Liquid soap appeared on the shelves 15-20 years ago. The range of soaps in beautiful jars with dispensers is constantly growing, but bar soap is not going to lose its position. Each type of soap has its own advantages and disadvantages, each has its supporters and opponents. Let's look at the pros and cons of liquid and solid soap.

Solid soap

Pros:

• The cost of a piece of regular solid soap and a package of liquid soap differ by 2-3 times. Bar soap is cheaper and this attracts many buyers.
• A solid bar of soap is comfortable to hold in your hand.
• You don’t have to worry about opening the dispenser, which is sometimes inconvenient and can break.
• Regular soap contains less fragrances and dyes.
• The soap is easily washed off without leaving a film on the body.

Cons:

• High alkaline content is bad for the skin. The top protective layer is washed away along with the dirt, and the skin becomes very dry.
• In a soap dish, soap quickly becomes limp.
• It is unhygienic for more than one person to share the same bar of soap.
• When taking a shower, you may end up with slippery soap slipping from your hands. Sometimes such cases lead to serious injuries - it is easy to slip on a piece of soap.

IN lately very popular soap self made. For example, the online store Lush offers large selection solid soap with various aromatic additives. If you want to make soap yourself, you can buy the ingredients in the online store for soap makers Vydumshchiki.ru.

Liquid soap

Pros:

• Liquid soap does not adversely affect the skin, since it contains less alkali. The pH level in liquid cleanser is close to the natural pH level of the skin. After washing, a film remains on the body, protecting the skin from drying out.
• Using a dispenser allows you to use the same soap a large number people. For catering establishments and public places, liquid soap is simply irreplaceable.
• Packaging with a dispenser is economical and convenient.
• Liquid soap foams better and is more comfortable to use for showering.
• The liquid base better preserves nutrients, essential oils and extracts of medicinal plants.

Cons:

• The high cost of soap (especially for soap with various useful additives). However, you can save on cost by shopping in online stores, for example, at Kosmetik Home or Cosmed Service.
• A large number of dyes and chemicals which may cause allergies.
• The dispenser may break; it is not always easy to remove the remaining soap from the bottle.
• Leaves a film on the skin, which can cause discomfort without habit.

What detergent to use is a personal matter. On our website you will find addresses of cosmetics and personal care stores where you can buy both liquid and solid soap. We hope our tips will help you determine which soap is best for you.

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Vaseline" href="/text/category/vazelin/" rel="bookmark">Vaseline-lanolin soap is prepared as follows: take 3.5 kg of petroleum jelly and 1.5 kg of lanolin, add them to 95 kg of molten soap mass. Used Vaseline-lanolin soap as a skin softener Also included in medical soaps is liquid potassium soap, which is prepared from liquid liquids. vegetable oils by saponifying them with caustic potassium; fatty acid content of at least 40%. Medical soap, used externally in the forms of patches, ointments, pastes, has a therapeutic value in accordance with the influence of the active principle added to the soap. This is the use of turpentine soap in the form of an ointment for rheumatism.

Special types of soap also include soaps used mostly in the textile, leather, metallurgical industries, in the production of insectofungicides, etc. Special soaps are known mainly in the form of liquid soaps, prepared by saponification of a fat mixture with sodium or potassium alkalis or a mixture thereof.

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The effect of soap composition on the skin.

There are a great many varieties and brands of soap, and before choosing the most suitable one, you need to determine your skin type.

Oily skin often becomes shiny due to heavy sweating and oil production, and it usually has large pores. Already 2 hours after washing, oily skin leaves spots on a napkin applied to the face. Skin like this needs soap

with a slight drying effect.

Dry skin is thin and very sensitive to wind and bad weather, and its pores are small and thin; it cracks easily because it is not elastic enough. Such skin needs to be created with maximum comfort and gentle treatment, better

use expensive types of soap.

Normal skin is soft, smooth, and has medium-sized pores. Such skin seems to “glow”, but does not shine. However, normal skin, like any other, needs careful care.

