In his Essay on Inequality human races"(1855). Gobineau defined with this term the fair-haired and blue-eyed representatives of the white race, whom he considered as the highest level of this race and, therefore, of all humanity.

IN scientific literature the term fell out of use in the first half of the 20th century and is no longer used. The pseudoscientific nature of the term is derived from the confusion of linguistic and anthropological characteristics, since in linguistics Indo-Iranian languages ​​are now called Aryan, and at the time the term arose - Indo-European languages ​​in general; but the carriers of both those and others do not have common physical properties and do not form any race. Thus, the speakers of Aryan languages ​​are such anthropologically different peoples as Ossetians, Persians, Tajiks, Gypsies, Indians and Veddas (the latter are generally Australoids). Anthropological diversity among speakers of all Indo languages European languages much higher.

According to fashionable turn of XIX-XX centuries, according to theories that later formed the basis of Nazi ideology, the ancestral home of the “Aryans” (Indo-Europeans) is Northern Europe, and it is there that the most “pure Aryan racial type” has been preserved, while the inhabitants of other countries are the fruit of a mixture of “Aryans” with the aborigines. This led to the conclusion about the racial superiority of the inhabitants of Northern Europe, supposedly the purest and most perfect bearers of the “Aryan spirit” (to which, in turn, all achievements were attributed European culture). Thus, Adolf Hitler said:

The “Aryan race” was opposed to the “Semitic race” represented primarily by the Jews, hence the term anti-Semitism. At the same time, the “Semitic race” was attributed purely negative qualities, which made it, in the minds of racists, the direct opposite of “ Aryan race».

see also

Links

Notes

Wikimedia Foundation.

• 2010.
• Arik B.

Arik Benado

See what the “Aryan race” is in other dictionaries: ARYAN RACE - a term used in racist concepts to denote the highest racial type blond Aryans (Aryans), founders of a great civilization (see Racism) ... Big

encyclopedic Dictionary- a term used in racist concepts to designate the “superior” racial type of blond Aryans (Aryans), the founders of a great civilization (Racism). Political science: Dictionary reference book. comp. Prof. Science Sanzharevsky I.I.. 2010 ... Political science. Dictionary.

Aryan race- a term used in racist concepts to designate the "superior" racial type of Aryans (Aryans) (see Racism). * * * ARYAN RACE ARYAN RACE, a term used in racist concepts to designate the “superior” racial type of blond... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

encyclopedic Dictionary- A pseudoscientific term coined in mid-19th century by the authors of reactionary racial theories. The falsity of the term lies in the confusion of the concepts of linguistic and racial classification. In linguistics, Indo-Iranian languages ​​were called Aryan. But their carriers do not... ... Encyclopedia of the Third Reich

encyclopedic Dictionary- a pseudoscientific term put forward in the mid-19th century. authors of reactionary racial “theories.” The falsity of the term lies in the confusion of the concepts of linguistic and racial classification. In linguistics, Indo-Iranian languages ​​are called Aryan. But their carriers... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Indigenous race- This article should be completely rewritten. There may be explanations on the talk page... Wikipedia

Mediterranean race- the currently accepted designation for those tribes that, according to Blumenbach’s terminology, belonged to the Caucasian race (see). All Europeans belong to the S. race, to the extent that they are not Mongol-like, all North Africans, to the extent that they are not part of... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

RACIAL-ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCHOOL- (or anthroposociology) one of the influential schools in sociology and anthropology. 19 n. 20th century; basic the idea of ​​the decisive influence of the racial factor on history. and cultural development of peoples. R. a. w. formed in conditions of growth... ... Encyclopedia of Cultural Studies

Vril Society- Check neutrality. There should be details on the talk page... Wikipedia

Mein Kampf- (Mein Kampf My Struggle), a book by Hitler in which he outlined his political program in detail. In Hitler's Germany, Mein Kampf was considered the bible of National Socialism, it gained fame even before its publication, and many Germans believed... Encyclopedia of the Third Reich

Books

• Aryan Hyperborea. Cradle of the Russian World, Pavlishcheva Natalya Pavlovna. A new book from the author of the best-selling books “10 thousand years of Russian history. Forbidden Rus'” and “Veles’s Rus'. Chronicle of Ice and Fire”. New evidence of the antiquity and primogeniture of our Fatherland...

