A person receives 90% of information about the world around him through vision. Only the remaining ten are reserved for other senses. But how do blind people perceive the world? We will tell you about this.

Plunge into darkness

When we close our eyes, we usually see black, sometimes mixed with luminous spots. By this picture we mean “see nothing.” But how do those whose eyes are always “closed” see the world? What is darkness for a blind person and how does he see it?

In general, a blind person’s picture of the world largely depends on how old he was when he lost his sight. If this happened already at a conscious age, then the person thinks in the same images as sighted people. He simply receives information about them using other senses. So, hearing the rustling of leaves, he imagines trees, warm sunny weather will be associated with a blue sky, and so on.

If a person lost his sight in childhood, after the age of five, he can remember colors and understand their meaning. In other words, he will know what the standard seven colors of the rainbow look like and their shades. But visual memory will still be poorly developed. For such people, perception is based largely on hearing and touch.

People who have never seen the sun's vision imagine the world completely differently. Being blind from birth or from infancy, they do not know either the images of the world or its colors. For them, vision, like visual perception, means nothing, since the area of ​​the brain responsible for converting visual information into an image simply does not work for them. When asked what they see before their eyes, they will most likely answer that nothing. Or rather, they simply will not understand the question, since they do not have a developed association of the object with the image. They know the names of colors and objects, but they don't know what they should look like. This once again proves the inability of the blind, who managed to regain their sight, to recognize objects familiar to them by touch after seeing them with their own eyes. Therefore, a blind person will never be able to explain what color real darkness is, because he cannot see it.

Tactile dreams

The situation is similar with dreams. People who have lost their sight at a conscious age, according to their own stories, continue to see dreams “with pictures” for some time. But as time passes, they are replaced by sounds, smells, and tactile sensations.

A person who is blind from birth will see absolutely nothing in his dreams. But he will feel it. Suppose we have a dream in which we are on a sandy beach. A sighted person will most likely see the beach itself, the ocean, sand, and an incoming wave. A blind person will hear the sound of a wave, feel the sand pouring through his fingers, and feel a light breeze. Video blogger Tomi Edison, who has been blind since birth, describes his dreams as follows: “I dream the same thing as you. For example, I can sit on football match, and a moment later find myself at my birthday, when I turned seven.” Of course, he doesn't see all this. But he hears sounds that evoke corresponding associations in him.

Echolocation

Sighted people receive 90% of information through their eyes. Vision is the main sense organ for humans. For a blind person, this 90% or, according to some versions, 80% comes from hearing. Therefore, most blind people have very sensitive hearing, which a sighted person can only envy - in their midst there are often magnificent musicians, for example, jazz performer Charles Ray or virtuoso pianist Art Tatum. Not only can blind people truly hear and closely follow sounds, but in some cases they can also use echolocation. True, for this you need to learn to recognize sound waves reflected by surrounding objects, determine the position, distance and size of objects located nearby.

Modern researchers no longer classify this method as a fantastic ability. The method of using echolocation for the blind was developed by the American Daniel Kish, who was also blind from early childhood. At 13 months, he had both eyes removed. A blind child’s natural desire to understand the world resulted in his using the method of reflecting sound from different surfaces. They use it the bats, living in complete darkness, and dolphins using echolocation to navigate the ocean.

Thanks to his unique way of “seeing,” Daniel managed to live the life of an ordinary child, in no way inferior to his more fortunate peers. The essence of his method is simple: he constantly clicks his tongue, sending a sound in front of him, which is reflected from different surfaces and gives him an idea of ​​​​the objects around him. In fact, the same thing happens when blind people tap a stick - the sound of the stick on the road, bounces off surrounding surfaces and conveys some information to the person.

However, Daniel's method has not yet become widespread. In particular, in America, where it originated, according to the American national federation blind people, it was considered “too complex.” But today technology has come to the aid of a good idea. Two years ago, Israeli scientists developed a special Sonar Vision system that is capable of converting images into sound signals. It works in the same way as the echolocation system of bats, but instead of chirping, a video camera built into glasses is used. A laptop or smartphone converts the image into sound, which in turn is transmitted to the headset. According to experiments, after special training, blind people using the device were able to identify faces, buildings, the position of objects in space, and even identify individual letters.

