Target: To form in students figurative ideas about the organization, the wise arrangement by a person of the internal space of a hut.

Visual range: Drawings of the interior of a peasant home; reproductions; ICT presentation

Literary series: L. May “In a low light ...”, V. Belov - a statement about the Russian stove, children's books with illustrations of a Russian hut.

Organizing time

Preparing for the lesson. Set up for the lesson.

Updating of reference knowledge

What principles were used to decorate the appearance of a peasant hut?

Why did people decorate their homes?

Formation of new knowledge

(On the screen there is an image of a hut, frame No. 5) Russian hut... We have already met with it more than once in our lessons, and we return to this image again. Man, feeling unprotected from cosmic forces and elements, sought to create his own world, his own home - kind and cozy. We are already familiar with the pattern of the decorative elements of the hut, its design: the pediment of the hut is the forehead, the front part is the face, the windows are the eyes. The log hut is a model of the world - a combination of three cosmic elements - sky, earth and the underworld.

Verb, purse and timber
The house was built with a carved porch
With deliberate manly taste
And each with their own face.

V. Fedotov

But let's, guys, mentally enter a peasant's home ( an image of the interior of the hut appears on the screen, frame No. 6)

In a low room with a casement window
The lamp glows in the twilight of the night:
The weak light will completely freeze,
It will shower the walls with trembling light.
The new light is neatly tidied up:
The window curtain turns white in the darkness;
The floor is planed smooth; the ceiling is level;
The stove collapsed into a corner.
On the walls there are installations with grandfather’s goods,
A narrow bench covered with a carpet,
Painted hoop with an extendable chair
And the bed is carved with a colored canopy.

Here there is the same order that is observed in nature, everything is like in nature - harmonious and perfect.

The ceiling is the sky, the floor is the earth, the underground is the underworld, the windows are light.

(Frame No. 7) Ceiling associated in popular ideas with the sky; matitsa (middle beam supporting a wooden ceiling) personified the Milky Way. Path in the sky.

(Frame No. 8) There were half-shoulders under the ceiling, with peasant utensils on them. The dishes were usually wooden or clay. And near the stove they reinforced a wooden flooring - a floor. They slept on the floors.

(Frame No. 9) Almost every hut had a loom - red, on which women weaved.

(Frame No. 10) For newborns, an elegant cradle was hung from the ceiling of the hut. The cradle was secured on a flexible pole to the mother.

(Frame No. 11 ) Floor – land; homespun rugs - paths sent in the direction from the door to the front windows - were a figurative expression of the idea of ​​a path-road.

Underground symbolized the lower, underground world.

(Frame No. 12) Window-eye – connection with the big world, white light. The house looked at the world through windows - eyes; it connected the world of home life with the outside world.

To illuminate the hut in the evening, a torch or kerosene lamp was used. A kerosene lamp was hung from the ceiling or placed on a table.

A simple peasant house consisted of one large room, conventionally divided into two main centers - spiritual and material.

Under material center we understand the world of objects intended for our body, health, well-being. In a peasant house, the source of all this was the OVEN - a nurse, a protector from the cold, a healer from diseases. It is no coincidence that the stove is a common character often found in Russian fairy tales.

Name fairy tales where the stove is an active character.

(“At the command of the pike”, “Geese-swans”)

(Frame No. 13) “What is in the oven is all on the table,” says the Russian proverb. What is there in it? What can you “throw” on the table? Coals and firebrands, or what? This question can only be asked by a person who has never seen a Russian stove - a heating structure that has been popular on Russian soil since the beginning of the 15th century. This stove serves not only to heat the home, but also for cooking. You can use it to dry food for future use – mushrooms, for example (and you can also dry felt boots after a winter walk). It was possible to “warm the bones” of old people on the stove - for this purpose it was equipped with a couch. You could even wash yourself in the stove. Pay attention to individual details and the shape of the stove. In front of the mouth of the furnace there was a hearth on which the cast iron pots were placed. Small depressions in the walls of the oven were used for drying splinters or, in winter, for drying mittens. Under the hearth, at the bottom of the stove, you can see a recess for storing firewood.

The furnace of the furnace (the vaulted cooking chamber) could be heated to 200 degrees, and this is a very high temperature - after all, water already boils at 100 degrees. Bakers know that this is exactly the temperature required to bake bread. Experts in Russian cuisine will add that a heated crucible retains heat for hours - which means you can “drown” milk in it, cook crumbly porridges, cook roasts. The taste of food cooked in a Russian oven is not forgotten.

(Frame No. 14) Near the mouth of the furnace there are iron grips, which are used to place cast iron in the furnace and take it out of the furnace. There is also a poker and a shovel for baking bread nearby.

