Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (pre-Rev. Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky). Born on October 30 (November 11), 1821 in Moscow - died on January 28 (February 9), 1881 in St. Petersburg. Great Russian writer, thinker, philosopher and publicist.

Dostoevsky is a classic of Russian literature and one of the best novelists of world significance.

Dostoevsky's works occupy a worthy place in the treasury world literature, "The Brothers Karamazov" is among the 100 greatest novels of all times. Corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences since 1877.

On his father's side, Fyodor Mikhailovich came from the noble family of Dostoevsky, dating back to 1506. Biographer of the writer L.I. Saraskina notes that Dostoevsky did not know his such an ancient pedigree. The writer's widow began to study the genealogy of the Dostoevsky family only after his death.

The grandfather of the writer F. M. Dostoevsky, Andrei Grigorievich Dostoevsky (1756 - around 1819), served as a Uniate, and later as an Orthodox priest in the village of Voitovtsy near Nemirov (now Vinnitsa region of Ukraine). Father, Mikhail Andreevich (1787-1839), studied at the Moscow branch of the Imperial Medical-Surgical Academy, served as a doctor in the Borodino Infantry Regiment, as a resident in the Moscow Military Hospital, as a doctor in the Mariinsky Hospital of the Moscow Orphanage (in a hospital for the poor, known as Bozhedomki ). The writer's mother, Maria Fedorovna Nechaeva (1800-1837), was the daughter of the Moscow merchant of the III guild Fyodor Timofeevich Nechaev (1769-1832), who came from the city of Borovsk, Kaluga province.

In 1827, M. A. Dostoevsky, for excellent service and length of service, was promoted to the rank of collegiate assessor, which gave the right to hereditary nobility. Later, in 1829, for his zealous service he was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th degree, and in 1832 he was awarded the rank of court councilor and the Order of St. Anne, 2nd degree (“Anna on the neck”).

Despite the fact that in 1857 F. M. Dostoevsky was returned to the right of nobility, after the revolution of 1917 the writer’s class affiliation was determined by the concepts of bourgeois or commoner. In Lunacharsky’s article about Dostoevsky, the writer is presented in particular as a “half-crushed commoner” who sought “the moral extermination of the revolution.”

In 1831, Mikhail Andreevich acquired the small village of Darovoe in the Kashira district of the Tula province, and in 1833 the neighboring village of Cheremoshnya (Chermashnya), where in 1839, according to rumors, he was killed by his own serfs.

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky was born on October 30 (November 11), 1821 in Moscow, and was the second son of eight children in the family. Little sister Love died in 1829 shortly after birth, when the future writer was 7 years old.

F. M. Dostoevsky recalled that his “father and mother were poor and working people.” Despite his father’s poverty, Dostoevsky received an excellent upbringing and education, for which he was grateful to his parents all his life. His mother taught him to read from the book “One Hundred and Four Sacred Stories of the Old and New Testaments.” In the novel The Brothers Karamazov, Elder Zosima says that he learned to read from this book as a child. The biblical Book of Job made a great impression on the child at that time. Subsequently, the writer’s thoughts about the Book of Job were used when working on the novel “The Teenager.”

From childhood, and then especially in hard labor, where Dostoevsky could read New Testament edition of 1823, donated by the wives of the Decembrists, the Gospel became the main book in the writer’s life.

Since 1831, the family began to leave Moscow for the summer to their modest estate, where F. M. Dostoevsky met the peasants and got to know the Russian village. It was then, on the first trip, that the frightened boy Fyodor was calmed down by a graying plowman. Dostoevsky described his memory of this scene in the story “The Peasant Marey” in “The Diary of a Writer.”

According to the writer, childhood was the best time in his life. His father taught his older brothers Latin. After finishing home schooling, Fyodor Dostoevsky, together with his older brother Mikhail, studied French for a year at half board, teacher N. I. Drashusov of the Catherine and Alexander schools, whose son A. N. Drashusov gave mathematics lessons to the brothers, and another son (V. N. Drashusov) taught them literature.

From 1834 to 1837, Mikhail and Fyodor Dostoevsky studied at the prestigious Moscow boarding school of L. I. Chermak.

When Dostoevsky was 16 years old, his mother died of consumption, and his father sent his eldest sons, Fyodor and Mikhail (who later also became a writer), to K. F. Kostomarov's boarding school in St. Petersburg to prepare for entry into engineering school.

1837 became an important date for Dostoevsky. This is the year of his mother’s death, the year of the death of Pushkin, whose work he (like his brother) had been reading since childhood, the year of moving to St. Petersburg and entering the Main Engineering School.

Mikhail and Fyodor Dostoevsky wanted to study literature, but their father believed that the work of a writer could not ensure the future of his eldest sons, and insisted on their admission to an engineering school, service upon completion of which guaranteed material well-being. In “The Diary of a Writer,” Dostoevsky recalled how, on the way to St. Petersburg with his brother, “we dreamed only of poetry and poets,” “and I was constantly composing a novel from Venetian life in my mind.”

Mysterious death Mikhail Andreevich Dostoevsky in 1839 still causes debate among the writer’s biographers. There are two versions of his death. According to official version The writer's father died in the field from apoplexy. Another version is based on rumors: M. A. Dostoevsky was killed by his own serfs. Both versions are described in detail by Dostoevsky’s biographer L.I. Saraskina.

Researchers who support the murder version refer to the memoirs of the writer’s younger brother Andrei Mikhailovich.

The motive of parricide as public retribution emerges on the pages of the novel “The Brothers Karamazov”: “Who doesn’t want their father to die?..,” Ivan Karamazov contemptuously throws at the public who have come to the courtroom, where Mitya is about to be sentenced. “Everyone wants the death of their father... If it weren’t for parricide, they would all get angry and go away angry...” L. I. Saraskina writes that “biographers who fell in love with the legend of a corrupt drunken father would, it seems to me, be very disappointed and would also “ the evil ones dispersed”, since in recent years materials have been collected that speak about the natural causes of the death of Mikhail Dostoevsky Sr.

The death of his father made a grave and indelible impression on the young man. L. F. Dostoevskaya wrote: “Family legend says that Dostoevsky, at the first news of his father’s death, suffered his first seizure of epilepsy.” The French dictionary Larousse, citing the memoirs of the writer D. V. Grigorovich, reports that an epileptic attack occurred 2 months after the death of his father. However, according to D. V. Grigorovich’s own memoirs, it follows that he witnessed a seizure (not epileptic) not in 1839, but much later - after a “secondary rapprochement with Dostoevsky,” i.e. in 1844 or 1845.

On January 26 (February 7), 1881, Dostoevsky’s sister Vera Mikhailovna came to the Dostoevskys’ house to ask her brother to give up his share of the Ryazan estate, which he inherited from his aunt A.F. Kumanina, in favor of the sisters. According to the story of Lyubov Fedorovna Dostoevskaya, there was a stormy scene with explanations and tears, after which Dostoevsky’s throat began to bleed. Perhaps this unpleasant conversation became the impetus for the exacerbation of his illness (emphysema) - the writer died two days later.

After the news of Dostoevsky's death, the apartment was filled with crowds of people who came to say goodbye to the great writer. There were many young people among those who said goodbye. The artist I. N. Kramskoy painted a posthumous portrait of the writer in pencil and ink. I. N. Kramskoy was able to convey the feeling imprinted in the memory of A. G. Dostoevskaya: “The face of the deceased was calm, and it seemed that he had not died, but was sleeping and smiling in his sleep at some “great truth” that he had now recognized.” These words of the writer’s widow are reminiscent of lines from Dostoevsky’s speech about: “Pushkin died in the full development of his powers and undoubtedly took some great secret with him to the grave. And now we are solving this mystery without him.”

The number of deputations exceeded the stated number. The procession to the burial site stretched for a mile. The coffin was carried in their arms. A. I. Palm, the first biographer of the writer O. F. Miller, P. A. Gaideburov, K. N. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Vl. Soloviev, student D.I. Kozyrev, student Pavlovsky, P.V. Bykov.

F. M. Dostoevsky was buried at the Tikhvin cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra in St. Petersburg.

Despite the fame that Dostoevsky gained at the end of his life, truly enduring, worldwide fame came to him after his death. In particular, he admitted that Dostoevsky was the only psychologist from whom he could learn something (“Twilight of the Idols”).

Family and friends of Fyodor Dostoevsky:

The writer's grandfather Andrei Grigoryevich Dostoevsky (1756 - around 1819) served as a Greek Catholic, later an Orthodox priest in the village of Voytovtsy near Nemirov (now Vinnitsa region of Ukraine) (by ancestry - archpriest of the city of Bratslav, Podolsk province).