The world is touchable

Unfortunately, all of the above methods of perceiving the world around us are not suitable for all blind people. Some are deprived from birth not only of eyes, but also of ears, or rather hearing. The world of the deaf-blind is limited to memory, if they have lost sight and hearing not since birth, and touch. In other words, for them there is only that which they can touch. Touch and smell are the only threads that connect them with the world around them.

But even for them there is hope for a fulfilling life. You can talk to them using so-called dactylology, when each letter corresponds to a specific sign reproduced with the fingers. A huge contribution to the lives of such people was made by the Braille code - a relief-dot tactile way of writing. Today, raised letters, incomprehensible to a sighted person, are ubiquitous. There are even special computer displays that can convert electronic text into raised text. However, this method is applicable only to those who have lost their sight and hearing after they have learned the language. Those who are blind and deaf from birth have to rely only on touch or vibration

Reading vibrations

Completely unique in history is the case of American Helen Keller, who lost her sight and hearing as a result of a fever in infancy. It would seem that she is destined for the life of a closed person who, due to her disability, simply will not be able to learn the language, and therefore will not be able to communicate with people. But her desire to explore the world on an equal basis with the sighted and hearing people was rewarded. When Helen grew up, she was assigned to the Perkins School, which specialized in teaching blind people. There she was assigned a teacher, Anne Sullivan, who was able to find the right approach to Helen. She taught the language to a girl who had never heard human speech and did not even know the approximate sound of letters and the meaning of words. They resorted to the Tadoma method: touching their lips talking man, Helen felt their vibration while Sullivan marked the letters on her palm.

After mastering the language, Helen had the opportunity to use the Braille code. With his help, she achieved such success that would be the envy of a common person. By the end of her studies, she had fully mastered English, German, Greek and Latin. At the age of 24, she graduated with honors from the prestigious Radcliffe Institute, becoming the first deafblind person to receive higher education. Subsequently, she devoted her life to politics and protecting the rights of people with limited abilities, and also wrote 12 books about her life and the world through the eyes of the blind.

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With this article I open a series of articles about achievements ordinary people who are among us. They are the same as us, they have the same desires and opportunities, they set the same goals for themselves.

Only to achieve them they need to put in a little more effort, a little more difficult to overcome themselves, a little more difficult to prove their right to.

And when it’s hard for me, when I give up and it seems that the movement towards the goal has stopped or even turned back, I remember these stories, these people, I feel ashamed of my weaknesses and I move forward further.

I hope they will help you overcome difficulties on the path to your personal success and give you a boost of energy.

A loved one told me this story, coming one day after a lecture with great enthusiasm. We were sitting at a lecture in the library for the blind, he said, the lecturers replaced one another.

It was very interesting. Among the lecturers, a young man in a neat, elegant suit was waiting to speak. He didn’t stand out among the others in any way and we didn’t pay any attention to him at all, but then it was his turn.

He stood up and confidently walked to his place in front of the audience and told us what the possibilities were modern technologies exist for blind and visually impaired people, and specifically about opportunities in the Internet. At the same time, he actively and deftly showed how his own personal gadgets work.

Then he had to show how a desktop computer works. He walked into another room and confidently sat down at the computer and very quickly, sliding the fingers of his right and left hands over the keys, walked through various sites, showing us Internet resources for the blind.

How blind people live. Blindness is not a hindrance to success

Our surprise was great when we realized that Sasha was the name young man, he himself is completely blind, that is, he does not see anything. He doesn’t even sense light, that is, he can’t approach the window based on the light source, only by hearing and with the help of a cane.

What does a blind person see? Try it, blindfold your eyes with a thick cloth, and you will understand how a blind person feels. Black haze.

Somewhere in Europe there is a restaurant where people sit and try to eat in complete darkness.They say few people survive until the end of the meal, but Sasha lives like this all the time.

We were shocked how he walked alone, without the help of other people. Our surprise became even greater when we learned that he lives very close, at the other end of our city of a million people, and every day he travels from home to work with two transfers.

How he does this is beyond my comprehension. We were just complaining to each other about how hard it was for us to get to the lecture venue in the cold, how slippery it was, how hard it was to walk over the snowdrifts after an overnight snowfall.

