My story today is about which fuel minerals are concentrated in the western (European) part of Russia, and which ones are concentrated in the eastern (Asian) part. I will also try to highlight the question of what problems currently exist due to the fact that their production is mainly carried out in the east, and the west is predominantly a consumer.

What types of fuel are concentrated in the Asian and European parts of Russia

So, the European part of our vast country is rich in the following types of fuel minerals:

• oil (West Tebukskoye, Mukhanovskoye, Layavolzhskoye and other fields; in addition, I cannot help but mention the fields of my native Bashkortostan);
• brown and hard coal (the territory of the Donetsk basin belonging to Russia, as well as the South Yakut, Podmoskovny and other basins);
• oil shale (Baltic basin, St. Petersburg deposit).

The Asian part of Russia is in no way inferior:

• again oil (Far East);
• natural gas (Western Siberia);
• peat (and again Western Siberia with its largest Vasyugan deposit).

As you can see, the composition of European and Asian minerals in Russia is approximately similar (the reason for this is the huge territorial extent of the country); the differences (regarding, for example, peat deposits, mainly concentrated in the east) are due to the presence of giant wetlands in those areas.

Problems of concentration of resources in the east and consumers in the west

The main problem is, of course, transportation (it takes a long time to transport tanks by rail, but building a modern gas pipeline is expensive, and maintenance requires funds and a staff of trained specialists).

An important role is played by the fact that many eastern deposits are located in extremely inaccessible places. Finally, it should be noted that the development of minerals mainly in the east leads to a geological imbalance: Asian Russia is already beginning to feel “hunger”, while Western Russia is enjoying all the benefits of civilization (of course, adjusted for Russian realities).

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With the development of humanity and under the influence of new technologies, new problems arise that people had not even thought about before.

They accumulate and over time begin to destroy modern society spiritually and physically. Every person has heard about the world problems of modern society, such as the depletion of mineral resources, the greenhouse effect, overpopulation and the deterioration of the ecological state of our planet. In addition to global difficulties, any citizen can be affected, or is already affected, by social, moral, economic and political problems. One of them includes various types of addictions. Deteriorating living standards, job loss and lack of money lead to stress and depression for many. People want to forget and try to relieve nervous tension with alcohol or drugs. However, this is not only about bad habits, alcohol abuse or drug use. Modern society, like a virus, has been struck by dependence on loans, computers and the Internet, as well as drugs imposed by advertising. At the same time, it is better to get rid of some modern problems or not have them at all, while others can only be adapted to. After all, some of them are ordinary difficulties that can be overcome and gain invaluable life experience.

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The most common problems in society

Social inequality. There have always been rich and poor citizens. However, now there is a huge gap between these segments of the population: some people have bank accounts with fabulous sums, others do not even have enough money to buy meat. According to income level, society can be divided into three groups:

• Rich people (presidents, kings, politicians, cultural and artistic figures, big businessmen)
• Middle class (employees, doctors, teachers, lawyers)
• Poor people (unskilled workers, beggars, unemployed)

Market instability in the modern world has led to a significant portion of citizens living below the poverty line. As a result, society becomes criminalized: robbery, robbery, fraud. However, in the absence of strong social inequality, the number of crimes is much lower.

Credit bondage. Intrusive advertising slogans calling for take now and pay later are firmly entrenched in people's minds. Some people sign a loan agreement without looking, so they don’t know the dangers of quick loans. Financial illiteracy does not allow one to assess one’s own solvency. Such citizens have several loans that they cannot repay on time. Penalties are added to the interest rate, which can become even greater than the debt.

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Alcoholism and drug addiction. These diseases are a dangerous social problem. The main reasons why people drink: general instability, unemployment and poverty. Drugs are usually used out of curiosity or for company with friends. Taking these substances leads to moral degradation of the individual, destroys the body and causes fatal diseases. Alcoholics and drug addicts often give birth to sick children. Antisocial behavior becomes the norm for such citizens. Under the influence of alcohol and drugs, they commit various crimes, which negatively affects the life of society.

A departure from traditional family values. The family provides each person with the necessary psychological support. However, in modern society there is a departure from the traditional family, which is associated with the promotion of homosexual relationships, so popular in Western countries. And the legalization of same-sex marriage in some states is destroying historically established gender roles. After all, back in the Stone Age, a man was the main breadwinner, and a woman was the keeper of the hearth.