Father, Mikhail Andreevich (1787-1839), entered the Podolsk-Shargorod Seminary in Kamenets-Podolsk on December 11, 1802. By imperial decree of August 5, 1809, he was sent to the Imperial Medical-Surgical Academy among 120 people. From October 14, 1809 he studied at the Moscow branch of the Imperial Medical-Surgical Academy, on August 15, 1812 he was sent to the Moscow Golovinsky Hospital for the use of the sick and wounded, on August 5, 1813 he was transferred to the headquarters of the Borodino Infantry Regiment, on April 29, 1818 he was transferred as a resident to the Moscow Military Hospital, and a year later, on May 7, 1819, he was transferred to the salary of a senior doctor.

In 1828 he received the noble title of Nobleman Russian Empire, included in the 3rd part of the Genealogical Book of the Moscow Nobility with the right to use the ancient Polish coat of arms “Radwan”, which belonged to the Dostoevskys since 1577. He was a doctor at the Mariinsky Hospital of the Moscow Orphanage (that is, in a hospital for the poor, also known as Bozhedomki). In 1831 he acquired the small village of Darovoe in the Kashira district of the Tula province, and in 1833 he acquired the neighboring village of Cheremoshnya (Chermashnya).

Dostoevsky's mother, Maria Fedorovna (1800-1837), was the daughter of a wealthy Moscow merchant of the 3rd guild, Fyodor Timofeevich Nechaev (born about 1769) and Varvara Mikhailovna Kotelnitskaya (about 1779 - died between 1811 and 1815), 7 1st revision (1811) the Nechaev family lived in Moscow, on Syromyatnaya Sloboda, in the Basmannaya part, the parish of Peter and Paul, in their house; after the War of 1812 the family lost most of its fortune. At the age of 19 she married Mikhail Dostoevsky. She was, according to the recollections of her children, a kind mother and gave birth to four sons and four daughters in her marriage (son Fyodor was the second child). M. F. Dostoevskaya died of consumption. According to researchers of the great writer’s work, certain features of Maria Feodorovna are reflected in the images of Sofia Andreevna Dolgorukaya (“Teenager”) and Sofia Ivanovna Karamazova (“The Brothers Karamazov”).

Fyodor Mikhailovich was the second child in the Dostoevsky family, in which, besides him, seven children were born:

Mikhail (1820-1864)
Varvara (1822-1893), married to Karepin
Andrey (1825-1897)
Vera (1829-1896), married to Ivanov
Lyubov (1829-1829) - Vera's twin, died shortly after birth
Nicholas (1831- 1883)
Alexandra (1835-1889) married Golenovskaya.

Dostoevsky's elder brother Mikhail also became a writer, his work was marked by the influence of Fyodor Mikhailovich, and their work on the magazine "Time" was carried out to a large extent jointly. The older Dostoevsky brothers experienced a close family and spiritual connection. Mikhail's death was a huge and difficult loss for the writer. F. M. Dostoevsky wrote an obituary “A few words about Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky”, took upon himself the payment of debt obligations and caring for his brother’s family.

Younger brother Andrei became an architect. F. M. Dostoevsky saw in his family a worthy example of family life. The brothers lived in different cities and saw each other rarely, but they never broke off family relations. A. M. Dostoevsky left valuable memories about his brother, some of which were used by the writer’s first biographer O. F. Miller. Image loving father in these “Memoirs” contradicts the characterization of Mikhail Andreevich as a gloomy and cruel serf owner hated by the peasants, which was established among many biographers under the influence of O. F. Miller and L. F. Dostoevskaya. Andrei Mikhailovich publicly denied rumors that Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky suffered from epilepsy since childhood.

Of the sisters, the writer had the closest relationship with Varvara Mikhailovna (1822-1893), about whom he wrote to his brother Andrei: “I love her; she is a nice sister and a wonderful person...” (November 28, 1880).

Of his many nephews and nieces, Dostoevsky loved and singled out Maria Mikhailovna (1844-1888), whom, according to the memoirs of L. F. Dostoevskaya, “he loved like his own daughter, caressed her and entertained her when she was still little, and later was proud of her musical talent and her success with young people,” however, after the death of Mikhail Dostoevsky, this closeness came to naught.

The second wife, Anna Grigorievna Dostoevskaya, was born into the family of a petty St. Petersburg official. By her own admission, she loved Dostoevsky even before meeting him. Anna Grigorievna became the writer’s wife at the age of 20, shortly after the completion of the novel “The Player”. At that time (late 1866 - early 1867) Dostoevsky was experiencing serious financial difficulties, because in addition to paying debts to creditors, he supported his stepson from his first marriage, Pavel Alexandrovich Isaev, and helped the family of his older brother. In addition, Dostoevsky did not know how to handle money. Under such circumstances, Anna Grigorievna took control of the family’s financial affairs into her own hands, protecting the writer from pesky creditors. After the death of the writer, A.G. Dostoevskaya recalled: “...my husband was in a financial grip all his life.” Dostoevsky dedicated his last novel, The Brothers Karamazov, to his wife. After the death of the writer, Anna Grigorievna collected documents related to the life and work of Dostoevsky, was engaged in the publication of his works, and prepared her diaries and memoirs for publication.

From his second marriage to Anna Grigorievna, F. M. Dostoevsky had four children:

Daughter Sophia (1868 - 1868) was born in Geneva, where she died a few months later
Daughter Lyubov (1869 - 1926)
Son Fedor (1871-1922)
Son Alexey (1875-1878).

The writer's family was continued by his son Fyodor Fyodorovich Dostoevsky. In 1876, Dostoevsky wrote to his wife: “Fedya has mine, my simplicity. Perhaps this is the only thing I can boast about...” A.G. Dostoevskaya recalled the Gospel donated by the wives of the Decembrists: “Two hours before his death, when the children came to his call, Fyodor Mikhailovich ordered the Gospel to be given to his son Fedya.”

The descendants of Fyodor Mikhailovich continue to live in St. Petersburg.

Dostoevsky's views on the “Jewish question”:

Dostoevsky's views on the role of Jews in Russian life were reflected in the writer's journalism. For example, discussing the further fate of peasants freed from serfdom, he writes in the “Diary of a Writer” for 1873: “So it will be if things continue, if the people themselves do not come to their senses; and the intelligentsia will not help them. If they do not come to their senses, then the whole thing, in a very short time, will find itself in the hands of all kinds of Jews, and no community will save it. .. The liquids will drink the blood of the people and feed on the depravity and humiliation of the people, but since they will pay the budget, then, therefore, they will have to be supported"(Dostoevsky. Diary of a writer. - 1873.)

The Electronic Jewish Encyclopedia claims that anti-Semitism was an integral part of Dostoevsky’s worldview and was expressed both in novels and stories, as well as in the writer’s journalism. A clear confirmation of this, according to the compilers of the encyclopedia, are Dostoevsky’s articles on the “Jewish question” in “The Diary of a Writer.” However, Dostoevsky himself, in his article “The Jewish Question,” stated: “I never had this hatred in my heart”.

On February 26, 1878, in a letter to Nikolai Epifanovich Grishchenko, teacher of the Kozeletsky parish school in the Chernigov province, who complained to the writer, “that the Russian peasants are completely enslaved by the Jews, robbed by them, and the Russian press stands up for the Jews; Jews... for the Chernigov lips... more terrible than the Turks for the Bulgarians...", Dostoevsky replied: “You are complaining about the Jews in the Chernigov province, but here in literature we already have many publications, newspapers and magazines published with Jewish money by Jews (of whom more and more are working in literature), and only editors hired by Jews sign the newspaper or magazine Russian names - that’s all that’s Russian in them. I think that this is just the beginning, but that the Jews will take over a much larger range of actions in literature; But the Jew and his kahal are the same as a conspiracy against the Russians!”(Dostoevsky. Complete works in thirty volumes. Vol. 30. Book I. Page 8. - L., Nauka, 1988).

Dostoevsky's attitude towards " Jewish question“is analyzed by literary critic Leonid Grossman in the book “Confession of a Jew,” dedicated to the correspondence between the writer and Jewish journalist Arkady Kovner. The message sent by Kovner from Butyrka prison made an impression on Dostoevsky. He ends his response letter with the words: “Believe the complete sincerity with which I shake the hand you extended to me,” and in the chapter on the Jewish question in “The Diary of a Writer” he extensively quotes Kovner.

According to the critic Maya Turovskaya, the mutual interest of Dostoevsky and the Jews is caused by the embodiment in the Jews (and in Kovner, in particular) of the quest of Dostoevsky’s characters. According to Nikolai Nasedkin, a contradictory attitude towards Jews is generally characteristic of Dostoevsky: he very clearly distinguished between the concepts of “Jew” and “Jew”. In addition, Nasedkin notes that the word “Jew” and its derivatives were for Dostoevsky and his contemporaries a common tool word among others, was used widely and everywhere, and was natural for all Russian literature of the 19th century, unlike our time.

Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich
Birth name:	Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky
Nicknames:	D.; Friend of Kuzma Prutkov; Scoffer; -ii, M.; Chronicler; M-th; N. N.; Pruzhinin, Zuboskalov, Belopyatkin and Co. [collective]; Ed.; F.D.; N.N.
Date of birth:
Place of birth:	Moscow, Russian Empire
Date of death:
Place of death:	St. Petersburg, Russian Empire
	Russian Empire
Type of activity:	Grozaist, translator, philosopher
Years of creativity:
Direction:
Language of works:

Biography

Origin

Creativity flourishes

Family and environment

Poetics of Dostoevsky

Political Views

Bibliography

Works

Novels and stories

Writer's Diary

Poems

Domestic research

Foreign studies

English language

German

Monuments

Memorial plaques

In philately

Dostoevsky in culture

Films about Dostoevsky

Current events

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky(pre-ref. Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky; October 30, 1821, Moscow, Russian Empire - January 28, 1881, St. Petersburg, Russian Empire) - one of the most significant and famous Russian writers and thinkers in the world.

Biography

Origin

On their father's side, the Dostoevskys are one of the branches of the Rtishchev family, which originates from Aslan-Chelebi-Murza, baptized by the Moscow prince Dmitry Donskoy. The Rtishchevs were part of the inner circle of Prince Serpukhov and Borovsky Ivan Vasilyevich, who in 1456, having quarreled with Vasily the Dark, left for Pinsk, which was at that time part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. There Ivan Vasilyevich became Prince Pinsky. He granted Stepan Rtishchev the villages of Kalechino and Lepovitsa. In 1506, Ivan Vasilyevich’s son, Fyodor, granted Danila Rtishchev part of the village of Dostoev in Pinsk Povet. Hence the Dostoevskys. Since 1577, the writer's paternal ancestors received the right to use Radwan - the Polish noble coat of arms, the main element of which was the Golden Horde tamga (brand, seal). Dostoevsky's father drank a lot and was extremely cruel. “My grandfather Mikhail,” reports Lyubov Dostoevskaya, “always treated his serfs very strictly. The more he drank, the more violent he became, until they finally killed him."

Mother, Maria Fedorovna Nechaeva (1800-1837), daughter of the merchant of the III guild Fyodor Timofeevich Nechaev (1769-1832), who came from the old town of Borovsk, Kaluga province, was born into a Moscow mixed family, where there were merchants, shopkeepers, doctors, and university students , professors, artists, clergy. Her maternal grandfather, Mikhail Fedorovich Kotelnitsky (1721-1798), was born into the family of priest Fyodor Andreev, graduated from the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy and took his place after the death of his father, becoming a priest of the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in Kotelniki.

The writer's youth

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky was born on October 30 (November 11), 1821 in Moscow. He was the second of 7 children to survive.

When Dostoevsky was 16 years old, his mother died of consumption, and his father sent his eldest sons, Fyodor and Mikhail (who later also became a writer), to K. F. Kostomarov's boarding school in St. Petersburg.

1837 became an important date for Dostoevsky. This is the year of his mother’s death, the year of the death of Pushkin, whose work he (like his brother) had been reading since childhood, the year of moving to St. Petersburg and entering the Main Engineering School. In 1839, his father was killed, perhaps by his serfs. Dostoevsky participated in the work of Belinsky's circle. A year before his dismissal from military service, Dostoevsky first translated and published Balzac’s Eugene Grande (1843). A year later, his first work, “Poor People,” was published, and he immediately became famous: V. G. Belinsky highly appreciated this work. But the next book, “The Double,” met with misunderstanding.

Shortly after the publication of White Nights, the writer was arrested (1849) in connection with the Petrashevsky case. Although Dostoevsky denied the charges against him, the court recognized him as “one of the most important criminals.”

Hard labor and exile

The trial and harsh sentence to death (December 22, 1849) on the Semenovsky parade ground was framed as a mock execution. IN last moment The convicts were given a pardon and sentenced to hard labor. One of those sentenced to execution, Nikolai Grigoriev, went crazy. Dostoevsky conveyed the feelings that he might experience before his execution in the words of Prince Myshkin in one of the monologues in the novel “The Idiot.”

During a short stay in Tobolsk on the way to the place of hard labor (January 11-20, 1850), the writer met the wives of the exiled Decembrists: Zh. A. Muravyova, P. E. Annenkova and N. D. Fonvizina. The women gave him the Gospel, which the writer kept all his life.

Dostoevsky spent the next four years in hard labor in Omsk. The memoirs of one of the eyewitnesses of the writer’s hard labor life have been preserved. The impressions from his stay in prison were later reflected in the story “Notes from the House of the Dead.” In 1854, Dostoevsky was released and sent as a private to the seventh linear Siberian battalion. While serving in Semipalatinsk, he became friends with Chokan Valikhanov, a future famous Kazakh traveler and ethnographer. Here he began an affair with Maria Dmitrievna Isaeva, who was married to a gymnasium teacher, Alexander Isaev, a bitter drunkard. After some time, Isaev was transferred to the place of the assessor in Kuznetsk. On August 14, 1855, Fyodor Mikhailovich received a letter from Kuznetsk: M.D. Isaeva’s husband died after a long illness.

On February 18, 1855, Emperor Nicholas I died. Dostoevsky wrote a loyal poem dedicated to his widow, Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, and as a result became a non-commissioned officer. On October 20, 1856, Dostoevsky was promoted to ensign.

On February 6, 1857, Dostoevsky married Maria Isaeva in Russian Orthodox Church in Kuznetsk. Immediately after the wedding, they went to Semipalatinsk, but on the way Dostoevsky had an epileptic seizure, and they stopped for four days in Barnaul. On February 20, 1857, Dostoevsky and his wife returned to Semipalatinsk.

The period of imprisonment and military service was a turning point in Dostoevsky’s life: from a “seeker of truth in man” who had not yet decided in life, he turned into a deeply religious person, whose only ideal for the rest of his life was Christ.

In 1859, Dostoevsky published his stories “The Village of Stepanchikovo and Its Inhabitants” and “Uncle’s Dream” in Otechestvennye zapiski.

After the link

On June 30, 1859, Dostoevsky was given temporary ticket No. 2030, allowing him to travel to Tver, and on July 2, the writer left Semipalatinsk. In 1860, Dostoevsky returned to St. Petersburg with his wife and adopted son Pavel, but secret surveillance of him did not stop until the mid-1870s. From the beginning of 1861, Fyodor Mikhailovich helped his brother Mikhail publish his own magazine “Time”, after the closure of which in 1863 the brothers began publishing the magazine “Epoch”. On the pages of these magazines appeared such works by Dostoevsky as “The Humiliated and Insulted,” “Notes from the House of the Dead,” “Winter Notes on Summer Impressions,” and “Notes from the Underground.”

Dostoevsky took a trip abroad with the young emancipated person Apollinaria Suslova, in Baden-Baden he became interested in the ruinous game of roulette, felt a constant need for money, and at the same time (1864) lost his wife and brother. The unusual way of European life completed the destruction of the socialist illusions of youth, formed a critical perception of bourgeois values ​​and rejection of the West.

Six months after his brother’s death, publication of The Epoch ceased (February 1865). In a hopeless financial situation, Dostoevsky wrote the chapters of “Crime and Punishment,” sending them to M. N. Katkov directly to the magazine set of the conservative “Russian Messenger,” where they were published from issue to issue. At the same time, under the threat of losing the rights to his publications for 9 years in favor of the publisher F. T. Stellovsky, he undertook to write him a novel, for which he would not have had the physical strength. On the advice of friends, Dostoevsky hired a young stenographer, Anna Snitkina, who helped him cope with this task. In October 1866, the novel “The Gambler” was written in twenty-six days and completed on the 25th.

The novel “Crime and Punishment” was paid for very well by Katkov, but so that the creditors would not take this money, the writer went abroad with his new wife Anna Snitkina. The trip is reflected in the diary that Snitkina-Dostoevskaya began to keep in 1867. On the way to Germany, the couple stopped for several days in Vilna.

Creativity flourishes

Snitkina arranged the writer’s life, took upon herself all the economic issues of his activities, and in 1871 Dostoevsky gave up roulette forever.

From 1872 to 1878 the writer lived in the city of Staraya Russa, Novgorod province. These years of life were very fruitful: 1872 - “Demons”, 1873 - the beginning of the “Diary of a Writer” (a series of feuilletons, essays, polemical notes and passionate journalistic notes on the topic of the day), 1875 - “Teenager”, 1876 - “Meek”.

In October 1878, Dostoevsky returned to St. Petersburg, where he settled in an apartment in a house on Kuznechny Lane, 5/2, in which he lived until the day of his death on January 28 (February 9), 1881. Here in 1880 he finished writing his last novel, The Brothers Karamazov. Currently, the apartment houses the Literary and Memorial Museum of F. M. Dostoevsky.

In the last few years of his life, two events became especially significant for Dostoevsky. In 1878, Emperor Alexander II invited the writer to introduce him to his family, and in 1880, just a year before his death, Dostoevsky said famous speech at the opening of the monument to Pushkin in Moscow. During these same years, the writer became close to conservative journalists, publicists and thinkers, and corresponded with the prominent statesman K. P. Pobedonostsev.

