The Sun, like other stars, emits more than just visible light - it produces a whole spectrum of electromagnetic waves that differ in frequency, length and amount of energy transferred. This spectrum is divided into ranges from radiation to radio waves, and the most important among them is ultraviolet, without which life is impossible. Depending on various factors, UV radiation can be either beneficial or harmful.

Ultraviolet is a region of the electromagnetic spectrum located between visible and x-ray radiation and having a wavelength from 10 to 400 nm. It received this name precisely because of its location - just beyond the range that is perceived by the human eye as violet.

The ultraviolet range is measured in nanometers and is divided into subgroups in accordance with the international ISO standard:

• near (long wavelength) - 300−400 nm;
• medium (medium wave) - 200−300 nm;
• long-range (short-wavelength) - 122−200 nm;
• extreme - wavelength is 10−121 nm.

Depending on which group ultraviolet radiation belongs to, its properties may change. Thus, the vast majority of the range is invisible to humans, but near ultraviolet can be seen if it has a wavelength of 400 nm. Such violet light is emitted, for example, by diodes.

Since different ranges of light differ in the amount of energy transferred and frequency, the subgroups differ significantly in penetrating power. For example, when exposed to humans, near-UV rays are blocked by the skin, while mid-wave radiation can penetrate cells and cause DNA mutations. This property is used in biotechnology to produce genetically modified organisms.

As a rule, on Earth you can only encounter near and mid-ultraviolet radiation: such radiation comes from the Sun without being blocked by the atmosphere, and is also generated artificially. It is rays of 200-400 nm that play a big role in the development of life, because with their help plants produce oxygen from carbon dioxide. Hard short-wave radiation, which is dangerous for living organisms, does not reach the surface of the planet thanks to the ozone layer, which partially reflects and absorbs photons.

Ultraviolet sources

Natural generators of electromagnetic radiation are stars: during the process of thermonuclear fusion occurring in the center of the star, a full spectrum of rays is created. Accordingly, the bulk of ultraviolet radiation on Earth comes from the Sun. The intensity of radiation reaching the surface of the planet depends on many factors:

• thickness of the ozone layer;
• the height of the Sun above the horizon;
• altitude;
• atmospheric composition;
• weather conditions;
• coefficient of reflection of radiation from the Earth's surface.

There are many myths associated with solar ultraviolet radiation. Thus, it is believed that you cannot tan in cloudy weather, however, although cloudiness affects the intensity of UV radiation, most of it can penetrate through clouds. In the mountains and in winter at sea level, it may seem that the risk of harm from ultraviolet radiation is minimal, but in fact it even increases: at high altitudes, the intensity of radiation increases due to thin air, and snow cover becomes an indirect source of ultraviolet radiation, since up to 80% rays are reflected from it.

You need to be especially careful on a sunny but cold day: even if you don’t feel the heat from the Sun, there is always ultraviolet radiation. Heat and UV rays are at opposite ends of the visible spectrum and have different wavelengths. When infrared radiation passes tangentially to the Earth in winter and is reflected, ultraviolet radiation always reaches the surface.

Natural UV radiation has a significant drawback - it cannot be controlled. Therefore, artificial sources of ultraviolet radiation are being developed for use in medicine, sanitation, chemistry, cosmetology and other fields. The required range of the electromagnetic spectrum is generated in them by heating gases with an electric discharge. Typically, the rays are emitted by mercury vapor. This principle of operation characterizes different types of lamps:

• luminescent - additionally produce visible light due to the effect of photoluminescence;
• mercury-quartz - emit waves with a length from 185 nm (hard ultraviolet) to 578 nm (orange);
• bactericidal - have a flask made of special glass that blocks rays shorter than 200 nm, which prevents the formation of toxic ozone;
• excilamps - do not have mercury, ultraviolet radiation is emitted in the general range;
• - thanks to the electroluminescence effect, they can work in any narrow range from ultraviolet to ultraviolet.

In scientific research, experiments, and biotechnology, special ultraviolet radiation is used. The source of radiation in them can be inert gases, crystals or free electrons.

Thus, different artificial ultraviolet sources generate radiation of different subtypes, which determines their scope of application. Lamps operating in the range >300 nm are used in medicine,<200 - для обеззараживания и т. д.

Areas of application

Ultraviolet light can accelerate some chemical processes, for example, the synthesis of vitamin D in human skin, the degradation of DNA molecules and polymer compounds. In addition, it causes a photoluminescence effect in some substances. Thanks to these properties, artificial sources of this radiation are widely used in a variety of fields.

Medicine

First of all, the bactericidal property of ultraviolet radiation has found application in medicine. With the help of UV rays, the growth of pathogenic microorganisms in case of wounds, frostbite, and burns is suppressed. Blood irradiation is used for poisoning with alcohol, drugs and medications, inflammation of the pancreas, sepsis, and severe infectious diseases.

Irradiation with a UV lamp improves the patient’s condition in diseases of various body systems:

• endocrine - vitamin D deficiency, or rickets, diabetes mellitus;
• nervous - neuralgia of various etiologies;
• musculoskeletal - myositis, osteomyelitis, osteoporosis, arthritis and other joint diseases;
• genitourinary - adnexitis;
• respiratory;
• skin diseases - psoriasis, vitiligo, eczema.

It should be borne in mind that ultraviolet radiation is not the main means of treating the listed diseases: irradiation with it is used as a physiotherapeutic procedure that has a positive effect on the patient’s well-being. It has a number of contraindications, so you cannot use an ultraviolet lamp without consulting a doctor.

UV radiation is also used in psychiatry to treat “winter depression,” in which, due to a decrease in the level of natural sunlight, the synthesis of melatonin and serotonin in the body decreases, which affects the functioning of the central nervous system. For this purpose, special fluorescent lamps are used that emit a full spectrum of light from ultraviolet to infrared range.

Sanitation

The most useful is the use of ultraviolet radiation for the purpose of disinfection. To disinfect water, air and hard surfaces, low-pressure mercury-quartz lamps are used, generating rays with a wavelength of 205-315 nm. Such radiation is best absorbed by DNA molecules, which leads to disruption of the gene structure of microorganisms, which is why they stop reproducing and quickly die out.

Ultraviolet disinfection is characterized by the absence of a long-term effect: immediately after completion of the treatment, the effect subsides and microorganisms begin to multiply again. On the one hand, this makes disinfection less effective, on the other, it deprives it of its ability to negatively affect humans. UV irradiation cannot be used to completely treat drinking water or household liquids, but can be used as an adjunct to chlorination.