Forced illnesses and medications. Drug manufacturers need unhealthy people, because the more sick people, the better the product sells. In order for the pharmaceutical business to generate stable income, illnesses are imposed on citizens and a stir is created. For example, the recent mass hysteria around bird and swine flu was accompanied by daily media reports about new victims of the disease. The world began to panic. People began to buy all kinds of medicines, vitamins, and gauze bandages, which increased in price five to six times. This is how the pharmaceutical industry constantly makes huge profits. At the same time, some medications do not cure, but only eliminate symptoms, while others are addictive and only help if taken regularly. If a person stops taking them, the symptoms return. Therefore, citizens are unlikely to ever be offered truly effective medicines.

Virtual world. Most children have free access to a computer from an early age. They spend a lot of time in the virtual world and move away from reality: they don’t want to go out, communicate with peers, and have difficulty doing homework. Even during the holidays, schoolchildren are rarely seen on the streets. Sitting at computers, children can no longer do without a world of illusions in which they feel safe and comfortable. Computer addiction is an emerging problem in the modern world.

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Terrorist attacks. Terrorist attacks in different parts of the world are a serious public problem. Hostage-taking, shootings, explosions in subways and airports, and bombings of planes and trains claim millions of lives. Terrorism can be global, such as ISIS and Al-Qaeda. These groups want to acquire weapons of mass destruction, so they use global means to achieve their goal. Operating all over the world, they organize terrorist attacks in different countries with numerous victims. Terrorists can also be individuals who are dissatisfied with the policies of their state, for example, the Norwegian nationalist Breivik. Both types are heinous crimes that result in the death of innocent people. It is impossible to predict a terrorist attack, and absolutely anyone can become its random victim.

Military conflicts and interference in the affairs of other states. In Ukraine, Western countries staged a coup d'état, which they paid for in advance and provided information and political support. After which the United States and the EU ordered to go to war against the residents of Donbass who did not want to submit to the Ukrainian authorities. At the same time, Western countries, which love to shout about human rights, remained silent in this situation. And the United States financially helped Kyiv and supplied military equipment. When Russia provided assistance to Donbass with weapons and food, it was instantly criticized by the West and accused of interfering in the affairs of Ukraine. At the same time, there was an opportunity to agree on a truce, but Kyiv, at the suggestion of the United States and the EU, chose war. Residents of Donbass became victims of political games. Thousands of people lived prosperously and suddenly lost everything, left without a roof over their heads. This is not an isolated case; the United States has repeatedly intervened in the affairs of the Middle East and other countries.

1. Which of the achievements of mankind in the 20th century do you consider the most significant? Justify your answer.

Answer: I consider the invention of the Internet to be the most significant achievement of the 20th century, since it allows humanity as a whole to develop no longer in the technogenic world, but in the digital information world. In my opinion, this is a person’s step into the future.

2. Explain why the progress of human society is accompanied by an increase and aggravation of global problems of its development?

Answer: A prerequisite for the existence of human progress at the moment is monetary relations, which at this stage of the development of human society have a huge need for energy resources. That is, whoever has these resources sets the tone in the general “disco”. The aggravation of global problems is the result of the struggle for this influence.

3. What problems of our time are called global? Why do you think?

Answer: Among the global problems of our time, the following can be distinguished: terrorism, uneducated 1/3 of the world's population, the growing danger of environmental disaster, humanitarian crises in Africa, the energy problem.

In my opinion, all these problems exist due to incorrect prioritization and, as a result, ineffective allocation of resources.

4. Why is the threat of the spread and use of nuclear weapons so dangerous in our time? What measures, in your opinion, can this threat be mitigated or eliminated?

Answer: because nuclear weapons are weapons of mass destruction, which have the ability to wipe out millions of people and entire cities from the earth in an instant, not to mention the environmental consequences that can put an end to the existence of humans as a species.

Ban and forget in an international format, under the threat of strict sanctions measures.

5. Which of the global problems of our time do you consider the most difficult and dangerous for life on Earth? Give reasons to support your conclusion.