Tall, slender, blond... A true Aryan?

The term "Aryan" is perhaps the most controversial in historical science. The word "Aryans" originally referred to the cultural and linguistic Indo-Iranian group, not ethnic background. Nineteenth-century scholars made him synonymous with all Indo-Europeans and gave him a racial label. And already in the 20th century, Hitler abused this concept in his racist policies and attempts to achieve world domination. Since then, the Aryans have only been talked about in a negative light, but is there really a reason for this?

1. Origin


Origin of the Aryans.

“Aryan” comes from the Sanskrit word Aryan, the self-name of the Vedic Indians. The original meaning of the concept "Aryan" is not entirely clear. Some believe it means "noble" or "pure". If we remove the racial connotations, then the concept of "arya" should be considered more as a cultural quality, revered in sacred texts in Sanskrit.

Confusion about this word began in the 19th century, when "Aryan" became a noun. Scholars incorrectly assumed that "Aryan" was the term used to describe the ancestors of all Indo-European people. German nationalists began to associate the term with race, despite all the Sanskrit texts.

2. The Indus Valley Emptiness


The bed of the Saraswati river.

For decades, scholars believed that the Aryan migration to the subcontinent was one of conquest. The chariot conquerors allegedly crossed the Hindu Kush and conquered the “inferior” Dravidian culture. For many, this was clear evidence of the superiority of the Aryan civilization. However, it turns out that such a description is fundamentally incorrect. The Indus Valley Civilization was one of the most complex and advanced in ancient world.

The first evidence of religious practices in this place dates back to 5500 BC. Agricultural communities developed from 4000 BC onwards, and urbanization (including complex underground sewerage systems) emerged as early as 2500 BC. However, around 1800 B.C. The river courses that were the main source of water for the Indus Valley Civilization began to change.

The Saraswati River either dried up or suffered catastrophic floods. The region's agriculture declined, leading to unrest among the people. When the nomadic pastoralists of the Aryans Central Asia entered northern India, they found it already abandoned. In essence, they simply took over the vacuum left by the Dravidians.

3. Genetics


Genetics of the Aryans. Vernier calipers to the rescue.

In 2011, researchers from the Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology in Hyderabad stated that the Aryan migration is a myth. According to Dr. Lalji Singh, "There is no genetic evidence that Indo-Aryans invaded or migrated to India or even that Aryans existed at all."

Earlier that year, researchers published a paper in the journal BMC Evolutionary Biology stating, "The genetic influence of Central Asia during the Bronze Age was strongly male-driven." Previous Indian genetic research were focused only on DNA inherited from mothers.

A recent study that focused on the male Y chromosome found that 17.5 percent of the Indian male genetic lineage belongs to the R1a haplogroup. Scientists believe that this genetic "signature" originated in the Pontic-Caspian steppe and spread throughout Central Asia, Europe and South Asia 5,000 to 3,500 years ago.

4. Disinformation


Misinformation in Mein Kampf.

While imprisoned for a failed coup attempt, Adolf Hitler dictated his famous book"Mein Kampf". Subsequently, this book became the real Nazi Bible. By the beginning of World War II, five million copies of the book had been sold, translated into 11 languages. Its main theme was the superiority of the German race, which Hitler called "Aryan".

Aryan mythology provided Hitler with a powerful motivation: to restore the glory of the German people and conquer Russia, the homeland of the Aryans. In fact, Hitler's erroneous assumptions date back to late XVIII century. European linguists, fascinated by the connections between Sanskrit and local languages, invented a mythical race called the Indo-Aryans.