(Frame No. 15) Listen, guys, how powerfully, wisely, and deeply in Russian, the writer V. Belov, an expert on peasant life, wrote about the stove: “The stove fed, watered, treated and consoled, sometimes babies were born on it, and when a person became decrepit, it helped to withstand the brief death throes with dignity and calm down forever. A stove was needed at any age, in any condition, position. It cooled down along with the death of the entire family or house... The warmth that the stove breathed was akin to spiritual warmth.”

(Frame No. 16) Red corner (front, large, holy) – facing southeast. The east was associated with the idea of ​​paradise, blissful happiness, life-giving light and hope; they turned to the east with prayers, spells, and incantations. The epithet “red” has a lot to do with it. Remember, the girl is beautiful...Red bench, red windows, red corner.

Red means beautiful, main. In the red corner there was a shrine, decorated with dry medicinal herbs and, on holidays, snow-white towels with embroidery and lace. The red corner represented the dawn. In this part of the hut, important events in the life of the family took place; the most dear guests were seated in the red corner, on a red bench at the table.

(Frame No. 17) A simple peasant hut, and how much wisdom and meaning it has absorbed! The interior of the hut is as high art as anything created by the talented Russian people.

Let's look at the image of a village hut from photographs and paintings by artists.

Practical work

Draw a fragment of the interior of the hut with the main objects.

Sequence of images of a peasant interior:

1. Options for the compositional solution of a peasant interior: image of the corner of the front wall with two adjacent side walls. (Frame No. 18)

2. fit into the interior (optional) a stove, bench, etc.

3. execution in color (practice the “log” stroke, making furnishings and household items)

Lesson summary

Analysis of student work.

Homework: Select illustrations of peasant household items.

Addition

Presentation on the topic of the lesson “The inner world of a Russian hut” -

Lesson topic: "The inner world of a Russian hut."

(5th grade. Program by B.M. Nemensky)

Lesson type: combined(lesson of new knowledge and practical work)

The purpose of the lesson:

To form in students imaginative ideas about organization, the wise arrangement by a person of the interior space of a hut and decor.

Introduce the concept of interior, its features in a peasant home; form the concept of spiritual and material.

Tasks:

Educational:

Continue introducing students to the living conditions of peasants, emphasizing that they remained almost unchanged over the centuries.

Pay attention to the wealth of traditions and customs associated with the world of the peasant hut.

Involve students in searching for antiques, setting up an exhibition, collecting proverbs and sayings on the topic of the lesson, which helps to increase interest in the subject and develop students’ creative abilities.

Emphasize the originality, talent of the Russian people, their simplicity and deep spirituality.

Educational:

Activate cognitive interest in history.

Develop children's horizons, memory, students' attention, thinking, ability to analyze.

Summarize graphic skills related to drawing up a housing diagram, imagination and fantasy.

Educational:

To instill in students an interest in the historical past of the Motherland.

To cultivate aesthetic and artistic taste in the process of perceiving educational material.

Visual range: presentation on the topic of the lesson, illustrations for Russian fairy tales, epics,

drawings of an empty room.

Music series: folk songs.

Equipment and materials: brushes, paints, a jar for water, pencils, A4 sheets, PC, projector, screen.

During the classes

1. Organizational moment. (2 minutes)

Teacher:

My friends, I am very glad

Enter your welcoming class

And for me it’s already a reward

Attention to your smart eyes,

I know everyone in the class is a genius

But talent is of no use without work,

Let's take brushes and paints in our hands

And together we will write a lesson.

Today we have guests from schools in the Vygonichsky district at an extracurricular lesson. In the Vygoniichi region there are many villages and hamlets with their own history and the facades of ancient houses that are preserved to this day in their original form.

All this is the history and cultural heritage of our Motherland, which we must protect and preserve, otherwise we will not have a past, and a people who do not know their history and traditions have no future.

2. Updating basic knowledge. (5 minutes)

SLIDE №1

Teacher:

Russian hut... This is not the first time we have encountered it in our lessons and extracurricular activities, and again we turn to its image.

What does the concept of a rustic or wooden house mean to you?

(A rustic, wooden house is the cradle of peasant Russia. Man, feeling unprotected from cosmic forces and elements, sought to create his own world, his own home - kind and cozy. Your own microcosm, a small universe.)

Teacher:

Guys, let's remember what the design of a village house is?? (The pediment of the hut is the brow, the front part of the facade is the face, the middle beam along the ceiling is the mother - the Milky Way, the floor is the ground, the windows are the eyes.)

What model of the world does she represent? What did the hut represent? (Combination of three cosmic elements - sky, earth and underworld.)

How was the Russian hut built? With what tool?