Soaps made from short-carbon chain fatty acids (lauric and myristic) and long-carbon chain unsaturated fatty acids (oleic). Irritating to skin. Soap made from saturated fatty acids with a long carbon chain (palmitic and stearic) does not irritate the skin. Alkaline and acidic soaps can irritate the skin, exposing it to germ attack. It is better to use neutral soap

Raw materials for soap production

Animal and vegetable fats, fat substitutes (synthetic fatty acids, rosin, naphthenic acids, tall oil) can be used as raw materials to obtain the main component of soap. Animal fats– an ancient and very valuable raw material for soap-making surfaces. They contain up to 40% saturated fatty acids. Artificial, that is, synthetic, fatty acids are obtained from paraffin oil catalytic oxidation oxygen of the air. During oxidation, the paraffin molecule is broken in different places, and a mixture of acids is obtained, which are then separated into fractions. In soap production, mainly two fractions are used: C10-C16 and C17-C20. Synthetic acids are introduced into laundry soap in an amount of 35-40%. Naphthenic acids, released during the purification of petroleum products (gasoline, kerosene, etc.), are also used for soap production. For this purpose, petroleum products are treated with a solution of sodium hydroxide and an aqueous solution of sodium salts of naphthenic acids (monocarboxylic acids of the cyclopentane and cyclohexane series) is obtained. This solution is evaporated and treated with table salt, as a result of which a paste-like mass floats to the surface of the solution dark color– soap naft. To purify soap naphtha, it is treated with sulfuric acid, that is, the naphthenic acids themselves are displaced from the salts. This water-insoluble product is called asidol, or asidolmylonaft. Only liquid or, in extreme cases, soft soap can be made directly from asidol. It has a petroleum smell, but has bactericidal properties.

In the production of soap, rosin has long been used, which is obtained by processing the resin of coniferous trees. Rosin consists of a mixture of resin acids containing about 20 carbon atoms in the carbon chain. 12-15% of rosin by weight of fatty acids is usually added to the composition of laundry soap, and no more than 10% is added to the formulation of toilet soaps. The introduction of rosin in large quantities makes the soap soft and sticky.

Soap making technology.

The production of soap is based on the saponification reaction - the hydrolysis of fatty acid esters (i.e. fats) with alkalis, which results in the formation of salts alkali metals and alcohols.

In special containers (digesters), heated fats are saponified with caustic alkali (usually caustic soda). As a result of the reaction in digesters, a homogeneous viscous liquid is formed, thickening when cooled - soap glue, consisting of soap and glycerin. The fatty acid content of soap obtained directly from soap glue is usually 40-60%. This product is called " glue soap" The method of producing adhesive soap is usually called the “direct method”.

The "indirect method" of producing soap involves further processing of soap glue, which is subjected to relief- treatment with electrolytes (solutions of caustic alkali or sodium chloride), resulting in separation of the liquid: the top layer, or soap core. Contains at least 60% fatty acids; bottom layer - soap lye, an electrolyte solution with a high glycerol content (also contains contaminants contained in the feedstock). The soap obtained as a result of the indirect method is called “ sound».

Highest grade soap - sawed, obtained by grinding dried sound soap on rollers sawing cars. At the same time, the content of fatty acids in the final product increases to 72-74%, the structure of the soap improves, its resistance to drying out, rancidity and high temperatures during storage. When caustic soda is used as an alkali, solid sodium soap is obtained. A mild or even liquid potassium soap is formed when caustic potash is used.

Now we’ll talk about soap production technology. To prepare simple solid soap, take 2 kg of caustic soda and dissolve it into 8 kg. water, bring the solution to 25 ° C and pour it into melted and cooled to 50 ° C lard (the lard should be unsalted and take 12 kg 800 g of it for the specified amount of water and salt). The resulting liquid mixture is thoroughly stirred until the entire mass becomes completely homogeneous, after which it is poured into wooden boxes, well wrapped in felt, and placed in a warm, dry place. After 4-5 days, the mass hardens and the soap is ready.

To get good toilet soap for every 100 g. pork fat take 5-20 g of coconut oil. It is necessary to ensure that the resulting soap is neutral. For this purpose, it is salted several times and then boiled. After the last salting, boiling continues until the sample taken with a glass rod on the plate turns out to be completely satisfactory, that is, when the mass is squeezed between the fingers, hard plates are obtained that should not break.

The dyes used to tint toilet soap can be very diverse. The main conditions that they must satisfy: be strong enough, mix well with soap and

do not have a harmful effect on the skin.

The red color for transparent soap is obtained using fuchsin and eosin; For opaque soap, cinnabar and red lead are used.

