dinlins, Dulu, Yenisei Kyrgyz, Karluks, Kimaks, Nushibis, Oguzes (Torks), Pechenegs, Polovtsians, Tyumens, Turkic-Shatos, Turkuts , Turgesh, Usun, Khazars, Black Klobuks and others.

Modern Turkic peoples

Number and national-state formations of the Turkic peoples Name of the people Estimated number National-state formations Notes Azerbaijanis from 35 million to 50 million, Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Altaians 70.8 thousand Altai Republic Altai Republic/ Russia Russia Balkars 150 thousand Kabardino-Balkaria Kabardino-Balkaria/ Russia Russia Bashkirs 2 million Bashkortostan Bashkortostan/ Russia Russia Gagauz 250 thousand Gagauzia Gagauzia/ Republic of Moldova Republic of Moldova Dolgans 8 thousand Taimyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky district/ Russia Russia Kazakhs St. 15 million Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Karakalpaks 620 thousand Karakalpakstan Karakalpakstan/ Uzbekistan Uzbekistan Karachais 250 thousand Karachay-Cherkessia Karachay-Cherkessia/ Russia Russia Kyrgyz 4.5 million Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan Crimean Tatars 500 thousand Crimea Crimea/ Ukraine Ukraine / Russia Russia Kumandins 3.2 thousand - Mainly live in Russia Kumyks 505 thousand Nagaibaki 9.6 thousand - Mainly live in Russia Nogais 104 thousand Dagestan Dagestan/ Russia Russia Salars 105 thousand - Mainly live in PRC PRC Siberian Tatars 200 thousand - Mainly live in Russia Tatars 6 million Tatarstan Tatarstan/ Russia Russia Teleuts 2.7 thousand - Mainly live in Russia Tofalar 800 - Mainly live in Russia Tubalars 2 thousand - Mainly live in Russia Tuvans 300 thousand Tyva Tyva/ Russia Russia Turks 62 million Türkiye Türkiye Turkmens 8 million Turkmenistan Turkmenistan Uzbeks 28 - 35 million Uzbekistan Uzbekistan Uyghurs 10 million Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region/PRC PRC Khakassians 75 thousand Khakassia Khakassia/ Russia Russia Chelkans 1.7 thousand - Mainly live in Russia Chuvash 1.5 million Chuvashia Chuvashia/ Russia Russia Chulym people 355 - Mainly live in Russia Shors 13 thousand - Mainly live in Russia Yakuts 480 thousand Republic of Sakha Republic of Sakha/ Russia Russia

see also

• Turkology
• Pan-Turkism
• Turan
• Turkic (language)
• Turkisms in Russian
• Turkisms in the Ukrainian language
• Turkestan
• Nomadic state
• central Asia
• Turkvision Song Contest
• Proto-Turks
• Turk (disambiguation)

Notes

1. Gadzhieva N.Z. Turkic languages ​​// Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1990. - P. 527-529. - 685 s. - ISBN 5-85270-031-2.
2. Milliyet. 55 million kişi "etnik olarak" Türk. Retrieved January 18, 2012.
3. Estimates of the number of Iranian Azerbaijanis given in various sources can vary significantly - from 15 to 35 million. See, for example: Looklex Encyclopaedia, Iranian.com, “Ethnologue” Report for Azerbaijani Language, UNPO information on Southern Azerbaijan, Jamestown Foundation, The World Factbook: Ethnic groups by country (CIA)
4. VPN-2010
5. 1 2 Lev Nikolaevich Gumilev. Ancient Turks
6. Chapter 11. A War Within a War, page 112. // Losing Iraq: Inside the Postwar Reconstruction Fiasco. Author: David L. Phillips. Reprinted edition. Hardcover first published in 2005 by Westview Press. New York: Basic Books, 2014, 304 pages. ISBN 9780786736201 Original text (English)

   Behind the Arabs and the Kurds, Turkmen are the third-largest ethnic group in Iraq. The ITF claim Turkmen represent 12 percent of Iraq's population. In response, the Kurds point to the 1997 census which showed that there were only 600,000 Turkmen.

7. Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. 2008. volume 1 page 826
8. Ayagan, B. G. Turkic peoples: an encyclopedic reference book. - Almaty: Kazakh encyclopedias. 2004.-382 p.: ill. ISBN 9965-9389-6-2
9. Turkic peoples of Siberia / resp. ed. D. A. Funk, N. A. Tomilov; Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology named after. N. N. Miklouho-Maclay RAS; Omsk branch of the Institute of Archeology and Ethnography SB RAS. - M.: Nauka, 2006. - 678 p. - (Peoples and cultures). - ISBN 5-02-033999-7
10. Turkic peoples of Eastern Siberia / comp. D. A. Funk; resp. editor: D. A. Funk, N. A. Alekseev; Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology named after. N. N. Miklouho-Maclay RAS. - M.: Nauka, 2008. - 422 p. - (Peoples and cultures). ISBN 978-5-02-035988-8
11. Turkic peoples of Crimea: Karaites. Crimean Tatars. Krymchaks / Rep. ed. S. Ya. Kozlov, L. V. Chizhova. - M., 2003. - 459 p. - (Peoples and cultures). ISBN 5-02-008853-6
12. Scientific Editorial Council, Chairman Chubaryan A. O. Scientific editor L. M. Mints. Illustrated encyclopedia "Russica". 2007. ISBN 978-5-373-00654-5
13. Tavadov G. T. Ethnology. Textbook for universities. M.: Project, 2002. 352 p. P. 106
14. Ethnopsychological Dictionary. - M.: MPSI. V. G. Krysko. 1999
15. Akhatov G. Kh.. Dialect of West Siberian Tatars. Ufa, 1963, 195 p.
16. Kononov A. N. Experience in analyzing the term Turk // Soviet ethnography. - 1949. - No. 1. - P. 40-47.
17. Klyashtorny S. G., Savinov D. G. Steppe empires of Eurasia // St. Petersburg: Farn. 1994. 166 pp. ISBN 5-900461-027-5 (erroneous)
18. Savinov D.G. About the “Scythian” and “Hunnic” layers in the formation of the ancient Turkic cultural complex // Questions of archeology of Kazakhstan. Vol. 2. Almaty-M.: 1998. P. 130-141
19. Eremeev D.E. “Turk” - an ethnonym of Iranian origin? // Soviet ethnography. 1990. No. 1
20. Bartold V.V. Türks: Twelve lectures on the history of the Turkish peoples of Central Asia (published according to the publication: academician V.V. Bartold, “Works”, vol. V. Publishing house “Science”, Main editorial office of Eastern literature, M., 1968) / R. Soboleva. - 1st. - Almaty: ZHALYN, 1998. - P. 23. - 193 p. - ISBN 5-610-01145-0.
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22. A.Bakıxanov adına Tarix institutu. Azərbaykan tarixi. Yeddi cilddə. II cild (III-XIII əsrin I rübü) / Vəlixanlı N.. - Bakı: Elm, 2007. - P. 6. - 608 p. - ISBN 978-9952-448-34-4.
23. Eremeev D.E. Penetration of Turkic tribes into Asia Minor // Proceedings of the VII International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnographic Sciences. - Moscow: Science; Main editorial office eastern. Literature, 1970. - P. 89. - 563 p.
24. East in the Middle Ages. V. Transcaucasia in the XI-XV centuries
25. Soviet Historical Encyclopedia: in 16 volumes. Seljuk State / ed. E. M. Zhukova. - Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1961-1976.
26. Quinn SA. The New Cambridge History of Islam / Morgan DO, Reid A.. - New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010. - pp. 201-238.
27. Trapper R. Shahsevid in Sevefid Persia // Bulletin of the Schopol of Oriental and African studies, University of London. - 1974. - No. 37 (2). - pp. 321-354.
28. Safavids. Material from Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia.
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30. Ter-Mkrtchyan L. The position of the Armenian people under the yoke of Nadir Shah // News of the Academy of Sciences of the Armenian SSR. - 1956. - No. 10. - P. 98.
31. Nadir Shah. Wikipedia is a free encyclopedia. Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (April 26, 2015).
32. Gevr J. Xacə şah (frans.dil.tərcümə), 2-ci kitab / Mehdiyev G.. - Bakı: Gənclik, 1994. - P. 198-206. - 224 s.
33. Mustafayeva N. Cənubi Azərbaycan xanlıqları / Əliyev F., Cabbarova S... - Bakı: Azərnəşr, 1995. - P. 3. - 96 p. - ISBN 5-5520-1570-3.
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35. Klyashtorny S. G. The main stages of politogenesis among the ancient nomads of Central Asia
36. Katanov N.F. Kachin legend of the creation of the world (Recorded in the Minusinsk district of the Yenisei province in the Kachin dialect of the Turkic language on June 2, 1890) // IOAIE, 1894, vol. XII, no. 2, pp. 185-188. http://www.ruthenia.ru/folklore/berezkin/143_11.htm
37. “Maral”, “Bear” and “Wolf” reward the winners of the Altai World Music Festival:: IA AMITEL
38. Turkology
39. Origin of the Turkic language
40. Cult of the wolf among the Bashkirs
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Literature

