Immensely oral folk art. It has been created for centuries, there are many varieties of it. Translated from in English"folklore" is " national significance, wisdom." That is, oral folk art - everything that is created by the spiritual culture of the population over the centuries historical life his.

Features of Russian folklore

If you carefully read the works of Russian folklore, you will notice that it actually reflects a lot: the play of the imagination of the people, the history of the country, laughter, and serious thoughts about human life. Listening to the songs and tales of their ancestors, people thought about many difficult issues of their family, social and work life, thought about how to fight for happiness, improve their lives, what a person should be, what should be ridiculed and condemned.

Varieties of folklore

Varieties of folklore include fairy tales, epics, songs, proverbs, riddles, calendar refrains, magnification, sayings - everything that was repeated passed from generation to generation. At the same time, the performers often introduced something of their own into the text they liked, changing individual details, images, expressions, imperceptibly improving and honing the work.

Oral folk art for the most part exists in a poetic (verse) form, since it was this that made it possible to memorize and pass on these works from mouth to mouth for centuries.

Songs

A song is a special verbal and musical genre. It is a small lyrical-narrative or lyrical work, which was created specifically for singing. Their types are as follows: lyrical, dance, ritual, historical. Expressed in folk songs the feelings of one person, but at the same time of many people. They reflected love experiences, social and family life, reflections on a difficult fate. In folk songs, the so-called technique of parallelism is often used, when the mood of a given lyrical character is transferred to nature.

Historical songs are dedicated to various famous personalities and events: the conquest of Siberia by Ermak, the uprising of Stepan Razin, the peasant war led by Emelyan Pugachev, the battle of Poltava with the Swedes, etc. The narration in historical folk songs about some events is combined with the emotional sound of these works.

Epics

The term "epic" was introduced by I.P. Sakharov in the 19th century. It represents oral folk art in the form of a song, heroic, epic character. The epic arose in the 9th century; it was an expression of the historical consciousness of the people of our country. Bogatyrs are the main characters of this type of folklore. They embody the people's ideal of courage, strength, and patriotism. Examples of heroes who were depicted in works of oral folk art: Dobrynya Nikitich, Ilya Muromets, Mikula Selyaninovich, Alyosha Popovich, as well as the merchant Sadko, the giant Svyatogor, Vasily Buslaev and others. Life basis, at the same time enriched with some fantastic fiction, constitutes the plot of these works. In them, heroes single-handedly defeat entire hordes of enemies, fight monsters, and instantly overcome vast distances. This oral folk art is very interesting.

Fairy tales

Epics must be distinguished from fairy tales. These works of oral folk art are based on invented events. Fairy tales can be magical (in which fantastic forces are involved), as well as everyday ones, where people are depicted - soldiers, peasants, kings, workers, princesses and princes - in everyday settings. This type of folklore differs from other works in its optimistic plot: in it, good always triumphs over evil, and the latter either suffers defeat or is ridiculed.

Legends

We continue to describe the genres of oral folk art. A legend, unlike a fairy tale, is a folk oral history. Its basis is an incredible event, a fantastic image, a miracle, which is perceived by the listener or storyteller as reliable. There are legends about the origin of peoples, countries, seas, about the sufferings and exploits of fictional or real-life heroes.

Puzzles

Oral folk art is represented by many riddles. They are an allegorical image of a certain object, usually based on a metaphorical rapprochement with it. The riddles are very small in volume and have a certain rhythmic structure, often emphasized by the presence of rhyme. They are created in order to develop intelligence and ingenuity. The riddles are varied in content and theme. There may be several versions of them about the same phenomenon, animal, object, each of which characterizes it from a certain aspect.

Proverbs and sayings

Genres of oral folk art also include sayings and proverbs. A proverb is a rhythmically organized, short, figurative saying, an aphoristic folk saying. It usually has a two-part structure, which is supported by rhyme, rhythm, alliteration and assonance.