The yellow color of the soap is given by turmeric extract and picric acid.

To obtain green soap, green aniline or chrome green dye is used.

The brown color of soap comes from light or dark brown aniline dye or burnt sugar. In the manufacture of toilet soap, perfumery plays a particularly important role. The fact is that the fragrance should not only be pleasant, but should also retain its smell for a long time and even, if possible, improve when the soap lies and dries. Therefore, when perfuming, the first question is at what temperature the soap should be perfumed. Then, what is the effect of alkalis on the odorous substances used. And, finally, are these odorous substances well preserved in alkalis?

Good soap has a pleasant, unobtrusive smell due to the perfume additives introduced into it - fragrances. Special varieties of soap also include antiseptics (triclosan, chlorhexidine, salicylic acid) and biologically active substances, including those obtained from natural raw materials of medicinal plants.

Technology for making soap at home

In order to prepare soap at home, you must follow the following sequence of operations:

1. Fill a glass ½ full with water, place it on a tripod with a metal mesh and boil the water.

2. Pour into a steaming cup castor oil and sodium hydroxide solution.

3. Place the evaporation cup on a glass of boiling water and heat for 10-15 minutes, stirring its contents with a glass rod.

4. Add saturated sodium chloride solution and stir.

5. Cool the cup with its contents.

6. Using a spatula, collect the soap and form it into two pieces the size of a grain of rice.

You can flavor the resulting soap with the help of plant extracts, using for this purpose the following plants: currant leaves, pine needles, calendula flowers, chamomile.

Areas of application of soap.

In addition to using soap as a detergent, it is widely used in bleaching fabrics, in the production of cosmetics, and for the manufacture of polishing compounds for water-based paints.

In everyday life, not to mention industry, the washing process is subjected to various items and objects. Pollutants come in a wide variety of forms, but most often they are poorly soluble or insoluble in water. Such substances, as a rule, are hydrophobic, since they are not wetted by water and do not interact with water. Therefore, various detergents are needed.

If we try to define this process, then washing can be called cleaning a contaminated surface with a liquid containing a detergent or a system of detergents. Water is mainly used as a liquid in everyday life. A good cleaning system should perform a dual function: remove dirt from the surface being cleaned and transfer it into an aqueous solution. This means that the detergent must also have a dual function: the ability to interact with the pollutant and the ability to transfer it into water or an aqueous solution. Therefore, a detergent molecule must have hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts. "Phobos" in Greek means fear. Fear. So hydrophobic means “afraid of, avoiding water.” “Phileo” in Greek means “love”, hydrophilic means loving, holding water. The hydrophobic part of the detergent molecule has the ability to interact with the surface of the hydrophobic contaminant. The hydrophilic portion of the detergent interacts with the water, penetrates the water, and carries with it the contaminant particle attached to the hydrophobic end.

Thus, detergents must have the ability to be adsorbed on the boundary surface, that is, they must have surfactants.

Salts of heavy carboxylic acids, for example CH3(CH2)14COONa, are typical surfactants. They contain a hydrophilic part (in this case, a carboxyl group) and a hydrophobic part (hydrocarbon radical).

Practical work

"Secrets of Soap Making"

Purpose: to study the process of saponification of higher fatty acids.

Having studied the theory, we will try to make soap in practice by cooking it in an artisanal way.

To make our soap safe for health, we will use natural raw materials.

We use the following equipment and raw materials:

· round flat-bottomed flask with a capacity of 1000 cm3,

· glass rod,

· tripod with accessories,

· alcohol lamp,

· porcelain glasses with a capacity of 500 cm3 and 200 cm3,

· porcelain spoon,

· tweezers,

· technical scales,

· glass glass with a capacity of 100 cm3,

· beef fat 70g,

pork lard 30g,

· ethyl alcohol 20 ml,

· Na2CO3 solution,

NaCl solution 20% 200 ml,

· 2 drops eucalyptus oil, aromatic substance dissolved in alcohol, scraps of fabric measuring 5X5 cm,

· mold for pressing soap.

Work progress: And so let's start with getting high quality sound soap.

· Weigh 70 g of beef and 30 g of pork fat on a technical scale and place it in a 1000 cm3 flask mounted on a tripod.