How could he, a blind man, overcome all this? Our complaints now seemed ridiculous to us. Everyone became quiet and began to listen to Sasha’s story with respect.

Life of blind people. The story of a blind guy

Sasha went blind at the age of 12, after an absurd accident when he was playing with firecrackers with other boys. An explosion occurred and Sasha received severe burns to both eyes.

Along with his sight, he lost two fingers. right hand. The question arose of how to live further. Together with his parents, he decided not to give up, but to become educated person and take advantage of all the opportunities of modern civilization.

“Yes,” says Sasha himself, it was very difficult. At first, I was completely attached to my parents. They met and escorted me to and from school.

But by the age of 16, I realized that if this continues, then I will remain attached to someone, I will not be able to live own life, become independent and will not achieve success.

I set myself to achieve everything they want to achieve ordinary people and help other blind people achieve their goals. I decided to start with the simplest goal for all other children, but very difficult for me - to become a person free in my movements.

And one day, getting up early in the morning, while my parents were still not up, I quietly got ready and went to school on my own, which I had never done before. As it turned out later, my mother heard everything, but, understanding my idea, she made an effort and did not stop me.

She was just watching me from the window. This was also a victory for her, because it is very difficult to let go of your partner in such a situation. loved one, understand and give him the opportunity to go towards his goal in achieving success.

Without disturbing me, my mother supported me in difficult times.”

Alexander had a picture in front of him, like a photo, of what he would like to achieve and he decided to go towards this picture, towards this happy photo. Blind people dream differently than sighted people; their dreams seem worthless to healthy people.

And for them, just walking down the street is akin to a feat.

Strength of will. Life of a disabled person and life with a disabled person

Sasha reached school. This was his first small victory, his personal success, the first step in his long and complex ladder of success.

But I was not going to stop there, Sasha continues, I have always been fascinated by computer technology. I spent a lot of time at the computer while I was sighted.

And I entered the Institute of Information Technology and graduated from it. Became the chief IT specialist in a library for the blind. I also work on the Internet, using its enormous capabilities.

Recently I got my wife involved in this. By the way, she has a webinar this evening, he admits. In general, she is a massage therapist, but she does not work in her specialty yet and I attracted her to .

Very comfortably. She sits at home, but does not turn into a housewife, but works and feels confident. Well, that’s the answer, we thought, probably his wife is helping him after all. But, to our greatest surprise, it turned out that the wife is also blind and they live separately from their parents.

By the way, we earned money for the apartment ourselves and bought it. They also recently had a child. He is sighted, and of course, his parents will do everything to make him successful.

And how could it be otherwise when such parents are in front of your eyes? This is such a family, such a path to success.

So, friends, nothing is impossible. If you want something, set goals, one after another. Build your own . Go to them without giving up. Use all your capabilities 100%.

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On weekdays at 17:30, watch new episodes of the “Blind” project on TV-3. New stories await you from the life of a blind witch who comes to the aid of desperate people every day. Baba Nina lives in the wilderness of the village, but this did not stop her from making millions of people all over Russia fall in love with her. And this is not surprising, because very often people deprived of some physical capabilities - for example, deprived of vision - have unique gift or unusual abilities.

The World Health Association estimates that there are approximately 280 million visually impaired people in the world, 40 million of whom are blind. We offer you a selection amazing facts from the lives of blind people who will make you look at their world with different eyes!

FACT #1: PLAYBOY IS FOR THE BLIND

Since 1970, the American National Library Service has published Playboy magazine with Braille. True, it only includes articles from the original magazine, not pictures.

FACT #2: BLIND PEOPLE MAKE PENS FOR THE US GOVERNMENT

The US government only uses Skilcraft pens, which are hand-assembled by blind people.

FACT #3: A GREAT BLIND MUSICIAN HELPED THE DEAF

Famous blind musician Ray Charles founded a foundation to help people with hearing loss. When he was asked why hearing and not sight, he replied that music saved his life, and he does not know how he would live if he could not hear it.

FACT #4: THE MOST POPULAR WAX CRAYONS ARE MADE BY COLOR Blind People

About 2 billion were produced wax crayons famous company Crayola, before their creator, Emerson Moser, admitted that he had color blindness - a type of color blindness.