A proverb is a figurative expression that evaluates some phenomenon of life. It, unlike a proverb, is not a whole sentence, but only a part of a statement included in oral folk art.

Proverbs, sayings and riddles are included in the so-called small genres of folklore. What is it? In addition to the above types, these include other oral folk art. The types of small genres are complemented by the following: lullabies, nurseries, nursery rhymes, jokes, game choruses, chants, sentences, riddles. Let's take a closer look at each of them.

Lullabies

Small genres of oral folk art include lullabies. People call them bikes. This name comes from the verb "bait" ("bayat") - "to speak." This word has the following ancient meaning: "to speak, to whisper." It is no coincidence that lullabies received this name: the oldest of them are directly related to spell poetry. Struggling with sleep, for example, the peasants said: “Dreamushka, get away from me.”

Pestushki and nursery rhymes

Russian oral folk art is also represented by pestushki and nursery rhymes. At their center is the image of a growing child. The name “pestushki” comes from the word “to nurture”, that is, “to follow someone, raise, nurse, carry in one’s arms, educate.” They are short sentences with which in the first months of a baby’s life they comment on his movements.

Imperceptibly, the pestles turn into nursery rhymes - songs that accompany the baby's games with his toes and hands. This oral folk art is very diverse. Examples of nursery rhymes: “Magpie”, “Ladushki”. They often already contain a “lesson”, an instruction. For example, in “Soroka” the white-sided woman fed everyone porridge, except for one lazy person, although he was the smallest one (his little finger corresponds to him).

Jokes

In the first years of children's lives, nannies and mothers sang songs of more complex content to them, not related to play. All of them can be designated by the single term “jokes.” In content they resemble small tales in verse. For example, about a cockerel - a golden comb, flying to the Kulikovo field for oats; about the rowan hen, which “winnowed peas” and “sowed millet.”

A joke, as a rule, gives a picture of some bright event, or it depicts some rapid action that corresponds to the active nature of the baby. They are characterized by a plot, but the child is not capable of long-term attention, so they are limited to only one episode.

Sentences, calls

We continue to consider oral folk art. Its types are complemented by slogans and sentences. Children on the street very early learn from their peers a variety of calls, which represent an appeal to birds, rain, rainbows, and the sun. Children, on occasion, shout out words in chorus. In addition to the nicknames, in peasant family every child knew the sentences. They are most often pronounced one by one. Sentences - appeal to a mouse, small bugs, a snail. This may be imitation of various bird voices. Verbal sentences and song calls are filled with faith in the powers of water, sky, earth (sometimes beneficial, sometimes destructive). Their utterance introduced adult peasant children to the work and life. Sentences and calls are combined into a special department called “calendar” children's folklore"This term emphasizes the existing connection between them and the time of year, holiday, weather, the whole way of life and the way of life of the village.

Game sentences and refrains

Genres of oral folk art include playful sentences and refrains. They are no less ancient than calls and sentences. They either connect parts of a game or start it. They can also serve as endings and determine the consequences that exist when conditions are violated.

The games are striking in their resemblance to serious peasant activities: reaping, hunting, sowing flax. Reproducing these cases in strict sequence with the help of multiple repetitions made it possible to instill with early years the child respect for customs and the existing order, teach the rules of behavior accepted in society. The names of the games - "Bear in the Forest", "Wolf and Geese", "Kite", "Wolf and Sheep" - speak of a connection with the life and way of life of the rural population.

Conclusion

IN folk epics, fairy tales, legends, songs live no less exciting colorful images than in works of art classical authors. Original and surprisingly accurate rhymes and sounds, bizarre, beautiful poetic rhythms - like lace are woven into the texts of ditties, nursery rhymes, jokes, riddles. And what vivid poetic comparisons we can find in lyrical songs! All this could only be created by the people - Great master words.