· Prepare a solution of soda ash Na2CO3 (25 g Na2CO3+ 30 ml H2O).

· Pour 20 ml into the flask ethyl alcohol. It will help dissolve and contact non-polar fat in polar alkali.

· Carefully pour in the prepared Na2CO3 alkali solution while heating and stirring.

· The saponification reaction of fat occurs only when heated. A sign of a reaction is the appearance of soap.

· Pour a 20% NaCl solution into the resulting mixture and heat the mixture again until the soap is completely separated.

· Unlike hot water, in solution table salt the soap hardly dissolves. Therefore, when salted out, it separates from the solution and floats up.

· Let the mixture cool a little, collect the released layer of soap with a spoon onto a piece of cloth, wrap it (you need to work with rubber gloves!) and rinse in cold water.

· After squeezing it lightly, transfer it to another piece of fabric.

· Let's check the pH of the soap (the normal pH level is 6-7). Ours was higher, so we salted the soap again and washed it with water.

Our second experience will be to obtain toilet soap.

To obtain toilet soap, kernel soap is crushed and kneaded. Then add 2 drops of eucalyptus oil to the soap ( essential oil, liquid, yellow, antiseptic and anti-inflammatory agent).

Studying the properties of soap

To study the properties of soap, it is necessary to conduct a series of experiments confirming its cleaning properties. To do this you should:

1. Pour 5 ml of distilled water into one test tube, the same amount of tap water into another, place a piece of soap in each.

2. Close the stoppers and shake both test tubes simultaneously for several seconds.

3. Place the test tubes in a rack and use a stopwatch to determine how long the foam remains in each test tube. In a test tube with distilled water, the foam lasts for 30 seconds, and with tap water for 10 seconds.

4. Note the type of contents of each test tube. The solution became cloudy from soap in two test tubes.

5. Using universal indicator paper, determine the acidity of the soap solution. Soap solution has a slightly alkaline environment.

6. The presence of glycerol in the reaction mixture can be detected using a qualitative reaction to polyhydric alcohols, i.e., by adding freshly prepared copper hydroxide. When copper hydroxide was added to the test tubes, the solution turned bright blue.

Conclusions:

· soap made at home smells pleasant, foams and lathers well, has antibacterial properties and is environmentally friendly;

· soap has a slightly alkaline reaction;

· gives a characteristic reaction to glycerol content.

Literature:

1. Aleksinsky experiments in chemistry - M., 1995.

2. Bogdanova. Laboratory work. 8 – 11 grades: Textbook. manual for educational institutions. - M.: Astrel": AST", 2001. - 112 p.: ill.

3. Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in 30 volumes). Ch. ed. . Ed. 3rd M., " Soviet Encyclopedia" 1972.T.17 Morshansk - Myatlik. 1974.616p.

4. Grosse, Weissmantel H. Chemistry for the curious - M., 1993.

5. Zinoviev Zhirov – M., 1990

6. Selemeneva in everyday life - http:// festival. 1 *****

7. Tobbin for soap production - M 1991

8. – Chemistry at leisure – M., 1996

9. Shabanova student activities – http:// festival. 1 *****

10. Shcherbakova projects: organization of activities in chemistry – http:// festival. 1 *****

11. I explore the world: Children's encyclopedia: Chemistry / Author. – comp. ; Artist , . – M.: “AST Publishing House”; 1999. – 448 p.

Review of the special course « Methods for solving calculation problems in chemistry for students in grades 10-11» chemistry teachers Kulikova N, S.

Municipal educational institution "Umyganskaya secondary school",With. Umygan, Tulunsky district

This work is part of the program for the study of organic chemistry on the topic “Fats”, elective course"Chemistry in everyday life."

Valentina decided to study this topic on her own, as she was interested in whether soap could be made at home and whether it would turn out the same as what is sold in stores.

In this project, the teacher already acts as a consultant. Knowing this, it can be noted that this work is a continuation of the continuous process of formation of cognitive interests, research skills, development of the ability to observe and analyze what is happening during the experiments of the phenomenon, development of the ability practical activities and recording the results of observation, and then drawing the necessary conclusions based on the results.

The work presents basic information about the origin of soap, the history of soap making, composition, properties, classification of soap, raw materials for its production and areas of application.

Studying the theoretical part makes it possible to learn how to make soap at home so that it is an environmentally friendly product. All these aspects are reflected in this research project.

