In the art of painting X-rays let you know about old paintings a lot of interesting facts. By lifting the secret veil, they help forgotten heroes find them true names, expose fakes, and also identify unknown paintings under famous masterpieces. So, for example, X-ray analysis of the painting “The Nun” by Ilya Repin unexpectedly showed that when it was created, the girl posing was dressed in a ball gown, and instead of a rosary, she had a fan in her hands, which was revealed under the top layer of paint thanks to x-rays. How did a secular woman end up in a black monastic outfit? This fascinating story and several other equally interesting ones are further in the review.

Last year, the Tretyakov Gallery hosted an exhibition called “Secrets of Old Paintings.” The exhibits in the storerooms, containing legends and mysteries, aroused considerable public interest, and the exhibition itself was a tremendous success.

Prehistory of the first version of I.E. Repin’s painting “The Nun” (1878).

https://static.kulturologia.ru/files/u21941/0-tretyakovka-0012.jpg" alt=" “Portrait of Sofia Alekseevna Repina, née Shevtsova.” Kiev National Museum Russian art. Author: I.E. Repin." title=" “Portrait of Sofia Alekseevna Repina, née Shevtsova.” Kiev National Museum of Russian Art.

As an aspiring painter and student at the Academy of Arts, Repin lived next door to the family of architect A.I. Shevtsov, who had two daughters. Many believed that Repin was carried away by the eldest, Sophia, but in 1872 Ilya married the youngest, young Vera.

https://static.kulturologia.ru/files/u21941/0-tretyakovka-0008.jpg" alt=""Portrait of Sofia Alekseevna Repina." / "Nun". (1878). Author: I.E.Repin." title=""Portrait of Sofia Alekseevna Repina." / "Nun". (1878).

To confirm the veracity of the memoirist’s words, an x-ray of the painting showed this on the bottom layer, which was not cleaned off by the author. And what’s interesting: the true relationship between Sofia Shevtsova and Ilya Repin remained a secret. Just like Sophia’s reaction to the artist’s act. Whether Pavel Tretyakov, who acquired it for his collection, was aware of this portrait remains a mystery of time.

Title="И.Е.Репин. !}
"The Nun" 1878 and her x-ray." border="0" vspace="5">

I.E.Repin.
"The Nun" 1878 and her x-ray.

“The Nun” of 1878 is, in all likelihood, the artist’s little revenge. For what? We will never know this again. Like this human relations change the fate of the painting.

The second version of I.E. Repin’s canvas “The Nun” (1887).

After a decade, in 1887, the painter, who respected biblical stories and to religion as a whole, as if in his own justification, he will paint a real portrait of a church servant. And she will call him the same as the previous one - “Nun”. Only unlike the first picture, the artist will present before us the true appearance of the novice. Almost the same background space, the same angle, only the heroine is real.

https://static.kulturologia.ru/files/u21941/0-tretyakovka-0002.jpg" alt=" “Portrait of an unknown man in a cocked hat.” (Early 1770s). State Tretyakov Gallery. Oil on canvas 58 x 47. Author: Fyodor Stepanovich Rokotov." title=" “Portrait of an unknown man in a cocked hat.” (Early 1770s). State Tretyakov Gallery. Oil on canvas 58 x 47.

For about two centuries it was believed that this was a portrait of Count A.G. Bobrinsky - illegitimate son Catherine II and her favorite Count Orlov. But the X-ray showed that under the top artistic layer there was the original image of a young woman, whose face Rokotov left unchanged in later painting.

It is reliably known that this portrait belonged to the Struisky family and it depicted Nikolai Eremeevich’s first wife, Olympias, who died during difficult childbirth. In all likelihood, before the second wedding, in order not to arouse the newlywed’s jealousy, Struisky asked Rokotov to disguise the portrait deceased wife under the male image.

V.V. Pukirev “Unequal marriage” with its secrets and legends

https://static.kulturologia.ru/files/u21941/0-tretyakovka-0003.jpg" alt=" Painting “Unequal Marriage.” / Sketch “Unequal Marriage.” Author: V.V. Pukirev." title="Painting "Unequal marriage". / Sketch “Unequal marriage”.

In the sketch preceding the painting, Pukirev initially depicted Sergei Varentsov as a young man standing behind the bride with his arms crossed on his chest. And when he learned about this, he was offended by the artist, who wanted to make his story of unhappy love known to the public. And the painter had no choice but to paint himself on canvas as the best man.

https://static.kulturologia.ru/files/u21941/0-tretyakovka-0014.jpg" alt="P.M. Varentsova. State Tretyakov Gallery. Artist V.D. Sukhov, 1907" title="P.M. Varentsova. State Tretyakov Gallery. Artist V.D. Sukhov, 1907" border="0" vspace="5">!}

The marriage of convenience did not bring the girl either happiness or money: Praskovya Matveevna ended her days in the Mazurin almshouse.

I.I. Brodsky. What secret was hidden in the painting “Park Alley” (1930).

Alleys" the artist created the canvas "Roman Park", which long years was considered missing. Tretyakov Gallery researchers took a closer look at the “Alley”, took an x-ray and found out that this picture is the missing “Roman Park”. Brodsky painted over the statues, redrawn the audience, and now - a new picture, without a touch of bourgeoisism. But the beauty of the picture has not changed: the artist’s unique manner of depicting shadows in space is amazing in its execution.

“Portrait of Elizaveta Petrovna in a man’s suit” by an unknown artist.

“Portrait of Elizaveta Petrovna in men's suit", where she is depicted at the age of the princess. This is a brush canvas unknown artist It is notable for the fact that it was painted on a thin canvas, completely unusual for Russian painting of that time, through which oil and varnish seeped and formed a mirror portrait on the back.