Allegedly, the “Indo-Aryans” were the common ancestors of Indians and Europeans. It was assumed that the Aryan homeland was in the Caucasus mountains. European scholars incorrectly perceived themselves as the heirs of the Sanskrit civilization and assumed that the Germanic people were the highest manifestation of the Aryans.

5. Language


The language of the Aryans.

Sanskrit is the sacred language of Hinduism. Many believe that it spread thanks to Central Asian pastoralists who arrived on the subcontinent during the Bronze Age. According to legend, the god Brahma created Sanskrit and presented it to the sages. By the second millennium BC. this language has written form in the collection of sacred hymns known as the Rig Veda.

During colonial rule, Europeans quickly noticed the similarities between Sanskrit and French, English, Russian and Farsi. As a result, the theory arose that all these languages ​​are descendants of an ancient language known as Indo-European.

Since the languages ​​of South India come from the Dravidian family of languages ​​rather than Indo-European, British archaeologist Mortimer Wheeler proposed the "Aryan invasion" theory. It stated that Central Asian nomads attacked the subcontinent during the Bronze Age, caused the collapse of the Indus Valley Civilization, and became the dominant culture in the area.

6. The Last Thoroughbreds


The last purebred Aryans.

Hidden in the mountain valley of Ladakh in the Himalayas, the Brokpa ethnic group claims to be the last pure-blooded Aryans. Living in a few villages 3,000 meters above sea level, the Brokpa have remained culturally and genetically isolated for centuries.

In the past, visitors were simply not allowed here, and marriages with people outside this culture were highly discouraged. Endogamy and oral traditions have preserved what some consider to be "archaic traits of the Aryan ancestors." In 2010, the Indian government made an attempt to open these mountain villages to tourists, but it is still quite difficult to get there.

Brogpas tend to be taller than their Tibetan-Mongolian neighbors and have Mediterranean features and fair skin and hair. Their origin remains unknown. According to one legend, they are the remnants of the army of Alexander the Great.

7. Castes


Caste system.

Oral traditions trace the origins of the Indian caste system to the arrival of the Aryans in the subcontinent around 1500 BC. Scholars have long believed that the system of class hierarchy was created to formalize the relationship between newcomers and natives, whom they considered inferior.

The use of the word "Dasi", which translates to "slaves", suggests that the system may have grown out of the enslavement of the region's indigenous people. The caste system consists of four classifications based on occupation. Brahmins (priests) occupy the top of the “class pyramid”.

They are followed by Kshatriyas (warriors). Next are the traders and farmers known as vaishyas. At the bottom of the pyramid are the Shudras (workers). The Indian word for caste is varna (color). This suggests that the lighter-skinned Aryans used this system as a means of oppressing the darker-skinned people of the region.

8. Aryan cities


Excavations of Aryan cities.

In 2010, Russian archaeologists announced the discovery of ancient Aryan cities in the south of the West Siberian Plain. Dating back 4,000 years, these 20 spiral-shaped settlements rivaled the size of Greek city-states and each housed 1,000-2,000 people. The cities were first explored more than two decades ago.

However, until recently, due to their extremely remote location, virtually no one knew about them. Experts believe that about 50 more similar settlements may be discovered. Along with the buildings, the researchers also discovered various pieces of equipment, chariots, horse burials and ceramics.

Many items are decorated with swastikas. This ancient symbol Sun and eternal life was associated with the Aryans for thousands of years before its appropriation by the Nazis. Although these settlements are certainly Indo-European, there is no direct evidence that these were the people who continued to inhabit northern India.

9. Iran


Aryan Iran.

In 1935, Shah Reza Pahlavi officially asked foreign delegates to use the name Iran for their country instead of the traditional name Persia. Many people believe that the word "Iran" means "Land of the Aryans." The name originally comes from the ancient Persian word Arya or Arya, which was the self-name of the Indo-Europeans.

