Entertaining stories of the creation of brands, books, architectural structures, social phenomena, mythological creatures, cosmetics, transport, food, dishes and drinks, household items that surround us in everyday life and much, much more.

Boris Pasternak is rightfully considered one of the brightest Russian poets and writers of the 20th century. It was he who came up with the idea of ​​combining prose and poetry in one work, which caused a flurry of criticism from his contemporaries, but was appreciated by his descendants.

We are talking, in particular, about the famous novel “Doctor Zhivago”, the last part of which is dedicated to the poems of the main character. The reader learns that Yuri Zhivalo is a subtle lyricist and a lover of rhymed phrases in the first chapters of the novel. However, Boris Pasternak tries not to distract readers with lyrical digressions, so he decides to combine all the poems of Yuri Zhivago into a separate collection.

The first poem attributed to the authorship of the main character is called “Winter Night”. Later, it was often published as an independent literary work called “Candle” and was even set to music, adding to the repertoire of Alla Pugacheva and the ex-leader of the Gorky Park group Nikolai Noskov.

PublishedAuthor PublishedAuthorCategoriesTags

Veterinarian John Dunlop was an inventive and observant man. He also loved his son very much, who, in turn, loved to ride the bicycle that his father gave him. It was only when it was necessary to go onto paved streets that riding became a real torture for the boy, since the cyclist was subjected to hellish shaking - solid tires provided good grip, but not comfort. And then Dunlop came up with a simple but effective idea - he removed the cast tire and instead wrapped a specially shaped wheel with a tube glued together from several strips of rubber and filled with air - the prototype of a modern tire. The ride immediately became much more comfortable.

PublishedAuthorCategories

Experts from France have calculated that a woman “eats” from 4 to 6 kg of lipstick during her life. A man “eats” twice as much from a woman’s lips. Let's try to find out how harmful it is for the body and, in general, learn about the path of evolution of lipstick.

Many people mistakenly believe that this type of decorative cosmetics appeared only in ancient Egypt and was the invention of the famous Queen Cleopatra. In fact, the desire to make their lips brighter arose among primitive women. Already in the layers of the Ice Age, archaeologists find red sticks, pointed with a characteristic cone. This is the cosmetics of prehistoric coquettes. Edward Taylor, in his famous book “Primitive Culture,” noted that lipstick is a secondary product in relation to the paints of the primitive artist.

As soon as the women saw the stone women and primitive figurines with painted lips, they immediately transferred their artistic experience to the original. Lipstick was made as follows: hollow plant stems were filled with a red dye. Since time immemorial, three types of natural dyes have been used for cosmetics: minerals - cinnabar (mercury sulfide) and red lead (iron oxide); biological dye carmine and vegetable dyes - saffron and henna.

PublishedAuthorCategories

"Max Factor - the father of modern cosmetics"

Max Factor is a famous cosmetics empire named after its founder Max Factor (real name Maximilian Abramowicz Faktorowicz), who was born on September 15, 1877 in the city of Zduńska Wola. This city is part of the Lodz Voivodeship, hence the confusion and incorrect indication in many articles of the city of Lodz as the birthplace of Max. Then it was the territory of Tsarist Russia, and now it is modern Poland.

Maximilian grew up in a large family (more than 10 people), and from childhood he had to go to work to help his parents feed the family. At the age of seven, he first became acquainted with the world of theater - he was sent to sell oranges and lollipops in the lobby. At the age of 8, Factor became a pharmacist's assistant, and at the age of nine, he became a cosmetologist's apprentice, performing small assignments. At the age of fourteen, he moved to Moscow and joined the Bolshoi Theater as an assistant make-up artist. The skills acquired in the theater greatly helped Factor in the future. He then had to undergo compulsory military service in the Russian army.

After demobilization, in 1895, Faktorovich opened his own store in Ryazan, where he sold blush, creams, perfume and wigs - mostly all of his own making. Once a theater troupe stopped in Ryazan and after a few weeks the products of the Polish Jew were already known at court. “All my time was occupied by individual consultations, I showed them how to emphasize the advantages and hide the flaws of their faces”. Later he moved to St. Petersburg, where he began working at the Opera House, doing costumes and makeup. The actors, made up by Max Factor, played in front of Nicholas II, and soon the name of the talented make-up artist became widely known among the nobility. For several years he worked as a cosmetics specialist at the court of the Russian Tsar and in the imperial theaters.

PublishedAuthorCategories

For the Kingdom of Poland

Reprint. Cards were produced by the Imperial Card Factory specifically for the Polish provinces annexed to Russia at the beginning of the 19th century and were called “Cards Made for the Kingdom of Poland.” The most important differences between these cards are the drawings of German-type card suits, as well as a different composition of card figures, in which there are no queens, but, in addition to the king, there are two more “male” persons - vyshnik and nizhnik (in relation to Russian cards these were like jack high and jack junior).

Nevsky

A reprint of the famous deck, released in 1992 at the Leningrad Color Printing Plant in honor of the 175th anniversary of the founding of the Imperial Card Factory.

PublishedAuthorCategoriesTags

The most popular type of maps in the USSR were “Atlas maps”, the design of which has not changed in Russia for more than 150 years. The drawing itself was created in the mid-19th century by academician of painting Adolph Iosifovich Charlemagne. The very concept of “satin” refers to the manufacturing method - printing on “satin” paper rubbed with talcum powder. Cards printed on such paper shuffled well and were not afraid of moisture, unlike plain paper, which did not have such advantages. Over time, they stopped making maps of lower quality, and the name “satin” was assigned specifically to the design of the maps of academician Charlemagne. Card production was launched in the suburbs of St. Petersburg, at the state-owned Alexander Manufactory, where the Imperial Card Factory began operating in 1819. In the second half of the 19th century, the Atlas deck became widespread in the Russian Empire.