Avant-garde and realist Ivan Klyun (Klyunkov)

https://static.kulturologia.ru/files/u21941/219418650.jpg" alt=" “Girl with a tambourine.” (1853). State Tretyakov Gallery. Author: N.M. Kozakov." title=""Girl with a tambourine." (1853).State Tretyakov Gallery.

The history of painting is interesting not only for the mysteries of its creation, but also for such phenomena as. A most interesting selection you can see such paintings

In almost every significant work art is a mystery, a “double bottom” or secret history, which I want to reveal.

Music on the buttocks

Hieronymus Bosch, "The Garden" earthly pleasures", 1500-1510.

Fragment of part of a triptych

Disputes about meanings and hidden meanings most famous work Dutch artist have not subsided since its appearance. The right wing of the triptych called “Musical Hell” depicts sinners who are tortured in the underworld with the help of musical instruments. One of them has music notes stamped on his buttocks. Oklahoma Christian University student Amelia Hamrick, who studied the painting, translated the 16th-century notation into modern style and recorded “a 500-year-old ass song from hell.”

Nude Mona Lisa

The famous "La Gioconda" exists in two versions: the nude version is called "Monna Vanna", it was written by little-known artist Salai, who was a student and model of the great Leonardo da Vinci. Many art historians are sure that it was he who was the model for Leonardo’s paintings “John the Baptist” and “Bacchus”. There are also versions that Salai, dressed in a woman’s dress, served as the image of the Mona Lisa herself.

Old Fisherman

In 1902, the Hungarian artist Tivadar Kostka Csontvary painted the painting “The Old Fisherman”. It would seem that there is nothing unusual in the picture, but Tivadar put into it a subtext that was never revealed during the artist’s lifetime.

Few people thought of placing a mirror in the middle of the picture. In each person there can be both God (the Old Man's right shoulder is duplicated) and the Devil (the Old Man's left shoulder is duplicated).

Was there a whale?

Hendrik van Antonissen, Shore Scene.

It would seem that, ordinary landscape. Boats, people on the shore and a deserted sea. And only an X-ray study showed that people gathered on the shore for a reason - in the original they were looking at the carcass of a whale washed ashore.

However, the artist decided that no one would want to look at a dead whale, and rewrote the painting.

Two "Breakfasts on the Grass"

Edouard Manet, "Luncheon on the Grass", 1863.

Claude Monet, "Luncheon on the Grass", 1865.

The artists Edouard Manet and Claude Monet are sometimes confused - after all, they were both French, lived at the same time and worked in the style of impressionism. Even the name of one of the most famous paintings Manet's "Luncheon on the Grass" Monet borrowed and wrote his "Luncheon on the Grass".

Doubles at the Last Supper

Leonardo da Vinci, "The Last Supper", 1495-1498.

When Leonardo da Vinci wrote " last supper", he attached particular importance to two figures: Christ and Judas. He spent a very long time looking for models for them. Finally, he managed to find a model for the image of Christ among the young singers. Leonardo was unable to find a model for Judas for three years. But one day he came across a drunkard on the street who was lying in a gutter. He was a young man who had been aged by heavy drinking. Leonardo invited him to a tavern, where he immediately began to paint Judas from him. When the drunkard came to his senses, he told the artist that he had already posed for him once. It was a few years ago when he sang in church choir, Leonardo painted Christ from it.

"Night Watch" or "Day Watch"?

Rembrandt, " The night Watch", 1642.

One of Rembrandt’s most famous paintings, “The Performance of the Rifle Company of Captain Frans Banning Cock and Lieutenant Willem van Ruytenburg,” hung in different rooms for about two hundred years and was discovered by art historians only in the 19th century. Since the figures seemed to be protruding dark background, it was called “Night Watch”, and under this name it entered the treasury of world art.

And only during the restoration carried out in 1947, it was discovered that in the hall the painting had managed to become covered with a layer of soot, which distorted its color. After clearing the original painting, it was finally revealed that the scene represented by Rembrandt actually takes place during the day. The position of the shadow from Captain Kok's left hand shows that the duration of action is no more than 14 hours.

Overturned boat

Henri Matisse, "The Boat", 1937.

At the New York Museum contemporary art in 1961, Henri Matisse's painting "The Boat" was exhibited. Only after 47 days did someone notice that the painting was hanging upside down. The canvas depicts 10 purple lines and two blue sails on a white background. The artist painted two sails for a reason; the second sail is a reflection of the first on the surface of the water.
In order not to make a mistake in how the picture should hang, you need to pay attention to the details. The larger sail should be the top of the painting, and the peak of the painting's sail should be toward the top right corner.

Deception in self-portrait

Vincent van Gogh, "Self-Portrait with a Pipe", 1889.

There are legends that Van Gogh allegedly cut off his own ear. Now the most reliable version is that van Gogh damaged his ear in a small brawl involving another artist, Paul Gauguin.

The self-portrait is interesting because it reflects reality in a distorted form: the artist is depicted with his right ear bandaged because he used a mirror when working. In fact, it was the left ear that was affected.

Alien bears

Ivan Shishkin, "Morning in the Pine Forest", 1889.

The famous painting belongs not only to Shishkin. Many artists who were friends with each other often resorted to “the help of a friend,” and Ivan Ivanovich, who painted landscapes all his life, was afraid that his touching bears would not turn out the way he wanted. Therefore, Shishkin turned to his friend, the animal artist Konstantin Savitsky.