Despite the fame that Dostoevsky gained at the end of his life, truly enduring, worldwide fame came to him after his death. In particular, Friedrich Nietzsche recognized that Dostoevsky was the only psychologist from whom he could learn something (Twilight of the Idols).

On January 26 (February 7), 1881, Dostoevsky’s sister Vera Mikhailovna came to the Dostoevskys’ house to ask her brother to give up his share of the Ryazan estate, which he inherited from his aunt A.F. Kumanina, in favor of the sisters. According to the story of Lyubov Fedorovna Dostoevskaya, there was a stormy scene with explanations and tears, after which Dostoevsky’s throat began to bleed. Perhaps this unpleasant conversation became the impetus for the exacerbation of his illness (emphysema) - the writer died two days later.

He was buried at the Tikhvin Cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra in St. Petersburg.

Family and environment

The writer's grandfather Andrei Grigoryevich Dostoevsky (1756 - around 1819) served as a Greek Catholic, later an Orthodox priest in the village of Voytovtsy near Nemirov (now Vinnitsa region of Ukraine) (by ancestry - archpriest of the city of Bratslav, Podolsk province).

Father, Mikhail Andreevich (1787-1839), from October 14, 1809 he studied at the Moscow branch of the Imperial Medical-Surgical Academy, on August 15, 1812 he was sent to the Moscow Golovinsky Hospital for the use of the sick and wounded, on August 5, 1813 he was transferred to the headquarters of the Borodino Infantry Regiment, On April 29, 1819, he was transferred as a resident to the Moscow Military Hospital, and on May 7, he was transferred to the salary of a senior physician. In 1828 he received the noble title of Nobleman of the Russian Empire and was included in the 3rd part of the Genealogical Book of the Moscow Nobility with the right to use the ancient Polish coat of arms “Radvan”, which belonged to the Dostoevskys since 1577. He was a doctor at the Mariinsky Hospital of the Moscow Orphanage (that is, in a hospital for the poor, also known as Bozhedomki). In 1831, he acquired the small village of Darovoe in the Kashira district of the Tula province, and in 1833 - the neighboring village of Cheremoshnya (Chermashnya), where in 1839 he was killed by his own serfs:

His addiction to alcohol apparently increased, and he was almost constantly in a state of disrepair. Spring came, promising little good... At that time, in the village of Chermashnya, in the fields under the edge of the forest, an artel of men, a dozen or a dozen people, was working; it means it was far from housing. Infuriated by some unsuccessful action of the peasants, or perhaps what only seemed so to him, the father flared up and began to shout at the peasants. One of them, more daring, responded to this cry with strong rudeness and after that, being afraid of this rudeness, shouted: “Guys, karachun him!..”. And with this exclamation, all the peasants, up to 15 people in number, rushed at their father and, of course, finished off him in an instant... - From memoriesA. M. Dostoevsky

Dostoevsky's mother, Maria Fedorovna (1800-1837), was the daughter of a wealthy Moscow merchant of the 3rd guild, Fyodor Timofeevich Nechaev (born about 1769) and Varvara Mikhailovna Kotelnitskaya (about 1779 - died between 1811 and 1815), 7 1st revision (1811) the Nechaev family lived in Moscow, on Syromyatnaya Sloboda, in the Basmannaya part, the parish of Peter and Paul, in their house; after the War of 1812 the family lost most of its fortune. At the age of 19 she married Mikhail Dostoevsky. She was, according to the recollections of her children, a kind mother and gave birth to four sons and four daughters in her marriage (son Fyodor was the second child). M. F. Dostoevskaya died of consumption. According to researchers of the great writer’s work, certain features of Maria Feodorovna are reflected in the images of Sofia Andreevna Dolgorukaya (“Teenager”) and Sofia Ivanovna Karamazova (“The Brothers Karamazov”)

Dostoevsky's elder brother Mikhail also became a writer, his work was marked by his brother's influence, and the work on the magazine "Time" was carried out largely jointly by the brothers. The younger brother Andrei became an architect; Dostoevsky saw in his family a worthy example of family life. A. M. Dostoevsky left valuable memories of his brother.

Of Dostoevsky's sisters, the writer had the closest relationship with Varvara Mikhailovna (1822-1893), about whom he wrote to his brother Andrei: “I love her; she is a nice sister and a wonderful person..."(November 28, 1880).

Of his many nephews and nieces, Dostoevsky loved and singled out Maria Mikhailovna (1844-1888), who, according to the memoirs of L. F. Dostoevskaya, “loved her like his own daughter, caressed her and entertained her when she was still little, later he was proud of her musical talent and her success with young people”, however, after the death of Mikhail Dostoevsky, this closeness came to naught.

The second wife, Anna Snitkina, from a wealthy family, became the writer’s wife at the age of 20. At this time (late 1866), Dostoevsky was experiencing serious financial difficulties and signed a contract with the publisher on enslaving terms. The novel “The Gambler” was written by Dostoevsky and dictated by Snitkina, who worked as a stenographer, in 26 days and delivered on time. Anna Dostoevskaya took all financial affairs of the family into her own hands.

The descendants of Fyodor Mikhailovich continue to live in St. Petersburg.

Poetics of Dostoevsky

As O. M. Nogovitsyn showed in his work, Dostoevsky is the most prominent representative of “ontological”, “reflective” poetics, which, unlike traditional, descriptive poetics, leaves the character in a sense free in his relationship with the text that describes him ( that is, for him the world), which is manifested in the fact that he is aware of his relationship with him and acts based on it. Hence all the paradoxicality, inconsistency and inconsistency of Dostoevsky’s characters. If in traditional poetics the character always remains in the power of the author, always captured by the events happening to him (captured by the text), that is, remains entirely descriptive, fully included in the text, fully understandable, subordinate to causes and effects, the movement of the narrative, then in ontological poetics we are for the first time We are faced with a character who is trying to resist the textual elements, his subordination to the text, trying to “rewrite” it. With this approach, writing is not a description of a character in diverse situations and his positions in the world, but empathy for his tragedy - his willful reluctance to accept the text (the world), which is inescapably redundant in relation to him, potentially endless. For the first time, M. M. Bakhtin drew attention to such a special attitude of Dostoevsky towards his characters.

Political Views

During Dostoevsky's life, cultural strata of society were opposed to at least two political movements - Slavophilism and Westernism, the essence of which is approximately this: adherents of the first argued that the future of Russia lies in nationality, Orthodoxy and autocracy, adherents of the second believed that Russians should follow the example of Europeans in everything. Both of them were thinking about historical destiny Russia. Dostoevsky had his own idea - “soilism”. He was and remained a Russian man, inextricably linked with the people, but at the same time he did not deny the achievements of Western culture and civilization. Over time, Dostoevsky's views developed: former member circle of Christian utopian socialists, he turned into a religious conservative, and during his third stay abroad he finally became a convinced monarchist.

Dostoevsky and the “Jewish question”

Dostoevsky's views on the role of Jews in Russian life were reflected in the writer's journalism. For example, discussing the further fate of peasants freed from serfdom, he writes in the “Diary of a Writer” for 1873:

The Electronic Jewish Encyclopedia claims that anti-Semitism was an integral part of Dostoevsky’s worldview and was expressed both in novels and stories, as well as in the writer’s journalism. A clear confirmation of this, according to the compilers of the encyclopedia, is Dostoevsky’s work “The Jewish Question”. However, Dostoevsky himself in “The Jewish Question” stated: “... this hatred never existed in my heart...”.

On February 26, 1878, in a letter to Nikolai Epifanovich Grishchenko, teacher of the Kozeletsky parish school in the Chernigov province, who complained to the writer “that Russian peasants are completely enslaved by the Jews, robbed by them, and the Russian press stands up for the Jews; Jews... for the Chernigov lips... more terrible than the Turks for the Bulgarians...", Dostoevsky answered:

Dostoevsky’s attitude to the “Jewish question” is analyzed by literary critic Leonid Grossman in the book “Confession of a Jew,” dedicated to the correspondence between the writer and Jewish journalist Arkady Kovner. The message sent by Kovner from Butyrka prison made an impression on Dostoevsky. He ends his response letter with the words: “Believe the complete sincerity with which I shake the hand you extended to me,” and in the chapter on the Jewish question in “The Diary of a Writer” he extensively quotes Kovner.

According to the critic Maya Turovskaya, the mutual interest of Dostoevsky and the Jews is caused by the embodiment in the Jews (and in Kovner, in particular) of the quest of Dostoevsky’s characters. According to Nikolai Nasedkin, a contradictory attitude towards Jews is generally characteristic of Dostoevsky: he very clearly distinguished between the concepts of “Jew” and “Jew”. In addition, Nasedkin notes that the word “Jew” and its derivatives were for Dostoevsky and his contemporaries a common tool word among others, was used widely and everywhere, and was natural for all Russian literature of the 19th century, unlike our time.

Assessments of Dostoevsky's creativity and personality

Dostoevsky's work had a great influence on Russian and world culture. The writer's literary heritage is assessed differently both at home and abroad.

In Russian criticism, the most positive assessment of Dostoevsky was given by religious philosophers.