FACT #5: THE BLIND GUIDED PEOPLE THROUGH THE DESERT

Blind guides were in great demand by caravans in the Sahara - they found the path among the dunes by the smell of camels.

FACT #6: BLIND PEOPLE PAY FOR DISCOUNTED TV IN THE UK

In the UK you have to pay to own a TV: if you have a TV, you have to pay tax, even if no one watches it. Even blind people pay, but they have a 50% discount on their television license.

FACT #7: A BLIND GUY BECAME A HACKER

19-year-old blind Matthew Weigman was arrested for hacking. Using his supersensitive hearing, he hacked phones and called the police special forces, sending them to the addresses of people he didn't like.

FACT #8: BLIND PEOPLE CAN MOVE AROUND THE CITY SAFELY

In some countries, they make special tactile sidewalks that blind people can feel with a cane and use to move around. Such sidewalks are especially effective near intersections and subways.

Relief dot tactile font, known as Braille, is designed for reading by blind and visually impaired people. It was designed by Louis Braille at the request of Napoleon Bonaparte. Initially, with its help, French soldiers could transmit and read secret messages in complete darkness.

FACT No. 10: BLIND PEOPLE ORIENTATE IN THE MOSCOW METRO

On radial lines of the Moscow metro, when moving towards the center, stations are announced by male voices, and when moving from the center - by female voices. On the Circle Line male voices stations are announced when moving clockwise, and women's stations are announced when moving clockwise. reverse side. This is done so that the blind can navigate the subway normally.

Don't miss new episodes of the "Blind" project on weekdays at 17:30 on TV-3!

A person receives 90% of information about the world around him through vision. Only the remaining ten are reserved for other senses. But how do blind people perceive the world?

Plunge into darkness

When we close our eyes, we usually see black, sometimes mixed with luminous spots. By this picture we mean “see nothing.” But how do those whose eyes are always “closed” see the world? What is darkness for a blind person and how does he see it?

In general, a blind person’s picture of the world largely depends on how old he was when he lost his sight. If this happened already at a conscious age, then the person thinks in the same images as sighted people. He simply receives information about them using other senses. So, hearing the rustling of leaves, he imagines trees, warm sunny weather will be associated with a blue sky, and so on.

If a person lost his sight in childhood, after the age of five, he can remember colors and understand their meaning. In other words, he will know what the standard seven colors of the rainbow look like and their shades. But visual memory will still be poorly developed. For such people, perception is based largely on hearing and touch.

People who have never seen the sun's vision imagine the world completely differently. Being blind from birth or from infancy, they do not know either the images of the world or its colors. For them, vision, like visual perception, means nothing, since the area of ​​the brain responsible for converting visual information into an image simply does not work for them. When asked what they see before their eyes, they will most likely answer that nothing. Or rather, they simply will not understand the question, since they do not have a developed association of the object with the image. They know the names of colors and objects, but they don't know what they should look like. This once again proves the inability of the blind, who managed to regain their sight, to recognize objects familiar to them by touch after seeing them with their own eyes. Therefore, a blind person will never be able to explain what color real darkness is, because he cannot see it.

Tactile dreams

The situation is similar with dreams. People who have lost their sight at a conscious age, according to their own stories, continue to see dreams “with pictures” for some time. But as time passes, they are replaced by sounds, smells, and tactile sensations.

A person who is blind from birth will see absolutely nothing in his dreams. But he will feel it. Suppose we have a dream in which we are on a sandy beach. A sighted person will most likely see the beach itself, the ocean, sand, and an incoming wave. A blind person will hear the sound of a wave, feel the sand pouring through his fingers, and feel a light breeze. Video blogger Tomi Edison, who has been blind since birth, describes his dreams as follows: “I dream the same thing as you. For example, I can be sitting at a football game and a moment later find myself at my seven-year-old birthday party.” Of course, he doesn't see all this. But he hears sounds that evoke corresponding associations in him.

Echolocation

Sighted people receive 90% of information through their eyes. Vision is the main sense organ for humans. For a blind person, this 90% or, according to some versions, 80% comes from hearing. That's why

Most blind people have very sensitive hearing, which a sighted person can only envy - in their midst there are often excellent musicians, for example, jazz performer Charles Ray or virtuoso pianist Art Tatum. Not only can blind people truly hear and closely follow sounds, but in some cases they can also use echolocation. True, for this you need to learn to recognize sound waves reflected by surrounding objects, determine the position, distance and size of objects located nearby.