Savitsky painted perhaps the best bears in the history of Russian painting, and Tretyakov ordered his name to be washed off the canvas, since everything in the picture “from concept to execution, everything speaks about the manner of painting, about creative method, characteristic of Shishkin."

The innocent story of "Gothic"

Grant Wood, " American Gothic", 1930.

Grant Wood's work is considered one of the most strange and depressing in the history of American painting. The picture with the gloomy father and daughter is filled with details that indicate the severity, puritanism and retrograde nature of the people depicted.
In fact, the artist did not intend to depict any horrors: during a trip to Iowa, he noticed a small house in gothic style and decided to portray those people who, in his opinion, would be ideal as inhabitants. Grant's sister and his dentist are immortalized as the characters Iowans were so offended by.

Salvador Dali's Revenge

The painting "Figure at a Window" was painted in 1925, when Dali was 21 years old. At that time, Gala had not yet entered the artist’s life, and his muse was his sister Ana Maria. The relationship between brother and sister deteriorated when he wrote in one of the paintings “sometimes I spit on the portrait of my own mother, and this gives me pleasure.” Ana Maria could not forgive such shocking behavior.

In her 1949 book, Salvador Dali Through the Eyes of a Sister, she writes about her brother without any praise. The book infuriated Salvador. For another ten years after that, he angrily remembered her at every opportunity. And so, in 1954, the painting “A Young Virgin Indulging in the Sin of Sodomy with the Help of the Horns of Her Own Chastity” appeared. The woman’s pose, her curls, the landscape outside the window and the color scheme of the painting clearly echo “Figure at the Window.” There is a version that Dali took revenge on his sister for her book.

Two-faced Danae

Rembrandt Harmens van Rijn, "Danae", 1636 - 1647.

Many secrets of one of Rembrandt's most famous paintings were revealed only in the 60s of the twentieth century, when the canvas was illuminated with X-rays. For example, filming showed that in an early version the face of the princess who entered into love affair with Zeus, it was similar to the face of Saskia, the painter’s wife, who died in 1642. In the final version of the painting, it began to resemble the face of Gertje Dirks, Rembrandt’s mistress, with whom the artist lived after the death of his wife.

Van Gogh's yellow bedroom

Vincent Van Gogh, "Bedroom in Arles", 1888 - 1889.

In May 1888, Van Gogh acquired a small studio in Arles, in the south of France, where he fled from Parisian artists and critics who did not understand him. In one of the four rooms, Vincent sets up a bedroom. In October, everything is ready, and he decides to paint “Van Gogh’s Bedroom in Arles.” For the artist, the color and comfort of the room were very important: everything had to evoke thoughts of relaxation. At the same time, the picture is designed in alarming yellow tones.

Researchers of Van Gogh's work explain this by the fact that the artist took foxglove, a remedy for epilepsy, which causes serious changes in the patient's perception of color: the entire surrounding reality is painted in green and yellow tones.

Toothless perfection

Leonardo da Vinci, "Portrait of Lady Lisa del Giocondo", 1503 - 1519.

The generally accepted opinion is that the Mona Lisa is perfection and her smile is beautiful in its mystery. However, American art critic (and part-time dentist) Joseph Borkowski believes that, judging by her facial expression, the heroine has lost many teeth. While studying enlarged photographs of the masterpiece, Borkowski also discovered scars around her mouth. “She “smiles” like that precisely because of what happened to her,” the expert believes. “Her facial expression is typical of people who have lost their front teeth.”

Major on face control

Pavel Fedotov, "Major's Matchmaking", 1848.

The public, who first saw the painting “Major's Matchmaking,” laughed heartily: the artist Fedotov filled it with ironic details that were understandable to the audience of that time. For example, the major is clearly not familiar with the rules of noble etiquette: he showed up without the required bouquets for the bride and her mother. And her merchant parents dressed the bride herself in an evening ball gown, although it was daytime (all the lamps in the room were extinguished). The girl obviously tried on a low-cut dress for the first time, is embarrassed and tries to run away to her room.

Why is Liberty naked?

Ferdinand Victor Eugene Delacroix, "Freedom on the Barricades", 1830.

According to art critic Etienne Julie, Delacroix based the woman's face on the famous Parisian revolutionary - the laundress Anne-Charlotte, who went to the barricades after the death of her brother at the hands of royal soldiers and killed nine guardsmen. The artist depicted her with her breasts bare. According to his plan, this is a symbol of fearlessness and selflessness, as well as the triumph of democracy: the naked breast shows that Liberty, as a commoner, does not wear a corset.

Non-square square

Kazimir Malevich, "Black Suprematist Square", 1915.

In fact, the “Black Square” is not black at all and not square at all: none of the sides of the quadrilateral is parallel to any other side, and none of the sides square frame, which frames the picture. A dark color- this is the result of mixing various colors, among which there was no black one. It is believed that this was not the author’s negligence, but a principled position, the desire to create a dynamic, mobile form.

Specialists from the Tretyakov Gallery discovered the author's inscription on the famous painting by Malevich. The inscription reads: "Battle of the Negroes in dark cave" This phrase refers to the title of the humorous painting by the French journalist, writer and artist Alphonse Allais, “The Battle of the Negroes in a Dark Cave.” late at night", which was a completely black rectangle.

Melodrama of the Austrian Mona Lisa

Gustav Klimt, "Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer", 1907.

One of Klimt's most significant paintings depicts the wife of the Austrian sugar magnate Ferdinad Bloch-Bauer. All of Vienna was discussing whirlwind romance Adele and famous artist. The wounded husband wanted to take revenge on his lovers, but chose very unusual way: he decided to order a portrait of Adele from Klimt and force him to make hundreds of sketches until the artist began to vomit from her.