(It’s a pity that few ancient wooden structures have survived to this day. Some of them were destroyed by fires in the hard years, others were spared by time. But we still know that our ancestors built their houses with the help of one ax. And that’s why huts and were called chopped. There is not a single nail in such a building. After all, the nails rust, and with them the wood deteriorates.)

Teacher:

Well done boys,

Why are we all around the hut!?

What do you think, if we go into the hut, what can we talk about and what new things will we learn?

"The inner world of a peasant hut"

Today in the lesson we will continue to get acquainted with the inner world of the Russian hut, its interior and decoration, and consolidate knowledge about the organization and wise arrangement by man of the internal space of the hut.

And for this you need magic words - everything you just said about the hut, I summed it up in verse:

On my native land A man lived with his family in a village. But the village is not simple: It stands on the mountain, Nearby there is a golden field, A river runs below, Beyond the edge of the forest, There live a bear, a fox, There are houses along the river, They look at the road. Decorates them herself Mother Nature. Gave for the hut Forest of spruce and pine, Oak, aspen: what I could - Nature gave everything. Look around you What will you see, dear friend? Five-walled wall in front of you, Like a painted tower, You knock on the gate, And go through the gate. Three windows in a row They look at you like carvings. A stump decorates the roof, Nicknamed stupid. Like a horse or a bird, Longing for the sun. Either a tower or a house It is well decorated And protected from evil.

What did the master carve? How did he decorate his house? And the carving is not simple Contour, slotted, Openwork, invoice, Here is a relief carving, She's a ship. And the ornament is not simple! Look, wait a minute: You will see a snake, a honeycomb, Wonderful job: Here is a twist, a rhombus, chains, And beautiful leaves Instead of evil gate guards, The lion looks at you like a cat, Here are the mermaids, the peahen birds - Everyone is important and great. It’s just a miracle not to leave! What lies ahead for us? Come up to the porch Pull the ring quietly. Look at the door - protection - There's a horseshoe nailed there, The door opened slightly So the hut opened up to us. You will go through this door, You'll immediately find yourself in the hallway. The canopy keeps out the cold, They can't get in here.

Teacher:

In the hut there is the same order that is observed in nature, everything is harmonious and perfect.

Let's find out what was in the Russian hut.

Entering the hut we will see under the ceiling POLAVOSHNIKI(shelves), they housed peasant utensils: dishes, baskets, baskets. The dishes were usually wooden or clay.

SLIDE No. 6

For newborns, an elegant dress was hung from the ceiling of the hut CASSET. The cradle was secured on a flexible pole to the mother.

SLIDE No. 7

The floor - the ground - was covered HOMEWOVEN RUGS- paths.

SLIDE No.

To illuminate the hut in the evening they used LUCHINA, which was placed in SVETETS.

SLIDE No.

In a peasant house BAKE was a nurse, a protector from the cold, a healer from diseases. It is no coincidence that the stove is a common character often found in Russian fairy tales.

What fairy tales do you know that talk about the stove?

“What’s in the oven is all swords on the table.”- says the Russian proverb. The stove serves not only to heat the home, but also for cooking. You can use it to dry food for future use – mushrooms, for example (and you can also dry felt boots after a winter walk). On the stove it was possible “warm the bones” for the elderly - for this purpose it was equipped with a couch. At the bottom of the stove, you can see a recess for storing firewood. It was believed that a brownie lived behind the stove - the keeper of the hearth. During matchmaking, the bride was traditionally hidden behind the stove. The Russian stove is a home, a place surrounded by reverence for the entire peasant family: it is a source of existence and well-being.

The stove is a clean place; you cannot spit on the stove or burn garbage in it. The guest who entered the hut, first of all, leaned his palms against the stove, thus paying respect to the mistress of the house and asking for favor from the brownie.

Near the mouth of the furnace there are iron grips, which are used to place cast iron pots in and out of the furnace. There is also a poker and a shovel for baking bread nearby. The warmth that the stove breathed was akin to spiritual warmth.”

In the hut, where the stove was heated “black,” there was no ceiling: the smoke came out of the window right under the roof. Such peasant huts were called chicken. Only the rich had a stove with a chimney and a hut with a ceiling. Why is that? In the smoking hut all the walls were black and smoked. It turns out that such sooty walls do not rot longer, the hut could last a hundred years, and a stove without a chimney “ate” less wood.

“The peasant was clever and put a hut on the stove.”

Wanting to convey his state of mind, the man said: “It’s like warming yourself by the stove.”Where is the coziest place in the house? On the stove:“Don’t feed me bread, just don’t drive me out of the oven.”They swore on the stove the truthfulness of their words:“If I’m lying, then God forbid I at least choke on the stove.”They say about a person who does not understand anything about current events:“It’s like I fell out of an oven.”