And he loved, first of all, the living human soul in everything and everywhere, and he believed that we are all the race of God, he believed in infinite power human soul triumphing over all external violence and over all internal fall. Having accepted into his soul all the malice of life, all the hardship and darkness of life and overcoming all this with the infinite power of love, Dostoevsky proclaimed this victory in all his creations. Having experienced divine power in his soul, breaking through all human weakness, Dostoevsky came to the knowledge of God and the God-man. The reality of God and Christ was revealed to him in the inner power of love and forgiveness, and he preached this same all-forgiving power of grace as the basis for the external realization on earth of that kingdom of truth, which he longed for and to which he strove all his life. V. S. Solovyov. Three speeches in memory of Dostoevsky. 1881-1883

Dostoevsky's personality is ambiguously assessed by some liberal and democratic figures, in particular the leader of the liberal populists N.K. Mikhailovsky and Maxim Gorky.

At the same time, in the West, where Dostoevsky's novels have been popular since the beginning of the twentieth century, his work had a significant influence on such generally liberal-minded movements as existentialism, expressionism and surrealism. Many see him as the forerunner of existentialism literary critics. However, abroad Dostoevsky is usually assessed primarily as an outstanding writer and psychologist, while his ideology is ignored or almost completely rejected.

Bibliography

Works

Novels

• 1846 - Poor people
• 1861 - Humiliated and Insulted
• 1866 - Crime and Punishment
• 1866 - Player
• 1868-1869 - Idiot
• 1871-1872 - Demons
• 1875 - Teenager
• 1879-1880 - Brothers Karamazov

Novels and stories

Journalism and criticism, essays

• 1847 - St. Petersburg Chronicle
• 1861 - Stories by N.V. Uspensky
• 1862 - Winter notes about summer impressions
• 1880 - Verdict
• 1880 - Pushkin

Writer's Diary

• 1873 - Diary of a writer. 1873
• 1876 ​​- Diary of a writer. 1876
• 1877 - Diary of a writer. January-August 1877.
• 1877 - Diary of a writer. September-December 1877.
• 1880 - Diary of a writer. 1880
• 1881 - Diary of a writer. 1881

Poems

• 1854 - On European events in 1854
• 1855 - On the first of July 1855
• 1856 - For the coronation and conclusion of peace
• 1864 - Epigram on a Bavarian colonel
• 1864-1873 - The struggle of nihilism with honesty (officer and nihilist)
• 1873-1874 - Describe all the priests alone
• 1876-1877 - Collapse of Baimakov’s office
• 1876 ​​- Children are expensive
• 1879 - Don’t be a robber, Fedul

Standing apart is the collection of folklore material “My Convict Notebook,” also known as the “Siberian Notebook,” written by Dostoevsky during his penal servitude.

Basic literature about Dostoevsky

Domestic research

• Barsht K.A. Drawings in the manuscripts of F.M. Dostoevsky. St. Petersburg, 1996. 319 p.
• Bogdanov N., Rogovoy A. Genealogy of the Dostoevskys: in search of lost links. M., 2010.
• Belinsky V. G.

Introductory article // St. Petersburg collection, published by N. Nekrasov. St. Petersburg, 1846.

• Dobrolyubov N. A. Downtrodden people // Contemporary. 1861. No. 9. dep. II.
• Pisarev D. I. The struggle for existence // Business. 1868. No. 8.
• Leontyev K. N. About universal love: Regarding the speech of F. M. Dostoevsky at the Pushkin holiday // Warsaw Diary. 1880. July 29 (No. 162). pp. 3-4; August 7 (No. 169). pp. 3-4; August 12 (No. 173). pp. 3-4.
• Mikhailovsky N.K. Cruel talent // Otechestvennye zapiski. 1882. No. 9, 10.
• Solovyov V. S. Three speeches in memory of Dostoevsky: (1881-1883). M., 1884. 55 p.
• Rozanov V.V. The Legend of the Grand Inquisitor F. M. Dostoevsky: Experience of critical commentary // Russian Bulletin. 1891. T. 212, January. pp. 233-274; February. pp. 226-274; T. 213, March. pp. 215-253; April. pp. 251-274. Publishing department: St. Petersburg: Nikolaev, 1894. 244 p.
• Merezhkovsky D. S. L. Tolstoy and Dostoevsky: Christ and Antichrist in Russian literature. T. 1. Life and creativity. St. Petersburg: World of Art, 1901. 366 p. T. 2. Religion of L. Tolstoy and Dostoevsky. St. Petersburg: World of Art, 1902. LV, 530 p.
• Shestov L. Dostoevsky and Nietzsche. St. Petersburg, 1906.
• Ivanov Vyach. AND. Dostoevsky and the tragedy novel // Russian Thought. 1911. Book. 5. P. 46-61; Book 6. P. 1-17.
• Pereverzev V. F. Dostoevsky's works. M., 1912. (republished in the book: Gogol, Dostoevsky. Research. M., 1982)
• Tynyanov Yu. N. Dostoevsky and Gogol: (Towards the theory of parody). Pg.: OPOYAZ, 1921.
• Berdyaev N. A. Dostoevsky's worldview. Prague, 1923. 238 p.
• Volotskaya M.V. Chronicle of the Dostoevsky family 1506-1933. M., 1933.
• Engelhardt B. M. Ideological novel Dostoevsky // F. M. Dostoevsky: Articles and materials / Ed. A. S. Dolinina. L.; M.: Mysl, 1924. Sat. 2. pp. 71-109.
• Dostoevskaya A. G. Memories . M.: Fiction, 1981.
• Freud Z. Dostoevsky and parricide // Classical psychoanalysis and fiction/ Comp. and general editor V. M. Leibina. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2002. pp. 70-88.
• Mochulsky K.V. Dostoevsky: Life and Work. Paris: YMCA-Press, 1947. 564 pp.
• Lossky N. O. Dostoevsky and his Christian worldview. New York: Chekhov Publishing House, 1953. 406 pp.
• Dostoevsky in Russian criticism. A collection of articles. M., 1956. (introductory article and note by A. A. Belkin)
• Leskov N.S. About the muzhik, etc. - Collection. soch., t. 11, M., 1958. P. 146-156;
• Grossman L.P. Dostoevsky. M.: Young Guard, 1962. 543 p. (Life wonderful people. Biography Series; Vol. 24 (357)).
• Bakhtin M. M. Problems of Dostoevsky's creativity. L.: Priboy, 1929. 244 p. 2nd ed., revised. and additional: Problems of Dostoevsky’s poetics. M.: Soviet writer, 1963. 363 p.
• Dostoevsky in the memoirs of his contemporaries: In 2 vols. M., 1964. T. 1. T. 2.
• Friedlander G. M. Realism of Dostoevsky. M.; L.: Nauka, 1964. 404 p.
• Meyer G. A. Light in the Night: (About “Crime and Punishment”): The experience of slow reading. Frankfurt/Main: Posev, 1967. 515 p.
• F. M. Dostoevsky: Bibliography of the works of F. M. Dostoevsky and literature about him: 1917-1965. M.: Book, 1968. 407 p.
• Kirpotin V. Ya. Disappointment and downfall of Rodion Raskolnikov: (Book about Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment”). M.: Soviet writer, 1970. 448 p.
• Zakharov V. N. Problems of studying Dostoevsky: Tutorial. - Petrozavodsk. 1978.
• Zakharov V. N. Dostoevsky’s system of genres: Typology and poetics. - L., 1985.
• Toporov V.N. On the structure of Dostoevsky’s novel in connection with archaic schemes of mythological thinking (“Crime and Punishment”) // Toporov V.N. Myth. Ritual. Symbol. Image: Studies in the field of mythopoetic. M., 1995. S. 193-258.
• Dostoevsky: Materials and research / USSR Academy of Sciences. IRLI. L.: Science, 1974-2007. Vol. 1-18 (ongoing edition).
• Odinokov V. G. Typology of images in the artistic system of F. M. Dostoevsky. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1981. 144 p.
• Seleznev Yu. I. Dostoevsky. M.: Young Guard, 1981. 543 p., ill. (Life of remarkable people. Series of biographies; Issue 16 (621)).
• Volgin I. L. The Last Year of Dostoevsky: Historical Notes. M.: Soviet writer, 1986.
• Saraskina L. I."Demons": a novel-warning. M.: Soviet writer, 1990. 488 p.
• Allen L. Dostoevsky and God / Trans. from fr. E. Vorobyova. St. Petersburg: Branch of the magazine “Youth”; Dusseldorf: Blue Rider, 1993. 160 p.
• Guardini R. Man and faith / Transl. with him. Brussels: Life with God, 1994. 332 pp.
• Kasatkina T. A. Characterology of Dostoevsky: Typology of emotional and value orientations. M.: Heritage, 1996. 335 p.
• Laut R. Philosophy of Dostoevsky in a systematic presentation / Transl. with him. I. S. Andreeva; Ed. A. V. Gulygi. M.: Republic, 1996. 448 p.
• Belknap R.L. The structure of The Brothers Karamazov / Trans. from English St. Petersburg: Academic project, 1997.
• Dunaev M. M. Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (1821-1881) // Dunaev M. M. Orthodoxy and Russian literature: [At 6 hours]. M.: Christian literature, 1997. pp. 284-560.
• Nakamura K. Dostoevsky's sense of life and death / Author. lane from Japanese St. Petersburg: Dmitry Bulanin, 1997. 332 p.
• Meletinsky E. M. Notes on the work of Dostoevsky. M.: RSUH, 2001. 190 p.
• F. M. Dostoevsky’s novel “The Idiot”: Current state of study. M.: Heritage, 2001. 560 p.
• Kasatkina T. A. On the creative nature of the word: The ontology of the word in the works of F. M. Dostoevsky as the basis of “realism in the highest sense.” M.: IMLI RAS, 2004. 480 p.
• Tikhomirov B. N."Lazarus! Get Out": F. M. Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment" in modern reading: Book-commentary. St. Petersburg: Silver Age, 2005. 472 p.
• Yakovlev L. Dostoevsky: ghosts, phobias, chimeras (reader's notes). - Kharkov: Karavella, 2006. - 244 p. ISBN 966-586-142-5
• Vetlovskaya V. E. Novel by F. M. Dostoevsky “The Brothers Karamazov”. St. Petersburg: Pushkin House Publishing House, 2007. 640 p.
• F. M. Dostoevsky’s novel “The Brothers Karamazov”: current state studying. M.: Nauka, 2007. 835 p.
• Bogdanov N., Rogovoy A. Genealogy of the Dostoevskys. In search of lost links., M., 2008.
• John Maxwell Coetzee. “Autumn in St. Petersburg” (this is the name of this work in the Russian translation; in the original the novel was entitled “The Master from St. Petersburg”). M.: Eksmo, 2010.
• Openness to the abyss. Meetings with DostoevskyLiterary, philosophical and historiographical work by culturologist Grigory Pomerants.
• Shulyatikov V. M. F. M. Dostoevsky (On the occasion of the twentieth anniversary of his death) “Courier”, 1901, NoNo 22, 36.
• Shulyatikov V. M. Back to Dostoevsky "Courier", 1903, No. 287.