Bloch-Bauer wanted the work to last several years, so that the sitter could see how Klimt's feelings were fading. He made a generous offer to the artist, which he could not refuse, and everything turned out according to the scenario of the deceived husband: the work was completed in 4 years, the lovers had long since cooled off to each other. Adele Bloch-Bauer never knew that her husband was aware of her relationship with Klimt.

The painting that brought Gauguin back to life

Paul Gauguin, "Where do we come from? Who are we? Where are we going?", 1897-1898.

The most famous painting Gauguin has one peculiarity: it is “read” not from left to right, but from right to left, like the Kabbalistic texts in which the artist was interested. It is in this order that the allegory of human spiritual and physical life unfolds: from the birth of the soul (a sleeping child in the lower right corner) to the inevitability of the hour of death (a bird with a lizard in its claws in the lower left corner).

The painting was painted by Gauguin in Tahiti, where the artist escaped from civilization several times. But this time life on the island did not work out: total poverty led him to depression. Having finished the canvas, which was to become his spiritual testament, Gauguin took a box of arsenic and went to the mountains to die. However, he did not calculate the dose, and the suicide failed. The next morning, he swayed to his hut and fell asleep, and when he woke up, he felt a forgotten thirst for life. And in 1898, his business began to improve, and a brighter period began in his work.

112 proverbs in one picture

Pieter Bruegel the Elder, "Dutch Proverbs", 1559

Pieter Bruegel the Elder depicted a land inhabited by literal images of Dutch proverbs of those days. The painting contains approximately 112 recognizable idioms. Some of them are still used today, for example, such as: “swim against the current”, “banging your head against the wall”, “armed to the teeth” and “big fish eat little fish”.

Other proverbs reflect human stupidity.

Subjectivity of art

Paul Gauguin, " Breton village under the snow", 1894

Gauguin's painting "Breton Village in the Snow" was sold after the author's death for only seven francs and, moreover, under the name "Niagara Falls." The man holding the auction accidentally hung the painting upside down because he saw a waterfall in it.

Hidden picture

Pablo Picasso, "Blue Room", 1901

In 2008 infrared radiation revealed that hidden beneath the Blue Room was another image - a portrait of a man dressed in a suit with a bow tie and resting his head on his hand. “As soon as Picasso had new idea, he took up the brush and embodied it. But he didn’t have the opportunity to buy a new canvas every time a muse visited him,” explains possible reason this art critic Patricia Favero.

Unavailable Moroccans

Zinaida Serebryakova, “Naked”, 1928

Once Zinaida Serebryakova received tempting offer- go on a creative journey to depict the nude figures of oriental maidens. But it turned out that it was simply impossible to find models in those places. Zinaida's translator came to the rescue - he brought his sisters and fiancee to her. No one before or since has been able to capture closed oriental women naked.

Spontaneous insight

Valentin Serov, “Portrait of Nicholas II in a jacket,” 1900

For a long time, Serov could not paint a portrait of the Tsar. When the artist completely gave up, he apologized to Nikolai. Nikolai was a little upset, sat down at the table, stretching out his arms in front of him... And then it dawned on the artist - here is the image! A simple military man in an officer's jacket with clear and sad eyes. This portrait is considered best image the last emperor.

Another deuce

© Fedor Reshetnikov

The famous painting “Deuce Again” is only the second part of an artistic trilogy.

The first part is “Arrived on vacation.” Obviously a wealthy family, winter holidays, a joyful excellent student.

The second part is “A deuce again.” A poor family from the working-class outskirts, the height of the school year, a dejected idiot who again got a bad grade. In the upper left corner you can see the painting “Arrived for Vacation”.

The third part is “Re-examination”. A rural house, summer, everyone is walking, one malicious ignoramus, who failed the annual exam, is forced to sit within four walls and cram. In the upper left corner you can see the painting “Deuce Again”.

How masterpieces are born

Joseph Turner, Rain, Steam and Speed, 1844

In 1842, Mrs. Simon traveled by train in England. Suddenly a heavy downpour began. The elderly gentleman sitting opposite her stood up, opened the window, stuck his head out and stared for about ten minutes. Unable to contain her curiosity, the woman also opened the window and began to look ahead. A year later, she discovered the painting “Rain, Steam and Speed” at an exhibition in Royal Academy arts and was able to recognize in it that very episode on the train.

Anatomy lesson from Michelangelo

Michelangelo, "The Creation of Adam", 1511

A pair of American neuroanatomy experts believe that Michelangelo actually left behind some anatomical illustrations in one of his most famous works. They believe that the right side of the painting depicts a huge brain. Surprisingly, even complex components can be found, such as the cerebellum, optic nerves and pituitary gland. And the eye-catching green ribbon perfectly matches the location of the vertebral artery.

"The Last Supper" by Van Gogh

Vincent Van Gogh, " Night terrace cafe", 1888

Researcher Jared Baxter believes that Van Gogh’s painting “Cafe Terrace at Night” contains an encrypted dedication to Leonardo da Vinci’s “Last Supper.” In the center of the picture stands a waiter with long hair and wearing a white tunic reminiscent of the clothes of Christ, and around him there are exactly 12 cafe visitors. Baxter also draws attention to the cross located directly behind the waiter in white.

Dali's image of memory

Salvador Dali, "The Persistence of Memory", 1931

It is no secret that the thoughts that visited Dali during the creation of his masterpieces were always in the form of very realistic images, which the artist then transferred to canvas. Thus, according to the author himself, the painting “The Persistence of Memory” was painted as a result of associations that arose from the sight of processed cheese.

What is Munch screaming about?