SLIDE

In front of us on the left RED CORNER hut. The spiritual center of the house. Spiritual - from the word “soul”. It also happens on the right, it all depends on which corner at the entrance the stove was in - the red corner was located diagonally from the stove.

Why is this corner called red? Do not know ?

What does the word red mean? Red means beautiful, main. The dawn lit up in the morning.

Initially, houses were built so that this corner of the house was directed towardssoutheast. The east was associated with the idea of ​​paradise, blissful happiness, life-giving light and hope; they turned to the east with prayers, spells, and incantations.

Icon always hung with the front side facing the east, where the sun rises - the embodiment of kindness. Everyone followed this rule: be it a peasant hut, royal chambers or merchant mansions. In case of any misfortune or fire, the icon was the first to be taken out of the hut.

All significant events of family life were noted in the red corner. A table was placed here, at which both everyday meals and festive feasts and rituals took place.

BOYAR GAME

SLIDE No.

One of the material objects was TABLE. The table was treated with respect and called “God’s palm,” which is why it was forbidden for children to hit the table or climb on it. Along the walls there were wide STORE. Benches differed from benches in that benches were firmly attached to the walls, and benches could be freely moved from place to place.

SLIDE No. 12

WOMEN'S CORNER

Who spent the most time at the stove?

The corner opposite the stove was called - woman's cut, women's corner. Here the housewife, closer to the stove, prepared food, there was a cabinet for storing kitchen utensils - dishware

Therefore, the part where the stove stood was called the female half. There the housewives spun and did handicrafts.

SLIDE No. 13

MEN'S CORNER

From the door to the side wall there was a bench - KONIK, where men did household work. The vertical board often depicted a horse, hence the name. This place was the male half.

Peasant property was stored under the bench. And on the wall hung horse harnesses, clothes and work supplies. On the men's side there was one more thing... It simultaneously served as a bench, a bed, and storage of things.

Can you guess what we're talking about?

SLIDE No. 14

Of course it is BOX. Over time, he replaced the bunk. There was a large chest in the corner to store clothes. Boxes and caskets were made to store jewelry. Chests came in different sizes. Small chests not intended for sitting were calledchests . Large chests were lined with iron strips for strength, and often a bracket was made for the lock. They were decorated with carvings, forged metal patterns, and drawings. And they kept things and jewelry in chests.

5. Summing up.

Teacher:

Today you will get acquainted with the interior of a peasant hut.

To continue we must find out what is INTERIOR? (Discussion of the word by childrenINTERIOR is the internal view of the room and its decoration.)

6.Practical work (15 min)

(Safety rules for working with scissors)

Look, we have opened our mouths -

You can put paper in it,

Paper in our mouth

Will split into parts.

Work in groups. The guys agree on what they will draw and which item from the interior. After drawing, they cut it out and attach it to a previously prepared drawing of an empty room. (music plays in the background)

7. Reflection on the lesson results.(5 minutes)

Demonstration of children's completed work.
- Well done guys, pay attention to what creative work we did.

(Teams receive marks while evaluating each other)

Questions to reinforce a new topic:

What was considered the main thing in the hut?

A shop that was set up for men?

What did you use to store clothes?

How is each item decorated?

This is our culture, which reflects the character, morals, customs and traditions of our people.

8. Homework:

Continuing the topic, find information about household items

Teacher:

The ax was knocking, chips were flying, The trunks fell with a groan, Twigs and branches were breaking, And drops of resin fell. Then log to log lay down, Porch, trim, window. This is probably how the hut was cut down, But that was so long ago. Tow is like a beard, It climbs down from under the logs. The oak floor is covered in marks, The ceiling sagged slightly. There are a row of portraits on the wall, The Holy Face stands in the corner. Red corner they say Should not be hidden in the hut.

The one entering the hut bowed, I looked at the icon, crossing myself, And it smelled like baked bread, And they waited for the cabbage soup, languishing in the oven. And the stove in the hut was the main thing, Only a master could fold it. Brick to brick, wall to wall, Smoke streamed from the chimney. The fire was burning, the stove was humming, There's a snowstorm outside. The window is all frosted over, The guard at the stove is a poker. A dark table with a bench underneath it, The one with the cat rubbing. Soot from the kerosene stove is smoke, It creeps towards the ceiling in a stream.

Peasant work is always difficult: Now weave wool, now weave bast shoes, Sew new clothes for the whole family, Of course, all the worries cannot be counted. The hut lived its full life: Works, worries, joy, sadness, She had to for the Fatherland, Give up your sons, saving Rus'. I was waiting since the war, the hut, growing old, Sitting sideways for many years, But, remembering everything down to the generation, I looked after them through the windows. Yes, Rus' is powerful and united, And it didn't come from outside. A big role, undeniably Belongs to a simple hut.