• Türks // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.
• Turko-Tatars // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.
• Akhatov G. Kh. On the ethnogenesis of the West Siberian Tatars // Questions of dialectology of Turkic languages. - Kazan: Kazan University Publishing House, 1960.
• Ganiev R. T. Eastern Turkic state in the VI-VIII centuries. - Ekaterinburg: Ural University Publishing House, 2006. - P. 152. - ISBN 5-7525-1611-0.
• Gumilyov L. N. History of the Xiongnu people
• Gumilyov L. N. Ancient Turks
• Mingazov Sh. Prehistoric Turks
• Bezertinov R. Ancient Turkic worldview “Tengrianism”
• Bezertinov R. Turkic-Tatar names
• Faizrakhmanov G. L. Ancient Turks in Siberia and Central Asia
• Zakiev M.Z. Origin of the Turks and Tatars. - M.: Publishing House "Insan", 2002. - 496 p. ISBN 5-85840-317-4
• Voitov V. E. The ancient Turkic pantheon and the model of the universe in the cult and memorial monuments of Mongolia in the 6th-8th centuries - M., 1996

Links

• Ancient Turkic dictionary
• - Texts and variants of the Kyrgyz epic “Manas”. Research. Historical, linguistic and philosophical aspects of the epic. “Small Epic” of the Kyrgyz. Kyrgyz folklore. Fairy tales, legends, customs.

Turkic peoples

Azerbaijanis | Altaians | Afshar | Balkarians | Bashkirs | Gagauz | Dolgans | Yellow Uighurs | Kazakhs | Karaites | Karakalpaks | Karamanlids | Carapapakhi | Karachais | Qashqai | Crimean Tatars | Krymchaks | Kumandy | Kumyks | Kyrgyz | Nagaibaki | Nogais | Salary | Siberian Tatars | Tatars | Telengits | Teleuts | Tofalar | Trukhmeny | Tubalars | Tuvans | Turks | Meskhetian Turks | Turkmens | Turkomans | |Uzbeks | Uyghurs | Khakass | Khalaji | Chelkans | Chuvash | Chulym people | Shors | Yuryuki | Yakuts

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Turki Information About

They are distributed over a vast territory of our planet, from the cold Kolyma basin to the southwestern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The Turks do not belong to any specific racial type; even among one people there are both Caucasians and Mongoloids. They are mostly Muslim, but there are peoples who profess Christianity, traditional beliefs, and shamanism. The only thing that connects almost 170 million people is common origin groups of languages ​​currently spoken by the Turks. Yakut and Turk all speak related dialects.