Irradiation with mid-wave ultraviolet is often combined with treatment with hard radiation with a wavelength of 185 nm. In this case, oxygen turns into oxygen, which is toxic to pathogenic organisms. This disinfection method is called ozonation, and it is several times more effective than conventional UV lamp illumination.

Chemical analysis

Because light of different wavelengths is absorbed by matter to different degrees, UV rays can be used for spectrometry, a method for determining the composition of matter. The sample is irradiated by an ultraviolet generator with a changing wavelength, absorbs and reflects part of the rays, on the basis of which a spectrum graph is constructed, unique for each substance.

The photoluminescence effect is used in the analysis of minerals, which contain substances that can glow when irradiated with ultraviolet light. The same effect is used to protect documents: they are marked with a special paint that emits visible light under a black light lamp. Also, using luminescent paint, you can determine the presence of UV radiation.

Among other things, UV emitters are used in cosmetology, for example, for tanning, drying and other procedures, in printing and restoration, entomology, genetic engineering, etc.

Negative effects of UV rays on humans

Although UV rays are widely used to treat diseases and have healing effects, ultraviolet radiation can also have a harmful effect on the human body. It all depends on how much energy will be transferred to living cells by solar radiation.

Short-wave rays (UVC type) have the most energy; in addition, they have the greatest penetrating power and can destroy DNA even in the deep tissues of the body. However, such radiation is completely absorbed by the atmosphere. Among the rays that reach the surface, 90% are long-wavelength (UVA) and 10% are medium-wavelength (UVB) radiation.

Long-term exposure to UVA rays or short-term exposure to ultraviolet UVB leads to a fairly large dose of radiation, which entails dire consequences:

• skin burns of varying severity;
• skin cell mutations leading to accelerated aging and melanoma;
• cataract;
• burn of the cornea of ​​the eye.

Delayed damage - skin cancer and cataracts - can develop over time; Moreover, UVA radiation can operate at any time of the year and in any weather. Therefore, you should always protect yourself from the sun, especially for people with increased photosensitivity.

UV protection

A person has a natural defense against ultraviolet radiation - melanin, contained in skin cells, hair, and the iris of the eye. This protein absorbs most of the ultraviolet radiation, preventing it from affecting other structures of the body. The effectiveness of protection depends on skin color, which is why UVA rays contribute to tanning.

However, with excessive exposure, melanin can no longer cope with UV rays. To prevent sunlight from causing harm, you should:

• try to stay in the shadows;
• wear closed clothes;
• protect your eyes with special glasses or contact lenses that block UV radiation but are transparent to visible light;
• use protective creams that contain mineral or organic substances that reflect UV rays.

Of course, it is not necessary to always use a full set of protective equipment. You should focus on the ultraviolet index, which describes the presence of excess UV radiation at the earth's surface. It can take values ​​from 1 to 11, and active protection is required at 8 points or more. Information about this index can be obtained from the weather forecast.

Thus, ultraviolet is a type of electromagnetic radiation that can be both beneficial and harmful. It is important to remember that sunbathing heals and rejuvenates the body only when used in moderation; Excessive exposure to light can lead to serious health problems.

Water, sunlight and oxygen contained in the earth’s atmosphere are the main conditions for the emergence and factors that ensure the continuation of life on our planet. At the same time, it has long been proven that the spectrum and intensity of solar radiation in the vacuum of space are unchanged, and on Earth the impact of ultraviolet radiation depends on many reasons: time of year, geographic location, altitude above sea level, thickness of the ozone layer, cloudiness and the level of concentration of natural and industrial impurities in the air.

What are ultraviolet rays

The sun emits rays in ranges visible and invisible to the human eye. The invisible spectrum includes infrared and ultraviolet rays.

Infrared radiation is electromagnetic waves with a length of 7 to 14 nm, which carry a colossal flow of thermal energy to the Earth, and therefore they are often called thermal. The share of infrared rays in solar radiation is 40%.

Ultraviolet radiation is a spectrum of electromagnetic waves, the range of which is divided conventionally into near and far ultraviolet rays. Distant or vacuum rays are completely absorbed by the upper layers of the atmosphere. Under terrestrial conditions, they are artificially generated only in vacuum chambers.

Near ultraviolet rays are divided into three subgroups of ranges:

• long – A (UVA) from 400 to 315 nm;
• medium – B (UVB) from 315 to 280 nm;
• short – C (UVC) from 280 to 100 nm.

How is ultraviolet radiation measured? Today, there are many special devices, both for domestic and professional use, that allow you to measure the frequency, intensity and magnitude of the received dose of UV rays, and thereby assess their likely harmfulness to the body.

Despite the fact that ultraviolet radiation makes up only about 10% of sunlight, it was thanks to its influence that a qualitative leap occurred in the evolutionary development of life - the emergence of organisms from water to land.

Main sources of ultraviolet radiation

The main and natural source of ultraviolet radiation is, of course, the Sun. But man has also learned to “produce ultraviolet light” using special lamp devices:

• high-pressure mercury-quartz lamps operating in the general range of UV radiation - 100-400 nm;
• vital fluorescent lamps generating wavelengths from 280 to 380 nm, with a maximum emission peak between 310 and 320 nm;
• ozone and non-ozone (with quartz glass) bactericidal lamps, 80% of ultraviolet rays of which are at a length of 185 nm.

Both ultraviolet radiation from the sun and artificial ultraviolet light have the ability to affect the chemical structure of the cells of living organisms and plants, and at the moment, only a few species of bacteria are known that can do without it. For everyone else, the lack of ultraviolet radiation will lead to inevitable death.

So what is the real biological effect of ultraviolet rays, what are the benefits and is there any harm from ultraviolet radiation for humans?

The effect of ultraviolet rays on the human body

The most insidious ultraviolet radiation is short-wave ultraviolet radiation, since it destroys all types of protein molecules.

So why is terrestrial life possible and continuing on our planet? What layer of the atmosphere blocks harmful ultraviolet rays?

Living organisms are protected from hard ultraviolet radiation by the ozone layers of the stratosphere, which completely absorb rays in this range, and they simply do not reach the surface of the Earth.

Therefore, 95% of the total mass of solar ultraviolet comes from long waves (A), and approximately 5% from medium waves (B). But it’s important to clarify here. Despite the fact that there are many more long UV waves and they have great penetrating power, affecting the reticular and papillary layers of the skin, it is the 5% of medium waves that cannot penetrate beyond the epidermis that have the greatest biological impact.

