The Old Russian chronicle of the 12th century “The Tale of Bygone Years” introduces us to a very interesting event that happened in 862. It was in this year that the Varangian Rurik was invited by the Slavic tribes to reign in Novgorod.

This event became fundamental in counting the beginning of the statehood of the Eastern Slavs and received the code name “Calling of the Varangians.” It is with Rurik that the countdown of the rulers of the Russian lands begins. Our history is very rich. It is filled with both heroic and tragic events, and all of them are inextricably linked with specific personalities that history has placed in chronological order.

Novgorod princes (862-882)

Novgorod princes of the pre-Kiev period. The State of Rurik - this is how the emerging Old Russian state can be conventionally called. According to the Tale of Bygone Years, this time is associated with the calling of the Varangians and the transfer of the capital to the city of Kyiv.

Kyiv princes (882-1263)

We include the rulers of the Old Russian state and the Principality of Kyiv as the Kiev princes. From the end of the 9th to the beginning of the 13th century, the Kiev throne was considered the most prestigious, and it was occupied by the most authoritative princes (usually from the Rurik dynasty), who were recognized by the other princes in the order of succession to the throne. At the end of the 12th century, this tradition began to weaken; influential princes did not occupy the Kiev throne personally, but sent their proteges to it.

Ruler	Years of reign	Note
Yaropolk Svyatoslavich
Svyatopolk Vladimirovich	1015-1016; 1018-1019
Izyaslav Yaroslavich
Vseslav Bryachislavich
Izyaslav Yaroslavich
Svyatoslav Yaroslavich
Vsevolod Yaroslavich
Izyaslav Yaroslavich
Vsevolod Yaroslavich
Svyatopolk Izyaslavich
Mstislav Vladimirovich the Great
Yaropolk Vladimirovich
Vyacheslav Vladimirovich
Vsevolod Olgovich
Igor Olgovich	August 1146
Izyaslav Mstislavich
Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky
Vyacheslav Vladimirovich	August 1150
Izyaslav Mstislavich	August 1150
	August 1150 - early 1151
Izyaslav Mstislavich
Vyacheslav Vladimirovich		co-ruler
Rostislav Mstislavich	December 1154
Izyaslav Davydovich
Izyaslav Davydovich
Mstislav Izyaslavich
Rostislav Mstislavich
Izyaslav Davydovich
Rostislav Mstislavich
Vladimir Mstislavich	March - May 1167
Mstislav Izyaslavich
Gleb Yurievich
Mstislav Izyaslavich
Gleb Yurievich
Mikhalko Yurievich
Roman Rostislavich
Yaropolk Rostislavich		co-ruler
Rurik Rostislavich
Yaroslav Izyaslavich
Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich	January 1174
Yaroslav Izyaslavich	January - 2nd half 1174
Roman Rostislavich
Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich
Rurik Rostislavich	end of August 1180 - summer 1181
Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich
Rurik Rostislavich	summer 1194 - autumn 1201
Ingvar Yaroslavich
Rurik Rostislavich
Rostislav Rurikovich	winter 1204 - summer 1205
Rurik Rostislavich
Vsevolod Svyatoslavich Chermny	August - September 1206
Rurik Rostislavich	September 1206 - spring 1207
Vsevolod Svyatoslavich Chermny	spring - October 1207
Rurik Rostislavich	October 1207 - 1210
Vsevolod Svyatoslavich Chermny	1210 - summer 1212
Ingvar Yaroslavich
Mstislav Romanovich
Vladimir Rurikovich
Izyaslav Mstislavich	June - end 1235
Vladimir Rurikovich	end 1235-1236
Yaroslav Vsevolodovich	1236 - 1st half of 1238
Vladimir Rurikovich
Mikhail Vsevolodovich
Rostislav Mstislavich
Daniil Romanovich
Mikhail Vsevolodovich
Yaroslav Vsevolodovich

Vladimir Grand Dukes (1157-1425)

The Vladimir Grand Dukes are the rulers of North-Eastern Rus'. The period of their reign begins with the separation of the Rostov-Suzdal principality from Kyiv in 1132 and ends in 1389, after the entry of the Vladimir principality into the Moscow principality. In 1169, Andrei Bogolyubsky captured Kyiv and was proclaimed Grand Duke, but did not go to reign in Kyiv. From this time on, Vladimir received grand ducal status and turned into one of the most influential centers of the Russian lands. After the start of the Mongol invasion, the Vladimir princes are recognized in the Horde as the oldest in Rus', and Vladimir becomes the nominal capital of the Russian lands.