Edvard Munch, "The Scream", 1893.

Munch talked about how he came up with the idea of ​​one of the most mysterious paintings in world painting: “I was walking along a path with two friends - the sun was setting - suddenly the sky turned blood red, I paused, feeling exhausted, and leaned against the fence - I looked at the blood and flames over the bluish-black fjord and the city - my friends moved on, and I stood, trembling with excitement, feeling an endless cry piercing nature." But what kind of sunset could frighten the artist so much?

There is a version that the idea of ​​​​"The Scream" was born to Munch in 1883, when several powerful eruptions of the Krakatoa volcano occurred - so powerful that they changed the temperature of the Earth's atmosphere by one degree. Copious amounts of dust and ash spread throughout to the globe, even reaching Norway. For several evenings in a row, the sunsets looked as if the apocalypse was about to come - one of them became a source of inspiration for the artist.

A writer among the people

Alexander Ivanov, "The Appearance of Christ to the People", 1837-1857.

Dozens of sitters posed for Alexander Ivanov for his main picture. One of them is known no less than the artist himself. In the background, among travelers and Roman horsemen who have not yet heard the sermon of John the Baptist, you can see a character in a robe tunic. Ivanov wrote it from Nikolai Gogol. The writer communicated closely with the artist in Italy, in particular on religious issues, and gave him advice during the painting process. Gogol believed that Ivanov “has long since died for the whole world, except for his work.”

Michelangelo's Gout

Rafael Santi, " Athens school", 1511.

Creating famous fresco"The School of Athens", Raphael immortalized his friends and acquaintances in the images ancient Greek philosophers. One of them was Michelangelo Buonarotti “in the role” of Heraclitus. For several centuries, the fresco kept the secrets of Michelangelo's personal life, and modern researchers have suggested that the artist's strangely angular knee indicates that he had a joint disease.

This is quite likely, given the peculiarities of the lifestyle and working conditions of Renaissance artists and Michelangelo’s chronic workaholism.

Mirror of the Arnolfini couple

Jan van Eyck, "Portrait of the Arnolfini couple", 1434

In the mirror behind the Arnolfini couple you can see the reflection of two more people in the room. Most likely, these are witnesses present at the conclusion of the contract. One of them is van Eyck, as evidenced by the Latin inscription placed, contrary to tradition, above the mirror in the center of the composition: “Jan van Eyck was here.” This is how contracts were usually sealed.

How a disadvantage turned into a talent

Rembrandt Harmens van Rijn, Self-Portrait at the Age of 63, 1669.

Researcher Margaret Livingston studied all of Rembrandt's self-portraits and discovered that the artist suffered from strabismus: in the images his eyes look in different directions, which is not observed in the portraits of other people by the master. The illness resulted in the artist being able to perceive reality in two dimensions better than people with normal vision. This phenomenon is called "stereo blindness" - the inability to see the world in 3D. But since the painter has to work with a two-dimensional image, this very flaw of Rembrandt could be one of the explanations for his phenomenal talent.

Sinless Venus

Sandro Botticelli, "Birth of Venus", 1482-1486.

Before the appearance of the "Birth of Venus" the image of a naked female body in painting it symbolized only the idea of ​​original sin. Sandro Botticelli was the first of the European painters to find nothing sinful in him. Moreover, art historians are sure that the pagan goddess of love symbolizes on the fresco Christian image: her appearance is an allegory of the rebirth of a soul that has undergone the rite of baptism.

Lute player or lute player?

Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, "The Lute Player", 1596.

For a long time the painting was exhibited in the Hermitage under the title “The Lute Player”. Only at the beginning of the 20th century did art historians agree that the painting depicts a young man (probably Caravaggio’s acquaintance, the artist Mario Minniti, posed for him): on the notes in front of the musician one can see a recording of the bass line of Jacob Arkadelt’s madrigal “You know that I love you” . A woman could hardly make such a choice - it’s just hard on the throat. In addition, the lute, like the violin at the very edge of the picture, was considered a male instrument in Caravaggio’s era.

Publications in the Museums section

Secrets of famous paintings

Works of art often gain special popularity if there are legends about them or if they unexpectedly turn out to be not what they seem at first glance. "Kultura.RF" reveals the secrets of famous - and not so famous - Russian paintings.

“The Nun” by Ilya Repin

Ilya Repin. Nun. 1878. State Tretyakov Gallery / Portrait under an X-ray

From the portrait, a young girl in strict monastic clothes looks thoughtfully at the viewer. The image is classic and familiar - it probably would not have aroused interest among art critics if not for the memoirs of Lyudmila Shevtsova-Spore, the niece of Repin’s wife. They revealed an interesting story.

This did not stop the artist from repeatedly painting portraits of Sophia. For one of them, the girl posed in a formal ball gown: a light elegant dress, lace sleeves, and a high hairstyle. While working on the painting, Repin had a serious quarrel with the model. As you know, anyone can offend an artist, but few can take revenge as creatively as Repin did. The offended artist “dressed” Sophia in the portrait in monastic clothes.

The story, similar to an anecdote, was confirmed by an x-ray. The researchers were lucky: Repin did not remove the original paint layer, which allowed them to examine the heroine’s original outfit in detail.

"Park Alley" by Isaac Brodsky

Isaac Brodsky. Park alley. 1930. Private collection / Isaac Brodsky. Alley of the park in Rome. 1911

An equally interesting mystery was left for researchers by Repin’s student, Isaac Brodsky. The Tretyakov Gallery houses his painting “Park Alley,” which at first glance is unremarkable: Brodsky had many works on “park” themes. However, the further you go into the park, the more colorful layers there are.