A.I. Charlemagne did not create a fundamentally new card style. Satin cards were the result of processing pre-existing card designs that were used back in the 17th and early 18th centuries in Moscow card factories, which were also based on the so-called “North German picture”, which came from an ancient folk French card deck.

PublishedAuthorCategoriesTags

In Germany, north of the Schönbuch nature park, there is the town of Waldenbuch, in the middle of the wonderful town of Aichtal.

It can be assumed that Waldenbuch was named so because of the beautiful forest that surrounds it. However, it was the German word "Walto", a short form of the word "Waltheri" meaning "warrior", from which the area was named "Waltenbuch" ("warrior's forest"), named after the Germans who drove out the Romans there in the fifth century.

However, the first who liked this place so much were the Celts. They inhabited the Waldenbuch area in the 8th-7th centuries. BC Also, the wonderful Waldenbuch fell into the hearts of others, even those who were here for a very short time.

PublishedAuthorCategoriesTags

Story

Every family has its own traditions. The Ritter family has kept a sweet secret for almost a hundred years: the recipe for the success of producing good chocolate. The company, started by Alfred Ritter and his wife Clara in 1912 as a small family company, has grown to become an internationally successful company. Today, Ritter Sport chocolate is sold in 80 countries around the world. The success story is being written by the third generation - Alfred T. Ritter and his sister Marli Hoppe-Ritter.

The large German enterprise Ritter to this day remains primarily a family business, so concern for product quality is in the first place for the company. The family stands behind its name for the quality of every chocolate bar that leaves their enterprise. We invite you to take in at one glance the most chocolate milestones of the 20th century!

The story of Ritter Sport chocolate begins where films about love usually end: with a wedding. In 1912, confectioner Alfred Eugen Ritter and Clara Göttle, owner of a sweets shop, were married. Together they found the chocolate and sugar confectionery "Alfred Ritter Cannstatt" - the love of good chocolate, as we see, has its roots in our family history.

PublishedAuthorCategoriesTags

After the acquisition of Uniroyal Goodrich Tire (USA) in 1990 year, Michelin has reached the required size for sustainable development in North America. IN 1991 François Rollier resigns and François Michelin appoints his son, 28-year-old Edouard Michelin, as managing partner. IN 1993 Michelin invents a new production technology - “C3M”. It allows you to save energy, better automates production processes, etc. Trial testing of the C3M technology is carried out at the plant in Clermont-Ferrand.

IN 1994 year, the world saw Michelin Energy tires - the first tires, one of the main qualities of which was improved fuel efficiency. After an almost 80-year break, a Michelin representative office is reopening in Moscow. The Polish tire company Stomil - Olsztyn became part of the Michelin group in 1995 year. A new plant opens in Manila, Philippines. This is the first time Michelin tires have been used on a space shuttle.

PublishedAuthorCategoriesTags

1900 The year in the history of the company is significant in that the first guide called “Michelin Red Guide” was published. The guide was originally a list of various places that could be useful to the traveler, for example: hotels, repair shops, eateries or paid car parks. It was distributed free of charge and had very moderate demand. However, a great future awaited him. The first 35 thousand copies of the guide contained the prophetic words of Andre Michelin: “This guide was born at the dawn of a new century, and will exist as long as the century itself.”

WITH 1904 By 1906 The company is actively developing. The first product warehouses appeared in the Russian Empire - Moscow and Warsaw. The Michelin plant in Clermont-Ferrand already occupies almost 30 hectares and employs almost 4 thousand people. A new model of Michelin Sole tires is being released, equipped with special metal pins. This invention is now universally known as “studded tires”, providing better traction between the wheels and the road surface.

A subsidiary, Michelin Tire Co., was founded in London. Ltd." Michelin is building its first plant outside France in Turin, Italy. IN 1907 Michelin crosses the Atlantic and builds its first plant in the United States in Milltown, New Jersey (the plant was closed in 1931 year). Another plant is being built in Clermont-Ferrand. In honor of the first international automobile exhibition in St. Petersburg, the Moscow-St. Petersburg race was organized. The winner is A. Duret driving a Laurent-Dietrich car equipped with Michelin tires. The average speed of the winner on the route reaches 70 km/h. In addition to the competition winner, several other participants started on Michelin tires.

IN 1908 Michelin announces the award of the Grand Prix to the winner of the air race. This was done with the aim of developing aviation. The race involved flying from Paris to Clermont-Ferrand, landing at the extinct volcano Puy de Dome, which is located approximately 15 km from Clermont-Ferrand. This feat was accomplished three years later by two Frenchmen, Renaux and Senouque.

PublishedAuthorCategoriesTags

The French company Michelin, a manufacturer of road tires, is usually associated with the company's logo. This is the so-called "Bibendum", which looks like a stack of tires in the form of a person. This brand is one of the most recognizable in the world. The history of the company has deep roots - it has existed for more than a century and a half. Initially, the company was called "Barbier Dubre and Co." - after the names of its two founders. The company will receive its modern name a little later, when the Michelin brothers Andre and Eduard join the family business. As for the “Michelin man” logo, the idea of ​​its creation came only 65 years after the first steps in this direction.

And the first steps were taken in the distant 1829 year when Édouard Daubrée married the Scot Elizabeth Pugh Barker, niece of the notorious chemist Charles Macintosh. Mackintosh created a waterproof raincoat made of rubber fabric, which was later named after him, and received a patent for his invention in 1823 year. The mackintosh coat was incredibly popular in the mid-19th century, favored by celebrities such as Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin.

Tea drinking for residents of the East, especially China and Japan, is an ancient tradition. Tea culture is inseparable from the art, culture of these countries, and the entire way of life. The ancient culture of Japan is full of unusual symbols and traditions, as mysterious as a hieroglyph. One of these traditions is the world-famous tea ceremony.