It is mid-range ultraviolet radiation that intensively affects the skin, eyes, and also actively affects the functioning of the endocrine, central nervous and immune systems.

On the one hand, ultraviolet irradiation can cause:

• severe sunburn of the skin - ultraviolet erythema;
• clouding of the lens leading to blindness - cataracts;
• skin cancer – melanoma.

In addition, ultraviolet rays have a mutagenic effect and cause disruptions in the functioning of the immune system, which cause the occurrence of other oncological pathologies.

On the other hand, it is the effect of ultraviolet radiation that has a significant impact on the metabolic processes occurring in the human body as a whole. The synthesis of melatonin and serotonin increases, the level of which has a positive effect on the functioning of the endocrine and central nervous systems. Ultraviolet light activates the production of vitamin D, which is the main component for the absorption of calcium, and also prevents the development of rickets and osteoporosis.

Ultraviolet irradiation of the skin

Skin lesions can be both structural and functional in nature, which, in turn, can be divided into:

1. Acute injuries– arise due to high doses of solar radiation from mid-range rays received in a short time. These include acute photodermatosis and erythema.
2. Delayed damage– occur against the background of prolonged irradiation with long-wave ultraviolet rays, the intensity of which, by the way, does not depend on the time of year or the time of daylight. These include chronic photodermatitis, photoaging of the skin or solar geroderma, ultraviolet mutagenesis and the occurrence of neoplasms: melanoma, squamous cell and basal cell skin cancer. Among the list of delayed injuries is herpes.

It is important to note that both acute and delayed damage can be caused by excessive exposure to artificial sunbathing, not wearing sunglasses, as well as by visiting solariums that use uncertified equipment and/or do not carry out special preventive calibration of ultraviolet lamps.

Skin protection from ultraviolet radiation

If you do not abuse any “sunbathing”, then the human body will cope with protection from radiation on its own, because more than 20% is retained by a healthy epidermis. Today, protection from ultraviolet radiation of the skin comes down to the following techniques that minimize the risk of the formation of malignant neoplasms:

• limiting time spent in the sun, especially during midday summer hours;
• wearing light but closed clothing, because to receive the necessary dose that stimulates the production of vitamin D, it is not at all necessary to cover yourself with a tan;
• selection of sunscreens depending on the specific ultraviolet index characteristic of the area, time of year and day, as well as your own skin type.

Attention! For indigenous residents of central Russia, a UV index above 8 not only requires the use of active protection, but also poses a real threat to health. Radiation measurements and solar indices forecasts can be found on leading weather websites.

Exposure to ultraviolet radiation on the eyes

Damage to the structure of the eye cornea and lens (electro-ophthalmia) is possible with visual contact with any source of ultraviolet radiation. Despite the fact that a healthy cornea does not transmit and reflects 70% of hard ultraviolet radiation, there are many reasons that can become a source of serious diseases. Among them:

• unprotected observation of flares, solar eclipses;
• a casual glance at a star on the sea coast or in high mountains;
• photo injury from camera flash;
• observing the operation of a welding machine or neglecting safety precautions (lack of a protective helmet) when working with it;
• long-term operation of the strobe light in discos;
• violation of the rules for visiting a solarium;
• long-term stay in a room in which quartz bactericidal ozone lamps operate.

What are the first signs of electroophthalmia? Clinical symptoms, namely redness of the eye sclera and eyelids, pain when moving the eyeballs and the sensation of a foreign body in the eye, as a rule, occur 5-10 hours after the above circumstances. However, means of protection against ultraviolet radiation are available to everyone, because even ordinary glass lenses do not transmit most UV rays.

The use of safety glasses with a special photochromic coating on the lenses, the so-called “chameleon glasses,” will be the optimal “household” option for eye protection. You won't have to worry about wondering what color and shade level of UV filter actually provides effective protection in specific circumstances.

And of course, if you expect eye contact with ultraviolet flashes, it is necessary to wear protective glasses in advance or use other devices that block rays harmful to the cornea and lens.

Application of ultraviolet radiation in medicine

Ultraviolet light kills fungus and other microbes in the air and on the surface of walls, ceilings, floors and objects, and after exposure to special lamps, mold is removed. People use this bactericidal property of ultraviolet light to ensure the sterility of manipulation and surgical rooms. But ultraviolet radiation in medicine is used not only to combat hospital-acquired infections.

The properties of ultraviolet radiation have found their application in a wide variety of diseases. At the same time, new techniques are emerging and constantly being improved. For example, ultraviolet blood irradiation, invented about 50 years ago, was initially used to suppress the growth of bacteria in the blood during sepsis, severe pneumonia, extensive purulent wounds and other purulent-septic pathologies.

Today, ultraviolet irradiation of blood or blood purification helps fight acute poisoning, drug overdose, furunculosis, destructive pancreatitis, obliterating atherosclerosis, ischemia, cerebral atherosclerosis, alcoholism, drug addiction, acute mental disorders and many other diseases, the list of which is constantly expanding. .

Diseases for which the use of ultraviolet radiation is indicated, and when any procedure with UV rays is harmful:

INDICATIONS	CONTRAINDICATIONS
sun starvation, rickets	individual intolerance
wounds and ulcers	oncology
frostbite and burns	bleeding
neuralgia and myositis	hemophilia
psoriasis, eczema, vitiligo, erysipelas	ONMK
respiratory diseases	photodermatitis
diabetes mellitus	renal and liver failure
adnexitis	malaria
osteomyelitis, osteoporosis	hyperthyroidism
non-systemic rheumatic lesions	heart attacks, strokes

In order to live without pain, people with joint damage will benefit from an ultraviolet lamp as an invaluable aid in general complex therapy.

The influence of ultraviolet radiation in rheumatoid arthritis and arthrosis, the combination of ultraviolet therapy techniques with the correct selection of biodose and a competent antibiotic regimen is a 100% guarantee of achieving a systemic health effect with a minimal drug load.

In conclusion, we note that the positive effect of ultraviolet radiation on the body and just one single procedure of ultraviolet irradiation (purification) of the blood + 2 sessions in a solarium will help a healthy person look and feel 10 years younger.

Solar energy consists of electromagnetic waves, which are divided into several parts of the spectrum:

• X-rays - with the shortest wavelength (below 2 nm);
• The wavelength of ultraviolet radiation is from 2 to 400 nm;
• the visible part of the light, which is captured by the eye of humans and animals (400-750 nm);
• warm oxidative (over 750 nm).

