Only on the territory of Russia live 65 small peoples, and the number of some of them does not exceed a thousand people. There are hundreds of similar peoples on Earth, and each carefully preserves its customs, language and culture.

Our top ten today includes the smallest peoples in the world.

10. Ginukh people

This small people lives on the territory of Dagestan, and its population is only 443 people as of the end of 2010. For a long time, the Ginukh people were not identified as a separate ethnic group, since the Ginukh language was considered only one of the dialects of the Tsez language widespread in Dagestan.

9. Selkups

Until the 1930s, representatives of this West Siberian people were called Ostyak-Samoyeds. The number of Selkups is just over 4 thousand people. They live mainly in the Tyumen and Tomsk regions, as well as the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug

8. Nganasans

This people lives on the Taimyr Peninsula, and their number is about 800 people. Nganasans are the northernmost people in Eurasia. Until the middle of the 20th century, the people led a nomadic lifestyle, driving herds of deer over vast distances; today the Nganasans live sedentary lives.

7. Orochons

The place of residence of this small ethnic group is China and Mongolia. The population is about 7 thousand people. The history of the people goes back more than a thousand years, and the Orochons are mentioned in many documents dating back to the early Chinese imperial dynasties.

6. Evenks

This indigenous people of Russia lives in Eastern Siberia. These people are the most numerous in our top ten - their numbers are quite sufficient to populate a small town. There are about 35 thousand Evenks in the world.

5. Chum salmon

Kets live in the north of the Krasnoyarsk region. The number of this people is less than 1500 people. Until the middle of the 20th century, representatives of the ethnic group were called Ostyaks, as well as Yeniseians. The Ket language belongs to the group of Yenisei languages.

4. Chulym people

The number of this indigenous people of Russia is 355 people as of 2010. Despite the fact that most of the Chulym people recognize Orthodoxy, the ethnic group carefully preserves some traditions of shamanism. Chulyms live mainly in the Tomsk region. It is interesting that the Chulym language does not have a written language.

3. Basins

The number of this people living in Primorye is only 276 people. The Taz language is a mixture of one of the Chinese dialects with the Nanai language. Now this language is spoken by less than half of those who consider themselves to be Taz.

2. Livs

This extremely small people lives on the territory of Latvia. From time immemorial, the main occupations of the Livs were piracy, fishing and hunting. Today the people have almost completely assimilated. According to official data, there are only 180 Livs left.

1. Pitcairns

This people is the smallest in the world and lives on the small island of Pitcairn in Oceania. The number of Pitcairns is about 60 people. All of them are descendants of the sailors of the British warship Bounty, who landed here in 1790. The Pitcairn language is a mixture of simplified English, Tahitian and maritime vocabulary.

Do you know how many peoples there are in the world? Probably, few people will be able to accurately answer this question, even among scientists and historians. In Russia alone there are 194 nations of the world (the list goes on and on). All people on Earth are completely different, and this is the biggest advantage.

General classification

Of course, everyone is interested in quantitative data. If you collect all the peoples of the world, the list will be endless. It is much easier to classify them according to certain characteristics. First of all, this is done depending on what language people speak within the same territory or the same cultural traditions. An even more general category is language families.

Preserved through the centuries

Every nation, no matter what its history, is trying with all possible forces to prove that their ancestors built the Tower of Babel. It is flattering for everyone to think that he or she belongs to those roots that go back to distant, distant times. But there are ancient peoples of the world (the list is attached), whose prehistoric origin is beyond doubt.

Largest nations

There are many large nations on Earth that have the same historical roots. For example, there are 330 nations in the world, numbering a million people each. But there are only eleven of those with more than 100 million people (each). Consider the list of peoples of the world by number:

1. Chinese - 1.17 million people.
2. Hindustani - 265 million people.
3. Bengalis - 225 million people.
4. Americans (USA) - 200 million people.
5. Brazilians - 175 million people.
6. Russians - 140 million people.
7. Japanese - 125 million people.
8. Punjabis - 115 million people.
9. Biharis - 115 million people.
10. Mexicans - 105 million people.
11. Javanese - 105 million people.