Tea was brought to Japan from China in the 7th century. Japanese monks were at the origins of the spread of tea in the country. In China, it was valued as a medicinal plant that helps against fatigue, eye disease, and rheumatism. Then, as a sophisticated pastime. But there was probably no such cult of tea as in Japan in any other country. This ritual has been performed virtually unchanged for centuries in almost every Japanese home. Girls still remember the basics of ancient art at school. Many men also know how to conduct a tea ceremony.

It was then that the Sanrio company appeared in Japan. Its founder, Shintaro Tsuji, decided to give people at least a little joy after the difficult and long years of war. The motto of the newborn company was “A small gift - a big smile,” and Tsuji really managed to bring it to life - almost no one left the store empty-handed: customers took small gifts to their loved ones - postcards, inexpensive toys and other such pleasant things. little things.

PublishedAuthorCategoriesTags

Have you ever wondered who came up with the favorite treat of children and adults, the popular and delicious chocolate-nut spread called Nutella? The name of this inventor is Pietro Ferrero. It’s not for nothing that his last name seemed familiar to you - this man founded one of the largest food production companies, mainly confectionery-oriented - Ferrero. This company is familiar to us for such products as: candies “Raffaello”, “Mon Chéri” and “Ferrero Rochen”, mint dragee “Tic-Tac”, chocolate egg with a toy “Kinder Surprise”, as well as a series of products “Kinder” (Kinder Chocolate, Kinder Happy Hippo, Kinder Bueno, Kinder Pingui, Kinder Country, Kinder Maxi King and others).

Nutella itself, a delicate chocolate cream with a nutty flavor, has an interesting history. As is often the case with many great inventions, the idea for creating a sweet paste came about by chance. But we will start our story from afar. In 1946, Pietru Ferrero, a native of the Italian province of Cuneo, inherited from his parents a small bakery in the city of Alba in northern Italy. Due to his indefatigable imagination and love for experimenting with products, Pietro turned his shop into a pastry shop with a tiny workshop. It was there that he spent all his free time, experimenting with various ingredients in order to please his customers with fresh and varied confectionery products. His wife Piera and brother Giovanni helped him in this.

Development 3. Theme: Fun get-togethers

Target - create conditions for:

Expanding children's understanding of familiar objects, the history of their origin and diversity;

Development of memory, attention, curiosity, creative and logical thinking, speech;
- fostering a caring attitude towards things, respect for one’s homeland, its customs and traditions.

Equipment: The class is decorated like a Russian hut: embroidered towels, towels, a table with an embroidered tablecloth and treats, presentation, music.

Progress of the lesson

1. Meeting guests

Teacher: Please, dear guests! We have been waiting for you for a long time, we won’t start the holiday without you! We have prepared some fun things for you to suit every taste. A nursery rhyme for some, truth for others, a song for others, and delicious treats for everyone. We have a place and a kind word for each of you. Can everyone see it, can everyone hear it?

On the ruins, in the light
Or on some logs,
There were gatherings
Old and young.
Were you sitting by a torch?
Or under the bright sky -
They talked and sang songs
And they danced in a circle.
And how they played! On the burners!
Ah, the burners are good!
In a word, these gatherings
They were a celebration of the soul.
The life of people is marked by a century,
The old world has changed.
Nowadays we're all screwed
Personal dachas or apartments.
Our leisure time is sometimes shallow,
And what can I say:
It's boring to live without gatherings,
They should be revived.

Today we have fun gatherings, and we will talk about the history of things. Every item somehow ends up in our home. Are you interested in knowing where things come from? Why?

Children: learn folk traditions, customs, life of people.

Teacher: When people had gatherings, a cricket sat behind a warm stove and listened to what they were talking about. Lyuba will sing us a song about a cricket.

A girl sings a song about a cricket.

2. How did hot air balloons originate?

Teacher: Do you like balloons? Does anyone know who invented them?

The very first balloons were made by the Indians in Mexico from the intestines and stomachs of animals. They dried them in a certain way, decorated them, inflated them and used them not for entertainment, but for sacrifice. In medieval Europe, traveling artists and troubadours traveled with similar balls made from animal entrails. The first rubber balloon was made by the English scientist Michael Faraday in 1824. He needed the ball for experiments with hydrogen. Like toys, the balls appeared a year later.

Let's hold a small competition. Each of you is given a ball and a string. You need to inflate the balloon as quickly as possible and tie it with a string. The first one to lift the inflated balloon above his head wins.

Well done, you did a great job!

3. Ancient Russian bread products

Teacher: Did you know that bagels, bagels, sushki are ancient Russian bread products, without which not a single tea party could be had before, both on weekdays and on holidays. Even today, residents of many cities and villages willingly buy bagel products, which make up a significant group of bread products. The choice is large: sugar, plain, mustard, milk, butter, vanilla, pure, with poppy seeds and others. An indispensable part of the production of bagels is scalding the test rings with boiling water. In Ukraine, bagels are still called “ scalded" There is an opinion that these bagel products came from Poland to Ukraine several centuries ago, and from there they migrated to Russia. Bagels and dryers are essentially canned bread - they can be stored for a long time without losing their consumer qualities. Warriors who went on long campaigns; messengers delivering important news; travelers discovering new lands - they all took light dried slices of bread or crackers with them on the road. On huge sailing ships that plied distant seas and oceans, there were special dry holds that contained supplies of these products for the crew for a period of 6 months to 1 year. This group of products includes crackers and various bread sticks, sweet and salty straws. But still, sushi and bagels were and remain a favorite delicacy for most children.

Dressed up students sing ditties.

Hey, laughing girls,

Sing some ditties!

Sing quickly

To please the guests!

If there was no water,

There wouldn't even be a mug!

If there were no girls,

Who would sing ditties?

Two old ladies went on a spree,

We ate eight ounces of bread

They ate it and didn't crack it,

Well, isn't it interesting?

It's nothing at all

Bread is getting more expensive

We'll give it anyway

To the next door neighbor.

I eat bread from morning to night,

Buns from night until morning.

It's a lot of fun

Mom and I have evenings.