It is a cognate of the Sanskrit word "arya", from which the name "Aryans" is derived. In 1862, scholar Max Müller argued that "Iran" meant "Aryan space". But in Old Persian, "Arya" was referred to in the context of native speakers rather than race.

10. Homeland


Homeland of the Aryans.

After much debate about the location of the Aryan homeland, most scientists agreed that it was the steppe between the Black and Caspian seas. Experts point to the Bronze Age culture of Central Asian pastoralists known as the Yamnaya culture, which spread its traditions and genes east and west.

However, there is no definitive archaeological evidence linking the Yamnaya culture to the subcontinent. It would be a mistake to unambiguously consider Yamnaya as the ancestors of the Aryans, but the Pontic-Caspian steppe is clearly the birthplace Indo-European languages and culture.

Aryans as they are.

The question of the nation and the so-called “purity of blood” concerns everyone differently. There are people who had representatives of different nationalities in their family, and they are not at all worried about this and are proud of their ancestors. And there are those who do not accept representatives of other races and despise them. They get married only after making sure of the pedigree of their future half, and, noticing even the slightest nuances in it, they immediately break off any relationship.

Fact or Fiction

Many people still argue about who the Aryans are. Translated, "Aryan" means "respected", "worthy", "noble". However, this term is not scientific. It was put forward by nationalists with the aim of dividing people living at that time into worthy and unworthy. The first included representatives of European nationalities, primarily belonging to the so-called Norman type. Traditionally, this is the name given to people from Northern Europe who have a strong physique, blonde hair and blue eyes. The representatives of those who, according to the nationalists, were unworthy of life, were primarily considered to be Jews.

Hitler's theory

Surely everyone knows that Hitler’s dream was not only to conquer the whole world, but also to create an ideal race, according to his theory, of fair-haired and blue-eyed people. To understand who Hitler’s Aryans are, just read his quote:

“The entire human culture, all the achievements of art, science and technology, which we are witnessing today, are the fruits of the creativity of the Aryans... He [the Aryan] is the Prometheus of humanity, from whose bright brow sparks of genius have flown at all times, kindling the fire of knowledge, illuminating the darkness of the dark ignorance, which allowed man to rise above other creatures of the Earth."

Given his character and pathological determination in achieving the goals he set himself, Hitler made demands not only on the external data of ideal people. Defining who the Aryans were, he also took into account character traits, lifestyle, principles and even characteristics of sexual development and maturation. The requirements were very strict, but the desire for a fictitious ideal was so high that those who did not meet the slightest requirement were expelled from the caste of the chosen in disgrace and could even be physically destroyed. Arguing on the topic of who the Aryans were, Hitler acted harshly: compassion was alien to him, and with equal success (if one can put it that way, of course), both children and adults were destroyed on his orders.

Making a portrait of an Aryan

To imagine who the Aryans are and what they look like, you can familiarize yourself with the supposed criteria that were applied to the appearance, character type and characteristics of the physical and sexual development of this category of people.

So, a real purebred Aryan is distinguished by:

• very light, almost snow-white skin;
• light, preferably blue eyes;
• smooth and thin hair of light shades;
• height of at least 180 cm (women may be shorter);
• weight proportional to height;
• refined facial features, long thin fingers;
• lack of hair on the back, legs, other manifestations on the face and genital area are mild;
• high forehead and correct form scull;
• absence of brow ridges;
• the presence of a sign of a metopic suture on the forehead;
• evenly set eyes;
• straight and healthy teeth;
• later puberty and later aging;
• pleasant sound of speech;
• mandatory talents and (preferably) genius;
• lack of desire for physical and monotonous work;
• equilibrium;
• independence from alcohol and drugs;
• lack of susceptibility to hereditary diseases (in principle, a person should not get sick);
• accuracy;
• complete rejection of even the thought of an alien racial culture, religion, dislike of Jews;
• selective and picky in sexual relations;
• strong concepts about the value of family;
• Aryan woman - beautiful, slim, faithful to her husband, loves children, excellent hostess, hates Jews.