The inner world of a Russian hut (Can be used for distance learning).

Verb, purse and timber
The house was built with a carved porch,
With deliberate masculine taste
And each with his own face

V. Fedotov

In a low room with a casement window

The lamp glows in the twilight of the night:

The weak light will completely freeze,

It will shower the walls with trembling light.

The new light is neatly tidied up:

The window curtain turns white in the darkness;

The floor is planed smooth; the ceiling is level;

The stove collapsed into a corner.

On the walls there are installations with grandfather’s goods,

A narrow bench covered with a carpet,

Painted hoop with an extendable chair

And the bed is carved with a colored canopy.

Here there is the same order that is observed in nature, everything is like in nature - harmonious and perfect.

The ceiling is the sky, the floor is the earth, the underground is the underworld, the windows are light.

In popular belief, the ceiling was associated with the sky; matitsa (middle beam supporting a wooden ceiling) personified the Milky Way. Path in the sky.

There were half-shoulders under the ceiling; peasant utensils were placed on them. The dishes were usually wooden or clay. And near the stove they reinforced a wooden flooring - a floor. They slept on the floors.

Almost every hut had a loom - red, on which women weaved.

There was little furniture in the hut, and it didn’t differ in variety - a table, benches, chests, dish shelves - that’s probably all.

For newborns, an elegant cradle was hung from the ceiling of the hut. The cradle was secured on a flexible pole to the mother.

Gender symbolized the earth; homespun rugs - paths sent in the direction from the door to the front windows - were a figurative expression of the idea of ​​a path-road.

The subfloor symbolized the lower, underground world.

Window-eye - connection with the big world, white light. The house looked at the world through windows - eyes; it connected the world of home life with the outside world.

To illuminate the hut in the evening, a torch or kerosene lamp was used. A kerosene lamp was hung from the ceiling or placed on a table.

A simple peasant house consisted of one large room, conventionally divided into two main centers - spiritual and material.

By the material center we understand the world of objects intended for our body, health, and well-being. In a peasant house, the source of all this was the OVEN - a nurse, a protector from the cold, a healer from diseases. It is no coincidence that the stove is a common character often found in Russian fairy tales.

“The peasant is smart, he put a hut on the stove,” says the Russian proverb. Indeed, the stove is the soul of a peasant house. She is a nurse, a water provider, and a body warmer. Without a stove there is no hut. The word “izba” itself comes from the ancient “istba”, “heater”. Initially, the hut was the heated part of the house. The location of the stove determined the layout of the hut. It was usually placed in the corner to the right or left of the entrance. The corner opposite the mouth of the stove was considered the housewife's workplace. Everything here was adapted for cooking. Next to the stove there are grips, a poker, shovels, which are used to place bread in the stove, a wooden tub with water, and on the shelves there are cast iron pots, pots and other kitchen utensils. The recess where the fire burns is closed by a damper. At the bottom of the stove, the oven is considered to be the house of the brownie.

In the front corner of the hut there was a red corner. This was the most honorable place - the spiritual center of the house. In the corner on a shelf stood icons decorated with a woven or embroidered towel, bunches of dry herbs, and a dining table stood nearby. Important events in the life of the peasant family took place in this part of the hut. The most valuable guests were seated in the red corner at a table covered with an elegant tablecloth - a tabletop. A wide bench with a lid was built from the door to the side wall. On it, men usually did household work. They hemmed shoes, made harnesses and household utensils. Under the ceiling there were floor coverings, on which peasant utensils were placed, and near the stove there was a reinforced plank flooring - a floor. They slept in the tents, and during get-togethers or weddings, children climbed in and watched with curiosity what was happening or listened to interesting stories from adult family members about how they lived before them. Thus, passing on from mouth to mouth the history of his family and the events occurring along the way.

All significant events of family life were noted in the red corner. Here at the table both everyday meals and festive feasts took place, and many calendar rituals took place. In the wedding ceremony, the matchmaking of the bride, her ransom from her girlfriends and brother took place in the red corner; from the red corner of her father's house they took her to the church for the wedding, brought her to the groom's house and took her to the red corner too.
During harvesting, the first and last ears of the crop were placed in the red corner. Endowed, according to folk legends, with magical powers, they promised well-being for the family, home, and entire household. According to traditional etiquette, a person who came to the hut could go to the red corner only at the special invitation of the owners. They tried to keep it clean and elegantly decorated. The name “red” itself means “beautiful”, “good”, “light”. It was decorated with embroidered towels, popular prints, and postcards. The most beautiful household utensils were placed on the shelves near the red corner, the most valuable papers and objects were stored.