Buns are good for lunch,

Bread, loaves and cheesecakes.

Delicious bread will feed everyone,

There is no better bread in the world.

Teacher: What proverbs do you know about bread? Let's try to explain what the following statements mean?

At lunch, bread is everything.

The river's banks are red, and lunch is pies.

Bread is father, water is mother.

There is not a piece of bread, and there is melancholy in the upper room.

4. Candy tree

Teacher: Answer this question: am I right that almost everyone here loves chocolate? Of course, almost all people love him. Please listen to one story.

Once upon a time, a Mexican gardener named Quetzalcoatl, endowed with the talent of planting wonderful gardens, grew one inconspicuous tree, which he called “cocoa”. The seeds of its fruits, similar in appearance to cucumbers, had a bitter taste. But the drink prepared from them was capable of giving strength and dispelling melancholy. For this ability to eliminate the eternal companion of fatigue, people valued cocoa as worth its weight in gold. Quetzalcoatl, receiving huge profits from the sale of cocoa, became quite arrogant and soon imagined himself equal to the almighty gods. And, having filled the cup of their patience, he was punished - he lost his mind. In a fit of rage, the gardener mercilessly destroyed all the plants except one - this tree turned out to be cocoa. I told you a legend, but in fact, cocoa was discovered by the Mayans who lived on the Yucatan Peninsula around the 1st century AD. Considering them a divine gift and realizing the miraculous power of the sharp-bitter drink obtained from the seeds of this tree, the Mayans set up cocoa plantations and began to earnestly pray to Ek Chuah, the god of cocoa, asking him for favor towards people and help in growing a good harvest.

Guys, so you don't get bored, we'll hold a small competition. We will compete in groups of two. You need to taste the type of chocolate with your eyes closed.

5. The most ancient holiday

So, please remind me, who was the first to discover the wonderful properties of chocolate? (Mayan Indians)

Tell me, please, what holiday is just around the corner? (New Year) Do you know that this is the oldest of all existing holidays? During excavations of ancient Egyptian pyramids, archaeologists found a vessel on which was written: “The beginning of the new year.”

In Rus', the New Year was celebrated on March 1. In the 14th century, the Moscow Church Council decided to consider September 1 as the beginning of the New Year according to the Greek calendar. And only in 1699, Peter I, returning from a trip to Europe, by a special decree, ordered “from now on, summers will be counted” from January 1.

6. Oh, come on, tell me...

And now for you guys,

I'll tell you riddles.

I know, I know in advance -

You are a savvy people.

History of the toothbrush

It was a long time ago. One morning a man woke up in a cave with a bad taste in his mouth. He took the twig, chewed the end and began brushing his teeth. This was the very first toothbrush. The toothbrush with which we now brush our teeth appeared quite recently. But people are coming up with more and more new toothbrushes. Did you know that there is a musical toothbrush? It was invented specifically for children. This brush plays a melody when you brush your teeth correctly, and if you brush your teeth incorrectly, the music does not play.

Slipping away like something alive

But I won't let him go,

The point is quite clear:

Let him wash his hands for me.

History of soap

Previously, there was no soap, and people washed themselves with flour and clay. And then they began to make soap from goat, lamb and bovine fat and added ash. Soap was hard, soft and liquid. Previously, soap was very expensive, so only rich people could buy it. Poor people washed and washed with lye. What is lye? They took wood ash, poured boiling water over it and put it in the stove. Then they took it out and washed, and washed their clothes in the same way. Toilet soap is also called washing soap. Nowadays soap is made from substances such as fat, oil, and aromatic substances to make the soap smell delicious.

Guess what this thing is -

A sharp beak, not a bird,

With this beak she

Sows and sows seeds.

Not in the field, not in the garden -

On sheets of paper in your notebook.

History of the pen

A long time ago, people wrote with real quills. They took feathers from geese, ravens, and peacocks. The tip of the feather was first cleaned, then cut at an angle and sharpened so that it was very thin. When the feather became dull, it was again cut at an angle and sharpened again. And then they wrote. One man who had to write a lot came up with a pen made of steel. And everyone began to write with steel pens, they even made them from silver and gold. They were expensive. Then they came up with a fountain pen - it did not need to be dipped into an inkwell. They took a tube with a pointed end. A straw was inserted inside the tube and liquid was poured. The liquid gradually flowed down to the pointed end, and then the tube was drawn along the paper. And even later they invented a ballpoint pen with thick paste, which we now write with. A lot of pens have been invented. There is a calendar, an electronic clock and even a calculator.

Black Ivashka –

Wooden shirt,

Where he leads his nose,

He puts a note there.

If you sharpen it,

Draw whatever you want:

Sun, sea, mountains, beach...

What is this?...

History of the pencil

People used to paint with charcoal. They took a burnt twig from the fire and drew. The pencil consists of a wooden sleeve and a lead. The lead is the heart of the pencil. Pencils are hard and soft. Hard ones write palely, soft ones write brightly. There are so many pencils! There are pencils with brushes and pencils with erasers. There is a pencil with a magnifying glass at the end, pencils with bells. There are pencils with calendars, with the alphabet, with road signs. They also produce pencils that smell delicious when you write with them.

Look, we have opened our mouths,

You can put paper in it

Paper in our mouth

Will split into parts.

History of scissors

About 1000 years ago, one person came up with the idea to connect two knives with a nail, and bend their handles into rings - and that’s what scissors turned out to be. Scissors were made of iron and silver and beautifully decorated. Scissors have their own specialties. Some were intended for hairdressers, others for doctors. Today there are scissors that are used to trim bushes on lawns, butcher poultry, cut fabrics, and cut cakes.

Well done, you have confirmed your knowledge of riddles!

7. Musical instruments.

In the 17th century, a number of different mechanical musical instruments were created that reproduced this or that melody at the right moment: barrel organs, music boxes, gramophones, gramophones, etc.