Answer: I consider environmental problems to be the most dangerous problem of humanity. Man is part of the Earth's Biosphere; a detrimental influence on the Earth's Biosphere will certainly affect human life, and this influence can be fatal.

6. Do you think the problem of using scientific achievements only for peaceful purposes has been solved in our time? What does her decision depend on?

Answer: In our time, the problem of using scientific achievements has not been solved. Its solution largely depends on the international relations of the Superpowers and their domestic and foreign policies.

7. How do you understand the term “sustainable and safe development”?

Answer: This is development that combines the steady improvement of economic and social conditions of life with the long-term preservation of the natural foundations of this life.

8. How can increased international cooperation affect the improvement or deterioration of the world situation?

Answer: the intensification of international relations in any case affects the situation in the world, the question is what this activation will be aimed at, if it is to solve global issues and problems, then positively, and if it is to try to seize certain resources, then negatively. I also think that inaction in international relations will have a negative impact.

9. What events in the history of the late 20th - early 21st centuries could you call the events of the century? Why?

Answer: If we miss the creation of the Internet, then I can name the collapse of the Soviet Union and the creation of the European Union, as well as the launch of the Andron Collider.

Because the first two events influenced the well-being of humanity as a whole, not to mention the change in spheres of influence in the world, and the launch of a project such as the Andron Collider will open up new development prospects for humanity, such as a quantum computer.

10. What do you think are the prospects for human civilization in the 21st century?

Answer: I think that everything depends on the person himself, I do not exclude the possibility of almost complete self-destruction of humanity by a number of possible problems, I also do not exclude the transition of humanity to a new stage of technogenic development, perhaps this will be the cybernization of man (the combination of man and computer).

1. Why did the shares of oil and gas in the structure of consumed fuel sharply increase (Fig. 23)?

Fuel is a combustible substance that produces thermal energy when burned. The main component of these substances is carbon.

By origin, fuel is divided into natural (oil, coal, natural gas, oil shale, peat, wood) and artificial (coke, motor fuel, generator gases, etc.); according to the state of aggregation - solid, liquid and gaseous.

The main characteristic of fuel is the heat of combustion. To compare different types of fuel and total accounting of its reserves, an accounting unit has been adopted - standard fuel. Its lower calorific value is 29.3 MJ/kg (7000 kcal/kg). For ease of dust transfer, thermal coefficients have been introduced.

Table 11 Maximum calorific value, MJ/kg or m3 Thermal coefficient Stone Brown coal Natural 32.7 and above Peat Oil shale

As can be seen from Table 11, oil and gas are the most efficient sources of energy, therefore, when large deposits of these types of fuel were discovered, they easily took leading positions in the fuel and energy balance.

2. What are the features of the location of the coal mining industry (Fig. 25)?

The leading factor in the location of the coal mining industry is the raw material factor, so its enterprises are located directly in the areas of coal basins. Coal production in the Russian Federation in 2003 amounted to 277 million tons, 71% of which was hard coal (Table 12). Most of the coal (68%) is mined by open pit mining.

3. Why is the Kansk-Achinsk coal basin developing in Siberia, and not the Tunguska (Fig. 25)?

The Tunguska basin is located in an underdeveloped, sparsely populated area at a considerable distance from the main consumers. Difficulties in transporting and mining coal from the Tunguska Basin leave this rich resource virtually untouched.

The Kansk-Achinsk basin is located in a densely populated and economically developed part of Eastern Siberia, where its main consumers are located. In addition, coal from this basin, thanks to open-pit mining, is the cheapest in Russia in terms of cost.

4. Name and show on the map the largest oil fields (Fig. 26).

The majority (90%) of all Russian oil is produced in three oil and gas provinces:

— West Siberian (70%) — Samoturskoye, Ust-Balykskoye, Nizhnevartovskoye, Surgutskoye, Shaimskoye, Megionskoye and other fields;

Volga-Ural - Romashkinskoye, Almetyevskoye, Buguruslanskoye (Tatarstan), Shkapovskoye, Tuymazinskoye, Ishimbayevskoye, Arslanskoye (Bashkiria), Mukhanovskoye (Samara region), Yarinskoye (Perm region) fields;

— Timan-Pechorskaya — Ukhtinskoye, Usinskoye, Tekubskoye, Yargenskoye, Pashinskoye, Vozeiskoye fields.