Ruler	Years of reign	Note
Mikhalko Yurievich
Yaropolk Rostislavich
Mikhalko Yurievich
Yuri Vsevolodovich
Konstantin Vsevolodovich
Yuri Vsevolodovich
Yaroslav Vsevolodovich
Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich	1246 - beginning of 1248
Mikhail Yaroslavovich Khorobrit	early 1248 - winter 1248/1249
Andrey Yaroslavovich
Yaroslav Yaroslavovich Tverskoy
Vasily Yaroslavovich Kostromskoy
Dmitry Alexandrovich Pereyaslavsky	December 1283 - 1293
Andrey Alexandrovich Gorodetsky
Mikhail Yaroslavovich Tverskoy
Yuri Danilovich
Dmitry Mikhailovich Terrible Eyes (Tverskoy)
Alexander Mikhailovich Tverskoy
Alexander Vasilievich Suzdalsky
		co-ruler
Semyon Ivanovich Gordy
Ivan II Ivanovich the Red
Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy	early January - spring 1363
Dmitry Konstantinovich Suzdal-Nizhegorodsky
Vasily Dmitrievich

Moscow princes and grand dukes (1263-1547)

During the period of feudal fragmentation, Moscow princes increasingly found themselves at the head of the troops. They managed to get out of conflicts with other countries and neighbors, achieving a positive solution to their own political issues. The Moscow princes changed history: they overthrew the Mongol yoke and returned the state to its former greatness.

Ruler	Years of reign	Note
	nominally 1263, actually from 1272 (no later than 1282) - 1303
Yuri Danilovich
Semyon Ivanovich Gordy
Ivan II Ivanovich the Red
Vasily II Vasilievich Dark
Yuri Dmitrievich	spring - summer 1433
Vasily II Vasilievich Dark
Yuri Dmitrievich Zvenigorodsky
Vasily Yurievich Kosoy
Vasily II Vasilievich Dark
Dmitry Yuryevich Shemyaka
Vasily II Vasilievich Dark
Dmitry Yuryevich Shemyaka
Vasily II Vasilievich Dark
		co-ruler Vasily II
Ivan Ivanovich Young		co-ruler
Dmitry Ivanovich Vnuk		co-ruler
		co-ruler of Ivan III

Russian Tsars

Rurikovich

In 1547, the Sovereign of All Rus' and Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan IV Vasilyevich the Terrible was crowned Tsar and took the full title “Great Sovereign, by the grace of God Tsar and Grand Duke of All Rus', Vladimir, Moscow, Novgorod, Pskov, Ryazan, Tver, Yugorsk, Perm, Vyatsky, Bulgarian and others"; Subsequently, with the expansion of the borders of the Russian state, “Tsar of Kazan, Tsar of Astrakhan, Tsar of Siberia”, “and ruler of all Northern countries” were added to the title.

Godunovs

The Godunovs are an ancient Russian noble family, which after the death of Fyodor I Ivanovich became the Russian royal dynasty (1598-1605).

Time of Troubles

At the very beginning of the 17th century, the country was struck by a deep spiritual, economic, social, political and foreign policy crisis. It coincided with a dynastic crisis and the struggle of boyar groups for power. All this brought the country to the brink of disaster. The impetus for the start of the Troubles was the suppression of the royal Rurik dynasty after the death of Fyodor I Ioannovich and the not very clear policy of the new royal dynasty of the Godunovs.