Unity in diversity

Another classification characteristic that allows us to distinguish between the world’s population is threefold: Caucasoid, Mongoloid and Negroid. Some Western historians distinguish a little more, but these races still became derivatives of the three main ones.

In the modern world there are a large number of contact races. This led to the emergence of new peoples of the world. The list has not yet been provided by scientists, because no one has worked on an exact classification. Here are some examples. The Ural group of peoples originated from the mixing of some branches of northern Caucasoids and northern Mongoloids. The entire population of southern island Asia arose as a result of the kinship of Mongoloids and Australoids.

Endangered ethnic groups

There are nations of the world on Earth (the list is attached), the number of which amounts to several hundred people. These are endangered ethnic groups who are trying to preserve their identity.

Conclusions

Can be interpreted in different ways. Some will argue that this population is within the state, others will insist that it does not matter where people live, the main thing is that they are united by some common features that determine their belonging to the same historical origins. Still others will believe that a people is an ethnic group that has existed for centuries, but has faded over the years. In any case, all people on Earth are very diverse and studying them is a pleasure.

2. Factors influencing the location of productive forces and their changes in the era of science and technology.

3. Determination of the type of reproduction of the country's population using the age-sex pyramid.

1. Environmental management. Examples of rational and irrational environmental management.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of Western European countries.

3. Determine and compare the average population density of two countries (as chosen by the teacher) and explain the reasons for the differences.

1. Types of natural resources. Resource availability. Assessment of the country's resource availability.

2. The importance of transport in the world economy of the country, types of transport and their features. Transport and environment.

3. Determination and comparison of population growth rates in different countries (teacher's choice).

1. Patterns of distribution of mineral resources and countries distinguished by their reserves. Problems of rational use of resources.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of one of the countries of Western Europe (at the student’s choice).

3. Comparative characteristics of the transport systems of the two countries (at the teacher’s choice).

1. Land resources. Geographical differences in land availability. Problems of their rational use.

2. Fuel and energy industry. Composition, importance in the economy, placement features. The energy problem of humanity and ways to solve it. Problems of environmental protection.

3. Characteristics based on maps of the EGP (economic-geographical location) of the country (at the choice of the teacher).

1. Land water resources and their distribution on the planet. The problem of water supply and possible ways to solve it.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of the countries of Eastern Europe.

3. Determination, based on statistical materials, of trends in changes in the country’s sectoral structure (at the teacher’s choice).

1. Forest resources of the world and their importance for the life and activities of mankind. Problems of rational use.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of one of the countries of Eastern Europe (at the student’s choice).

3. Determination and comparison of the ratio of urban and rural populations in different regions of the world (at the choice of the teacher).

1. Resources of the World Ocean: water, mineral, energy and biological. Problems of rational use of the resources of the World Ocean.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of the USA.

3. Explanation on the map of the directions of the main cargo flows of iron ore.

1. Recreational resources and their distribution on the planet. Problems of rational use.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of Japan.

3. Explanation of the directions of the main oil flows using maps.

1. Environmental pollution and environmental problems of humanity. Types of pollution and their distribution. Ways to solve environmental problems of humanity.

2. Agriculture. Composition, features of development in developed and developing countries. Agriculture and environment.

3. Drawing up a comparative description of two industrial regions (at the teacher’s choice).

1. World population and its changes. Natural population growth and factors influencing its change. Two types of population reproduction and their distribution in different countries.

2. Crop production: boundaries of location, main crops and areas of their cultivation, exporting countries.

3. Comparison of international specialization of one of the developed and one of the developing countries, explanation of the differences.

1. “Population explosion.” The problem of population size and its characteristics in different countries. Demographic policy.

2. Chemical industry: composition, significance, placement features. Chemical industry and environmental problems.

3. Assessment using maps and statistical materials of the resource availability of one of the countries (at the teacher’s choice).

1. Age and sex composition of the world population. Geographical differences. Sex and age pyramids.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of Latin American countries.

3. Comparative characteristics based on the map of the provision of individual regions and countries with arable land.

1. National composition of the world population. Its changes and geographical differences. The largest nations of the world.

2. Mechanical engineering is the leading branch of modern industry. Composition, placement features. Countries that stand out in terms of the level of development of mechanical engineering.

3. Determination of the main export and import items of one of the countries of the world (at the choice of the teacher).