Each part has its own application and is of great importance in the life of the planet and all its biomass. We will look at what rays in the range from 2 to 400 nm are, where they are used and what role they play in people’s lives.

History of the discovery of UV radiation

The first mentions date back to the 13th century in the descriptions of a philosopher from India. He wrote about a violet light invisible to the eye that he discovered. However, the technical capabilities of that time were clearly insufficient to confirm this experimentally and study it in detail.

This was achieved five centuries later by a physicist from Germany, Ritter. It was he who conducted experiments on silver chloride on its decomposition under the influence of electromagnetic radiation. The scientist saw that this process proceeds faster not in the region of light that had already been discovered by that time and was called infrared, but in the opposite one. It turned out that this is a new area that has not yet been explored.

Thus, ultraviolet radiation was discovered in 1842, the properties and applications of which were subsequently subjected to careful analysis and study by various scientists. People such as Alexander Becquerel, Warshawer, Danzig, Macedonio Melloni, Frank, Parfenov, Galanin and others made a great contribution to this.

General characteristics

What is the application of which today is so widespread in various sectors of human activity? Firstly, it should be noted that this light appears only at very high temperatures from 1500 to 2000 0 C. It is in this range that UV reaches its peak activity.

By its physical nature, it is an electromagnetic wave, the length of which varies within a fairly wide range - from 10 (sometimes from 2) to 400 nm. The entire range of this radiation is conventionally divided into two areas:

1. Near spectrum. Reaches the Earth through the atmosphere and ozone layer from the Sun. Wavelength - 380-200 nm.
2. Distant (vacuum). Actively absorbed by ozone, air oxygen, and atmospheric components. It can only be explored with special vacuum devices, which is why it got its name. Wavelength - 200-2 nm.

There is a classification of types that have ultraviolet radiation. Each of them finds properties and applications.

1. Near.
2. Further.
3. Extreme.
4. Average.
5. Vacuum.
6. Long-wave black light (UV-A).
7. Shortwave germicidal (UV-C).
8. Mid-wave UV-B.

The wavelength of ultraviolet radiation is different for each type, but they are all within the general limits already outlined earlier.

An interesting one is UV-A, or so-called black light. The fact is that this spectrum has a wavelength from 400-315 nm. This is on the borderline with visible light, which the human eye is capable of detecting. Therefore, such radiation, passing through certain objects or tissues, is capable of moving into the region of visible violet light, and people distinguish it as a black, dark blue or dark violet hue.

The spectra produced by ultraviolet radiation sources can be of three types:

• ruled;
• continuous;
• molecular (band).

The first are characteristic of atoms, ions, and gases. The second group is for recombination, bremsstrahlung radiation. Sources of the third type are most often encountered in the study of rarefied molecular gases.

Ultraviolet radiation sources

The main sources of UV rays fall into three broad categories:

• natural or natural;
• artificial, man-made;
• laser

The first group includes a single type of concentrator and emitter - the Sun. It is the celestial body that provides the most powerful charge of this type of waves, which are capable of passing through and reaching the surface of the Earth. However, not with its entire mass. Scientists put forward the theory that life on Earth arose only when the ozone screen began to protect it from excessive penetration of harmful UV radiation in high concentrations.

It was during this period that protein molecules, nucleic acids and ATP became capable of existing. Until today, the ozone layer interacts closely with the bulk of UV-A, UV-B and UV-C, neutralizing them and not allowing them to pass through. Therefore, protection of the entire planet from ultraviolet radiation is solely his merit.

What determines the concentration of ultraviolet radiation penetrating the Earth? There are several main factors:

• ozone holes;
• altitude;
• solstice altitude;
• atmospheric dispersion;
• the degree of reflection of rays from the earth's natural surfaces;
• state of cloud vapors.

The range of ultraviolet radiation penetrating the Earth from the Sun ranges from 200 to 400 nm.

The following sources are artificial. These include all those instruments, devices, technical means that were designed by man to obtain the desired spectrum of light with given wavelength parameters. This was done in order to obtain ultraviolet radiation, the use of which can be extremely useful in various fields of activity. Artificial sources include:

1. Erythemal lamps that have the ability to activate the synthesis of vitamin D in the skin. This protects against rickets and treats it.
2. Devices for solariums, in which people not only get a beautiful natural tan, but are also treated for diseases that arise from a lack of open sunlight (the so-called winter depression).
3. Attractant lamps that allow you to fight insects indoors, safely for humans.
4. Mercury-quartz devices.
5. Excilamp.
6. Luminescent devices.
7. Xenon lamps.
8. Gas discharge devices.
9. High temperature plasma.
10. Synchrotron radiation in accelerators.

Another type of source is lasers. Their work is based on the generation of various gases - both inert and not. Sources may be:

• nitrogen;
• argon;
• neon;
• xenon;
• organic scintillators;
• crystals.

More recently, about 4 years ago, a laser operating on free electrons was invented. The length of ultraviolet radiation in it is equal to that observed under vacuum conditions. UV laser suppliers are used in biotechnology, microbiology research, mass spectrometry and so on.

Biological effects on organisms

The effect of ultraviolet radiation on living beings is twofold. On the one hand, with its deficiency, diseases can occur. This became clear only at the beginning of the last century. Artificial irradiation with special UV-A at the required standards is capable of:

• activate the immune system;
• cause the formation of important vasodilatory compounds (histamine, for example);
• strengthen the skin-muscular system;
• improve lung function, increase the intensity of gas exchange;
• influence the speed and quality of metabolism;
• increase the tone of the body by activating the production of hormones;
• increase the permeability of the walls of blood vessels on the skin.

If UV-A enters the human body in sufficient quantities, then he does not develop diseases such as winter depression or light starvation, and the risk of developing rickets is also significantly reduced.

The effects of ultraviolet radiation on the body are of the following types:

• bactericidal;
• anti-inflammatory;
• regenerating;
• painkiller.

These properties largely explain the widespread use of UV in medical institutions of any type.

However, in addition to the listed advantages, there are also negative aspects. There are a number of diseases and ailments that can be acquired if you do not receive additional amounts or, on the contrary, take in excess quantities of the waves in question.