Romanovs

The Romanovs are a Russian boyar family. In 1613, a Zemsky Sobor was held in Moscow to elect a new Tsar. The total number of electors exceeded 800 people representing 58 cities. The election of Mikhail Romanov to the kingdom put an end to the Troubles and gave rise to the Romanov dynasty.

Ruler	Years of reign	Note
Mikhail Fedorovich
Patriarch Filaret		Co-ruler of Mikhail Fedorovich from 1619 to 1633 with the title "Great Sovereign"
Fedor III Alekseevich
Ivan V Alekseevich		Ruled until 1696 with his brother
		Until 1696 he ruled jointly with his brother Ivan V

Russian emperors (1721-1917)

The title of Emperor of All Russia was adopted by Peter I on October 22 (November 2), 1721. This adoption took place at the request of the Senate after the victory in the Northern War. The title lasted until the February Revolution of 1917.

Ruler	Years of reign	Note
Peter I the Great
Catherine I
Anna Ioannovna
Elizaveta Petrovna
Catherine II the Great
Alexander I
Nicholas I
Alexander II
Alexander III
Nicholas II

Provisional Government (1917)

In February 1917, the February Revolution took place. As a result, on March 2, 1917, Emperor Nicholas II abdicated the Russian throne. Power was in the hands of the Provisional Government.

After the October Revolution of 1917, the Provisional Government was overthrown, the Bolsheviks came to power and began building a new state.

These people can be considered formal leaders only because the post of General Secretary of the Central Committee of the RCP(b) - VKP(b) - CPSU committee after the death of V.I. Lenin was actually the most important government position.

Kamenev Lev Borisovich		Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee
Sverdlov Yakov Mikhailovich		Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee
Vladimirsky Mikhail Fedorovich		And about. Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee
Kalinin Mikhail Ivanovich		Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, from December 30, 1922 - Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, from January 17, 1938 -
Shvernik Nikolay Mikhailovich		Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council
Voroshilov Kliment Efremovich		Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council
Brezhnev Leonid Ilyich		Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council
Mikoyan Anastas Ivanovich		Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council
Podgorny Nikolay Viktorovich		Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council
Brezhnev Leonid Ilyich
Kuznetsov Vasily Vasilievich
Andropov Yuri Vladimirovich		Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council, at the same time General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee
Kuznetsov Vasily Vasilievich		And about. Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Armed Forces
Chernenko Konstantin Ustinovich		Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council, at the same time General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee
Kuznetsov Vasily Vasilievich		And about. Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Armed Forces
Gromyko Andrey Andreevich		Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council
Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeevich		Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council, at the same time General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee

General Secretaries of the Central Committee of the RCP(b), CPSU(b), CPSU (1922-1991)

Khrushchev Nikita Sergeevich		First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee
Brezhnev Leonid Ilyich		Until 04/08/1966 - First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, from 04/08/1966 - General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee
Andropov Yuri Vladimirovich
Chernenko Konstantin Ustinovich
Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeevich

President of the USSR (1990-1991)

The post of President of the Soviet Union was introduced on March 15, 1990 by the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR with appropriate amendments to the Constitution of the USSR.

Presidents of the Russian Federation (1991-2018)

The post of President of the RSFSR was established on April 24, 1991 based on the results of the All-Russian referendum.

The Rurikovichs are the descendants of the legendary Rurik, the Varangian prince, the semi-legendary founder of the first Russian grand-ducal dynasty.

In total, the Russian throne was occupied by representatives of only two dynasties. The second is the Romanovs. The Rurikids ruled from 862 AD until 1610. The Romanovs from 1613 to 1917. There are 48 Rurik princes and kings. Romanovs - nineteen.

• First Prince of Rus'
• 9th century - Eastern historians reported a large union of Slavic tribes - Slavia (with its center in Novgorod), Kujava (Kyiv), Artania
• 839 - the French “Annals of Saint-Bertin” mention representatives of the “Ros” people who were in the Byzantine embassy to the King of the Carolingian dynasty, Louis the Pious
• 859 - The northern Slavic tribes Chud, Slovenes, Meri, Vesi and Krivichi refused to pay tribute to the Varangians. Strife.
  