The oldest oil-producing region in Russia is the North Caucasus (fields in Chechnya, Dagestan, Stavropol and Krasnodar Territories). Here the highest quality of oil, but also the highest degree of field depletion (up to 80%). For comparison: the degree of depletion of the Volga-Ural oil and gas province is 50%, and the West Siberian province is 33%.

Currently, intensive work is underway to prepare for exploitation of offshore fields (on the islands of Kolguev and Sakhalin) and to search for new ones. Geological exploration work is 78% related to the search for new oil and gas fields. Several new promising fields have been discovered in the Lena-Vilyui depression, Kamchatka, Chukotka, Khabarovsk Territory and the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.

5. What are the features of the location of enterprises in the oil production and oil refining industries? Match the picture with the population density map. Draw conclusions (Fig. 26).

The oil industry is associated with the location of oil and gas bearing areas, i.e., with sources of raw materials.

The oil refining industry, thanks to convenient transportation through oil pipelines, gravitates more towards the consumer and therefore its geography coincides with densely populated regions.

Russia is one of the largest exporters of coal to the world market. Traditional buyers are European countries (Great Britain, Finland, Slovakia, Romania, etc.) and Asia (Japan, Turkey). And l CIS countries - Ukraine.

The largest coal basin in Russia in terms of production is Kuzbass. It accounts for more than 40% of all production. A variety of types of coal are mined here, including coking and anthracite.

Kuzbass coal is supplied to various regions of the country. Despite its remoteness from world markets, this basin is the largest exporter of Russian coal.

The Kansk-Achinsk basin produces the cheapest, but low-calorie coal, which, combined with the distance from world markets, makes its transportation ineffective, and it can spontaneously combust. Therefore, KATEK coal is used mainly locally to produce electricity at powerful state district power plants.

Due to its high price, Pechora coal is not competitive on the world market; it is used at the Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant.

The South Yakutsk basin, where anthracite high-calorie coals are mined by open-pit mining (the largest open-pit mine is Neryungrinsky), exports coal to Japan.

7. What problems do you think exist in our country due to the concentration of fuel resources in the east, and consumers in the west of Russia?

The remoteness of consumers from the places of extraction of fuel resources requires significant costs for the delivery of the latter - the development of railways, the construction of specialized pipelines. Transporting fuel over long distances significantly increases its cost for the consumer.

Another problem is organizing the extraction of these resources in areas with harsh climatic conditions and poor infrastructure. This requires taking special measures to attract the population: various benefits, higher salaries, etc.

8. Why do some types of fuel lose their leading positions to other types over time? To construct a more complete answer, use Figure 3 (Kondratiev cycles).

In the Kondratiev cycle table there is no special column - types of fuel. However, based on the key factor and the core of the technological cycle, you can reconstruct the picture of the change in fuel types.

In the first cycle, the use of fuel as an energy source is minimal. In the second, the main type of fuel is coal. In the third, any type of fuel can be used, in the fourth, oil. In the fifth cycle, with the development of high technologies and huge energy needs, nuclear energy is becoming increasingly important.

9. Compare, using textbook maps, the geography of three branches of the fuel industry: oil, gas, coal. Which of these industries is the most concentrated and which is the most dispersed? Identify the types of economic regions with different combinations of fuel resources: a) all three types are present; b) one type; c) none.

The geography of fuel (as, indeed, any other types) resources is determined by the peculiarities of the tectonic structure of the territory.

The coal industry is more dispersed than the oil or gas industry. The bulk of coal deposits are located at a considerable distance from world markets, and only high quality coal and low production costs (in some coal basins) allow Russian raw materials to withstand competition. Coal deposits have long been the basis for the formation of large industrial regions with developed energy, metallurgy and chemical industries.

Compared to the coal industry, the oil industry is the most concentrated. Oil fields are closer to the consumer. About 65% of oil is produced in Western Siberia, approximately 25% of production occurs in the Volga-Ural region. Transportation of oil is much cheaper than coal, so its processing is carried out in areas of consumption.

The geography of the gas industry basically coincides with the location of the oil industry. 90% of Russian gas is produced in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (Western Siberia).

To highlight the types of economic regions, continue to fill out the table

Table 13 Economic region Deposits Type of area oil Central V) Central Chernozem