Strong branch of the Altai tree

Among some scientists there are still ongoing disputes over which language family Turkic belongs to. language group. Some linguists identified it as a separate large group. However, the most generally accepted hypothesis today is that these related languages ​​belong to the large Altai family.

The development of genetics has made a major contribution to these studies, thanks to which it has become possible to trace the history of entire nations in the traces of individual fragments of the human genome.

Once upon a time, a group of tribes in Central Asia spoke the same language - the ancestor of modern Turkic dialects, but in the 3rd century. BC e. a separate Bulgarian branch separated from the large trunk. The only people who speaks languages ​​of the Bulgarian group today are Chuvash. Their dialect is noticeably different from other related ones and stands out as a special subgroup.

Some researchers even propose to take the Chuvash language into separate genus large Altai macrofamily.

Classification of the southeast direction

Other representatives of the Turkic group of languages ​​are usually divided into 4 large subgroups. There are differences in details, but for simplicity we can take the most common method.

Oguz, or southwestern, languages, which include Azerbaijani, Turkish, Turkmen, Crimean Tatar, Gagauz. Representatives of these peoples speak very similarly and can easily understand each other without a translator. Hence the enormous influence of strong Turkey in Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan, whose residents perceive Turkish as their native language.

The Turkic group of the Altai family of languages ​​also includes the Kipchak, or northwestern, languages, which are spoken mainly on the territory of the Russian Federation, as well as representatives of the peoples of Central Asia with nomadic ancestors. Tatars, Bashkirs, Karachais, Balkars, such peoples of Dagestan as the Nogais and Kumyks, as well as Kazakhs and Kyrgyz - they all speak related dialects of the Kipchak subgroup.

The southeastern, or Karluk, languages ​​are solidly represented by the languages ​​of two large peoples - the Uzbeks and the Uyghurs. However, for almost a thousand years they developed separately from each other. If the Uzbek language has experienced the colossal influence of Farsi and the Arabic language, then the Uyghurs, residents of East Turkestan, have introduced a huge number of Chinese borrowings into their dialect over many years.

Northern Turkic languages

The geography of the Turkic group of languages ​​is wide and varied. The Yakuts, Altaians, in general, some indigenous peoples of northeastern Eurasia, also unite into a separate branch of the large Turkic tree. Northeastern languages ​​are quite heterogeneous and are divided into several separate genera.

The Yakut and Dolgan languages ​​separated from the single Turkic dialect, and this happened in the 3rd century. n. e.

The Sayan group of languages ​​of the Turkic family includes Tuvan and Tofalar languages. Khakassians and residents of Mountain Shoria speak languages ​​of the Khakass group.

Altai is the cradle of Turkic civilization; to this day, the indigenous inhabitants of these places speak Oirot, Teleut, Lebedin, Kumandin languages ​​of the Altai subgroup.

Incidents in a harmonious classification

However, not everything is so simple in this conditional division. The process of national-territorial demarcation that took place on the territory of the Central Asian republics of the USSR in the twenties of the last century also affected such a subtle matter as language.

All residents of the Uzbek SSR were called Uzbeks, and a single version of the literary Uzbek language was adopted, based on the dialects of the Kokand Khanate. However, even today the Uzbek language is characterized by pronounced dialectism. Some dialects of Khorezm, the westernmost part of Uzbekistan, are closer to the languages ​​of the Oghuz group and closer to Turkmen than to the literary Uzbek language.

Some areas speak dialects that belong to the Nogai subgroup of the Kipchak languages, hence there are often situations when a Ferghana resident has difficulty understanding a native of Kashkadarya, who, in his opinion, shamelessly distorts his native language.

The situation is approximately the same among other representatives of the peoples of the Turkic group of languages ​​- the Crimean Tatars. The language of the inhabitants of the coastal strip is almost identical to Turkish, but the natural steppe inhabitants speak a dialect closer to Kipchak.