  “Vastasha Slovene, killed the people of Novgorod and Merya and Krivichi against the Varangians and drove them overseas and did not give them tribute. We began to own ourselves and build cities. And there would not be righteousness in them, and the rise of generation upon generation, and armies, and captivity, and incessant bloodshed. And therefore the people gathered decided to themselves: “Who would be the prince in us and rule us? We will look for and recruit one either from us or from Kozar or from Polyany or from Dunaychev or from the Varangians." And there was a great rumor about this - for this sheep, for the other one who wants it. The same one, having consulted, sent to the Varangians"

  At the end of the 1990s. The finds of archaeologist Evgeny Ryabinin in Staraya Ladoga prove: Ladoga not only existed more than 100 years before Rurik, but also had the highest level of production development for that time. 2 km from Ladoga, Ryabinin dug up the Lyubsha fortress, which was erected in the 6th–7th centuries, rebuilt on a stone foundation around 700. The oldest lathe in Eastern Europe was also found near Ladoga (“Arguments of the Week”, No. 34(576) dated 08/31/2017)

• 862 (or 870) - Rurik began reigning in Novgorod.
  Russian historical science has still not come to a consensus about who Rurik was, whether he existed at all, whether the Slavs called him to reign and why. Here is what Academician B. A. Rybakov writes about this:

  “Was there a calling for the princes or, more precisely, for Prince Rurik? The answers can only be speculative. Norman raids on the northern lands at the end of the 9th and 10th centuries are beyond doubt. A proud Novgorod patriot could portray real raids as a voluntary calling of the Varangians by the northern inhabitants to establish order. Such coverage of the Varangian campaigns for tribute was less offensive to the pride of the Novgorodians than the recognition of their helplessness. The invited prince had to “rule by right” and protect his subjects with some kind of letter.
  It could have been different: wanting to protect themselves from unregulated Varangian exactions, the population of the northern lands could invite one of the kings as a prince, so that he would protect them from other Varangian detachments. Rurik, in whom some researchers see the Rurik of Jutland, would be a suitable figure for this purpose, since he came from the most remote corner of the Western Baltic and was a stranger to the Varangians from southern Sweden, located closer to the Chuds and the Eastern Slavs. Science has not sufficiently developed the question of the connection between the chronicle Varangians and the Western, Baltic Slavs.
  Archaeologically, connections between the Baltic Slavs and Novgorod can be traced back to the 11th century. Written sources from the 11th century speak of trade between the Western Baltic and Novgorod. It can be assumed that if the calling of a foreign prince actually took place as one of the episodes of the anti-Varangian struggle, then such a prince could be Rurik of Jutland, whose original place of reign was located next to the Baltic Slavs. The considerations expressed are not sufficiently substantiated to build any hypothesis on them.”

• 864 - Seizure of princely power in Kyiv by the Varangians Askold and Dir
• 864 (874) - Askold and Dir's campaign to Constantinople
• 872 - “Oskold’s son was quickly killed by the Bulgarians.” “That same summer, the Novgorodians were offended, saying: “As if we would be a slave and suffer a lot of evil in every possible way from Rurik and from his family.” That same summer, Rurik killed Vadim the Brave and many other Novgorodians who were his companions.”
• 873 - Rurik distributed the cities of Polotsk, Rostov, Beloozero, he gave them into the possession of his confidants
• 879 - Rurik died