Literary and folk tales belong to the same genre, so it is quite difficult to determine what is different folk tale from literary. The only visible differences are the form of the narrative and the internal content. The basis of the plot of any fairy tale is amazing story about the unprecedented adventures (sometimes misadventures) of the main characters, but in folklore works The plot is built according to a traditional scheme, but in literary stories the story has the author’s own version of the presentation.

Folk tales

To identify the differences between literary and folk tales, you should study the definitions of these concepts. Folk tale is ancient cultural heritage, which, albeit in an embellished form, preserved the idea of ​​ancestors about the relationship between the surrounding world (nature) and man. The line between evil and good is clearly demarcated here, the basic laws of morality and moral principles are reflected. human society, demonstrated the striking features of national identity, beliefs and way of life. Fairy tales, called folk tales, have their own classification:

• Magic ("Magic Ring", "Two Frosts", "Frost").
• Epic stories (“Bulat-Well done”, “Vavila and the buffoons”, “Dobrynya and the Serpent”).
• Household (“Poor Master and Servant”, “Thieves and Judge”, “Expensive Lunch”).
• Bogatyrsky ("Ivan - the peasant's son and Miracle Yudo", "Ivan - the cow's son", "Nikita Kozhemyaka").
• Satirical (“Good Pop”, “The Fool and the Birch”, “Porridge from an Ax”).

A separate niche in the presented classification is occupied by animals ("Geese-Swans", "Goat-Dereza", "Masha and the Bear"). Experts associate their occurrence with ancient pagan rituals and beliefs.

Literary tales

When comparing folk and literary fairy tales, it is definitely worth considering that the latter arose much later than the first. Thanks to the implementation educational ideas V European literature, V XVIII century The first author's readings and adaptations of folk tales appeared, and already in the 19th century traditional fairy tale plots began to be widely used by writers. Among those who have been particularly successful in this field are A. Hoffmann, C. Perrault, G. H. Andersen and, of course, the Brothers Grimm - recognized classics of the genre.

The similarities between literary and folk tales are determined by the fact that both repeat folklore motives, magical attributes are necessarily present, but in literary development plots and the choice of main characters are strictly subordinated to the author's will. Also from the second half of the 19th century centuries, the literary fairy tale becomes very close to short stories and even stories. A striking example The works of Russian writers: L. Tolstoy and A. Pogorelsky, and European ones: S. Lagerlöf, and L. Carroll can serve as references.

General. Folklore traditions

When comparing the features of folk and literary fairy tales, attention should be paid to Special attention folklore traditions of the author's fairy tale, uniting it with folk tales:

• Writers use in their works plot motives folklore (moral and moral temptation - the test of the main character, the presence of animal helpers, the miraculous origin of the characters, hatred of the stepmother's stepdaughter, etc.).
• According to the respected Russian folklorist V. Ya. Propp, writers use traditional images familiar from childhood central characters, which perform certain functions (antagonist, protagonist, assistant to the main character, donor, mischievous pest, stolen object, false hero).
• In their creation, storytellers create time and space in accordance with the unwritten laws of the fairy-tale folklore world: the place is fantastic, sometimes uncertain: Far Far Away kingdom, dilapidated dugout, etc.
• The use of poetic speech techniques: triple repetitions, constant epithets, verbal formulas, vernacular, proverbs and sayings, phraseological units.

Such close attention to folklore sources allows us to see the appeal of fairy tale writers to them and the specificity of the literary fairy tale.

Differences

To understand how a folk tale differs from a literary one, it is worth paying attention to the uniqueness of form and content, namely:

• IN author's fairy tale figurativeness is more clearly expressed, i.e. more detailed, detailed and, most importantly, colorfully described appearance, emotions of characters, location and events.
• IN literary fairy tale there is psychologism, a more in-depth and detailed study of the inner world, feelings and emotions of the characters.
• The characters of the author's legend are not generalized types, they have unique individual ones. For example, writers such as Ershov, Pushkin, Odoevsky, pay attention to the psychological motives of the actions and actions of the heroes.
• Like any literary work, fairy tales by writers are characterized by a pronounced, stable tone that determines its emotional tone. For example: “The Tale of Tsar Saltan...” - pure, bright, noble; "The Tale of dead princess and about the seven heroes" - elegant, gentle, sad; "The Tale of the Priest and his worker Balda" - jokey, mocking; "The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish" - ironic, but sad.