Ancient history

The Turks first entered the world historical arena during the era of the Great Migration of Peoples. In the genetic memory of Europeans there is still a shudder before the invasion of the Huns by Attila in the 4th century. n. e. The steppe empire was a motley formation of numerous tribes and peoples, but the Turkic element was still predominant.

There are many versions of the origin of these peoples, but most researchers place the ancestral home of today's Uzbeks and Turks in the northwestern part of the Central Asian plateau, in the area between Altai and the Khingar ridge. This version is also adhered to by the Kyrgyz, who consider themselves the direct heirs of the great empire and are still nostalgic about this.

The neighbors of the Turks were the Mongols, the ancestors of today's Indo-European peoples, the Ural and Yenisei tribes, and the Manchus. Turkic group The Altai family of languages ​​began to take shape in close interaction with close peoples.

Confusion with Tatars and Bulgarians

In the first century AD e. individual tribes begin to migrate towards Southern Kazakhstan. The famous Huns invaded Europe in the 4th century. It was then that the Bulgar branch separated from the Turkic tree and a vast confederation was formed, which was divided into the Danube and Volga. Today's Bulgarians in the Balkans now speak a Slavic language and have lost their Turkic roots.

The opposite situation occurred with the Volga Bulgars. They still speak Turkic languages, but after the Mongol invasion they call themselves Tatars. The conquered Turkic tribes living in the steppes of the Volga took the name of the Tatars - a legendary tribe with which Genghis Khan began his campaigns that had long disappeared in the wars. They also called their language, which they had previously called Bulgarian, Tatar.

The only living dialect of the Bulgarian branch of the Turkic group of languages ​​is Chuvash. The Tatars, another descendant of the Bulgars, actually speak a variant of the later Kipchak dialects.

From Kolyma to the Mediterranean

The peoples of the Turkic linguistic group include the inhabitants of the harsh regions of the famous Kolyma basin, the resort beaches of the Mediterranean, the Altai mountains and the table-flat steppes of Kazakhstan. The ancestors of today's Turks were nomads who traveled the length and breadth of the Eurasian continent. For two thousand years they interacted with their neighbors, who were Iranians, Arabs, Russians, and Chinese. During this time, an unimaginable mixture of cultures and blood occurred.

Today it is even impossible to determine the race to which the Turks belong. Residents of Turkey, Azerbaijanis, Gagauz belong to the Mediterranean group Caucasian, there are practically no guys with slanted eyes and yellowish skin here. However, the Yakuts, Altaians, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz - they all bear a pronounced Mongoloid element in their appearance.

Racial diversity is observed even among peoples who speak the same language. Among the Tatars of Kazan you can find blue-eyed blonds and black-haired people with slanted eyes. The same thing is observed in Uzbekistan, where it is impossible to deduce the appearance of a typical Uzbek.

Faith

Most Turks are Muslims, professing the Sunni branch of this religion. Only in Azerbaijan do they adhere to Shiism. However, some peoples either retained ancient beliefs or became adherents of other great religions. Most Chuvash and Gagauz people profess Christianity in its Orthodox form.

In the northeast of Eurasia, individual peoples continue to adhere to the faith of their ancestors; among the Yakuts, Altaians, and Tuvans, traditional beliefs and shamanism continue to be popular.

During the time of the Khazar Kaganate, the inhabitants of this empire professed Judaism, which today's Karaites, fragments of that mighty Turkic power, continue to perceive as the only true religion.

Vocabulary

Together with world civilization, Turkic languages ​​also developed, absorbing the vocabulary of neighboring peoples and generously endowing them with their own words. It is difficult to count the number of borrowed Turkic words in East Slavic languages. It all started with the Bulgars, from whom the words “drip” were borrowed, from which “kapishche”, “suvart” arose, transformed into “serum”. Later, instead of “whey” they began to use the common Turkic “yogurt”.

The exchange of vocabulary became especially lively during the Golden Horde and the late Middle Ages, during active trade with Turkic countries. A huge number of new words came into use: donkey, cap, sash, raisin, shoe, chest and others. Later, only the names of specific terms began to be borrowed, for example, snow leopard, elm, dung, kishlak.