And the choice of this topic contributes to the development of practical skills and the development of creativity.

The main principle of completing the work is the student’s personal interest in acquiring chemical knowledge. Valentina developed such an interest due to the originality of the project idea and the fascinating nature of the results obtained.

All sections of the project are interconnected and have continuity at each stage.

The work implements the principle of developmental learning, aimed at obtaining new knowledge through research activities, develops practical research skills.

But the most important result of this project is that it promotes curiosity, inquiry, and a sustained interest in chemistry.

Project Manager.

There's so much soap out there today! Multi-colored, bright, beautiful. There is a transparent one, in which patterns or fruits, different images are temptingly visible. Very popular types for children, which are made in the shape of loved ones cartoon characters, and other characters. In general, soap manufacturers are trying their best. But what is this product like from the inside? What is its chemical composition, when did it appear and how is it obtained? Let's try to figure it out.

Chemical base of soap

From a scientific point of view, this product is the result of alkaline hydrolysis of oils or fats. For the first time, Michel Chevrel, a French chemist, guessed that soaps and fats had something in common. He devoted almost his entire life to the study of higher carboxylic acids. Therefore, he is credited with the theoretical explanation of the composition of fats, and therefore soap.

Chevreul said that if the higher trihydric alcohol glycerol, containing three hydroxo groups, reacts with an acid, the general formula of which is R-COOH, then triglycerides - acid esters - will be formed as a result. They will be fats. If the reaction is carried out in an alkaline medium, the resulting product will react with NaOH (KOH) to form soap.

Later, these theoretical conclusions were supported by Berthelot's experiments in laboratory conditions. Typically, different soaps include the following components:

• water;
• naphthenic acids;
• stearic;
• palmitic;
• rosin;
• or potassium.

Therefore, the chemical formula of soap is conventionally written as follows: R-COOMe, where R is a radical containing from 8 to 20 or more carbon atoms. Me is a metal, alkaline or alkaline earth.

If we talk about a regular household product used for washing clothes, the soap formula will look something like this: C 17 H 35 -COONa. It includes:

• stearic acid;
• sodium hydroxide;
• rosin;
• water;
• sometimes coconut oil is used.

IN different countries The production of this type of product occurs in different ways, so most often the result differs in composition, color, and wash quality. Thus, the soap formula itself becomes clear. Chemistry gives the following definition to this product: these are salts of higher carboxylic acids, including alkali or alkaline earth metals.

It should be noted that the products vary greatly in their state of aggregation, transparency, smell and other organoleptic parameters. It all depends on chemical composition and production method.

Liquid soap formula

Liquid products have been a very popular detergent option lately. It is convenient, it seems to be more gentle on the skin of your hands and is aesthetically pleasing for the bathroom shelf. Therefore, liquid soap is one of the most common types of these salts. How do they differ from solids and why is there such a difference in states of aggregation?

It turns out that it all depends on the metal cation that forms the compound, as well as the production technology. The formula of the soap, which is liquid, looks like this: R-COOK. That is, the composition necessarily includes potassium ions. Accordingly, potassium hydroxide takes part in production.

Main characteristics of such products:

• viscosity;
• hygroscopicity;
• ductility;
• transparency;
• better solubility.

Solid soap

To get the product in a more traditional state of aggregation, you need to use soda lime, or caustic soda, in the manufacture. It should be noted that if the composition contains Na ions, then the product turns out to be solid and nothing else. Lithium ions most often also form similar soaps.

Thus, the soap formula takes on a slightly different form: R-COONa, R-COOLi. From a chemical point of view quantitative composition and the structure of the substances does not change - soap corresponds to its nature, being salts of carboxylic acids. Physical characteristics, organoleptic properties, external design - all this is subject to change by the person himself, which is what people actively do.

Classification

Two bases can be identified for dividing the described substances into categories. The first sign of classification is the chemical basis during manufacture. According to this criterion, the following are distinguished:

• sound soap - fatty acids of at least 60% in the composition;
• semi-core - about 30%;
• adhesive - not higher than 47%.

The chosen base can give the soap a completely various options external design. You can make it marbled, transparent, with decorations and components built inside, colored and matte, and so on. The soap formula will also be expressed by the general composition of R-COOMe, but the product itself often also includes rosin and naphthenic acids, as well as sorbitol, fragrances, dyes, preservatives, foaming agents and other compounds.