Having studied these characteristics, you can imagine who the Aryans are and what they look like. A photo of everyone considered to be a worthy representative of the superior race will not give a complete impression, so all that remains is to fantasize.

Helpful information

If you believe the statistics, then most often when asked about who the Aryans are, associations arise precisely with the period of the nationalist movement during the Second World War, but such a nation actually existed and still exists. This question causes a lot of confusion in scientific world, because the Indo-European race, some of whom were called Aryans, really existed.

An artificially created nation or a nation with a historical foundation?

Most peoples of the world speak similar languages. This can only mean one thing: we all have common roots and origins. Even in ancient tribes, there was a division of people according to social status, and taking into account natural selection, which in conditions wildlife stood especially tough, only the strongest and most dexterous survived. Tribes consisting of such people conquered territories, later their leaders became rulers, etc. The Aryan tribe was unique.

Its representatives were something of a legend at the time. They were looked up to, imitated, respected and feared. It was precisely because of their historically inherent superiority that Hitler chose them as a model. He was based not only on appearance, although of course this fact cannot be denied. High cheekbones and smooth facial features are characteristic of most Germans, but similar differences in physique are also characteristic of many representatives Slavic peoples, with whom the Nazis waged a fierce struggle. But why should they fight if (based on external signs) they are associated with the Slavs family ties? This dilemma is the reason why it is not possible to get a clear answer to the question of who the Aryans are.

Historical facts

A brief historical overview will help people who are interested in who the Aryans are and where they came from to understand. Tribes living in northern Europe are often called Indo-Europeans. This term is still used today, but has more broad meaning than in the last century. What the Aryans called themselves is still unknown to historians. These tribes occupied what was then fertile land and are often considered the founders of agriculture and animal husbandry.

It’s interesting, but if you believe the research, the Aryans originally lived in the territory modern Russia, not in Germany.

Around the second millennium BC, there was a large-scale settlement of representatives of this tribe throughout the territory globe. Of course, preference was given to areas suitable for agriculture, but the harsh conditions did not frighten them in principle.

As a result of mixing with other peoples, their appearance underwent significant changes, and it became impossible to determine their origin. Even modern indigenous Tajiks have two main types of appearance. One half is dark-skinned, dark-haired and dark-eyed people, and the other half has blond hair and blue eyes. But this doesn’t mean that they are Aryans?

A nation of kings and rulers

Even without really knowing who the Aryans were and where they lived, the ancient kings and emperors recognized belonging to this race as prestigious and were sure to look for the opportunity to find representatives of this race among their ancestors.

Perhaps this is what gave rise to what we call nationalism and fascism. After all, the concept that all people are brothers exists only in church teachings, but practically never occurs in life.

By dividing people into those who are like God (and therefore worthy of worship) and those descended from monkeys (suitable only for providing services to a superior race), our ancestors, without knowing it, laid the foundations for the age-old confrontation between peoples. Some were ready to die to exterminate other races, while others defended their lands and rightly condemned the fascists for their beliefs.

Adolf Lanz theory

At the beginning of the 20th century, the views of the Catholic monk Adolf Lanz on the origin of human races on Earth were published. He believed that initially there were two tribes - the Aryans and the animal people. He called the former heroic, and the latter monkeys. The “super talented” Aryans had divine origins and even looked like angels. Demons on earth were symbolized by monkey people: they were incapable of anything except destruction and stupidity, lies and deception. These races hated each other and tried their best to destroy the opposing tribes. The monkeys began to act by mixing blood and seduced Aryan women, and the Aryans tried to exterminate everyone who posed even the slightest danger to dilute their divine blood.