One of the researchers noticed that the composition of the painting was suspiciously reminiscent of another work by the artist - “Park Alley in Rome” (Brodsky was stingy with original titles). This painting was considered lost for a long time, and its reproduction was published only in quite rare edition 1929. With the help of x-rays, the Roman alley that had mysteriously disappeared was found - right under the Soviet one. The artist did not clean up the already finished image and simply made a number of simple changes to it: he dressed the passers-by according to the fashion of the 30s of the 20th century, “took away” the children’s clothes, removed the marble statues and slightly modified the trees. So, with a couple of light movements of the hand, the sunny Italian park turned into an exemplary Soviet one.

When asked why Brodsky decided to hide his Roman alley, they did not find an answer. But it can be assumed that the depiction of the “modest charm of the bourgeoisie” in 1930 was no longer inappropriate from an ideological point of view. Nevertheless, of all Brodsky’s post-revolutionary landscape works, “Park Alley” is the most interesting: despite the changes, the picture retained the charming grace of Art Nouveau, which, alas, no longer existed in Soviet realism.

“Morning in a Pine Forest” by Ivan Shishkin

Ivan Shishkin and Konstantin Savitsky. Morning in pine forest. 1889. State Tretyakov Gallery

A forest landscape with bear cubs playing on a fallen tree is perhaps the most famous work artist. But the idea for the landscape was suggested to Ivan Shishkin by another artist, Konstantin Savitsky. He also painted a bear with three cubs: the forest expert Shishkin had no luck with bears.

Shishkin had an impeccable understanding of forest flora; he noticed the slightest mistakes in the drawings of his students - either the birch bark was depicted incorrectly, or the pine looked like a fake one. However, people and animals have always been rare in his works. This is where Savitsky came to the rescue. By the way, he left several preparatory drawings and sketches with bear cubs - he was looking for suitable poses. “Morning in a Pine Forest” was not originally “Morning”: the painting was called “Bear Family in the Forest,” and there were only two bears in it. As a co-author, Savitsky also put his signature on the canvas.

When the canvas was delivered to the merchant Pavel Tretyakov, he was indignant: he paid for Shishkin (ordered an original work), but received Shishkin and Savitsky. Shishkin, how fair man, did not attribute authorship to himself. But Tretyakov followed the principle and blasphemously erased Savitsky’s signature from the painting with turpentine. Savitsky later nobly renounced copyright, and the bears were attributed to Shishkin for a long time.

“Portrait of a Chorus Girl” by Konstantin Korovin

Konstantin Korovin. Portrait of a chorus girl. 1887. State Tretyakov Gallery / Reverse side of the portrait

On the back of the canvas, researchers found a message from Konstantin Korovin on cardboard, which turned out to be almost more interesting than the painting itself:

“In 1883 in Kharkov, a portrait of a chorus girl. Written on a balcony in a commercial public garden. Repin said when S.I. Mamontov showed him this sketch that he, Korovin, was writing and looking for something else, but what is it for - this is painting for painting’s sake only. Serov had not yet painted portraits at this time. And the painting of this sketch was found incomprehensible??!! So Polenov asked me to remove this sketch from the exhibition, since neither the artists nor the members - Mr. Mosolov and some others - liked it. The model was not a beautiful woman, even somewhat ugly.”

Konstantin Korovin

The “Letter” was disarming with its directness and daring challenge to the entire artistic community: “Serov had not yet painted portraits at that time,” but he, Konstantin Korovin, painted them. And he was allegedly the first to use techniques characteristic of the style that would later be called Russian impressionism. But all this turned out to be a myth that the artist created intentionally.

The harmonious theory “Korovin is the forerunner of Russian impressionism” was mercilessly destroyed by objective technical and technological research. On the front side of the portrait they found the artist’s signature in paint, and just below in ink: “1883, Kharkov.” The artist worked in Kharkov in May - June 1887: he painted scenery for performances of the Mamontov Russian Private Opera. In addition, art historians have found that the “Portrait of a Chorus Girl” was painted in a certain artistic manner - a la prima. This oil painting technique made it possible to paint a picture in one session. Korovin began to use this technique only in the late 1880s.

After analyzing these two inconsistencies, the Tretyakov Gallery staff came to the conclusion that the portrait was painted only in 1887, and Korovin added an earlier date to emphasize his own innovation.

“The Man and the Cradle” by Ivan Yakimov

Ivan Yakimov. Man and cradle.1770. State Tretyakov Gallery / Full version work

For a long time, Ivan Yakimov’s painting “Man and Cradle” puzzled art critics. And the point was not even that this kind of everyday sketches are absolutely not typical for painting XVIII centuries - the rocking horse in the lower right corner of the picture has a rope that is too unnaturally stretched, which logically should be lying on the floor. And it was too early for a child to play with such toys from the cradle. Also, the fireplace did not even fit half onto the canvas, which looked very strange.

The situation was “clarified” - in the literal sense - by an x-ray. She showed that the canvas was cut on the right and top.

The Tretyakov Gallery received the painting after the sale of the collection of Pavel Petrovich Tugoy-Svinin. He owned the so-called “Russian Museum” - a collection of paintings, sculptures and antiques. But in 1834, due to financial problems, the collection had to be sold - and the painting “Man and Cradle” ended up in the Tretyakov Gallery: not all of it, but only its left half. The right one, unfortunately, was lost, but you can still see the work in its entirety, thanks to another unique exhibit of the Tretyakov Gallery. The full version of Yakimov’s work was found in the album “Collection of Excellent Works Russian artists and curious domestic antiquities”, which contains drawings from most of the paintings that were part of Svinin’s collection.