Everywhere among Russians, when laying the foundation of a house, it was a common custom to place money under the lower crown in all corners, and a larger coin was placed under the red corner.

In a Russian hut, men usually worked and rested during the day in the men's half of the hut, which included a front corner with icons and a bench near the entrance. Women and children were in the women's quarters near the stove during the day. Places for sleeping at night were also allocated. Old people slept on the floor near the doors, the stove or on the stove, on a cabbage, children and single youth slept under the sheets or on the sheets. In warm weather, adult married couples spent the night in cages and vestibules; in cold weather, on a bench under the curtains or on a platform near the stove. Each family member knew his place at the table.

The owner of the house sat under the icons during a family meal. His eldest son was located on the right hand of his father, the second son on the left, the third next to his elder brother. Children under marriageable age were seated on a bench running from the front corner along the facade.

Women ate while sitting on side benches or stools. It was not supposed to violate the established order in the house unless absolutely necessary. The person who violated them could be severely punished. On weekdays the hut looked quite modest. There was nothing superfluous in it: the table stood without a tablecloth, the walls without decorations. On a holiday, the hut was transformed: the table was moved to the middle, covered with a tablecloth, and festive utensils, previously stored in cages, were displayed on the shelves. In a traditional Russian home, benches ran along the walls in a circle, starting from the entrance, and served for sitting, sleeping, and storing various household items. Each shop in the hut had its own name

A simple peasant hut, but how much wisdom and meaning it has absorbed! The interior of the hut is as high art as anything created by the talented Russian people.

Housing is as big as an elbow, and living is as big as a nail

The interior of a peasant home, which can be found in our time, has evolved over the centuries. Due to limited space, the layout of the house was very rational. So, we open the door, bending down, we enter...

The door leading to the hut was made low with a raised threshold, which contributed to greater heat retention in the house. In addition, the guest, entering the hut, willy-nilly had to bow to the owners and the icons in the red corner - a mandatory attribute of a peasant hut.

Fundamental when planning the hut was the location of the stove. The stove played the most important role in the house, and the very name “izba” comes from the Old Russian “istba, istobka”, that is, to heat, to heat.

The Russian stove fed, warmed, treated, they slept on it, and some even washed in it. Respectful attitude towards the stove was expressed in proverbs and sayings: “The stove is our dear mother”, “The whole red summer is on the stove”, “It’s like warming up on the stove”, “Both years and years - one place - the stove.” Russian riddles ask: “What can’t you get out of the hut?”, “What can’t be seen in the hut?” - heat.

In the central regions of Russia, the stove usually stood in the right corner of the entrance. Such a hut was called a “spinner”. If the stove was located to the left of the entrance, then the hut was called “non-spinner”. The fact is that opposite the stove, on the long side of the house, there was always a so-called “long” bench where women spun. And depending on the location of this shop in relation to the window and its illumination, the convenience for spinning, the huts were called “spinners” and “non-spinners”: “Do not spin by hand: the right hand is to the wall and not to the light.”

Often, to maintain the shape of an adobe hut, vertical “stove pillars” were placed in its corners. One of them, which faced the center of the hut, was always installed. Wide beams hewn from oak or pine were thrown from it to the side front wall. Because they were always black with soot, they were called Voronets. They were located at the height of human growth. “Yaga is standing, with horns on his forehead,” they asked a riddle about the Voronets. The one of the voronets that lined the long side wall was called the “ward beam.” The second ravine, which ran from the stove pillar to the front facade wall, was called the “closet, cake beam.” It was used by the hostess as a shelf for dishes. Thus, both voronets marked the boundaries of the functional zones of the hut, or corners: on one side of the entrance of the stove and cooking (woman's) kuta (corners), on the other - the master's (ward) kuta, and the red, or large, upper corner with icons and table The old saying, “A hut is not red in its corners, but red in its pies,” confirms the division of the hut into “corners” of different meanings.

The back corner (at the front door) has been masculine since ancient times. There was a konik here - a short, wide bench built along the back wall of the hut. Konik had the shape of a box with a hinged flat lid. The bunk was separated from the door (to prevent it from blowing at night) by a vertical board-back, which was often shaped like a horse's head. This was a man's workplace. Here they wove bast shoes, baskets, repaired horse harnesses, did carving, etc. Tools were stored in a box under the bunk. It was indecent for a woman to sit on a bunk.