Official history says that the Turkic language arose in the first millennium when the first tribes belonging to this group appeared. But, as they show modern research, the language itself arose much earlier. There is even an opinion that the Turkic language came from a certain proto-language, which was spoken by all the inhabitants of Eurasia, as in the legend of the Tower of Babel. The main phenomenon of Turkic vocabulary is that it has practically not changed over the five thousand years of its existence. The ancient writings of the Sumerians will still be as understandable to the Kazakhs as modern books.

Spreading

The Turkic language group is very numerous. If you look territorially, peoples who speak similar languages ​​live like this: in the west the border begins with Turkey, in the east with the Xinjiang Autonomous Region of China, in the north with the East Siberian Sea and in the south with Khorasan.

Currently, the approximate number of people who speak Turkic is 164 million, this number is almost equal to the entire population of Russia. Currently there are different opinions about how the group of Turkic languages ​​is classified. We will consider further which languages ​​stand out in this group. Main ones: Turkish, Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Turkmen, Uzbek, Karakalpak, Uyghur, Tatar, Bashkir, Chuvash, Balkar, Karachay, Kumyk, Nogai, Tuvan, Khakass, Yakut, etc.

Ancient Turkic-speaking peoples

We know that the Turkic group of languages ​​has spread very widely across Eurasia. In ancient times, peoples who spoke this way were simply called Turks. Their main activities were cattle breeding and agriculture. But don't take everything modern peoples Turkic language group as descendants of an ancient ethnos. After thousands of years, their blood mixed with the blood of other ethnic groups of Eurasia, and now there are simply no indigenous Turks.

The ancient peoples of this group include:

• Turkuts - tribes that settled in the Altai Mountains in the 5th century AD;
• Pechenegs - arose at the end of the 9th century and inhabited the region between Kievan Rus, Hungary, Alania and Mordovia;
• Polovtsians - with their appearance they ousted the Pechenegs, they were very freedom-loving and aggressive;
• Huns - arose in the 2nd-4th centuries and managed to create a huge state from the Volga to the Rhine, from them came the Avars and Hungarians;
• Bulgars - from these ancient tribes came such peoples as the Chuvash, Tatars, Bulgarians, Karachais, Balkars.
• Khazars - huge tribes that managed to create their own state and oust the Huns;
• Oghuz Turks - the ancestors of the Turkmens, Azerbaijanis, lived in Seljukia;
• Karluks - lived in the 8th-15th centuries.

Classification

The Turkic group of languages ​​has a very complex classification. Or rather, each historian offers his own version, which will differ from the other with minor changes. We offer you the most common option:

1. Bulgarian group. The only currently existing representative is the Chuvash language.
2. The Yakut group is the easternmost of the peoples of the Turkic linguistic group. Residents speak Yakut and Dolgan dialects.
3. South Siberian - this group represents the languages ​​of peoples living mainly within the borders of the Russian Federation in the south of Siberia.
4. Southeastern, or Karluk. Examples are Uzbek and Uyghur languages.
5. The northwestern, or Kipchak group is represented by a large number of nationalities, many of which live on their own independent territory, for example Tatars, Kazakhs, and Kyrgyz.
6. Southwestern, or Oghuz. The languages ​​included in the group are Turkmen, Salar, Turkish.

Yakuts

On their territory, the local population simply calls themselves Sakha. Hence the name of the region - the Republic of Sakha. Some representatives also settled in other neighboring areas. The Yakuts are the easternmost of the peoples of the Turkic linguistic group. Culture and traditions were borrowed in ancient times from tribes living in the central steppe part of Asia.

Khakassians

A region has been designated for this people - the Republic of Khakassia. The largest contingent of Khakass is located here - about 52 thousand people. Several thousand more moved to live in Tula and the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

Shors

This nation reached its greatest numbers in the 17th-18th centuries. Now this is a small ethnic group that can only be found in the south of the Kemerovo region. Today the number is very small, about 10 thousand people.