Foreign studies

English language

• Jones M.V. Dostoevsky. The novel of discord. L., 1976.
• Holquist M. Dostoievsky and the novel. Princeton (N. Jersey), 1977.
• Hingley R. Dostoyevsky. His life and work. L., 1978.
• Kabat G.C. Ideology and imagination. The image of society in Dostoevsky. N.Y., 1978.
• Jackson R.L. The art of Dostoevsky. Princeton (N. Jersey), 1981.
• Dostoevsky Studies. Journal of the International Dostoievsky Society. v. 1 -, Klagenfurt-kuoxville, 1980-.

German

• Zweig S. Drei Meister: Balzac, Dickens, Dostojewskij. Lpz., 1921.
• Natorp P.G: F. Dosktojewskis Bedeutung für die gegenwärtige Kulturkrisis. Jena, 1923.
• Kaus O. Dostojewski und sein Schicksal. B., 1923.
• Nötzel K. Das Leben Dostojewskis, Lpz., 1925
• Meier-Cräfe J. Dostojewski als Dichter. B., 1926.
• Schultze B. Der Dialog in F.M. Dostoevskijs "Idiot". Munich, 1974.

Memory

Monuments

There is a memorial plaque to the writer on the house and in Florence (Italy), where he completed the novel “The Idiot” in 1868.

“The Dostoevsky Zone” is the informal name for the area near Sennaya Square in St. Petersburg, which is closely connected with the work of F. M. Dostoevsky. He lived here: Kaznacheyskaya Street, houses No. 1 and No. 7 (a memorial plaque was installed), No. 9. Here, on the streets, alleys, avenues, on the square itself, on the Catherine Canal, the action of a number of the writer’s works takes place (“Idiot”, “Crime” and punishment" and others). In the houses of these streets Dostoevsky settled his literary characters- Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov, Sonya Marmeladova, Svidrigailov, General Epanchin, Rogozhin and others. On Grazhdanskaya Street (formerly Meshchanskaya) in house No. 19/5 (corner of Stolyarny Lane), according to the research of local historians, Rodion Raskolnikov “lived”. The building is listed in many guidebooks to St. Petersburg as the “Raskolnikov House” and is marked with a memorial sign to the literary hero. The “Dostoevsky Zone” was created in the 1980-1990s at the request of the public, which forced the city authorities to put in order the memorial places located here, which are associated with the name of the writer.

In philately

Dostoevsky in culture

• The name of F. M. Dostoevsky is associated with the concept that arose at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. dostoevshchina, which has two meanings: a) psychological analysis in the manner of Dostoevsky, b) “mental imbalance, acute and contradictory emotional experiences” inherent in the heroes of the writer’s works.
• One of the 16 personality types in socionics, an original psychological and social typology developing in the USSR and Russia since the 1980s, is named after Dostoevsky. The name of the classic of literature was given to the sociotype “ethical-intuitive introvert” (abbreviated as EII; another name is “Humanist”). Socionicist E. S. Filatova proposed a generalized graphic portrait of EII, in which, among others, the features of Fyodor Dostoevsky can be discerned.

Films about Dostoevsky

• House of the Dead (1932) As Dostoevsky Nikolai Khmelev
• "Dostoevsky". Documentary. TsSDF (RTSSDF). 27 minutes. - documentary Samuil Bubrik and Ilya Kopalin (Russia, 1956) about the life and work of Dostoevsky on the 75th anniversary of his death.
• The Writer and His City: Dostoevsky and St. Petersburg - film by Heinrich Böll (Germany, 1969)
• Twenty-six days in the life of Dostoevsky - feature film by Alexander Zarkhi (USSR, 1980). IN leading role Anatoly Solonitsyn
• Dostoevsky and Peter Ustinov - from the documentary "Russia" (Canada, 1986)
• Return of the Prophet - documentary film by V. E. Ryzhko (Russia, 1994)
• The Life and Death of Dostoevsky - documentary film (12 episodes) by Alexander Klyushkin (Russia, 2004).
• Demons of St. Petersburg - feature film by Giuliano Montaldo (Italy, 2008). Played by Miki Manojlovic.
• Three Women of Dostoevsky - film by Evgeny Tashkov (Russia, 2010). As Andrey Tashkov
• Dostoevsky - series by Vladimir Khotinenko (Russia, 2011). Starring Evgeny Mironov.

The image of Dostoevsky was also used in the biographical films “Sofya Kovalevskaya” (Alexander Filippenko), “Chokan Valikhanov” (Yuri Orlov), 1985, and the TV series “Gentlemen of the Jury” (Oleg Vlasov), 2005.

Other

• In Omsk, a street, a library, the Omsk State Literary Museum, the Omsk state university, 2 monuments were installed, etc.
• In Tomsk a street is named after Dostoevsky.
• Street and metro station in St. Petersburg.
• Street, alley and metro station in Moscow.
• IN Staraya Russa Novgorod region - Dostoevsky embankment on the Porusya river
• Novgorod academic theater drama named after F. M. Dostoevsky (Veliky Novgorod).
• The Aeroflot Boeing 767 VP-BAX is named after Fyodor Dostoevsky.
• An impact crater on Mercury is named after Dostoevsky.
• In honor of F. M. Dostoevsky, an employee of the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory L. G. Karachkina named the minor planet 3453 Dostoevsky, discovered on September 27, 1981.

Current events

• On October 10, 2006, Russian President Vladimir Putin and Federal Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel unveiled a monument to Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky in Dresden by People's Artist of Russia Alexander Rukavishnikov.
• A crater on Mercury is named after Dostoevsky.
• On November 12, 2001, in Omsk, on the occasion of the 180th anniversary of the writer’s birth, a monument to F. M. Dostoevsky was unveiled.
• Since 1997 music critic and radio host Artemy Troitsky hosts his own radio program called “FM Dostoevsky”.
• The writer Boris Akunin wrote the work “F. M.”, dedicated to Dostoevsky.
• Laureate Nobel Prize Literature John Maxwell Coetzee wrote a novel about Dostoevsky, Autumn in St. Petersburg, in 1994. The Master of Petersburg; 1994, Russian translation 1999)
• In 2010, director Vladimir Khotinenko began filming a serial film about Dostoevsky, which was released in 2011 on the 190th anniversary of Dostoevsky’s birth.
• On June 19, 2010, the 181st station of the Moscow metro “Dostoevskaya” opened. Access to the city is via Suvorovskaya Square, Seleznyovskaya Street and Durova Street. Station decoration: on the walls of the station there are scenes illustrating four novels by F. M. Dostoevsky (“Crime and Punishment”, “The Idiot”, “Demons”, “The Brothers Karamazov”).
• On October 29, 2010, a monument to Dostoevsky was unveiled in Tobolsk.
• In October 2011, the University of Malaya (Kuala Lumpur) held days dedicated to the 190th anniversary of the birth of F. M. Dostoevsky.