The evolution of painting in Russia from the 10th to the mid-20th century

Secrets of old paintings of the Tretyakov Gallery August 13th, 2016

People are now rushing into the State Tretyakov Gallery for an exhibition of paintings by Aivazovsky. But now here, in Tretyakov Gallery, in the Engineering Building, a unique exhibition is being held Secrets of old paintings. When will you look again? reverse side paintings and learn that on the other side of the canvas, it turns out, there is also most interesting riddles. When else will they show you what is hidden under the main layer of the painting in X-ray radiation? When else will you see sketches of famous paintings in which the subjects and faces can be completely different?

Let's start with the most famous painting by Vasily Pukirev "Unequal Marriage". pay attention to young man with a beard who stands behind the bride. This is Vasily Pukirev himself and it was believed that this is the story of his unhappy love, when his bride was forced to marry Alexei Markovich Poltoratsky, who was the leader of the Tver nobility.

But...Let's look at the sketch of the painting and what do we see? Did you notice? Behind the bride is a similar, but slightly different person.

02.

This is Pukirev’s friend Sergei Mikhailovich Varentsov. He was in love with Sofya Nikolaevna Rybnikova, who was given in marriage to Andrei Aleksandrovich Karzinkin. And Varentsov was present at this wedding

03.

04. But what else do we see when analyzing the picture and history? It turns out that Andrei Karzinkin from the second version was only 37 years old at the time of the wedding, while Alexey Poltoratsky was quite an old man, which we see in the sketch “Head of an Old Man”, which was written for the painting. Although there are versions that the head was copied from Prince Pavel Tsitsianov or from the cook Vladimir Ivanovich, who served with the Varentsovs

05. And here, many years later, in 1907, a joker appears - a pencil drawing by V.D. Sukhov. And on it is the inscription: “Praskovya Matveevna Varentsova, with whom 44 years ago the artist V.V. Pukirev painted his famous painting “Unequal Marriage.” Mrs. Varentsova lives in Moscow, in the Mazurin almshouse.” So the mystery of the painting was solved

Go ahead. Here is Isaac Brodsky's painting "Park Alley", painted in 1930. It would seem that what is unusual about this? Park with people walking Soviet people. But the researchers paid attention to trees whose crown was not very typical for Soviet parks

06.

The same painting by Brodsky from the Italian cycle “Park Alley in Rome”, written in 1911, was known. She was considered lost. And so the researchers decided to illuminate the painting “Park Alley” with X-rays. And what did they see? They saw the same painting “Park Alley in Rome” that was considered missing. Imagine 1930. The flywheel of repression begins to unwind. And a picture. praising bourgeois Italy could bring the artist big problems. And Brodsky, slightly changing the figures of people, turns an Italian park into a Soviet park. But, thanks to X-rays and the tireless researchers of the Tretyakov Gallery, we can see the painting “Park Alley in Rome”. You can compare

07.

08. “Portrait of an unknown person in a cocked hat” by Fyodor Stepanovich Rokotov. It would seem, what is unusual about it? Well, the face looks like a woman's. But there seems to be nothing more. It was believed that this was a portrait of Count Bobrinsky.

09. But no. X-ray revealed to us woman's face, presumably the wife of the Struisky landowner Olimpiada Sergeevna Balbekova. She died at the age of 20

10. “Portrait of Elizaveta Petrovna in her youth” by an unknown artist also seems to be a classic portrait of the mid-18th century. This is a copy of the painting by the court painter L. Caravaque "Portrait of Tsarevna Elizaveta Petrovna in a man's suit"

11. But looking at the reverse side of the picture, we see a mirror portrait of Elizabeth with the inscription “Her Imperial Highness the Crown Princess of Gdrnia in Her Young Late Late, which was after the Most Serene Empress of Gdrnia Elisavet Petrovna.” It is interesting that the portrait was painted on the thinnest canvas. This is the only job like this in the world

12.

13. A funny story is connected with the painting “The Nun” by Ilya Repin. This is Sofia Repina, who married the artist’s brother. But why is she depicted as a nun?

14. The fact is that, according to the recollections of the artist’s niece L.A. Shevtsova-Spore, Repin and Sophia quarreled, and the artist freaked out. Well, a creative person happens. I took it and remade the light portrait of Sophia in a lace dress into a monastic one.

I guess I’ll stop here and won’t reveal the secrets of the other old paintings anymore. There must be a mystery for you. And, believe me, there are still a lot of secrets of various famous paintings that can be unraveled. So go, run urgently to this unique exhibition. It runs until August 21st. You still have time to catch it.

Thank you Grushenka , catherine_catty , lotta20 , balakina_ann , julia_lambert , da_dmitriy , nastyono4ka ,

In the summer of 2016, the Tretyakov Gallery hosted one of the most interesting exhibitions - “Secrets of Old Paintings”. Not even an exhibition, but a collection detective stories. 17 mysterious plots - 17 masterpieces of the museum with their stories, riddles and secrets.

We shared a secret " Unequal marriage» V. Pukireva. Today we will tell you about the secret of I. Repin’s painting “The Nun”.

First, I suggest you familiarize yourself with the picture. Presentation video from the Tretyakov Gallery:

The painting “The Nun” was painted by Ilya Efimovich Repin in 1878. The girl in the picture is Sofya Alekseevna Shevtsova, the daughter of the famous St. Petersburg architect A.I. Shevtsova, the elder sister of the artist’s wife. The artist met the Shevtsov family while studying at the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg.