IN currently due to the mixing of blood on Earth, there are people, each of whom belongs to a greater extent to one or another type, therefore, is closer to either God or a demon. It is from this well-known theory that the Nazis start in their discussions about who the Aryans and Slavs are.

Let's sum it up

Who are the Aryans? Where did they come from and who are they? Most likely, this question will interest humanity for a very long time, but with complete confidence we can only say that Special attention to this category of people is caused by historical factors that have a serious impact on the development of world society.

Have you looked? Now read:

In the 30s of the last century, it was not possible to reliably determine the origin of a particular people.

Hitler relied on history and myths about the Nordic race. He considered the Germans to be the descendants of the Aryans as a Nordic race. From the history known at that time, the Aryans were the progenitors of European and Indo-Iranian civilization. Comparative study of the Sanskrit language with other European languages ​​- Latin, Greek, Slavic and Celtic - has led scientists to believe that most European languages ​​​​come from one, common, primitive language - Aryan.More German writer, linguist Friedrich Schlegel at the end of the 18th century called the speakers of this language Indo-Germans.

In 1883, English psychologist Francis Galton formulated the basic principles of eugenics. He proposed studying phenomena that could improve the hereditary qualities of future generations. Galton was a racist and considered Africans inferior. Here is one of his statements: The weak nations of the world must inevitably give way to the nobler varieties of humanity... In 1904, Galton defined eugenics as “the science concerned with all factors that improve the innate qualities of the race.”

In 1928, the first eugenics law was passed in Europe in Switzerland. Denmark followed in 1929. Germany, Sweden and Norway passed similar laws in 1934. Finland and Danzig - in 1935, and Estonia - in 1936. In 1932, the International Congress on Eugenics, that is, the science of improving the human race, was held in New York. The first castration carried out under eugenic law was carried out in Denmark in 1925. Hitler came to power when eugenics laws already officially existed in judicial practice in Germany. Subsequently, in Nazi Germany, sterilization was used in relation to “inferior persons”: mental patients, homosexuals, gypsies, Jews. Then, as we know, sterilization was replaced by physical destruction.

Nazi eugenic programs, which were carried out as part of preventing the degeneration of the German people as a representative of the “Aryan race”: Euthanasia T4 (extermination of the mentally ill), extermination of homosexuals, Lebensborn (conception of children from SS employees), Final decision Jewish Question, Plan Ost.

All this was based on the idea of ​​​​the purity of the Aryan race. So who are the Aryans?

Genetic genealogy

At the beginning of the 21st century, scientists answered this question. With the development of genetic genealogy using DNA tests. Each person carries a kind of biological passport - this is our DNA. Genetic genealogy methods allow you to gain access to that part of DNA that is passed unchanged from father to son along the direct male line - the Y chromosome. Now the results of DNA tests and genetic genealogy are accepted as factual material in judicial practice and indisputably indicate the degree of relationship of those tested. As a result of the fusion of an egg and a sperm, the child receives genes that will be a mixture of the genes of the father and mother. But the Y chromosome is passed on only from the father, so the number of repeats in the son's markers will be the same as in his father. The Y chromosome is passed down through generations from father to son without changes over centuries and millennia. The Y chromosome can only change as a result of mutation, which occurs quite rarely after 500 generations, i.e. once every 10,000 years. This makes it possible to reliably determine when the common ancestor of two tested male individuals occurred. After checking and combining the results of Y chromosome markers from a single human genome, the haplotype is determined. Which can be represented as a sequence of the number of each token. When comparing haplotypes from different human genomes, you can trace the entire path of your ancestors this person for hundreds of thousands of years. Now the results of genetic genealogy provide results much greater than those of all archeology and anthropology combined.

Which haplogroup is Aryan? To do this, we need to compare the modern halos of the distribution of haplogroups with the history of the spread of the Aryans and the Aryan language. What is known about the Aryans?