Fyodor Dostoevsky is a universally recognized literary classic. He is considered one of the best novelists in the world and a keen expert on human psychology.

Besides writing activity he was an outstanding philosopher and deep thinker. Many of his quotes are included in the golden fund of world thought.

In the biography of Dostoevsky, as in, there were many contradictory moments, which we will tell you about right now.

So, we present to your attention the biography of Fyodor Dostoevsky.

Brief biography of Dostoevsky

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky was born on November 11, 1821 in. His father, Mikhail Andreevich, was a doctor, and during his life he managed to work both in military and in ordinary hospitals.

Mother, Maria Fedorovna, was a merchant's daughter. To feed the family and give their children a good education, parents had to work from dawn to dusk.

Growing up, Fyodor Mikhailovich repeatedly thanked his father and mother for everything they did for him.

Dostoevsky's childhood and youth

Maria Fedorovna taught herself little son reading. To do this, she used a book that described biblical events.

Fedya really liked the Old Testament book of Job. He admired this righteous man, who had suffered many difficult trials.

Later, all this knowledge and childhood impressions will form the basis of some of his works. It is worth noting that the head of the family was also not aloof from the training. He taught his son Latin.

There were seven children in the Dostoevsky family. Fedor felt a special affection for his older brother Misha.

Later, N.I. Drashusov became the teacher of both brothers, who was also helped by his sons.

Special features of Fyodor Dostoevsky

Education

In 1834, for 4 years, Fedor and Mikhail studied at the prestigious Moscow boarding school of L. I. Chermak.

At this time, the first tragedy occurred in Dostoevsky's biography. His mother died of consumption.

Having mourned his dear wife, the head of the family decided to send Misha and Fyodor to so that they could continue their studies there.

The father arranged for both sons to go to the boarding house of K.F. Kostomarov. And although he was aware that the boys were keen, he dreamed that in the future they would become engineers.

Fyodor Dostoevsky did not argue with his father and entered the school. However, the student devoted all his free time from studying. He spent days and nights reading the works of Russian and foreign classics.

In 1838, an important event occurred in his biography: he and his friends managed to create a literary circle. It was then that he first became seriously interested in writing.

Having completed his studies 5 years later, Fedor got a job as an engineer-second lieutenant in a St. Petersburg brigade. However, he soon resigned from this position and plunged headlong into literature.

The beginning of a creative biography

Despite objections from some family members, Dostoevsky still did not deviate from his hobby, which gradually became the meaning of life for him.

He diligently wrote novels, and soon enough achieved success in this field. In 1844, his first book, “Poor People,” was published, which received many flattering reviews from both critics and ordinary readers.

Thanks to this, Fyodor Mikhailovich was accepted into the popular “Belinsky circle”, in which they began to call him “new”.

His next work was “The Double”. This time the success was not repeated, but rather the opposite - the young genius was faced with devastating criticism of the failed novel.

"Double" got a lot negative reviews, since for most readers this book was completely incomprehensible. An interesting fact is that her innovative writing style was later praised by critics.

Soon, the members of the “Belinsky circle” asked Dostoevsky to leave their society. This happened because of the scandal of the young writer with and.

However, at that time, Fyodor Dostoevsky already had quite a lot of popularity, so he was gladly accepted into other literary communities.

Arrest and hard labor

In 1846, an event occurred in Dostoevsky’s biography that influenced his entire subsequent life. He met M.V. Petrashevsky, who was the organizer of the so-called “Fridays”.

“Fridays” were meetings of like-minded people, at which participants criticized the actions of the king and discussed various laws. In particular, questions were raised regarding the abolition of serfdom and freedom of speech in.

At one of the meetings, Fyodor Mikhailovich met the communist N.A. Speshnev, who soon formed secret society, consisting of 8 people.

This group of people advocated a coup in the state and the formation of an underground printing house.

In 1848, the writer published another novel, “White Nights,” which was warmly received by the public, and in the spring of 1849 he, along with the rest of the Petrashevites, was arrested.

They are charged with attempting a coup. For about six months, Dostoevsky was kept in the Peter and Paul Fortress, and in the fall the court sentenced him to death.

Fortunately, the sentence was not carried out, because at the last moment the execution was replaced by eight years of hard labor. Soon the king softened the punishment even further, reducing the term from 8 to 4 years.

After hard labor, the writer was called up to serve as an ordinary soldier. It is interesting to note that this fact from Dostoevsky’s biography became the first case in Russia when a convict was allowed to serve.

Thanks to this, he again became a full citizen of the state, having the same rights that he had before his arrest.

The years spent in hard labor greatly influenced the views of Fyodor Dostoevsky. Indeed, in addition to grueling physical labor, he also suffered from loneliness, since ordinary prisoners at first did not want to communicate with him because of his noble title.

In 1856, Alexander 2 came to the throne and granted an amnesty to all Petrashevites. At that time, 35-year-old Fyodor Mikhailovich was already a fully formed personality with deep religious views.

The flowering of Dostoevsky's creativity

In 1860, the collected works of Dostoevsky were published. His appearance did not arouse much interest among the reader. However, after the publication of “Notes from the House of the Dead”, the writer’s popularity returned again.

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky

The fact is that the “Notes” describe in detail the life and suffering of convicts, which most ordinary citizens did not even think about.

In 1861, Dostoevsky, together with his brother Mikhail, created the magazine “Time”. After 2 years, this publishing house closed, after which the brothers began publishing another magazine, “Epoch”.

Both magazines made the Dostoevskys very famous, since they published any works in them own composition. However, after 3 years, a black streak begins in Dostoevsky’s biography.

In 1864, Mikhail Dostoevsky died, and a year later the publishing house itself closed, since it was Mikhail who was the driving force of the entire enterprise. In addition, Fyodor Mikhailovich accumulated a lot of debts.

Complex financial situation forced him to sign an extremely unfavorable contract with the publisher Stelovsky.

At the age of 45, Dostoevsky finished writing one of his most famous novels, Crime and Punishment. This book brought him absolute recognition and universal fame during his lifetime.

In 1868, another epoch-making novel, The Idiot, was published. Later the writer admitted that this book was extremely difficult for him.

Dostoevsky's office in last apartment in St. Petersburg

His next works were the equally famous “Demons”, “Teenager” and “The Brothers Karamazov” (many consider this book the most important in the biography of Dostoevsky).

After the release of these novels, Fyodor Mikhailovich began to be considered a perfect connoisseur of humanity, capable of conveying in detail the deep feelings and genuine experiences of any person.

Personal life of Dostoevsky

Fyodor Dostoevsky's first wife was Maria Isaeva. Their marriage lasted 7 years, until her death.

In the 60s, during his stay abroad, Dostoevsky met Apollinaria Suslova, with whom he became involved romantic relationship. It is interesting that the girl became the prototype for Nastasya Filippovna in The Idiot.

Second and last wife Anna Snitkina became a writer. Their marriage lasted 14 years, until the death of Fyodor Mikhailovich. They had two sons and two daughters.

Anna Grigorievna Dostoevskaya (née Snitkina), the “main” woman in the writer’s life

For Dostoevsky, Anna Grigorievna was not only a faithful wife, but also an indispensable assistant in his writing.

Moreover, all financial issues lay on her shoulders, which she skillfully resolved thanks to her foresight and insight.

A huge number of people came to see him off on his last journey. Perhaps no one then realized that they were contemporaries of one of the most outstanding writers humanity.

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In this article we will describe the life and work of Dostoevsky: we will briefly tell you about major events. Fyodor Mikhailovich was born on October 30 (old style - 11) 1821. An essay on Dostoevsky's work will introduce you to the main works and achievements of this man in the literary field. But we will start from the very beginning - with the origin of the future writer, with his biography.

The problems of Dostoevsky's creativity can be deeply understood only by becoming acquainted with the life of this man. After all, fiction always in one way or another reflects the characteristics of the biography of the creator of the works. In the case of Dostoevsky this is especially noticeable.

Origin of Dostoevsky

Fyodor Mikhailovich's father was from the Rtishchev branch, descendants of Daniil Ivanovich Rtishchev, a defender in Southwestern Rus' Orthodox faith. For his special successes, he was given the village of Dostoevo, located in the Podolsk province. The Dostoevsky surname originates from there.

However, by the beginning of the 19th century, the Dostoevsky family became impoverished. Andrei Mikhailovich, the writer’s grandfather, served in the Podolsk province, in the town of Bratslav, as an archpriest. Mikhail Andreevich, the father of the author we are interested in, graduated from the Medical-Surgical Academy. During Patriotic War, in 1812, he fought with others against the French, after which, in 1819, he married Maria Fedorovna Nechaeva, the daughter of a merchant from Moscow. Mikhail Andreevich, having retired, received a position as a doctor in a hospital open to poor people, which was popularly nicknamed Bozhedomka.

Where was Fedor Mikhailovich born?