This corner was also called the plate corner, because. here, right above the door, under the ceiling, near the stove, special floorings were installed - floors. One edge of the floor is cut into the wall, and the other rests on a floor beam. They slept on the floorboards, climbing into them from the stove. Here they dried flax, hemp, splinter, and put away bedding there for the day. Polati was the children's favorite place, because... from their height one could observe everything that was happening in the hut, especially during holidays: weddings, gatherings, festivities.

Any good person could enter the underpass without asking. Without knocking on the door, but for the plated beam the guest, at his will, is not allowed to go. Waiting for an invitation from the hosts to enter the next compartment - red at low levels - was extremely inconvenient.

The woman's or stove corner is the kingdom of the female housewife of the "big lady". Here, right at the window (near the light) opposite the mouth of the furnace, hand millstones (two large flat stones) were always placed, so the corner was also called “millstone”. A wide bench ran along the wall from the stove to the front windows; sometimes there was a small table on which hot bread was laid out. There were observers on the wall - shelves for dishes. There were various utensils on the shelves: wooden dishes, cups and spoons, clay bowls and pots, iron frying pans. On the benches and floor there are milk dishes (lids, jugs), cast iron, buckets, tubs. Sometimes there were copper and tin utensils.

In the stove (kutny) corner, women prepared food and rested. Here, during major holidays, when many guests gathered, a separate table was set for women. Men could not even go into the stove corner of their own family unless absolutely necessary. The appearance of a stranger there was regarded as a gross violation of established rules (traditions).

The millstone corner was considered a dirty place, in contrast to the rest of the clean space of the hut. Therefore, the peasants always sought to separate it from the rest of the room with a curtain made of variegated chintz, colored homespun or a wooden partition.

During the entire matchmaking, the future bride had to listen to the conversation from the woman's corner. She also came out from there during the show. There she awaited the arrival of the groom on the wedding day. And going out from there to the red corner was perceived as leaving home, saying goodbye to it.

A daughter in a cradle - a dowry in a box.

In the woman's corner there is a cradle hanging on a long pole (chepe). The pole, in turn, is threaded into a ring embedded in the ceiling matrix. In different areas, the cradle is made differently. It can be entirely woven from twigs, it can have a side panel made of bast, or a bottom made of fabric or wicker. And they also call it differently: cradle, shaky, kolyska, kolubalka. A rope loop or wooden pedal was tied to the cradle, which allowed the mother to rock the child without interrupting her work. The hanging position of the cradle is typical specifically for the Eastern Slavs - Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians. And this is connected not only with convenience, but primarily with popular beliefs (a cradle standing on the floor appears much later). According to the peasants, the separation of a child from the floor, the “bottom,” contributed to the preservation of vitality in him, because the floor was perceived as the border between the human world and the underground, where the “evil spirit” lives - the brownie, dead relatives, ghosts. In order to protect the child from evil spirits, sharp objects were placed under the cradle: a knife, scissors, a broom, etc.

The front, central part of the hut was the red corner. The red corner, like the stove, was an important landmark in the interior space of the hut.
No matter how the stove was located in the hut, the red corner was always located diagonally from it. The red corner was always well lit, since windows were cut into both walls making up this corner. He was always facing the sun, i.e. to the south or east. In the very corner, immediately under the shelf, they placed a shrine with icons and a lamp, which is why the corner was also called “holy”. Holy water, blessed willow and an Easter egg were kept on the shrine. There was certainly a feather for sweeping icons. It was believed that the icon must stand and not hang. Bills, promissory notes, payment notebooks, etc. were also placed here for the icons.

A curtain or “godnik” was hung on top of the shrine. This was the name given to a specially woven and embroidered narrow, long towel (20-25 cm * 3-4 m). It was decorated along one side and at the ends with embroidery, woven patterns, ribbons, and lace. They hung the god in such a way as to cover the icons from above and from the sides, leaving the faces open.

A refectory consecrated with shrines - that’s what the red corner is. Just as the living quarters of an Orthodox Christian are considered a symbol of an Orthodox church, so the Red Corner is considered as an analogue of the altar, the most important and honorable place in the house.

There were benches along the walls (front and side) of the red corner. In general, shops were set up along all the walls of the hut. They did not belong to furniture, but were an integral part of the log house and were fixedly attached to the walls. On one side they were cut into the wall, and on the other they were supported by supports cut from boards. A piece of wood decorated with carvings was sewn to the edge of the bench. Such a shop was called pubescent, or “with a canopy,” “with a valance.” They sat on them, slept on them, and stored things. Each shop had its own purpose and name. To the left of the door there was a back or threshold bench. That's what they called it, the konik. Behind it, along the long left side of the hut, from the bunk to the red corner, there was a long shop, different from the others in its length. Like the oven kut, this shop was traditionally considered a women's place. Here they sewed, knitted, spun, embroidered, and did handicrafts. That's why this shop was also called a woman's shop.
Along the front (facade) wall, from the red corner to the stove corner, there was a short bench (aka red, front). Men sat on it during family meals. From the front wall to the stove there was a bench. In winter, chickens were kept under this bench, covered with bars. And finally, behind the stove, to the door, there was a kutna shop. Buckets of water were placed on it.