Tuvans

Tuvinians are usually divided into three groups, differing from each other in some dialect features. They inhabit the Republic. This is a small eastern of the peoples of the Turkic linguistic group, living on the border with China.

Tofalar

This nation has practically disappeared. According to the 2010 census, 762 people were found in several villages of the Irkutsk region.

Siberian Tatars

The Eastern dialect of Tatar is the language that is considered to be the national language of the Siberian Tatars. This is also a Turkic group of languages. The peoples of this group are densely settled throughout Russia. They can be found in rural areas of the Tyumen, Omsk, Novosibirsk and other regions.

Dolgans

A small group living in the northern regions of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. They even have their own municipal district - Taimyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky. Today, there are only 7.5 thousand representatives of the Dolgans left.

Altaians

The Turkic group of languages ​​includes the Altai lexicon. Now in this area you can freely get acquainted with the culture and traditions of the ancient people.

Independent Turkic-speaking states

Today there are six separate independent states whose nationality is the indigenous Turkic population. First of all, these are Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Of course, Türkiye and Turkmenistan. And do not forget about Uzbekistan and Azerbaijan, which belong to the Turkic language group in exactly the same way.

The Uighurs have their own autonomous region. It is located in China and is called Xinjiang. Other nationalities related to the Turks also live in this territory.

Kyrgyz

The Turkic group of languages ​​primarily includes Kyrgyz. Indeed, the Kyrgyz or Kyrgyz are the most ancient representatives of the Turks who lived in Eurasia. The first mentions of the Kirghiz are found in the 1st millennium BC. e. Throughout almost its entire history, the nation did not have its own sovereign territory, but at the same time managed to preserve its identity and culture. The Kyrgyz even have the concept of “ashar”, which means joint work, close cooperation and unity.

The Kirghiz have long lived in sparsely populated steppe areas. This could not but affect some character traits. These people are extremely hospitable. When did you arrive at the settlement before? new person, he told news that no one could hear before. For this, the guest was rewarded with the best treats. It is still customary to honor guests sacredly.

Kazakhs

The Turkic language group could not exist without the most numerous Turkic people, living not only in the state of the same name, but throughout the world.

The folk morals of the Kazakhs are very harsh. From childhood, children are raised under strict rules and taught to be responsible and hardworking. For this nation, the concept of “dzhigit” is the pride of the people, a person who defends the honor of his fellow tribesman or his own at all costs.

In the appearance of the Kazakhs, a clear division into “white” and “black” can still be traced. In the modern world, this has long lost its meaning, but remnants of old concepts are still preserved. The peculiarity of the appearance of any Kazakh is that he can simultaneously look like both a European and a Chinese.

Turks

The Turkic group of languages ​​includes Turkish. Historically, Turkey has always cooperated closely with Russia. And these relations were not always peaceful. Byzantium, and later the Ottoman Empire, began to exist simultaneously with Kievan Rus. Even then there were the first conflicts for the right to rule the Black Sea. Over time, this enmity intensified, which largely influenced the relationship between the Russians and the Turks.

Turks are very peculiar. First of all, this can be seen from some of their features. They are hardy, patient and completely unpretentious in everyday life. The behavior of the representatives of the nation is very cautious. Even if they are angry, they will never express their dissatisfaction. But then they can harbor a grudge and take revenge. In serious matters the Turks are very cunning. They can smile in your face, but plot behind your back for their own benefit.

The Turks took their religion very seriously. Severe Muslim laws prescribed every step in the life of a Turk. For example, they could kill an unbeliever and not be punished for it. Another feature associated with this feature is a hostile attitude towards non-Muslims.

Conclusion

Turkic-speaking peoples are the largest ethnic group on Earth. The descendants of the ancient Turks settled across all continents, but most of them live in the indigenous territory - in the Altai Mountains and in the south of Siberia. Many peoples managed to preserve their identity within the borders of independent states.