1. Skin cancer. This is the most dangerous exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Melanoma can form due to excessive exposure to waves from any source - both natural and man-made. This is especially true for those who tan in solariums. In everything, moderation and caution are necessary.
2. Destructive effect on the retina of the eyeballs. In other words, cataracts, pterygium, or membrane burns may develop. The harmful excessive effects of UV on the eyes have been proven by scientists for a long time and confirmed by experimental data. Therefore, when working with such sources, you should be careful. You can protect yourself on the street with the help of dark glasses. However, in this case, you should be wary of fakes, because if the glass is not equipped with UV-repellent filters, then the destructive effect will be even stronger.
3. Burns on the skin. In the summer, you can earn them if you uncontrollably expose yourself to UV for a long time. In winter, you can get them due to the peculiarity of snow to reflect almost completely these waves. Therefore, irradiation occurs both from the Sun and from the snow.
4. Aging. If people are exposed to UV for a long time, then they begin to show signs of skin aging very early: dullness, wrinkles, sagging. This occurs because the protective barrier functions of the integument are weakened and disrupted.
5. Exposure with consequences over time. They consist in manifestations of negative influences not at a young age, but closer to old age.

All these results are the consequences of violation of UV dosages, i.e. they arise when the use of ultraviolet radiation is carried out irrationally, incorrectly, and without observing safety measures.

Ultraviolet radiation: application

The main areas of use are based on the properties of the substance. This is also true for spectral wave radiations. Thus, the main characteristics of UV on which its use is based are:

• high level chemical activity;
• bactericidal effect on organisms;
• the ability to cause various substances to glow in different shades, visible to the human eye (luminescence).

This allows for widespread use of ultraviolet radiation. Application possible in:

• spectrometric analyses;
• astronomical research;
• medicine;
• sterilization;
• disinfection of drinking water;
• photolithography;
• analytical study of minerals;
• UV filters;
• for catching insects;
• to get rid of bacteria and viruses.

Each of these areas uses a specific type of UV with its own spectrum and wavelength. Recently, this type of radiation has been actively used in physical and chemical research (establishing the electronic configuration of atoms, the crystal structure of molecules and various compounds, working with ions, analyzing physical transformations in various space objects).

There is one more feature of the effect of UV on substances. Some polymeric materials are capable of decomposing when exposed to an intense constant source of these waves. For example, such as:

• polyethylene of any pressure;
• polypropylene;
• polymethyl methacrylate or organic glass.

What is the impact? Products made from the listed materials lose color, crack, fade and, ultimately, collapse. Therefore, they are usually called sensitive polymers. This feature of carbon chain degradation under solar illumination conditions is actively used in nanotechnology, X-ray lithography, transplantology and other fields. This is done mainly to smooth out surface roughness of products.

Spectrometry is a major branch of analytical chemistry that specializes in identifying compounds and their composition by their ability to absorb UV light of a specific wavelength. It turns out that the spectra are unique for each substance, so they can be classified according to the results of spectrometry.

Ultraviolet bactericidal radiation is also used to attract and kill insects. The action is based on the ability of the insect's eye to detect short-wave spectra invisible to humans. Therefore, animals fly to the source, where they are destroyed.

Use in solariums - special vertical and horizontal installations in which the human body is exposed to UVA. This is done to activate the production of melanin in the skin, giving it a darker color and smoothness. In addition, this dries out inflammation and destroys harmful bacteria on the surface of the integument. Particular attention should be paid to protecting eyes and sensitive areas.

Medical field

The use of ultraviolet radiation in medicine is also based on its ability to destroy living organisms invisible to the eye - bacteria and viruses, and on the features that occur in the body during proper illumination with artificial or natural irradiation.

The main indications for UV treatment can be outlined in several points:

1. All types of inflammatory processes, open wounds, suppuration and open sutures.
2. For tissue and bone injuries.
3. For burns, frostbite and skin diseases.
4. For respiratory ailments, tuberculosis, bronchial asthma.
5. With the emergence and development of various types of infectious diseases.
6. For ailments accompanied by severe pain, neuralgia.
7. Diseases of the throat and nasal cavity.
8. Rickets and trophic
9. Dental diseases.
10. Regulation of blood pressure, normalization of heart function.
11. Development of cancerous tumors.
12. Atherosclerosis, renal failure and some other conditions.

All of these diseases can have very serious consequences for the body. Therefore, treatment and prevention using UV is a real medical discovery that saves thousands and millions of human lives, preserving and restoring their health.

Another option for using UV from a medical and biological point of view is the disinfection of premises, sterilization of work surfaces and instruments. The action is based on the ability of UV to inhibit the development and replication of DNA molecules, which leads to their extinction. Bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses die.

The main problem when using such radiation for sterilization and disinfection of a room is the area of ​​illumination. After all, organisms are destroyed only by direct exposure to direct waves. Everything that remains outside continues to exist.

Analytical work with minerals

The ability to cause luminescence in substances allows the use of UV to analyze the qualitative composition of minerals and valuable rocks. In this regard, precious, semi-precious and ornamental stones are very interesting. What shades do they produce when irradiated with cathode waves! Malakhov, the famous geologist, wrote about this very interestingly. His work talks about observations of the glow of the color palette that minerals can produce in different irradiation sources.

For example, topaz, which in the visible spectrum has a beautiful rich blue color, when irradiated, appears bright green, and emerald - red. Pearls generally cannot give any specific color and shimmer in many colors. The resulting spectacle is simply fantastic.

If the composition of the rock under study contains uranium impurities, the highlighting will show a green color. Impurities of melite give a blue, and morganite - a lilac or pale purple hue.

Use in filters

Ultraviolet bactericidal radiation is also used for use in filters. The types of such structures can be different:

• hard;
• gaseous;
• liquid.

Such devices are mainly used in the chemical industry, in particular in chromatography. With their help, it is possible to conduct a qualitative analysis of the composition of a substance and identify it by belonging to a particular class of organic compounds.

Drinking water treatment

Disinfection of drinking water with ultraviolet radiation is one of the most modern and high-quality methods of purifying it from biological impurities. The advantages of this method are as follows:

• reliability;
• efficiency;
• absence of foreign products in water;
• safety;
• efficiency;
• preservation of the organoleptic properties of water.

That is why today this disinfection technique keeps pace with traditional chlorination. The action is based on the same features - the destruction of the DNA of harmful living organisms in the water. UV with a wavelength of about 260 nm is used.

In addition to the direct effect on pests, ultraviolet light is also used to destroy the remains of chemical compounds that are used to soften and purify water: such as, for example, chlorine or chloramine.