How does a folk tale differ from a literary one? The fact that the author's work allows the reader to recognize the author's face, his spiritual world, preferences and This is a fundamental difference between a folklore tale, in which the ideals of an ethnic group are reflected, and the personality of a particular narrator is erased.

Briefly about the main thing

So, how does a folk tale differ from a literary one? The latter is a work of authorship, unlike the former, which emerged as a result of collective creativity as an epic subgenre. Literary tale is an established, recognized genre fiction, and folk is a special variety folklore genre, the characteristic of which is oral retelling.

Favorite literary genre of kids

Literary fairy tales are one of the most revered literary genres among children. Even the program school reading contains the works of such writers A. S. Pushkina, V.F. Odoevsky, P.P. Ershova, V.A. Zhukovsky, which are included in the golden fund of domestic and world literature for children. Reading them contributes to the rapid formation of moral and aesthetic ideas of children, develops their literary horizons and general culture. But most importantly, such works contribute to the development creativity, imagination and unconventional thinking of the young reader.

There is a close connection between folklore and literature, due to the specifics of verbal creativity, which reflects a person’s ideas about the world around him and the patterns of development public consciousness. However, in folklore and literary works there are fundamental differences that determine their characteristic features and features.

Folklore in a broad sense - it is historically formed, absorbed folk traditions collective co-authorship, conveying in oral or playful form a poetic generalization of the experience of many generations. Folklore genres include ritual, song and epic. TO epic genres include fairy tales, traditions, epics, legends, tales, as well as small forms of oral folk art - proverbs, sayings, riddles and anecdotes. The word “folklore” is often used in a narrower meaning - to define the content and method of creating verbal artistic images characteristic of these genres.

Origin literature as an art form in many cultures is associated with the development folk epic. It served as the basis for chronicles and biographies of saints; storytelling principle borrowed from folklore tales, was used in constructing the plots of adventure and picaresque novels - the prototype of many genres modern prose; The figurative structure and rhythmic organization of epics, historical, and ritual songs are reflected in the author's poetry.

However literary works did not obey folklore canons, had a more complex composition, a freely developing plot and could only exist in writing, since each of them was original essay created by one person.

Since the Renaissance, characteristic feature fiction becomes the author's style, and the object of the image is the inner world of the hero, in which the reader finds moral priorities and features of the era characteristic of a particular historical period in the development of society.

Modern literary process- a complex, diverse cultural phenomenon, manifested in the diversity of already established and just emerging forms of verbal creativity.

Unlike literature, folklore retains stable forms and a sedentary compositional structure of the text. Inner world the hero is closed: only an event or act matters, in which it is not character traits that are manifested, but generally accepted principles of behavior, accepted as the basis of an order that establishes a balance between good and evil.

Conclusions website

1. Folklore is a special form of oral folk art, which in verbal images conveys generalized ideas about the structure of the world and the human community. Literature as an art form is realized in written form and reflects the inner world of a person in the system public relations that developed in a specific historical period.
2. Folklore works are the result of a collective creative process, in which it is impossible to establish authorship. Literature unites works whose authorship is reliably known.
3. Folklore genres are subject to stable rules for constructing plots, creating a figurative structure and choosing means artistic expression. In literary works, the principles of plot construction and image creation are determined by the author.

1.Literary work.

A literary work is a work of human thought, enshrined in writing and possessing social significance. As an example of a literary work, I chose the play by S. Ya. Marshak<<Двенадцать месяцев >>.