The first apparatus for recording and reproducing sound was created in 1877 by Thomas Edison. Despite its widespread use, attempts to create more advanced sound recording devices continued.

The German designer Lindström invented a device called parlograph. This device was adapted for recording dictation of speeches and negotiations.

Gramophone invented in 1888 by an American engineer of German origin, E. Berliner. Booth gramophones had the highest sound quality and cost fabulous money at that time.

Organ organ. There is a legend that already in the 6th century BC. Confucius spent seven days continuously enjoying the sound of melodies on the “ribs of the tiger” (metal plates that produce sounds of different pitches), it is believed that this mechanism was invented in 1796 by the Swiss mechanic Antoine Favre.

In Western Europe, this mechanical musical instrument appeared at the end of the 17th century. At first it was a “bird organ” for training songbirds, and then it was adopted by wandering musicians.

This is how a musical instrument appeared for those who cannot play. You turn the knob and music plays. The most popular hit of that time was “Charmant Katarina” (in French). The name of the instrument, the organ organ, comes from the name of the song.
The barrel organ came to Russia at the beginning of the 19th century, and the acquaintance of Russians with the new instrument began with the French song “Charman Catherine”. Everyone immediately liked the song very much, and the name “Katerinka” or “Lee barrel organ” firmly stuck to the instrument. There is also an assumption that the primary name was not the barrel organ, but the shirmanka.
And it came from the screens, from behind which Pulcinella, the organ grinder’s almost always companion, calls on onlookers and the curious with his ringing voice. First in Russia barrel organs appeared at the end of the 17th century. People called them “Katerinkas”.

Story music boxes begins in 1796. It was then that a Geneva watchmaker made the first musical mechanism. At first, such simple mechanisms were built into perfume bottles and watches.

Your grandmothers still remember how it sounded gramophone. And some of you have such a musical instrument at home as music player, and with it a set of records. Let's hear how it sounds.

Now is the age of computer technology. And we can listen to music using a computer.

8. Exhibition of antiques.

I told you the history of some things, and now you will tell us the history of things that are in your home and have family value for you. Let's take a look at our exhibition of antiques.

Children show off antiques brought from home.

Teacher: You are on the verge of new discoveries. While you are still schoolchildren, your task is to study well. Perhaps one of you will become a scientist or inventor and create something that all people, your children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren, will know about. Remember, he who remembers the past worries about the future! Try to learn more about the things that surround us!

We are surrounded by a world of things.

We sometimes don't notice them.

They are reflections of people,

Former joy and sorrow...

Ah, old trash, priceless trash,

All that we are rich in in life...

Sometimes you remind us

About who we once were.

And we end our fun get-togethers with sweet treats for tea. Never be discouraged, receive gifts from us!

Lyudmila Okolovich, teacher of pedagogy at Slavgorod Pedagogical College, Altai Territory, Anastasia Nepomnyashchaya, student of group 31, Elena Yantsen, student of group 31, winners of the VII All-Russian competition for class teachers “Wise Owl”

In the attached file is the presentation “History of Writing”

The presentation “Toy Pantry” is posted on a file hosting service and is available for downloading at the link: http://narod.ru/disk/62827884001.501573d711a112ca87960a4d216c58e3/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0 %B2%D0%B0%D1%8F%20%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BA.rar.html

The presentation “Fun Gatherings” is posted on a file sharing service and is available for downloading at the following link:

A person’s entire life - from birth to death - is surrounded by everyday objects. What does this concept include? Furniture, dishes, clothes and much more. A huge number of proverbs and sayings are associated with household items. They are talked about in fairy tales, poems are written about them and riddles are invented.

What household items do we know in Russia? Have they always been called that? Are there things that have disappeared from our lives? What interesting facts are associated with everyday objects? Let's start with the most important thing.

Russian hut

It is impossible to imagine the objects of everyday life of Russians without the most important thing - their home. In Rus', huts were built on the banks of rivers or lakes, because fishing has been one of the important industries since ancient times. The place for construction was chosen very carefully. A new hut was never built on the site of the old one. An interesting fact is that pets served as a guide for selection. The place they chose to relax was considered the most favorable for building a house.

The dwelling was made of wood, most often larch or birch. It is more correct to say not “build a hut”, but “cut down a house”. This was done with an ax and later a saw. The huts were most often made square or rectangular. There was nothing superfluous inside the home, only the essentials necessary for life. The walls and ceilings in the Russian hut were not painted. For wealthy peasants, the house consisted of several rooms: the main dwelling, a canopy, a veranda, a closet, a courtyard and buildings: a flock or pen for animals, a hayloft and others.

In the hut there were wooden objects of folk life - a table, benches, a cradle or cradle for babies, shelves for dishes. There could be colored rugs or runners on the floor. The table occupied a central place in the house, the corner where it stood was called “red”, that is, the most important, honorable. It was covered with a tablecloth, and the whole family gathered around it. Everyone at the table had their own place, the most comfortable one, the central one was occupied by the head of the family - the owner. There was a place for icons.

Good speech if there is a stove in the hut

Without this item it is impossible to imagine the life of our distant ancestors. The stove was both a nurse and a savior. In extreme cold, only thanks to her many people managed to stay warm. The Russian stove was a place where they cooked food and also slept on it. Her warmth saved her from many diseases. Due to the fact that it had various niches and shelves, various dishes were stored here.

Food cooked in a Russian oven is incredibly tasty and aromatic. Here you can prepare: delicious and rich soup, crumbly porridge, all kinds of pastries and much more.

But the most important thing is that the stove was the place in the house around which people were constantly present. It is no coincidence that in Russian fairy tales, the main characters either ride on it (Emelya) or sleep (Ilya Muromets).

Poker, grip, broom

These household items were directly related to the poker being the first assistant at work. When the wood burned in the stove, they used this object to move the coals and make sure that there were no unburned logs. The Russian people have composed many proverbs and sayings about the poker, here are just a few of them:

• There is a broom in the bathhouse, a poker in the stove.
• No candle to God, no poker to hell.
• A black conscience and a poker seem like a gallows.