1. Distribution of the population across the Earth's territory. Factors influencing population distribution. The most densely populated areas of the world.

2. Electric power industry: significance, countries that stand out in terms of absolute and per capita indicators of electricity production.

3. Determination based on statistical materials of the main grain exporters.

1. Population migrations and their causes. The influence of migration on population changes, examples of internal and external migrations.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of the People's Republic of China.

3. Explanation on the map of the directions of the main coal cargo flows.

1. Urban and rural populations of the world. Urbanization. Largest cities and urban agglomerations. Problems and consequences of urbanization in the modern world.

2. Livestock: distribution, main industries, location features, exporting countries.

3. Explanation on the map of the directions of the main gas flows.

1. World economy: essence and main stages of formation. International geographical division of labor and its examples.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of one of the Latin American countries (at the student’s choice).

3. Comparative characteristics of the provision of individual regions and countries with water resources.

1. International economic integration. Economic groupings of countries of the modern world.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of African countries.

3. Identification based on statistical materials of the main cotton exporters.

1. Fuel industry: composition, location of the main fuel production areas. The most important producing and exporting countries. Main international fuel flows.

2. International economic relations: forms and geographical features.

3. Determination based on statistical materials of the main exporters of sugar.

1. Metallurgical industry: composition, placement features. Main producing and exporting countries. Metallurgy and the problem of environmental protection.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of one of the African countries (at the student’s choice).

3. Drawing up a comparative description of two agricultural regions (at the teacher’s choice).

1. Forestry and woodworking industry: composition, placement. Geographical differences.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of Asian countries.

3. Determination based on statistical materials of the main coffee exporters.

1. Light industry: composition, placement features. Problems and prospects for development.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of one of the Asian countries (at the student’s choice).

3. Designation on the contour map of geographical objects, the knowledge of which is provided by the program (at the choice of the teacher).

1. National composition of the world population. Its changes and geographical differences. The largest nations of the world.

2. Mechanical engineering is the leading branch of modern industry. Composition, placement features. Countries that stand out in terms of the level of development of mechanical engineering.

3. Determination of the main export and import items of one of the countries of the world (at the choice of the teacher).

1. National composition of the world population. Its changes and geographical differences. The largest nations of the world.

There are about 3-4 thousand peoples or ethnic groups in the world, some of which have formed into nations, while others are nationalities and tribes.

For your information: an ethnic group is a historically established, stable community of people that has a set of characteristics such as a common language, territory, features of life and culture, and ethnic identity.

The peoples of the world are classified:

I. By number:

In total, there are more than 300 peoples in the world, each numbering over 1 million people, which account for 96% of the total population of the Earth. Including about 130 peoples have a population of more than 5 million people, 76 peoples have more than 10 million people, 35 peoples have more than 25 million people, 7 peoples have more than 100 million people.

For your information: 7 most numerous nations:

1) Chinese (Han) - 1048 million people (in the PRC - 97% of the total number of people in the country);

2) Hindustani - 223 million people (in India - 99.7%);

3) US Americans - 187 million people. (in the USA - 99.4%);

4) Bengalis - 176 million people. (in Bangladesh - 59%, in India - 40%);

5) Russians - 146 million people. (in Russia - 79.5%);

6) Brazilians - 137 million people. (in Brazil - 99.7%);

7) Japanese - 123 million people. (in Japan - 99%).

But there are nations of less than 1 thousand people.

II. By linguistic proximity:

Related languages ​​are grouped together, which in turn form language families.

1) The Indo-European language family is the largest, its languages ​​are spoken by 150 peoples of Europe, Asia, America and Australia; the total number is more than 2.5 billion people.

This language family includes a number of groups:

· Romanesque (French, Italians, Spaniards, Latin Americans);

· Germanic (Germans, English, Americans);

· Slavic (Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Poles, Czechs, Bulgarians, Serbs, Croats);

· Celtic (Irish);

· Baltic (Lithuanians);

· Greek (Greeks);

Albanian

· Armenian;

Iranian (Persians, Kurds).

2) Sino-Tibetan language group: its languages ​​are spoken by over 1 billion people.

Slightly less numerous language families:

3) Afro-Asian.