Rurik Dynasty

• Oleg 879-912
• Igor 912-945
• Olga 945-957
• Svyatoslav 957-972
• Yaropolk 972-980
• Vladimir Saint 980-1015
• Svyatopolk 1015-1019
• Yaroslav I the Wise 1019-1054
• Izyaslav Yaroslavich 1054-1078
• Vsevolod Yaroslavich 1078-1093
• Svyatopolk Izyaslavich 1093-1113
• Vladimir Monomakh 1113-1125
• Mstislav Vladimirovich 1125-1132
• Yaropolk Vladimirovich 1132-1139
• Vsevolod Olgovich 1139-1146
• Izyaslav Mstislavich 1146-1154
• Yuri Dolgoruky 1154-1157
• Andrey Bogolyubsky 1157-1174
• Mstislav Izyaslavich 1167-1169
• Mikhail Yurievich 1174-1176
• Vsevolod Yuryevich (Big Nest) 1176-1212
• Konstantin Vsevolodovich 1216-1219
• Yuri Vsevolodovich 1219-1238
• Yaroslav Vsevolodovich 1238-1246
• Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky 1252-1263
• Yaroslav Yaroslavich 1263-1272
• Vasily I Yaroslavich 1272-1276
• Dmitry Alexandrovich Pereyaslavsky 1276-1294
• Andrey Alexandrovich Gorodetsky 1294-1304
• Mikhail Yaroslavich 1304-1319
• Yuri Danilovich 1319-1326
• Alexander Mikhailovich 1326-1328
• John I Danilovich Kalita 1328-1340
• Simeon Ioannovich the Proud 1340-1353
• John II the Meek 1353-1359
• Dmitry Konstantinovich 1359-1363
• Dmitry Ioannovich Donskoy 1363-1389
• Vasily I Dmitrievich 1389-1425
• Vasily II Vasilievich the Dark 1425-1462
• John III Vasilievich 1462-1505
• Vasily III Ioannovich 1505-1533
• Elena Glinskaya 1533-1538
• Ivan IV the Terrible 1533-1584
• Fyodor Ioannovich 1584-1598
• Boris Godunov 1598-1605
• Vasily Shuisky 1606-1610

4. Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev (04/17/1894-09/11/1971)

Soviet statesman and party leader. First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR from 1958 to 1964. Hero of the Soviet Union, Three times Hero of Socialist Labor. The first laureate of the Shevchenko Prize, reign 09/07/1. (Moscow city).

Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev was born in 1894 in the village of Kalinovka, Kursk province, into the family of miner Sergei Nikanorovich Khrushchev and Ksenia Ivanovna Khrushcheva. In 1908, having moved with his family to the Uspensky mine near Yuzovka, Khrushchev became an apprentice mechanic at a factory, then worked as a mechanic at a mine and, as a miner, was not taken to the front in 1914. In the early 1920s, he worked in the mines and studied at the workers' department of the Donetsk Industrial Institute. Later he was engaged in economic and party work in Donbass and Kyiv. Since January 1931, he was at party work in Moscow, during which time he was the first secretary of the Moscow regional and city party committees - MK and MGK VKP (b). In January 1938, he was appointed first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine. In the same year he became a candidate, and in 1939 - a member of the Politburo.

During World War II, Khrushchev served as a political commissar of the highest rank (a member of the military councils of a number of fronts) and in 1943 received the rank of lieutenant general; led the partisan movement behind the front line. In the first post-war years he headed the government in Ukraine. In December 1947, Khrushchev again headed the Communist Party of Ukraine, becoming the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine; He held this post until he moved to Moscow in December 1949, where he became the first secretary of the Moscow Party Committee and secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. Khrushchev initiated the consolidation of collective farms (kolkhozes). After Stalin's death, when the Chairman of the Council of Ministers left the post of Secretary of the Central Committee, Khrushchev became the “master” of the party apparatus, although until September 1953 he did not have the title of First Secretary. Between March and June 1953 he attempted to seize power. In order to eliminate Beria, Khrushchev entered into an alliance with Malenkov. In September 1953, he took the post of First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. In June 1953, a struggle for power began between Malenkov and Khrushchev, in which Khrushchev won. At the beginning of 1954, he announced the start of a grandiose program for the development of virgin lands in order to increase grain production, and in October of the same year he headed the Soviet delegation to Beijing.