The grip is the second assistant when working with the stove. Usually there were several of them, of different sizes. With the help of this item, cast iron pots or pots with food were placed and removed from the oven. They took care of the grips and tried to handle them very carefully.

Pomelo is a special broom used to sweep away excess debris from the stove, and it was not used for other purposes. The Russian people came up with a characteristic riddle about this item: “Under the floor, under the middle, sits. Usually the broom was used before they were going to bake pies.

A poker, a grip, a broom - they certainly had to be at hand when cooking food in a Russian oven.

Chest - for storing the most valuable things

Every house had to have a place where dowries, clothes, towels, and tablecloths were stored. Chest - objects of folk life. They could be both large and small. The most important thing is that they had to meet several requirements: capacity, strength, artistic design. If a girl was born into the family, the mother began to collect her dowry, which was put into a chest. The girl getting married took him with her to her husband's house.

There were a large number of interesting traditions associated with the chest. Here are some of them:

• Girls were not allowed to give their chest to someone, otherwise they could remain an old maid.
• During Maslenitsa it was impossible to open the chest. It was believed that in this way one could release one’s wealth and luck.
• Before marriage, the bride's relatives sat on the chest and demanded ransom for the dowry.

Interesting names of folk items

Many of us do not even imagine that the familiar things that surround us in everyday life were once called completely differently. If we imagine for a few minutes that we are in the distant past, then some objects of everyday life would remain unrecognized by us. We bring to your attention the names of some things that are familiar to us:

Broom is a holic.

A closet or small closed room was called a cage.

The place where large domestic animals lived was a flock.

Towel - rukoternik or wipe.

The place where you washed your hands was the washstand.

The box where clothes were kept is a chest.

Place to sleep - bed.

A wooden block with a short handle, intended for ironing clothes in the old days - ruble.

Large cup for pouring drinks - valley.

Folk household items of Russia: interesting facts

• The city of Tula is considered the birthplace of the samovar. This item was one of the favorites among Russians; it was difficult to find a hut that did not have it. The samovar was a source of pride; it was cherished and passed on from generation to generation.
• The first electric iron appeared at the beginning of the 20th century. Before this time, there were cast iron irons in which coals were placed or heated for a long time over the flame of the stove. They were very uncomfortable to hold; they could weigh more than ten kilograms.
• One of the most prestigious objects of folk life was the gramophone. In the villages you could exchange a cow for it.
• A large number of folk traditions and rituals are associated with the table. Before the wedding, the bride and groom had to walk around the table, and the newborn was carried around the table. These customs, according to popular beliefs, symbolized a long and happy life.
• Spinning wheels appeared in Ancient Rus'. They were made of wood: birch, linden, aspen. This item was given by a father to his daughter as a wedding gift. It was customary to decorate and paint spinning wheels, so none of them resembled the other.
• Folk household items for children - homemade rag dolls, balls made of bast and wool, rattles, clay whistles.

Home decoration

The decor of folk items included wood carving and artistic painting. Many things in the house were decorated by the hands of the owners: chests, spinning wheels, dishes and much more. The design and decoration of household items concerned primarily the hut itself. This was done not only for beauty, but also as a talisman against evil spirits and various troubles.

Handmade dolls were used to decorate the house. Each of them had its own purpose. One drove away evil spirits, the other brought peace and prosperity, the third prevented squabbles and scandals in the house.

Items that have disappeared from everyday life

• Chest for storing clothes.
• Ruble for ironing clothes.
• A bench is an object on which one sat.
• Samovar.
• Spinning wheel and spindle.
• Gramophone.
• Cast iron iron.

A few words in conclusion

By studying folk items, we get acquainted with the life and customs of our distant ancestors. A Russian stove, a spinning wheel, a samovar - without these things it is impossible to imagine a Russian hut. They united families; with them, grief was easier to bear, and any work was accomplished. Nowadays, special attention is paid to household items. When buying a house or summer cottage, many owners tend to purchase it with a stove.

Few people think about how and where the objects that people use almost every day were created. At the same time, the history of seemingly ordinary objects is often very fascinating. For example, postal codes were invented in Soviet Ukraine, Roman emperors wore glasses, and we owe “chain letters” for violating traffic rules to the Dutch.

1. Toilet paper (China)

The first documented evidence of the use of toilet paper dates back to the 6th century AD. This significant episode occurred at the court of the Chinese emperors, and by 1391, 15,000 thousand of the thick, soft, scented sheets were in use every month for their intended purpose. Archaeological excavations in Europe have shown that in the Middle Ages, city residents most often used moss, hay and straw for hygiene. In its modern form, toilet paper appeared in 1928 in Germany and is remembered for its extremely effective advertising slogan from a psychological point of view: “Demand Hakle rolls, and you won’t have to be embarrassed and say “toilet paper.”

2. Glasses (Italy)

It's hard to believe, but the usual glasses for vision correction were invented during the reign of Nero. The great emperors of the Holy Roman Empire may well have been bespectacled. But history is silent about those who want to tease the Caesars.

3. Military bands (Türkiye)

The mighty Ottoman Empire had a powerful army and military bands, the first mention of which dates back to the 13th century. The tradition of brass band performances in places of mass celebrations, unfortunately, is a thing of the past, but parades of military bands even today attract a huge number of music and spectacle lovers.

4. Uggs (Australia)

There are two types of UGGs in the world: the original Australian ones made of natural sheepskin and the rest. The variety of materials and colors makes these comfortable shoes at least not boring.

5. Zero (India)

Zero was used in calculations back in ancient Egypt and meant “fullness,” “completeness,” and “completeness.” In its modern meaning, zero appeared in India. Many philosophical treatises and scientific works were devoted to the “Absolute”, “The Beginning and the End”, and “Kundalini”. In the debate about zero, philosophers believe, mathematics was born.