The apartment of the future writer's family was located in the right wing of this hospital. In it, set aside as a government apartment for a doctor, Fyodor Mikhailovich was born in 1821. His mother, as we have already mentioned, came from a family of merchants. Pictures of premature deaths, poverty, illness, disorder - the boy’s first impressions, under the influence of which the future writer’s very unusual view of the world took shape. Dostoevsky's work reflects this.

The situation in the family of the future writer

The family, which grew over time to 9 people, was forced to huddle in only two rooms. Mikhail Andreevich was a suspicious and hot-tempered person.

Maria Feodorovna was of a completely different type: economical, cheerful, kind. The relationship between the boy's parents was based on submission to the whims and will of the father. The nanny and mother of the future writer honored the sacred religious traditions of the country, raising the future generation to respect the faith of their fathers. Maria Fedorovna died early - at the age of 36. She was buried at the Lazarevskoye cemetery.

First acquaintance with literature

The Dostoevsky family devoted a lot of time to education and science. Back in early age Fyodor Mikhailovich discovered the joy of communicating with a book. The very first works with which he became acquainted were the folk tales of Arina Arkhipovna, the nanny. After that there were Pushkin and Zhukovsky - Maria Fedorovna’s favorite writers.

Fyodor Mikhailovich became acquainted with the main classics at an early age foreign literature: Hugo, Cervantes and Homer. His father arranged for him in the evenings family reading works of N. M. Karamzin "History of the Russian State". All this instilled in the future writer an early interest in literature. The life and work of F. Dostoevsky were largely influenced by the environment from which this writer came.

Mikhail Andreevich seeks hereditary nobility

In 1827, Mikhail Andreevich was awarded the Order of the 3rd degree for his diligent and excellent service, and a year later he was also awarded the rank of collegiate assessor, which at that time gave a person the right to hereditary nobility. The father of the future writer well understood the value of higher education and therefore sought to seriously prepare his children for admission to educational institutions.

Tragedy from Dostoevsky's childhood

The future writer experienced a tragedy in his youth that left an indelible mark on his soul for the rest of his life. He fell in love with the cook's daughter, a nine-year-old girl, with a sincere childish feeling. One summer day a cry was heard in the garden. Fyodor ran out into the street and noticed her lying in a white tattered dress on the ground. The women bent over the girl. From their conversation, Fyodor realized that the culprit of the tragedy was a drunken tramp. After that, they went for their father, but his help was not needed, since the girl had already died.

Writer's education

Fyodor Mikhailovich received his initial education at a private boarding school in Moscow. In 1838 he entered the Main Engineering School located in St. Petersburg. He graduated in 1843, becoming a military engineer.

In those years, this school was considered one of the best educational institutions in the country. It is no coincidence that many famous people came from there. Among Dostoevsky's comrades at the school there were many talents, which later turned into famous personalities. These are Dmitry Grigorovich (writer), Konstantin Trutovsky (artist), Ilya Sechenov (physiologist), Eduard Totleben (organizer of the defense of Sevastopol), Fyodor Radetsky (hero of Shipka). Both humanitarian and special disciplines were taught here. For example, global and national history, Russian literature, drawing and civil architecture.

The tragedy of the "little man"

Dostoevsky preferred solitude to the noisy society of students. Reading was his favorite pastime. The erudition of the future writer amazed his comrades. But the desire for loneliness and solitude in his character was not an innate trait. At the school, Fyodor Mikhailovich had to endure the tragedy of the soul of the so-called " little man". After all, in this educational institution The students were mainly children of the bureaucratic and military bureaucracy. Their parents gave gifts to their teachers, sparing no expense. In this environment, Dostoevsky looked like a stranger and was often subjected to insults and ridicule. During these years, a feeling of wounded pride flared up in his soul, which later reflected the work of Dostoevsky.

But, despite these difficulties, Fyodor Mikhailovich managed to achieve recognition from both his comrades and teachers. Over time, everyone became convinced that this was a man of extraordinary intelligence and outstanding abilities.

Father's death

In 1839, Fyodor Mikhailovich’s father suddenly died from an apoplexy. There were rumors that it was not a natural death - he was killed by men for his tough character. This news shocked Dostoevsky, and for the first time he suffered a seizure, a harbinger of future epilepsy, from which Fyodor Mikhailovich suffered all his life.

Service as an engineer, first works

Dostoevsky in 1843, having completed the course, was enlisted in the engineering corps to serve with the engineering team of St. Petersburg, but did not serve there for long. A year later he decided to take up literary creativity, a passion for which I have had for a long time. At first he began to translate classics, such as Balzac. After some time, the idea for a novel arose in letters entitled “Poor People.” This was the first independent work from which Dostoevsky’s work began. Then came the stories and stories: “Mr. Prokharchin”, “The Double”, “Netochka Nezvanova”, “White Nights”.

Rapprochement with the Petrashevites circle, tragic consequences

The year 1847 was marked by a rapprochement with Butashevich-Petrashevsky, who held the famous “Fridays”. He was a propagandist and admirer of Fourier. At these evenings, the writer met the poets Alexei Pleshcheev, Alexander Palm, Sergei Durov, as well as the prose writer Saltykov and scientists Vladimir Milyutin and Nikolai Mordvinov. At meetings of Petrashevites, socialist teachings and plans for revolutionary coups were discussed. Dostoevsky was a supporter of the immediate abolition of serfdom in Russia.

However, the government found out about the circle, and in 1849, 37 participants, including Dostoevsky, were imprisoned. Peter and Paul Fortress. They were sentenced to death, but the emperor commuted the sentence, and the writer was exiled to hard labor in Siberia.

In Tobolsk, at hard labor

He went to Tobolsk in the terrible frost on an open sleigh. Here Annenkova and Fonvizina visited the Petrashevites. The whole country admired the feat of these women. They gave each condemned person a Gospel in which money was invested. The fact is that the prisoners were not allowed to have their own savings, so this softened the harsh living conditions for some time.

While in hard labor, the writer realized how far the rationalistic, speculative ideas of the “new Christianity” were from the feeling of Christ, whose bearer is the people. Fyodor Mikhailovich brought out a new one from here. Its basis is the folk type of Christianity. Subsequently, this reflected the further work of Dostoevsky, which we will tell you about a little later.

Military service in Omsk

For the writer, four years of hard labor was replaced after some time military service. He was escorted from Omsk under escort to the city of Semipalatinsk. Here Dostoevsky's life and work continued. The writer served as a private, then receiving the rank of officer. He returned to St. Petersburg only at the end of 1859.

Magazine publishing

At this time it began spiritual search Fyodor Mikhailovich, which in the 60s culminated in the formation of the writer’s pochvennik beliefs. The biography and work of Dostoevsky at this time were marked by the following events. Since 1861, the writer, together with Mikhail, his brother, began publishing a magazine called "Time", and after it was banned - "Epoch". Working on new books and magazines, Fyodor Mikhailovich developed his own view of the problems public figure and the writer in our country is Russian, a unique version of Christian socialism.

The writer's first works after hard labor

Dostoevsky's life and work changed greatly after Tobolsk. In 1861, the first novel of this writer appeared, which he created after hard labor. This work (“Humiliated and Insulted”) reflected Fyodor Mikhailovich’s sympathy for the “little people” who are subjected to incessant humiliation by the powers that be. We bought a big one public importance also "Notes from dead house"(years of creation - 1861-1863), which were begun by the writer while still in hard labor. "Winter Notes on Summer Impressions" appeared in the magazine "Time" in 1863. In them, Fyodor Mikhailovich criticized the systems of Western European political beliefs. In 1864 they were published in the light of "Notes from the Underground". This is a kind of confession of Fyodor Mikhailovich. In the work he renounced his previous ideals.

Further work of Dostoevsky

Let us briefly describe other works of this writer. In 1866, a novel entitled “Crime and Punishment” appeared, which is considered one of the most significant in his work. In 1868, The Idiot was published, a novel in which an attempt was made to create positive hero, which confronts a predatory, cruel world. In the 70s, the work of F.M. Dostoevsky continues. Novels such as “Demons” (published in 1871) and “The Teenager,” which appeared in 1879, became widely known. "The Brothers Karamazov" is a novel that became the last work. He summed up Dostoevsky's work. The years of publication of the novel are 1879-1880. In this work main character, Alyosha Karamazov, helping others in trouble and alleviating suffering, is convinced that the most important thing in our life is a feeling of forgiveness and love. In 1881, on February 9, Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich died in St. Petersburg.

The life and work of Dostoevsky were briefly described in our article. It cannot be said that the writer was always interested in the problem of man above all others. Let's write briefly about this important feature that Dostoevsky's work had.

Man in creative writing

Fyodor Mikhailovich throughout his entire creative path reflected on the main problem of humanity - how to overcome pride, which is the main source of separation between people. Of course, there are other themes in Dostoevsky’s work, but it is largely based on this one. The writer believed that any of us has the ability to create. And he must do this while he lives; it is necessary to express himself. The writer devoted his entire life to the topic of Man. The biography and work of Dostoevsky confirm this.