Black light lamp

Such devices are equipped with special emitters capable of producing long wavelengths, close to visible. However, they still remain indistinguishable to the human eye. Such lamps are used as devices that read secret signs from UV: for example, in passports, documents, banknotes, and so on. That is, such marks can only be distinguished under the influence of a certain spectrum. This is how the operating principle of currency detectors and devices for checking the naturalness of banknotes is constructed.

Restoration and determination of the authenticity of the painting

And UV is used in this area. Each artist used white, which contained different heavy metals in each epochal period of time. Thanks to irradiation, it is possible to obtain so-called underpaintings, which provide information about the authenticity of the painting, as well as about the specific technique and style of painting of each artist.

In addition, the varnish film on the surface of products is a sensitive polymer. Therefore, she is able to age when exposed to light. This allows us to determine the age of compositions and masterpieces of the artistic world.

Beneficial effects of UV rays on the body

The sun's rays provide warmth and light, which improve overall well-being and stimulate blood circulation. The body needs a small amount of ultraviolet light to produce vitamin D. Vitamin D plays an important role in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus from food, as well as in skeletal development, the functioning of the immune system and the formation of blood cells. Without a doubt, a small amount of sunlight is good for us. Exposure to sunlight for 5 to 15 minutes on the arms, face and hands two to three times a week during the summer months is sufficient to maintain normal vitamin D levels. Closer to the equator, where UV radiation is more intense, an even shorter period is sufficient.

Therefore, vitamin D deficiency is unlikely for most people. Possible exceptions are those who have significantly limited their sun exposure: homebound elderly people or people with heavily pigmented skin who live in countries with low levels of UV radiation. Naturally occurring vitamin D is very rare in our diet, present mainly in fish oil and cod liver oil.

Ultraviolet radiation has been successfully used to treat a variety of conditions, including rickets, psoriasis, eczema, and others. This therapeutic intervention does not eliminate the negative side effects of UV radiation, but it is carried out under medical supervision to ensure that the benefits outweigh the risks.

Despite its significant role in medicine, the negative effects of UV radiation usually significantly outweigh the positive ones. In addition to the well-known immediate effects of excess UV exposure, such as burns or allergic reactions, long-term effects pose lifelong health risks. Excessive tanning causes damage to the skin, eyes and possibly the immune system. Many people forget that UV radiation accumulates throughout life. Your attitude towards tanning now determines your chances of developing skin cancer or cataracts later in life! The risk of developing skin cancer is directly related to the duration and frequency of tanning.

Impact atultraviolet light on the skin

There is no such thing as a healthy tan! Skin cells produce a dark pigment only for the purpose of protection from subsequent radiation. Tanning provides some protection against ultraviolet radiation. A dark tan on white skin is equivalent to an SPF of between 2 and 4. However, this does not protect against long-term effects such as skin cancer. A tan may be cosmetically attractive, but all it really means is that your skin has been damaged and is trying to protect itself.

There are two different mechanisms for the formation of tanning: rapid tanning, when, under the influence of ultraviolet radiation, the pigment already existing in the cells darkens. This tan begins to fade a few hours after exposure ceases. Long-term tanning occurs over a period of approximately three days as new melanin is produced and distributed among skin cells. This tan can last for several weeks.

Sunburn- High doses of ultraviolet radiation are destructive to most epidermal cells, and surviving cells are damaged. At best, sunburn causes redness of the skin called erythema. It appears soon after sun exposure and reaches its maximum intensity between 8 and 24 hours. In this case, the effects disappear within a few days. However, a severe tan can leave painful blisters and white patches on the skin, leaving the new skin unprotected and more susceptible to UV damage.

Photosensitivity - A small percentage of the population has the ability to react very sharply to ultraviolet radiation. Even a minimal dose of ultraviolet radiation is enough to trigger allergic reactions in them, leading to rapid and severe sunburn. Photosensitivity is often associated with the use of certain medications, including some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, pain relievers, tranquilizers, oral antidiabetic agents, antibiotics, and antidepressants. If you are constantly taking any medications, carefully read the instructions or consult your doctor about possible photosensitivity reactions. Some food and cosmetic products, such as perfumes or soaps, may also contain ingredients that increase UV sensitivity.

Photoaging- Sun exposure contributes to the aging of your skin through a combination of factors. UVB stimulates a rapid increase in the number of cells in the top layer of skin. As more cells are produced, the epidermis thickens.

UVA, penetrating into the deeper layers of the skin, damages the connective tissue structures and the skin gradually loses its elasticity. Wrinkles and sagging skin are a common result of this loss. A phenomenon that we can often notice in older people is localized excess production of melanin, leading to dark areas or liver spots. In addition, the sun's rays dry out your skin, making it rough and rough.

Non-melanoma skin cancers - Unlike melanoma, basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma are usually not fatal, but surgical removal can be painful and cause scarring.

Non-melanoma cancers are most often located on sun-exposed parts of the body, such as the ears, face, neck and forearms. They have been found to be more common in workers working outdoors than in workers working indoors. This suggests that long-term accumulation of UV exposure plays a major role in the development of non-melanoma skin cancers.

Melanoma- Malignant melanoma is the rarest, but also the most dangerous type of skin cancer. It is one of the most common cancers in people aged 20-35 years, especially in Australia and New Zealand. All forms of skin cancer have trended upward over the past twenty years, however, melanoma remains the highest worldwide.

Melanoma can appear as a new mole or as a change in color, shape, size, or change in feel in existing spots, freckles, or moles. Melanomas usually have an uneven contour and heterogeneous coloring. Itching is another common symptom, but it can also occur with normal moles. If the disease is recognized and treatment is carried out in a timely manner, the prognosis for life is favorable. If left untreated, the tumor can grow rapidly and cancer cells can spread to other parts of the body.

Exposure to ultraviolet radiation on the eyes

The eyes occupy less than 2 percent of the body's surface, but are the only organ system that allows visible light to penetrate deep into the body. Over the course of evolution, many mechanisms have evolved to protect this very sensitive organ from the harmful effects of the sun's rays:

The eye is located in the anatomical recesses of the head, protected by brow arches, eyebrows and eyelashes. However, this anatomical adaptation only partially protects against ultraviolet rays in extreme conditions, such as the use of a tanning bed or when there is strong reflection of light from snow, water and sand.

Constricting the pupil, closing the eyelids and squinting minimizes the penetration of sun rays into the eye.

However, these mechanisms are activated by bright visible light rather than ultraviolet rays, but on a cloudy day, ultraviolet radiation can also be high. Therefore, the effectiveness of these natural defense mechanisms against UV exposure is limited.