6. Velcro (Switzerland)

Shoes, clothing, household appliances - this is not a complete list of items that “dreamed” of the appearance of Velcro. Fixation occurs with a simple press, and detachment does not require much effort. The idea was suggested by nature itself; it is not without reason that the two platforms are called “velvet” and “hook”.

7. Buttons (Pakistan)

Pakistan is famous for its light industry. The new knitwear material required new solutions. The solution turned out to be simple and ingenious - a button! A click and a reliable connection are guaranteed. The applications of the button are endless.

8. Tie (Croatia)

The fashion for ties, without which diplomatic protocol, business and formal style is impossible today, came from southern Europe. The uniform of a cavalryman in the Croatian army included a scarf around the neck, which, if necessary, could be used to protect the face from dust. The French pointed to a scarf tied in a special way and asked “what is this?” The Croats thought that curious allies were asking “who are you?” and proudly answered “Horvat.” Cravate is a tie in French, by the way, a crib in Ukrainian. The name of the fashion accessory most likely came into Russian from the German “Halstuch”, which literally translates as “neck scarf”.

9. Cinema (France)

France is the birthplace of cinematography. The Lumière brothers made the first film on February 13, 1895. Nothing to add... Viva la France!

10. Color TV (Scotland)

The dream of Soviet citizens about a color television was so strong that some even had “color dreams.” The irony is that the reproduction of “color dreams” has been the norm for humanity for centuries, and the possibility of transmitting color appeared already in July 1928. Perhaps someday black and white dreams will come into fashion among glamorous young ladies.

11. IMAX (Canada)

The angular dimensions cover peripheral vision, creating the effect of complete immersion. In layman's terms, the width of the screen is greater than the length of the auditorium, plus a concave screen and stereo sound. Only 3D and Dolby Digital are cooler. But in the 1970s there was still time to live before their mass appearance.

12. Kerosene lamp (Poland)

In 1853, the first “bat” flew out of the hands of Ignacy Łukasiewicz. Modern kerosene lamps differ from their ancestor only in design and size. Unlike its peer, the gas lantern, the kerosene lamp survived electrification in the garage, country barn and hunting lodge.

13. Volkswagen Beetle (Austria / Germany)

It is necessary to take for granted the fact that the legendary “Beetle” was developed on Hitler’s personal orders. Cheap, economical, accessible, reliable, unpretentious, versatile, basic, German engineers coped with the task. With minor changes, thanks to which the Beetle migrated to the middle price category, it is produced to this day.
P.S. Dear trolls, this material is not Nazi propaganda, but only pays tribute to the talents of the German people.

14. Speed ​​radar (Netherlands)

When receiving letters of happiness, do not forget to mentally thank the engineers of the Dutch company BV Gatsometer. Compliance with traffic rules is the only way to avoid such correspondence.

15. Electric motor (Hungary)

Based on the early experiments of the Benedictine monks with electrostatic devices and his own research, the Hungarian physicist Anjos Jedlik succeeded in creating the first electric motor in 1827. By the way, Jedlik is considered the inventor of galvanic cells, the impact generator and carbonated soda water (pop).

16. Aerosol (Norway)

Eric Rotheim managed to create an aerosol suitable for mass production in 1926. It is difficult to imagine even the approximate number of cans produced since then.

17. Molotov cocktails (Finland)

The legendary "poor man's grenade" was invented more out of necessity than for any other reason. It would be more correct to call the Molotov cocktail a “cocktail for Molotov.” Rightly fearing a breakthrough with the support of tanks, the Finnish command supplied Molotov cocktails not only to the army, but also to residents of border farms and villages. The effect exceeded all expectations: the Red Army, taught by bitter experience, immediately adopted a new type of defensive-offensive “grenade”.

18. Foam fire extinguishing (Russia)

Russian firefighters have always been distinguished by their courage and ingenuity. During World War II, they were the only ones among their Allied colleagues who began putting out fires before the end of the bombing. Back in 1902, Alexander Laurent came up with the idea of ​​extinguishing fires by cutting off the access of oxygen to the fire; more than half of modern fire extinguishers work on this principle.

19. Dynamite (Sweden, Germany)

The famous Swedish engineer Alfred Nobel invented dynamite in Germany in 1867. Initially, it was intended to use dynamite in mining, but the effect of the resulting substance exceeded all expectations. The army became the main buyer of dynamite.

20. Postal codes (Ukraine)

Attempts to introduce postal codes have been made since the early 19th century, but have invariably failed. Rapidly growing cities, constantly changing administrative divisions, and changing populations in localities led to confusion in the post office system. It was possible to fully implement the postal code project only in 1932 on the territory of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.

P.S. Dear trolls, this material is not propaganda of communism and is for informational purposes only.

21. World Wide Web (UK, Belgium, Switzerland)

The prototypes of the modern Internet were two military developments of the 60s of the 20th century related to the launch of nuclear missiles: ARPANET/USA and Soviet machines of the Electronics-60 and -85 series. The World Wide Web was actually invented by English and Belgian scientists at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research). It is thanks to them that this text is readable.

22. USB flash drives (Israel)

Amir Ban, Dov Moran and Oron Ogdan, employees of the Israeli company M-Systems, developed the USB flash drive in 1999. A huge step towards storing information. The information horizon was still “cloudless”; users did not even dream of the appearance of cloud storage.

There is an opinion that any invention is associated with painstaking research and scientific research. But in reality this does not always happen. History knows cases when items that became in demand and popular were invented completely by accident.

This review contains the most unexpected stories of the appearance of objects that have entered into human everyday life today.

#1 Potato chips (1853)

The story goes that George Crum, the chef of the restaurant at the prestigious Moon Lake House Hotel in Saratoga Springs (USA), one day in 1853 was faced with a capricious client. That client was railroad magnate Cornelius Vanderbilt.

A customer began complaining that his fries were cut too thick and were too soft and undercooked. Although Crum did everything possible to please Vanderbilt, he returned the portion back time after time.