From the memoirs of Repin’s wife’s niece, L.A. Shevtsova-Spore:

“When nineteen-year-old Repin first appeared within the walls of the Academy of Arts, my uncle, Alexander Shevtsov, the son of the St. Petersburg architect Alexei Ivanovich Shevtsov, a student of the same Academy, found himself there with him. The young people met, and Repin began to visit us. He met all the architect’s children: Sophia (later the wife of the artist’s brother, Vasily), Alexei (my father) and Vera, his future wife.”

Young Repin was a very amorous person, showing signs of attention to both Sophia and Verochka. Those around him believed that Repin was more passionate about his older sister, but in 1972 the artist married his youngest, 16-year-old Verochka, who was younger than the artist for 10 years.

By the way, the first portrait in the Shevtsovs’ house was dedicated specifically to Verochka. At that time she was only 9 years old.

Portrait of V.A. Shevtsova, later the artist’s wife, 1869. State Russian Museum, St. Petersburg
Portrait of V.A. Repina, the artist’s wife, 1876. State Russian Museum, St. Petersburg

However, Repin repeatedly painted portraits of Sofia Alekseevna. Once one of them - “Portrait of S.A. Repina, née Shevtsova” attracted Special attention art historians and restorers. A reproduction of this portrait is today in the Kiev National Museum of Russian Art. In what year it was written is unknown today.

So, the appearance of Sofia Shevtsova in the portrait with amazing accuracy resembled the appearance of the unknown “Nun” (1878 State Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow). Compare these two portraits. The first one shows pretty Sophia with a slightly flirty hairstyle made of high-gathered hair. On the second - the same face, the same look, but it’s just the feeling that the image of a church servant appears before us - it’s not there.

“Who exactly did the artist depict in the portrait?” - this mystery was solved thanks to the memoirs of the niece of Repin’s wife L.A. Shevtsova-Spore. It turned out that Sophia once posed for Repin in a ball gown, but at some point the master and the model quarreled, and Repin turned the elegant lady into... a nun.

It turned out to be possible to confirm the veracity of the memoirist’s words thanks to an x-ray photograph of the painting, which shows the underlying layers of the painting that were not cleaned off by the author. A light dress with lace is hidden under a black bedspread, the girl’s hair is tied up in a high hairstyle, and the model has a fan in her hand.

I.E.Repin. Painting "The Nun" 1878 and its x-ray

Svetlana Usacheva, exhibition curator:

“They had a fight while working. Since Repin was an emotional person, easily flammable, he turned her into a nun, although she had never been to a monastery, never intended to become a nun. It was an outburst of emotion for the artist. He probably wanted to show her something in this way.”

“The Nun” 1878 - a little prank of the artist, or perhaps a little revenge? We will never know about this.

Today nothing is known about the relationship between Sofia Shevtsova and Ilya Repin. As well as about Sofia Alekseevna’s reaction to the parody image of a nun. It is also unknown whether P. Tretyakov, in whose collection it ended up, was aware of this portrait.

It is only known that almost ten years later, in 1887, the artist, who was serious about biblical subjects and religion in general, as if justifying himself, would depict the real appearance of a church servant. And he will call this portrait the same as the previous one - “Nun”. Only, unlike the first portrait, the true appearance of the nun appears before us, and not her image...

Nun, 1887. Kiev National Museum of Russian Art, Ukraine

Almost the same background, angle, only the heroine is real.

Presumably the painting depicts cousin Repina (father's side) - Emilia, nun convent in Streletchina, between Kharkov and Belgorod. Emilia is a name in the world (Repin called her the Olympics). Emilia's spiritual name was Eupraxia. It is known that Repin respected and loved his sister and provided her with assistance already after the revolution (it is known for sure that once a money transfer was received from Finland to Emilia in Kharkov.

The nun is dressed in a black cassock with a beautiful headdress. Unlike the first portrait, her hair and hands are hidden. Before us is undoubtedly a nun, and the artist does not need to convince us of this by adding (as in the first portrait) a well-known religious accessory - a rosary.

The nun's head lowered slightly and the soulful gaze of the nun emphasize genuine humility. The nun is no longer young; several wrinkles appear on her face. Her eyes are sad, partly they reveal the whole life of the nun. The picture evokes sadness, a feeling of melancholy and everyday life.

Apparently, the portrait of the nun was painted while working on a smaller copy of the painting “Nicholas of Myra,” intended for the monastery where his cousin was staying. The painting was completed in 1890 and was slightly different from the 1888 original.

By the way, the original painting, which today is in the Russian Museum of St. Petersburg, was intended for the monastery. And the reduced copy, which was later donated to the monastery, is only a less successful repetition.

Original: Nicholas of Myra relieves deaths of three innocently convicted, 1888. State Russian Museum, St. Petersburg.

From the memoirs of the writer and historian Dmitry Yavornitsky:

“While working on the painting “Cossacks,” Repin often put it aside and took on others. One day, when I went to see him, I saw in his studio the painting “Nicholas the Wonderworker Stops the Execution of Innocently Convicted.” I recognized the executioner as the Odessa artist Kuznetsov, and the condemned man kneeling in front of everyone as the Kharkov artist Blinchikov.

Who inspired you to paint such a picture?

Do you know the Nikolaevsky convent in the village of Strelechy, Kharkov district?

I was even in it.

So, my cousin is a nun there. I once went to visit her, and the abbess, having learned about it, came up to me: “Write, our dear fellow countryman, for us a small icon of our patron, St. Nicholas the Wonderworker!” I promised her, and when I arrived in St. Petersburg, instead of an icon, I painted a whole picture. Yes, the tsar had already bought this painting at the exhibition, and I took it to the studio for a while to walk over it with a brush a little more.

Found a mistake? Select it and press left Ctrl+Enter.