Play by S. Ya. Marshak<<Двенадцать месяцев>> tells that good always triumphs over evil, that the power of nature only helps kind and hardworking people.

This tale tells how the Queen is under New Year She issued a decree that she would reward the one who brought her a basket of snowdrops. Greedy and evil stepmom The Stepdaughter is sent to the forest with the Daughter. The stepdaughter meets 12 brothers - months - by the fire. They help her, give her snowdrops and a magic ring. The stepmother and her own daughter bring snowdrops to the palace, and the Queen orders them to show them where they picked the flowers. The stepmother and daughter talk about the Stepdaughter, and the Queen and her retinue, with the Stepmother, Daughter and Stepdaughter go to the forest. The Queen wants to execute her stepdaughter, but the brothers come to her aid for months, turn the stepmother and her daughter into dogs, disperse the courtiers and force the Queen to think about what good is.

In Marshak's fairy tale play, the characters' characters and their actions are lifelike and truthful. The Queen's whims, the insincere behavior of courtiers, for example, the Chamberlains, the anger and greed of the Stepmother and Daughter, the kindness of the Soldier, the loyalty and warmth of the Stepdaughter are truthfully depicted.
The very existence of the moon brothers in the form of people, the meeting of the girl with them by the fire in the forest, the transformation of winter into spring and then the rapid change of all seasons in a short time is implausible, fantastic.
With this combination of the fantastic and the real, Marshak achieves an amazing result: viewers and readers begin to believe that the moon brothers really exist; Marshak teaches us kindness and compassion, but does this not in the form of boring teachings, but in the form of a fairy tale that reaches the very heart.
We condemn the greedy Stepmother and Daughter, the wayward Queen, the stupid and insincere Chamberlain, and we sympathize with the Queen’s Stepdaughter and Teacher. We laugh at greed, stupidity and lies, and believe in goodness and justice.

2. Folklore work.

A folklore work is the result of a collective creative process in which it is impossible to establish authorship. Literature unites works whose authorship is reliably known. As an example, I chose a fairy tale<<Морозко>>.

The stepmother lives with her own daughter and stepdaughter. The old woman decides to drive her stepdaughter out of the yard and orders her husband to take the girl “to an open field in the bitter cold.” He obeys.

IN open field Frost Red nose greets the girl. She answers kindly. Frost feels sorry for his stepdaughter, and he does not freeze her, but gives her a dress, a fur coat, and a dowry chest.

The stepmother is already holding a wake for her stepdaughter and tells the old man to go to the field and bring the girl’s body to bury. The old man returns and brings his daughter - alive, dressed up, with a dowry! The stepmother orders that her own daughter be taken to the same place. Frost Red Nose comes to look at the guest. Without waiting from the girl " good speeches", he kills her. The old woman expects her daughter to return with wealth, but instead the old man brings only a cold body.

main character fairy tales - a stepdaughter, a hardworking, helpful and meek girl - a “socially disadvantaged character” in the stepmother’s house: “Everyone knows how to live with a stepmother: if you turn over, you’ll be beaten, and if you don’t turn over, you’ll be beaten...” homework I did, but I couldn’t please my evil, cruel stepmother.

According to canon fairy tales the heroine leaves home before finding her happiness. The reason is that the stepmother drives her out: “So the stepmother came up with the idea of ​​driving her stepdaughter away from the world. “Take her, take her, old man,” he says to her husband, “where you want my eyes not to see her! Take her to the forest, into the bitter cold.”

The stepdaughter's character is so meek that she does not argue or resist when biological father leaves her cold winter forest. And she behaves just as meekly when the title character of the fairy tale, Morozko, tests her character, increasing the frost more and more. The girl’s answers are friendly, despite the bitter cold. For this, Morozko takes pity on the girl and generously gifts her. Wealth as a reward is a characteristic device of folk tales.