Then the chef decided to teach the client a lesson. He sliced ​​the potatoes as thin as he could, fried them until they started to break apart when pressed with a fork, and sprinkled them with salt. However, the unexpected happened - Vanderbilt admired the dish and ordered another serving. The fame of Saratoga Chips quickly spread throughout the area, and Crum opened his own restaurant.

#2 Artificial sweetener saccharin (1877)

Late one evening in 1877, Russian chemist Konstantin Fahlberg was so engrossed in his research that he forgot to wash his hands while walking home for dinner from his laboratory at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore.

When he took a piece of bread at home, it turned out that the bread was sweet for some reason. Fahlberg then remembered that earlier that day he had accidentally spilled an experimental chemical compound on his hands. Those. The sweet taste of the bread was due to some kind of chemical.

Fahlberg hastily went back to the laboratory, where he experimentally determined what kind of compound it was - ortho-sulfobenzoic acid, to which the scientist later gave the name saccharin.

#3 Coca-Cola (1886)

In an attempt to find a cure for headaches and hangovers, chemist John Pemberton of Atlanta, USA, concocted a syrup made from wine and coca extract, which he called Pemberton's French Wine-Coca.

In 1885, at the height of American Prohibition, the sale of alcohol was banned in Atlanta, which forced Pemberton to begin producing a purely coca-based syrup, which had to be diluted with water. The story goes that one day, due to carelessness, a bartender accidentally diluted the syrup with ice-cold sparkling water instead of tap water. Thus, modern cola was born.

#4 X-Rays (1895)

In his laboratory in 1895, German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen experimented with cathode ray tubes (roughly analogous to modern fluorescent lamps) to study how electricity passes through gases. He carefully pumped out the air from the cathode tube, filled it with a special gas and passed a high voltage electric current through it.

To Roentgen's surprise, the screen, located a meter from the tube, suddenly began to emit a green fluorescent glow. This was strange because the light-emitting cathode ray tube was surrounded by thick black cardboard. The only explanation was that the "invisible rays" produced by the tube somehow passed through the cardboard and onto the screen.

X-ray decided to test this on his wife Bertha, after which it turned out that the rays freely passed through the tissues of her hand, as a result of which the bones became visible. The news of Roentgen's discovery quickly spread throughout the world.

#5 Ice cream cone (1904)

By the end of the 19th century, when ice cream became cheap enough for ordinary people to afford, it was usually sold in cups made of paper, glass or metal, which were then returned to the seller.

In 1904, at the World's Fair in St. Louis, America, there were more than 50 ice cream stalls and more than a dozen with hot waffles. It was hot and the ice cream was selling much better than the waffles. When ice cream seller Arnold Fornachu ran out of paper cups, Syrian Ernest Hamwi, who was selling waffles nearby, rolled one of his waffles into a tube and offered to put ice cream in it. This is how the first waffle cone appeared.

#6 Penicillin (1928)

On September 3, 1928, Scottish bacteriologist Alexander Fleming was cleaning out his laboratory at St. Mary's Hospital in London after a vacation. While cleaning, he noticed blue-green mold on a Petri dish that he forgot to wash before vacation.

Fleming was about to throw away the sample when he noticed something unusual: mold had killed the colonies of staphylococcal bacteria present on the petri dish. A few months later, he isolated penicillin from these molds.

If Fleming had not been in such a hurry to go on vacation, he would have washed the dishes, and one of the most widely used antibiotics in the world would not exist today.

#7 Microwave (1946)

While testing microwaves in 1946, radar engineer and technician Percy Spencer, who was standing in front of the radar, noticed that a candy bar in his pocket began to melt. Spencer and his colleagues then tried heating other foods with microwaves to see if a similar effect would occur.

When popcorn was placed in front of the radar, it immediately began to pop. And the egg, placed in the kettle, literally boiled.

Finally, thanks to chance, an alternative to conventional gas and electric ovens appeared. It has become possible to prepare food much faster than before.

#8 Velcro (1955)

Velcro was patented 62 years ago. And the story of its appearance was quite unusual.

In 1955, after walking his dog in the forest, Swiss electrical engineer Georges de Mestral discovered that his pants and dog's fur were literally covered with burrs. By examining the burrs of burrs under a microscope, de Mestral found thousands of tiny hooks that easily latched onto the small loops found in any everyday clothing. This prompted him to make a double-sided clasp, with one side equipped with hooks and the other with soft loops.

De Mestral tested several materials to see which would provide the strongest grip and found that nylon was ideal.

#9 Post-it notes (1968 and 1974)

In 1968, chemist Spencer Silver, who worked for the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company in St. Paul, was tasked with developing a strong adhesive for the aerospace industry, but he ended up inventing a weak adhesive. Oddly enough, the tiny acrylic beads that make up this glue are almost indestructible, so it can be used repeatedly.

Initially, Silver wanted to sell his adhesive for applying to the surface of bulletin boards so that people could stick their notices on them and then easily tear them off.

A few years later, in 1974, chemist Art Fry grew tired of the paper bookmarks that kept falling out of his hymnbooks (he sang in a church choir in St. Paul). And then he came up with a brilliant idea - why not use Dr. Silver's glue on these pieces of paper.

Fry cut up some yellow paper he found in the lab nearby and coated one side of it with glue. The idea has proven so popular that more than 90 percent of people today use stickers.

#10 Viagra (1998)

Clinical trials at the pharmaceutical company Pfizer initially studied the use of Viagra as a cardiovascular drug to lower blood pressure, dilate blood vessels and treat sore throats. Although the results were disappointing, in one study, male volunteers experienced an unusual side effect - very durable erections.

No one at Pfizer even thought about using Viagra to treat erectile dysfunction in the first place, and the company nearly launched the drug as a treatment for sore throats... if not for a random experiment.

Share with friends on social networks:

• 
• 
•