The most striking event in Khrushchev's career was the 20th Congress of the CPSU, held in 1956. At a closed meeting, Khrushchev condemned Stalin, accusing him of mass extermination of people and erroneous policies that almost ended with the liquidation of the USSR in the war with Nazi Germany. The result of this report was unrest in the Eastern bloc countries - Poland (October 1956) and Hungary (October and November 1956). In June 1957, the Presidium (formerly Politburo) of the CPSU Central Committee organized a conspiracy to remove Khrushchev from the post of First Secretary of the Party. After his return from Finland, he was invited to a meeting of the Presidium, which, by seven votes to four, demanded his resignation. Khrushchev convened a Plenum of the Central Committee, which overturned the decision of the Presidium and dismissed the “anti-party group” of Molotov, Malenkov and Kaganovich. He strengthened the Presidium with his supporters, and in March 1958 he took the post of Chairman of the Council of Ministers, taking into his own hands all the main levers of power. In September 1960, Khrushchev visited the United States as head of the Soviet delegation to the UN General Assembly. During the assembly, he managed to hold large-scale negotiations with the heads of government of a number of countries. His report to the Assembly called for general disarmament, the immediate elimination of colonialism and the admission of China to the UN. During the summer of 1961, Soviet foreign policy became increasingly harsh, and in September the USSR ended a three-year moratorium on nuclear weapons testing with a series of explosions. On October 14, 1964, by the Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, Khrushchev was relieved of his duties as First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee and member of the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee. He was succeeded by becoming the First Secretary of the Communist Party, and becoming the Chairman of the Council of Ministers. After 1964, Khrushchev, while retaining his seat on the Central Committee, was essentially in retirement. Khrushchev died in Moscow on September 11, 1971.

In modern historiography, the title “Kyiv princes” is usually used to designate a number of rulers of the Kyiv principality and the Old Russian state. The classical period of their reign began in 912 under the reign of Igor Rurikovich, the first to bear the title of “Grand Duke of Kyiv,” and lasted until approximately the middle of the 12th century, when the collapse of the Old Russian state began. Let's briefly look at the most prominent rulers during this period.

Oleg Veschy (882-912)

Igor Rurikovich (912-945) – the first ruler of Kyiv, called the “Grand Duke of Kyiv.” During his reign, he conducted a number of military campaigns, both against neighboring tribes (Pechenegs and Drevlyans) and against the Byzantine kingdom. The Pechenegs and Drevlyans recognized the supremacy of Igor, but the Byzantines, better equipped militarily, put up stubborn resistance. In 944, Igor was forced to sign a peace treaty with Byzantium. At the same time, the terms of the agreement were beneficial for Igor, since Byzantium paid significant tribute. A year later, he decided to attack the Drevlyans again, despite the fact that they had already recognized his power and paid him tribute. Igor’s vigilantes, in turn, had the opportunity to profit from the robberies of the local population. The Drevlyans set up an ambush in 945 and, having captured Igor, executed him.

Olga (945-964)– Widow of Prince Rurik, killed in 945 by the Drevlyan tribe. She headed the state until her son, Svyatoslav Igorevich, became an adult. It is unknown when exactly she transferred power to her son. Olga was the first of the rulers of Rus' to convert to Christianity, while the entire country, the army, and even her son still remained pagans. Important facts of her reign were the submission of the Drevlyans, who killed her husband Igor Rurikovich. Olga established the exact amounts of taxes that the lands subject to Kyiv had to pay, and systematized the frequency of their payment and deadlines. An administrative reform was carried out, dividing the lands subordinate to Kyiv into clearly defined units, at the head of each of which a princely official “tiun” was installed. Under Olga, the first stone buildings appeared in Kyiv, Olga's tower and the city palace.