Photokeratitis and photoconjunctivitis - Photokeratitis is an inflammation of the cornea, while photoconjunctivitis refers to inflammation of the conjunctiva, the membrane that borders the eye and covers the inner surface of the eyelids. Inflammatory reactions of the eyeball and eyelids can be on par with sunburn of the skin and are very sensitive and usually appear within a few hours of exposure. Photokeratitis and photoconjunctivitis can be very painful, however, they are reversible and do not appear to cause long-term eye damage or visual impairment.

An extreme form of photokeratitis is “snow blindness.” This sometimes occurs in skiers and climbers who are exposed to very high doses of ultraviolet rays due to high altitude conditions and very strong reflection. Fresh snow can reflect up to 80 percent of ultraviolet rays. These ultra-high doses of ultraviolet radiation are harmful to eye cells and can lead to blindness. Snow blindness is very painful. Most often, new cells grow quickly and vision is restored within a few days. In some cases, sun blindness can lead to complications such as chronic irritation or watery eyes.

Pterygium - This growth of conjunctiva on the surface of the eye is a common cosmetic defect thought to be associated with prolonged exposure to ultraviolet light. Pterygium may spread to the center of the cornea and thus reduce vision. This phenomenon can also become inflamed. Although the disease can be eliminated with surgery, it tends to recur.

Cataract- leading cause of blindness in the world. Lens proteins accumulate pigments that coat the lens and eventually lead to blindness. Although cataracts appear to varying degrees in most people as they age, exposure to ultraviolet light appears to increase the likelihood of their occurrence.

Cancerous lesions of the eyes - Recent scientific evidence suggests that various forms of eye cancer may be associated with lifetime exposure to ultraviolet radiation.

Melanoma- A common cancer of the eye and sometimes requiring surgical removal. Basal cell carcinoma most often located in the eyelid area.

Effect of UV radiation on the immune system

Exposure to sunlight may precede herpetic eruptions. In all likelihood, UVB radiation reduces the effectiveness of the immune system and it can no longer keep the herpes simplex virus under control. As a result, the infection is released. One study in the United States examined the effect of sunscreen on the severity of herpes outbreaks. Of the 38 patients suffering from herpes simplex infection, 27 developed rashes after exposure to UV radiation. In contrast, when using sunscreen, none of the patients developed rashes. Therefore, in addition to sun protection, sunscreen may be effective in preventing the recurrence of herpes breakouts caused by sunlight.

Research in recent years has increasingly shown that exposure to environmental ultraviolet radiation can alter the activity and distribution of some cells responsible for the immune response in the human body. As a result, excess UV radiation can increase the risk of infection or reduce the body's ability to defend against skin cancer. Where levels of ultraviolet radiation are high (mainly in developing countries) this can reduce the effectiveness of vaccinations.

It has also been suggested that ultraviolet radiation can cause cancer in two different ways: by directly damaging DNA and by weakening the immune system. To date, not many studies have been conducted to describe the potential impact of immunomodulation on cancer development.

Light therapy is actively used in medical practice to treat various diseases. It includes the use of visible light, laser, infrared, and ultraviolet rays (UVR). UV physiotherapy is most often prescribed.

It is used for the treatment of ENT pathologies, diseases of the musculoskeletal system, immunodeficiencies, bronchial asthma and other diseases. Ultraviolet irradiation is also used for a bacteriostatic effect in infectious diseases and for treating indoor air.

General concept of ultraviolet irradiation, types of devices, mechanism of action, indications

Ultraviolet irradiation (UVR) is a physiotherapeutic procedure that is based on the effect of ultraviolet rays on tissues and organs. The effect on the body may differ when using different wavelengths.

UV rays have different wavelengths:

• Long wavelength (DUV) (400–320 nm).
• Mid-wave (MW) (320–280 nm).
• Short wavelength (SWF) (280–180 nm).

For physiotherapy, special devices are used. They generate ultraviolet rays of different lengths.

UV-devices for physiotherapy:

• Integral. Generate the entire spectrum of ultraviolet radiation.
• Selective. They produce one type of ultraviolet radiation: short-wave, a combination of short- and medium-wave spectra.

Integral

Selective

ОУШ-1 (for individual use, local irradiation, general effects on the body); OH-7 (suitable for the nasopharynx) OUN 250, OUN 500 - desktop type for local use). The source of irradiation is a mercury-quartz tubular lamp. Power can be different: from 100 to 1000 W.

Shortwave spectrum (SWF). Sources of bactericidal action: OBN-1 (wall-mounted), OBP-300 (ceiling-mounted). Used for disinfecting premises. Short rays for local exposure (irradiation of skin, mucous membranes): BOP-4. The mid-wave spectrum is generated by luminescent erythema sources with ultraviolet-transmitting glass: LE-15, LE-30. Long wave sources (LWF) are used for general effects on the body.

In physiotherapy, ultraviolet irradiation is prescribed for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. The mechanism of exposure to ultraviolet radiation is as follows: metabolic processes are activated, the transmission of impulses along nerve fibers improves. When UV rays come into contact with the skin, the patient develops erythema. It looks like redness of the skin. The invisible period of erythema formation is 3-12 hours. The resulting erythematous formation remains on the skin for several more days; it has clear boundaries.

The long-wave spectrum does not cause very pronounced erythema. Medium-wave rays are able to reduce the number of free radicals and stimulate the synthesis of ATP molecules. Short UV rays very quickly provoke an erythematous rash.

Small doses of medium and long UV waves are not capable of causing erythema. They are needed for a general effect on the body.

The benefits of small dosages of UV irradiation:

• Enhances the formation of red blood cells and other blood cells.
• Increases the function of the adrenal glands and the sympathetic system.
• Reduces the formation of fat cells.
• Improves the performance of the name system.
• Stimulates immune reactions.
• Normalizes blood glucose levels.
• Reduces the amount of blood cholesterol.
• Regulates the excretion and absorption of phosphorus and calcium.
• Improves heart and lung function.

Local radiation helps stimulate immune reactions in the area where the rays hit, increases blood flow and lymph outflow.

Dosages of irradiation that do not provoke the appearance of redness have the following properties: increase regenerative function, enhance tissue nutrition, stimulate the appearance of melanin in the skin, increase immunity, stimulate the formation of vitamin D. Higher doses that cause erythema (usually AF) can kill bacterial agents, reduce the intensity of pain, reduce inflammation in the mucous membranes and skin.