4) Altai.

5) Niger-Kordofanian.

6) Dravidian.

7) Austronesian.

8) Ural.

9) Caucasian.

National criteria underlie the division of humanity into states.

If the main nationality on their territory is over 90%, then these are single-national states (Denmark, Sweden, Latvia, Japan, etc.).

If two nations predominate - binational (Belgium, Canada, etc.).

If dozens and even hundreds of peoples live in countries and make up a significant proportion - multinational states (India, Russia, USA, Spain, Great Britain, Nigeria, Indonesia, etc.).

2. Mechanical engineering is the leading branch of modern industry. Composition, placement features. Countries that stand out in terms of the level of development of mechanical engineering.

Mechanical engineering is one of the oldest sectors of the economy. As an industry, it emerged 200 years ago during the Industrial Revolution in England.

Mechanical engineering provides equipment and machinery to other sectors of the economy and produces many household and cultural items.

In terms of the number of employees (more than 80 million people) and the value of products, it ranks first among all sectors of world industry.

The level of economic development of any country is judged by the level of development of mechanical engineering.

The following main branches (more than 70 in total) of mechanical engineering are distinguished:

1) machine tool industry;

2) instrument making;

3) electrical and electronic industry;

4) computer technology;

5) railway engineering;

6) automotive industry;

7) shipbuilding;

8) aviation and rocket industry;

9) tractor and agricultural engineering, etc.

The location of mechanical engineering enterprises is influenced by many factors.

The main ones should be noted: transport; availability of qualified labor resources; consumer; and for some (metal-intensive) industries - and raw materials.

Recently, the dependence of mechanical engineering on metal sources has been decreasing, but its focus on labor resources, research centers, etc. has been increasing.

There are four engineering regions in the world:

1) North America: where almost all types of engineering products are produced, from the highest to medium and low complexity.

Largest corporations:

· automobile (USA): General Motors, Ford Motor, Chrysler;

· computer technology (USA): “International Business Machines”;

· electronics (USA): General Electric, American Telephone and Telegraph, etc.

2) Foreign Europe (in relation to the CIS): produces mainly mass engineering products, but also maintains its position in some of the newest industries.

Largest corporations:

· automobile (Germany): “Daimler-Benz”; "Volkswagenwerk";

· electronics: Germany - Siemens, the Netherlands - Philips, etc.

3) East and Southeast Asia: Japan leads here.

The region combines the products of mass engineering with products of the highest technology - science centers.

Large corporations:

· cars (Japan): “Toyota Motor”, “Nisan Motor”;

· electronics (Japan): Hitachi, Matsushita Electric Industrial, Samsung, etc.

4) Commonwealth of Independent States: Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus are leaders in it.

Recently, the pace of development of mechanical engineering in the region has decreased, although it produces a wide range of engineering products.

Developing countries produce less than 1/10 of the world's engineering products. In most of these countries, there is not mechanical engineering, but rather metalworking, and in addition there are many assembly plants that receive machine parts from the USA, Western Europe and Japan.

But recently in some of them - Brazil, India, Argentina, Mexico - mechanical engineering has already reached a fairly high level.

3. Determination of the main export and import items of one of the countries of the world (at the choice of the teacher).

Using the answer plan below, you can characterize any state in the world.

Take for example, Japan is one of the 7 economically developed countries in the world.

To answer the following were used: statistical materials; maps of world economic sectors; Atlas maps of Japan (economics).

Import to Japan (import of products):

1) raw materials: fuel - 49%, ore, for the textile industry (textile fiber), etc.;

2) chemical industry products (acids, alkalis, fertilizers, petroleum products);

3) food products (grain, etc.).

Export to Japan: products, products of the following industries:

1) mechanical engineering (cars, ships, electronics, machine tools, watches);

2) ferrous metallurgy (steel, rolled products);

3) non-ferrous metallurgy;

4) chemical industry (synthetic fibers, rubber);

5) light industry (fabrics, clothing).

From the above we can conclude: in Japan, as one of the developed countries, the following trend is observed: the import of mainly raw materials and food products (preferably from developing countries) due to the lack of its own natural resources; and export of finished expensive products, both to developing countries in Asia and to developed countries - Europe and America.

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