Svyatoslav (964-972)- son of Igor Rurikovich and Princess Olga. A characteristic feature of the reign was that most of its time was actually ruled by Olga, first due to Svyatoslav’s minority, and then due to his constant military campaigns and absence from Kyiv. Took power around 950. He did not follow his mother’s example and did not accept Christianity, which was then unpopular among the secular and military nobility. The reign of Svyatoslav Igorevich was marked by a series of continuous campaigns of conquest that he carried out against neighboring tribes and state entities. The Khazars, Vyatichi, the Bulgarian Kingdom (968-969) and Byzantium (970-971) were attacked. The war with Byzantium brought heavy losses to both sides, and ended, in fact, in a draw. Returning from this campaign, Svyatoslav was ambushed by the Pechenegs and was killed.

Yaropolk (972-978)

Vladimir the Holy (978-1015)- Kyiv prince, most famous for the baptism of Rus'. He was the prince of Novgorod from 970 to 978, when he seized the Kiev throne. During his reign, he continuously carried out campaigns against neighboring tribes and states. He conquered and annexed to his power the tribes of the Vyatichi, Yatvingians, Radimichi and Pechenegs. He carried out a number of government reforms aimed at strengthening the power of the prince. In particular, he began minting a single state coin, replacing the previously used Arab and Byzantine money. With the help of invited Bulgarian and Byzantine teachers, he began to spread literacy in Rus', forcibly sending children to study. Founded the cities of Pereyaslavl and Belgorod. The main achievement is considered to be the baptism of Rus', carried out in 988. The introduction of Christianity as a state religion also contributed to the centralization of the Old Russian state. The resistance of various pagan cults, then widespread in Rus', weakened the power of the Kyiv throne and was brutally suppressed. Prince Vladimir died in 1015 during another military campaign against the Pechenegs.

SvyatopolkDamned (1015-1016)

Yaroslav the Wise (1016-1054)- son of Vladimir. He feuded with his father and seized power in Kyiv in 1016, driving out his brother Svyatopolk. The reign of Yaroslav is represented in history by traditional raids on neighboring states and internecine wars with numerous relatives claiming the throne. For this reason, Yaroslav was forced to temporarily leave the Kiev throne. He built the churches of St. Sophia in Novgorod and Kyiv. The main temple in Constantinople is dedicated to her, so the fact of such construction spoke of the equality of the Russian church with the Byzantine one. As part of the confrontation with the Byzantine Church, he independently appointed the first Russian Metropolitan Hilarion in 1051. Yaroslav also founded the first Russian monasteries: the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery in Kyiv and the Yuriev Monastery in Novgorod. For the first time he codified feudal law, publishing a code of laws “Russian Truth” and a church charter. He did a lot of work translating Greek and Byzantine books into Old Russian and Church Slavonic languages, and constantly spent large sums on rewriting new books. He founded a large school in Novgorod, in which the children of elders and priests learned to read and write. He strengthened diplomatic and military ties with the Varangians, thus securing the northern borders of the state. He died in Vyshgorod in February 1054.

SvyatopolkDamned (1018-1019)– secondary temporary government

Izyaslav (1054-1068)- son of Yaroslav the Wise. According to his father's will, he sat on the throne of Kyiv in 1054. Throughout almost his entire reign, he was at odds with his younger brothers Svyatoslav and Vsevolod, who sought to seize the prestigious Kiev throne. In 1068, the Izyaslav troops were defeated by the Polovtsians in the battle on the Alta River. This led to the Kyiv Uprising of 1068. At the veche meeting, the remnants of the defeated militia demanded that they be given weapons in order to continue the fight against the Polovtsians, but Izyaslav refused to do this, which forced the Kievites to revolt. Izyaslav was forced to flee to the Polish king, his nephew. With the military help of the Poles, Izyaslav regained the throne for the period 1069-1073, was again overthrown, and ruled for the last time from 1077 to 1078.