Modern researchers no longer classify this method as a fantastic ability. The method of using echolocation for the blind was developed by the American Daniel Kish, who was also blind from early childhood. At 13 months, he had both eyes removed. A blind child’s natural desire to understand the world resulted in his using the method of reflecting sound from different surfaces. It is also used by bats that live in complete darkness, and by dolphins that use echolocation to navigate the ocean.

Thanks to his unique way of “seeing,” Daniel managed to live the life of an ordinary child, in no way inferior to his more fortunate peers. The essence of his method is simple: he constantly clicks his tongue, sending a sound in front of him, which is reflected from different surfaces and gives him an idea of ​​​​the objects around him. In fact, the same thing happens when blind people tap a stick - the sound of the stick on the road, bounces off surrounding surfaces and conveys some information to the person.

However, Daniel's method has not yet become widespread. In particular, in America, where it originated, according to the American National Federation of Blind People, it was considered “too complex.” But today technology has come to the aid of a good idea. Two years ago, Israeli scientists developed a special Sonar Vision system that is capable of converting images into sound signals. It works in the same way as the echolocation system of bats, but instead of chirping, a video camera built into glasses is used. A laptop or smartphone converts the image into sound, which in turn is transmitted to the headset. According to experiments, after special training, blind people using the device were able to identify faces, buildings, the position of objects in space, and even identify individual letters.

The world is touchable

Unfortunately, all of the above methods of perceiving the world around us are not suitable for all blind people. Some are deprived from birth not only of eyes, but also of ears, or rather hearing. The world of the deaf-blind is limited to memory, if they have lost sight and hearing not since birth, and touch. In other words, for them there is only that which they can touch. Touch and smell are the only threads that connect them with the world around them.

But even for them there is hope for a fulfilling life. You can talk to them using so-called dactylology, when each letter corresponds to a specific sign reproduced with the fingers. A huge contribution to the lives of such people was made by the Braille code - a relief-dot tactile way of writing. Today, raised letters, incomprehensible to a sighted person, are ubiquitous. There are even special computer displays that can convert electronic text into raised text. However, this method is applicable only to those who have lost their sight and hearing after they have learned the language. Those who are blind and deaf from birth have to rely only on touch or vibration!

Reading vibrations

Completely unique in history is the case of American Helen Keller, who lost her sight and hearing as a result of a fever in infancy. It would seem that she is destined for the life of a closed person who, due to her disability, simply will not be able to learn the language, and therefore will not be able to communicate with people. But her desire to explore the world on an equal basis with the sighted and hearing people was rewarded. When Helen grew up, she was assigned to the Perkins School, which specialized in teaching blind people. There she was assigned a teacher, Anne Sullivan, who was able to find the right approach to Helen. She taught the language to a girl who had never heard human speech and did not even know the approximate sound of letters and the meaning of words. They resorted to the Tadoma method: by touching the lips of the speaking person, Helen felt their vibration, while Sullivan marked the letters on her palm.

After mastering the language, Helen had the opportunity to use the Braille code. With his help, she achieved such success that an ordinary person would envy. By the end of her studies, she had fully mastered English, German, Greek and Latin. At the age of 24, she graduated with honors from the prestigious Radcliffe Institute, becoming the first deaf-blind person to receive a higher education. Subsequently, she devoted her life to politics and protecting the rights of people with disabilities, and also wrote 12 books about her life and the world through the eyes of the blind.

Very often people with good vision are interested in the question: what do blind people see? Many people think that they see black with an admixture of luminous spots (this is what we see when we close our eyes). However, this is not quite true. The picture of the world of a blind person depends largely on the age at which he lost his sight. If this happened in adulthood, then he will think like a sighted person and perceive the sun as yellow and the grass as green. If a person was born blind, then he simply does not know what darkness or golden glow. Therefore, if you ask him about what he sees, most likely he will answer: “Emptiness,” and he will not lie.

Let's conduct a simple experiment and look at the world through the eyes of a blind person. To do this, you need to close one eye with your hand and focus on some object with the other. Now answer the question: what does your closed eye? That's right, he sees emptiness.