The stepmother, domineering, envious and greedy, seeing her stepdaughter unharmed and with rich gifts, orders the old man to take her own daughter to the same place in the forest. The main reason for such envy is clear from the words of the dog: “They take an old man’s daughter in gold and silver, but they don’t marry an old woman.” It is for the dowry that the old woman sends her beloved daughter out into the cold.

The situation in the forest repeats itself: Morozko appears and subjects the girl to the cold test three times. She, however, is not endowed with kindness or meekness and is filled with pride. Her answers are rude and disrespectful, and Morozko cruelly punishes this heroine: she dies from the cold.

With such a tragic ending, the folk tale “Morozko” shows the reader how cruelly the people condemn envy, greed, anger and oppression of the weak and defenseless, like the stepdaughter. Behavior negative heroes fairy tales, stepmothers and her my own daughter, causes rejection of anger and injustice in a child’s soul. And the punishment that the girl suffered is perceived by the reader as a triumph of justice.

3.What is the difference between a literary work and a folklore work.

There is a close connection between folklore and literature, due to the specifics of verbal creativity, which reflects a person’s ideas about the world around him and the patterns of development of social consciousness. However, in folklore and literary works there are fundamental differences that determine their characteristic features and features. There are also differences in the heroes.

The examples I gave have similar characters. There are also differences. In a fairy tale<<Морозко>>, as in the fairy tale-play by S. Ya. Marshak<<Двенадцать месяцев>> there are identical heroes such as: Stepdaughter, stepmother, queen, daughter, soldier, etc.. In fairy tale play S.Ya. Marshak<<Двенадцать месяцев >> characters clearly not of folklore, but of literary origin: the Queen's Teacher, the Chamberlain, the Chancellor, the Chief of the Royal Guard, the Royal Prosecutor and other members of the Queen's retinue.

Folklorein a broad sense, it is a historically established collective co-authorship that has absorbed folk traditions, conveying in oral or playful form a poetic generalization of the experience of many generations. Folklore genres include ritual, song and epic. Epic genres include fairy tales, legends, epics, legends, tales, as well as small forms of oral folk art - proverbs, sayings, riddles and anecdotes. The word “folklore” is often used in a narrower sense - to define the content and method of creating verbal artistic images characteristic of these particular genres.

Originliteratureas an art form in many cultures is associated with the development of folk epic. It served as the basis for chronicles and biographies of saints; the principle of storytelling, borrowed from folk tales, was used in constructing the plots of adventurous and picaresque novels - the prototype of many genres of modern prose; The figurative structure and rhythmic organization of epics, historical, and ritual songs are reflected in the author's poetry.

However, literary works did not obey folklore canons, had a more complex composition, an arbitrarily developing plot and could only exist in written form, since each of them was an original composition created by one person.

Starting from the Renaissance, the author's style becomes a characteristic feature of fiction, and the object of the image is the inner world of the hero, in which the reader finds the moral priorities and features of the era characteristic of a specific historical period in the development of society.

The modern literary process is a complex, diverse cultural phenomenon, manifested in the diversity of already established and emergingforms of verbal creativity.

Unlike literature, folklore retains stable forms and a sedentary compositional structure of the text. The hero’s inner world is closed: only an event or action matters, in which it is not character traits that are manifested, but generally accepted principles of behavior, accepted as the basis of an order that establishes a balance between good and evil.

1)No personal creator

2)Arose and developed as oral folk art

3)Lives in many variants

4)Can be conveyed in recitative

5) You can dance and sing

2) Originated as writing and develops as writing

3) Has one version written by the author

4) The writer wrote

5) The reader reads

It’s the same in our examples, in the fairy tale<<Морозко>> not a personal creator, it develops as oral folk art, this fairy tale, once upon a time, was invented by the people, later appeared different variants. There is Tolstoy's version and Afanasyev's version.

Korovina V.Ya.Literature and folklore. Tutorial for students in grades 9-11 - M., 1966.