The second classification feature is household use. So, there are three types of product.

1. Toilet - used for cosmetic purposes for washing, washing the body. It should have good foaming ability, be soft and not cause irritation or dryness. To achieve this, fatty acids should not be reduced beyond 72% in the composition.
2. Special - used in the leather, textile industries, medicine and so on. Contains special technical additives.
3. Household - intended for washing household items, washing clothes, cleaning and other household needs.

The formula of this type of soap is no different from the previous one; it can also be transparent, matte, colored, and so on. The ratio of components varies depending on the purpose.

Industrial production

Soap production on a large scale is carried out in special soap factories. There, according to pre-planned and outlined technologies and designs, production is organized huge amount copies of the product, both solid and liquid. The main technological chains are as follows:

• between soda ash and fat hydrolysis products (carboxylic acids);
• interaction with or caustic soda;
• alkaline hydrolysis of triglycerides.

In any case, you can get different soaps based on their physical and chemical properties.

History of soap making

It is known that people knew about making soap more than 6 thousand years ago, that is, even before our era. IN Ancient Egypt boiled the ash with the addition of fat and obtained the desired product. Future generations continued to act this way for several centuries in a row.

In Europe, soap production was weakly intensive, since no one cared about the cleanliness of their bodies; it was considered shameful. And only from the 18th century did soap making reach its peak. New simplified production technologies have been invented, aromatic oils and softening additives are included in soap, it becomes more diverse and pleasant to use.

DIY making

How to make soap with your own hands? Is this possible? The answer is clear: yes, it is possible. Today, many people have made this their home business and are earning very good money from it.

If you have creative fantasy, creativity and unconventional thinking, dexterous hands, desire and space for work, then making soap will not be difficult at all.

Soap making technology at home

There are three main ways to prepare the product without leaving home.

1. Purchase a special ready-made base for production. This is a convenient, inexpensive and quick option for making soap with your own hands. This basis It will only require your imagination and the addition of the necessary flavors and dyes. It is plastic and easy to handle, it can be given any shape. It is also possible to obtain a transparent product if desired.
2. Buy ready-made soap without fragrances, dyes and aromatic additives. For example, children's. Then chop, melt in a water bath, and continue to act as in the first case.
3. Cooking from scratch. The most dangerous and labor-intensive process from a safety point of view. Can be carried out using any of the described industrial methods. However, it should be remembered that you should work with alkalis with extreme caution. And not at home, but in a special room.

Washing your hands every day is generally accepted rule personal hygiene. What soap to use is a matter of personal taste. But when trying to save money on a purchase, you may not always use quality product. So what should you choose: solid soap, which is often cheaper, or liquid soap?

In fact, it makes absolutely no difference to your skin whether you use solid or liquid soap. Both can be of high quality or not. The most important thing is the composition. All soap contains surfactants (surfactants), which can adversely affect the skin. Before purchasing, carefully study the composition of the product.

Pay attention to organic cosmetics, which contain many plant ingredients.

They do not dry out the skin, but may in some cases cause an allergic reaction.

Classic bar of soap produced by the process of saponification of oils and fats plus alkali (sodium hydroxide). As a result, substances are formed that wash away dirt. To make soap, a mixture of various fats (coconut oil, palm oil, glycerin) is usually used.

Liquid soap resembles shower gel or shampoo. Its composition includes detergents and water. There are various liquid hand washes made from mild soap (oil or fat saponification + potassium).

Solid soap

His pros: affordable price, no smell, soaping with the required amount and quickly rinsing with water. But there is also cons: This soap dries quickly, just as it becomes limp quickly.

Moreover, hard soap leaves behind a residue and dries out the skin.

Liquid soap

Convenient because of the dispenser and easy to store. In addition, due to the convenient packaging, it is more hygienic - there is no direct contact with hands. This kind of soapfoams quickly and leaves no residue, smells delicious. While there are many advantages, there are also some flaws: high price compared to bar soap.

Liquid soap takes longer to rinse off.

Having assessed all the pros and cons of liquid and solid soap, you can choose exactly the one that suits you. And it’s even better if you have a liquid one for everyday use,antibacterial and cream soap. You can use them depending on your needs.