Dreams of the Blind

Let us note that the situation is approximately the same with dreams. A man who has lost his sight mature age, will tell you that at first he had dreams with colorful pictures. Then it all disappeared, and the images were replaced by sounds, smells and tactile sensations. At the same time, a person who is blind from birth will see absolutely nothing in dreams.

Let's say we dream of a sandy beach. A sighted person will be able to enjoy all the details of this place: the azure ocean, the white sand beach, the colorful hammock and bright sun. A person blind from birth will smell the sea water, the blow of the wind, the heat of the sun, hear the sound of an incoming wave, feel the sand on his fingers. Video blogger Tomi Edison, who has been blind since childhood, describes his dreams as follows:

I dream the same thing as you. For example, I can be sitting at a football game and a moment later find myself at my seven-year-old birthday party.

Of course, he doesn’t see any of the above. His dreams consist of sounds, tastes, tactile sensations and smells. It is these feelings that help Tomi Edison, like any other blind person, navigate space in reality and in dreams.

Can blind people see bright light?

For several decades, scientists have wondered whether blind people see anything. In 1923, a graduate student from Harvard University Clyde Keeler in progress scientific experiment found out that they cannot see, but their pupils can react to bright light.

80 years later, his colleagues from Harvard continued their research and discovered special light-sensitive cells ipRGCs in the eye. It turned out that they are located in the nerves that conduct signals from the retina to the brain. ipRGCs react to light, but do not affect vision in any way. Most people and animals have such cells, so even completely blind people can see bright light.

Tunnel vision

In addition to the completely blind, there are also visually impaired people. People with tunnel vision fall into this category.

According to the Great encyclopedic dictionary, “tunnel vision is a painful condition in which a person loses the ability to peripherally (side) view. The image is perceived only within a certain narrow radius falling on the central region of the retina.”

A person with tunnel vision looks as if into a pipe. He does not notice objects moving near him and ceases to orient himself in space. The causes of this disorder may be different, including: oxygen starvation, serious blood loss, sudden changes in pressure, hallucinogens and some other drugs, a sharp release of norepinephrine (fight or flight response), nitrogen poisoning (caisson sickness), complications of laser therapy, cataracts, glaucoma, retinal degeneration and much more.

The effect of tunnel vision can be temporary (the flow of blood from the head in astronauts and pilots is accompanied by such symptoms) and chronic. There is no single plan to help people with this disease. Some doctors prescribe drug treatment, others suggest using special devices designed for people with tunnel vision. These include glasses created on the reverse principle of binoculars. They cover everything that happens from the side. However, this invention is not popular among patients, because reduces objects, thereby interfering with the objective perception of the surrounding world. There are also glasses with cameras that record everything that happens around a person and broadcast the image to small screens.

Legal blindness

Another visual impairment is legal blindness. Its stages:

• 20/200 to 20/400: Considered severe visual impairment or severe vision loss. A person sees large objects and people, distinguishes colors, but everything is out of focus.
• 20/500 to 20/1000: Considered profound visual impairment or profound vision loss. The patient loses peripheral vision, ceases to perceive colors. Everything around him appears to him in a thick fog.
• Greater than 20/1000: Considered to be almost completely visually impaired or almost completely blind. The person does not even see the light.

Let us remind you that visual acuity, expressed in values: 1.0, 20/20 or 6/6, is accepted as the norm.

Monochromacy

Monochromasia is congenital complete color blindness. Monochromats see the world in black and white colors. In more difficult cases they experience photophobia and complete loss of vision.

The disease can be diagnosed by early childhood. The first signal: the child does not distinguish colors.

The whole point is that healthy person 3 cone mechanisms are fully functioning; with monochromasia, the work of the cones - the peripheral processes of the light-sensitive cells of the retina - is disrupted. Therefore all the world painted in a black and white palette. Monochromats often cannot be in the sun without glasses, because sunlight, affecting the retina, brings them to the eyes severe pain.

To accurately diagnose the disease, ophthalmologists usually use Rabkin’s polychromatic tables or electroretinography. If you notice any symptoms of monochromasia in a child, you should immediately seek help from a specialist. However, it is still not possible to completely get rid of the disease.

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