Vseslav the Magician (1068-1069)

Svyatoslav (1073-1076)

Vsevolod (1076-1077)

Svyatopolk (1093-1113)- son of Izyaslav Yaroslavich, before occupying the Kyiv throne, he periodically headed the Novgorod and Turov principalities. The beginning of the Kyiv principality of Svyatopolk was marked by the invasion of the Cumans, who inflicted a serious defeat on Svyatopolk’s troops in the battle of the Stugna River. After this, several more battles followed, the outcome of which is not known for certain, but ultimately peace was concluded with the Cumans, and Svyatopolk took the daughter of Khan Tugorkan as his wife. The subsequent reign of Svyatopolk was overshadowed by the continuous struggle between Vladimir Monomakh and Oleg Svyatoslavich, in which Svyatopolk usually supported Monomakh. Svyatopolk also repelled the constant raids of the Polovtsy under the leadership of the khans Tugorkan and Bonyak. He died suddenly in the spring of 1113, possibly poisoned.

Vladimir Monomakh (1113-1125) was the prince of Chernigov when his father died. He had the right to the Kiev throne, but lost it to his cousin Svyatopolk, because he did not want war at that time. In 1113, the people of Kiev rebelled and, having overthrown Svyatopolk, invited Vladimir to the kingdom. For this reason, he was forced to accept the so-called “Charter of Vladimir Monomakh”, which alleviated the situation of the urban lower classes. The law did not affect the foundations of the feudal system, but regulated the conditions of enslavement and limited the profits of moneylenders. Under Monomakh, Rus' reached the peak of its power. The Principality of Minsk was conquered, and the Polovtsians were forced to migrate east from the Russian borders. With the help of an impostor who posed as the son of a previously murdered Byzantine emperor, Monomakh organized an adventure aimed at placing him on the Byzantine throne. Several Danube cities were conquered, but it was not possible to further develop the success. The campaign ended in 1123 with the signing of peace. Monomakh organized the publication of improved editions of The Tale of Bygone Years, which have survived in this form to this day. Monomakh also independently created several works: the autobiographical “Ways and Fishing”, a set of laws “The Charter of Vladimir Vsevolodovich” and “The Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh”.

Mstislav the Great (1125-1132)- son of Monomakh, formerly the prince of Belgorod. He ascended the throne of Kyiv in 1125 without resistance from the other brothers. Among the most outstanding acts of Mstislav, one can name the campaign against the Polovtsians in 1127 and the plunder of the cities of Izyaslav, Strezhev and Lagozhsk. After a similar campaign in 1129, the Principality of Polotsk was finally annexed to the possessions of Mstislav. In order to collect tribute, several campaigns were made in the Baltic states against the Chud tribe, but they ended in failure. In April 1132, Mstislav died suddenly, but managed to transfer the throne to Yaropolk, his brother.

Yaropolk (1132-1139)- being the son of Monomakh, inherited the throne when his brother Mstislav died. At the time of coming to power he was 49 years old. In fact, he only controlled Kyiv and its environs. By his natural inclinations he was a good warrior, but did not have diplomatic and political abilities. Immediately after taking the throne, traditional civil strife began related to the inheritance of the throne in the Pereyaslav Principality. Yuri and Andrei Vladimirovich expelled Vsevolod Mstislavich, who had been placed there by Yaropolk, from Pereyaslavl. Also, the situation in the country was complicated by the increasingly frequent raids of the Polovtsians, who, together with the allied Chernigovites, plundered the outskirts of Kyiv. Yaropolk's indecisive policy led to military defeat in the battle on the Supoya River with the troops of Vsevolod Olgovich. The cities of Kursk and Posemye were also lost during the reign of Yaropolk. This development of events further weakened his authority, which the Novgorodians took advantage of, announcing their secession in 1136. The result of Yaropolk's reign was the virtual collapse of the Old Russian state. Formally, only the Principality of Rostov-Suzdal retained its subordination to Kyiv.

Vyacheslav (1139, 1150, 1151-1154)

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Books

• Rurik dynasty, Pchelov E.. The Rurik dynasty made a major contribution to the formation and development of ancient Russian statehood. A long stay in power and a huge genealogical ramification made her one of...
• The Royal House of Rurikovich, A.P. Toroptsev. This book tells how the legendary Rurik came to Rus', what his descendants became famous for, what great deeds and offensive mistakes they committed. In addition, the reader will learn how it developed and...