Indications for physiotherapy

Overall Impact

Local impact

Stimulation of immunity in immunodeficiencies. Prevention and treatment of rickets (vitamin D deficiency) in children, pregnancy, and breastfeeding. Purulent lesions of the skin and soft tissues. Increasing immunity in chronic processes. Increased blood cell production. Replacement therapy for UVR deficiency.

Joint diseases. Pathologies of the respiratory system. Bronchial asthma. Surgical purulent wounds, bedsores, burns, frostbite, abscesses, erysipelas, fractures. Extrapyramidal syndrome, demyelinating pathologies, head injuries, radiculopathy, various types of pain. Stomatitis, gingivitis, periodontal disease, infiltrative formation after tooth extraction. Rhinitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis. Cracked nipples in women, acute gynecological inflammatory diseases. Weeping umbilical wound in newborns, diathesis with exudation, rheumatoid diseases, pneumonia, skin damage by staphylococcus. Psoriasis, eczematous rashes, purulent skin lesions in dermatological patients.

Contraindications to irradiation are:

• Tumor process.
• Hyperthermia.
• Infectious diseases.
• Overproduction of thyroid hormones.
• Lupus erythematosus.
• Hepatic and renal dysfunction.

Method of ultraviolet irradiation

Before treatment, the physiotherapist must decide on the type of rays. A prerequisite is to calculate the radiation dose to the patient. The load is measured in biodoses. The number of biodoses is calculated using the Gorbachev-Dahlfeld method. It is based on the speed of formation of redness of the skin. One biodose can cause minimal redness from a distance of 50 cm. This dosage is erythemal.

Erythemal doses are divided into:

• small (one or two biodoses);
• medium (three to four biodoses);
• high (five to eight biodoses).

If the radiation dose is more than eight biodoses, then it is called hypererythemal. Irradiation is divided into general and local. General may be intended for one person or a group of patients. Such radiation is produced by integrated devices or long-wave sources.

Children must be irradiated very carefully using general UV radiation. For children and schoolchildren, an incomplete biodose is used. Start with the smallest dosage.

With the general exposure of newborns and very weak babies to UV rays, 1/10–1/8 of a biodose is exposed at the initial stage. For schoolchildren and preschoolers, 1/4 of the biodose is used. The load is increased over time to 1 1/2-1 3/4 biodoses. This dosage remains for the entire treatment phase. Sessions are held every other day. 10 sessions are enough for treatment.

During the procedure, the patient must be undressed and placed on the couch. The device is placed at a distance of 50 cm from the surface of the patient’s body. The lamp should be covered with a cloth or blanket along with the patient. This ensures that the maximum radiation dosage is received. If you do not cover it with a blanket, then some of the rays emanating from the source are scattered. The effectiveness of therapy will be low.

Local exposure to ultraviolet radiation is carried out by devices of a mixed type, as well as those emitting short waves of the UV spectrum. During local physiotherapy, it is possible to influence reflexogenic zones, irradiate with fractions, fields, near the site of damage.

Local irradiation often causes redness of the skin, which has a healing effect. In order to properly stimulate the formation of erythema, after its appearance, the following sessions begin after it fades. The intervals between physical procedures are 1-3 days. The dosage in subsequent sessions is increased by a third or more.

For intact skin, 5-6 physiotherapy procedures are sufficient. If there are purulent lesions or bedsores on the skin, then up to 12 sessions need to be irradiated. For mucous membranes, course therapy is 10-12 sessions.

For children, local use of ultraviolet radiation is permitted from birth. It is limited in area. For a newborn child, the area of ​​exposure is 50 cm2 or more, for schoolchildren it is no more than 300 cm2. The dosage for erythema therapy is 0.5-1 biodose.

In case of acute respiratory diseases, UV treatment of the nasopharyngeal mucosa is performed. For this purpose, special tubes are used. The session lasts 1 minute (adults), half a minute (children). The course of therapy lasts 7 days.

The chest is irradiated across the fields. The duration of the procedure is 3-5 minutes. The fields are processed separately on different days. Sessions are carried out every day. The frequency of field irradiation per course is 2-3 times; oilcloth or perforated fabric is used to highlight it.

For a runny nose in the acute period, ultraviolet exposure is applied to the feet from the sole. The source is installed at a distance of 10 cm. The course of treatment is up to 4 days. Radiation is also given using a tube into the nose and throat. The first session lasts 30 seconds. In the future, therapy is extended to 3 minutes. Course therapy consists of 6 sessions.

For otitis media, ultraviolet exposure is applied to the ear canal. The session lasts 3 minutes. Therapy includes 6 physiotherapy procedures. In patients with pharyngitis, laryngitis, and tracheitis, irradiation is performed along the anterior upper part of the chest. The number of procedures per course is up to 6.

For tracheitis, pharyngitis, and sore throat, you can irradiate the back wall of the pharynx (throat) using tubes. During the session, the patient must say the sound “a”. The duration of the physiotherapy procedure is 1-5 minutes. Treatment is carried out every 2 days. Course therapy consists of 6 sessions.

Pustular skin lesions are treated by ultraviolet irradiation after treatment of the wound surface. The ultraviolet source is installed at a distance of 10 cm. The session duration is 2-3 minutes. Treatment lasts 3 days.

Boils and abscesses are irradiated after opening the formation. Treatment is carried out at a distance of 10 cm to the surface of the body. The duration of one physiotherapy procedure is 3 minutes. Course therapy 10 sessions.

UV treatment at home

Ultraviolet irradiation can be carried out at home. To do this, you can purchase a UFO device at any medical equipment store. To carry out ultraviolet irradiation physiotherapy at home, the “Sun” device (OUFb-04) has been developed. It is intended for local action on mucous membranes and skin.

For general irradiation, you can purchase a mercury-quartz lamp “Sun”. It will replace part of the missing ultraviolet light in winter and disinfect the air. There are also home irradiators for shoes and water.

The “Sun” device for local use is equipped with a tube for the nose, throat, and treatment of other parts of the body. The device is small in size. Before purchasing, you should make sure that the device is in working order, that it has certificates and quality guarantees. To clarify the rules for using the device, you must read the instructions or contact your doctor.

Conclusion

Ultraviolet radiation is often used in medicine to treat various diseases. In addition to treatment, UV devices can be used to disinfect premises. They are used in hospitals and at home. When lamps are used correctly, irradiation does not cause harm, and the effectiveness of treatment is quite high.