A table was always placed in the red corner near the converging benches (long and short). The table has always been rectangular in shape with a powerful base. The tabletop was revered as the “palm of God” that gives bread. Therefore, knocking on the table was considered a sin. People used to say: “Bread on the table, so the table is a throne, but not a piece of bread, so the table is a board.”

The table was covered with a tablecloth. In the peasant hut, tablecloths were made from homespun, both simple plain weave and made using the technique of bran and multi-shaft weaving. Tablecloths used every day were sewn from two motley panels, usually with a checkered pattern (the colors are very varied) or simply rough canvas. This tablecloth was used to cover the table during lunch, and after eating it was either removed or used to cover the bread left on the table. Festive tablecloths were distinguished by the best quality of the linen, such additional details as lace stitching between two panels, tassels, lace or fringe around the perimeter, as well as a pattern on the fabric.

All significant family events took place in the red corner. Here the bride was bought, from here she was taken to the church for the wedding, and at the groom’s house she was immediately taken to the red corner. During the harvest, the first and last sheaves were ceremonially placed in the red corner. During the construction of the hut, if coins were placed under the corners of the first crown for good luck, then the largest one was placed under the red corner. They always tried to especially decorate this corner of the hut and keep it clean. The name “red” itself means “beautiful”, “light”. It is the most honorable place in the house. According to traditional etiquette, a person who came to a hut could only go there at the special invitation of the owners.

Those entering the hut, first of all, turned to the red corner and made the sign of the cross. A Russian proverb says: “The first bow is to God, the second is to the master and mistress, the third is to all good people.”

The place at the table in the red corner under the images was the most honorable: here sat the owner, or the guest of honor. “For a red guest, a red place.” Each family member knew his place at the table. The owner's eldest son sat on the right hand of his father, the second son on the left, the third next to his elder brother, etc. “Every cricket knows its nest.” The housewife's place at the table is at the end of the table from the side of the woman's kut and the stove - she is the priestess of the home temple. She communicates with the oven and the fire of the oven, she starts the kneading bowl, puts the dough into the oven, and takes it out transformed into bread.

In addition to benches, the hut had mobile side benches. A place on a bench was considered more prestigious than on a bench; the guest could judge the hosts' attitude towards him depending on this. Where was he seated - on a bench or on a bench?
The benches were usually covered with a special fabric - a shelf cover. And in general, the entire hut is decorated with home-made items: colored curtains cover the bed and bed on the stove, homespun muslin curtains on the windows, and multi-colored rugs on the floor. The window sills are decorated with geraniums, dear to the peasant’s heart.

Between the wall and the back or side of the stove there was an oven. When located behind the stove, horse harness was stored there; if on the side, then usually kitchen utensils.

On the other side of the stove, next to the front door, there was a golbets attached - a special wooden extension to the stove, along the stairs of which one went down to the basement (underground), where supplies were stored. Golbets also served as a place of rest, especially for the old and small. In some places, the high golbets were replaced by a box - a “trap”, 30 centimeters high from the floor, with a sliding lid, on which one could also sleep. Over time, the descent into the basement moved in front of the mouth of the furnace, and it was possible to get into it through a hole in the floor. The stove corner was considered the habitat of the brownie - the keeper of the hearth.

From the middle of the 19th century. In peasant homes, especially among wealthy peasants, a formal living room appears - the upper room. The upper room could have been a summer room; in case of all-season use, it was heated with a Dutch oven. The upper rooms, as a rule, had a more colorful interior than the hut. Chairs, beds, and piles of chests were used in the interior of the upper rooms.

The interior of a peasant house, which has evolved over centuries, represents the best example of a combination of convenience and beauty. There is nothing superfluous here and every thing is in its place, everything is at hand. The main criterion for a peasant house was convenience, so that a person could live, work and relax in it. However, in the construction of the hut one cannot help but see the need for beauty inherent in the Russian people.
In the interior of a Russian hut, the horizontal rhythm of furniture (benches, beds, shelves) dominates. The interior is united by a single material and carpentry techniques. The natural color of the wood was preserved. The leading color scheme was golden-ocher (hut walls, furniture, dishes, utensils) with the introduction of white and red colors (the towels on the icons were white, the red color sparkled in small spots in clothes, towels, in plants on the windows, in the painting of household utensils) .