Aryans

The Aryans spoke and wrote Sanskrit. Sanskrit was the progenitor of Indian, Iranian, Persian, Eraco-Illyrian, Greek, Italian groups, including Latin languages. It was the language of the Celts and Slavs.

Sanskrit was also the progenitor of the Baltic and German languages. The ancient Aryans created three highly developed and unique civilizations - Persian, Indo-Gangetic and Turano-Scythian, had a significant influence on the cultures of Western and Southeast Asia, the Caucasus, China, Turkic, Mongolian, Slavic and Finno-Ugric peoples. Their contribution to the treasury of spiritual values ​​of humanity is extremely significant. The Indo-Iranian Aryans burst into world history at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. - in an era when the great civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, Harappa (Indus Valley) and the islands of the Eastern Mediterranean (Creto-Mycenaean world) were experiencing a deep internal crisis. Tribes of Aryan origin contributed to the renewal of ancient societies and gave a powerful impetus to the world cultural and historical process. For two millennia - up to the 3rd-4th centuries AD. - they were the main ones actors world history.

What was ancient Aryan society like? The study of various sources suggests that long before the start of large-scale migrations, the Indo-Iranians were pastoral tribes. Their cornerstone public life was a large patriarchal family, typical of the pastoral peoples of Eurasia. The basis of the economy was the breeding of cattle and horses. The number of cows and bulls was the main measure material well-being and wealth, the cow was considered the best sacrifice that the gods could wish for. The foundation of the military power of the Aryans was military cavalry and magnificent chariots. A thoroughbred horse was worth a whole herd of ordinary ones. All other animals were inferior in importance to cows and horses, and in addition to them, the Indo-Iranians bred goats, sheep, and Bactrian camels. Pig breeding was almost unknown to them; it was considered a lowly activity; pigs were not sacrificed to the gods. The Aryans were also engaged in agriculture, but it was a secondary occupation for them.
The Indo-Iranian tribes were semi-sedentary; every few years they moved their villages to a new place, which were, as a rule, not far from their previous camp. The Aryans did not know the potter's wheel; they sculpted ceramics “by hand” and fired it not in a forge, but in special pits or on a fire. Their ritual utensils were wooden.

The Indo-Iranians lived in large houses sunk into the ground, they also used dwellings on wheels - like vans or tents; they knew many metals and alloys - copper, gold, silver, bronze, and made weapons and utensils from them. The Aryans were good at the art of woodworking; it was they who perfected the technique of building chariots.

The Aryans were warlike people, and war booty - livestock, pastures, captives - was one of the most important sources of their well-being. Wars were fought almost constantly.

The Aryans were experienced collectors of wild honey, which was an essential element of their diet. The main food for them was fresh cow's milk and products obtained from it: sour milk and butter, as well as cereal dishes like porridge and boiled meat. For various rituals and religious celebrations, the Indo-Iranians made “sauma” - a drink that led to a state of sacred ecstasy. On secular holidays, public and family, the intoxicating “sura” was used. These holidays opened with equestrian competitions, followed by a collective feast.

The Aryans wore leather pants, boots and jackets, as well as a bashlyk - clothing that later became traditional for the masses of Eurasian nomads.

The Aryans either cremated their dead, or buried them under mounds, or (much less often) left them to the elements and carrion eaters in the territory of burial grounds set aside for this purpose.

Various branches of the Aryans created great monuments of ancient religious thought, the Indo-Aryans - the Vedas, the southern Iranians - the Avesta. Judging by these monuments, they worshiped a host of gods, believing, at the same time, that behind all the diversity of life phenomena lies a single and eternal Basic Principle, the spiritual and creative principle that created this world, God the Absolute. Each of their many gods embodied different aspects of this Absolute.

There were very few female deities in the Indo-Iranian pantheon, and a harsh patriarchy reigned in it. The Aryan gods were shepherd gods. Their most frequent epithets are “lord of vast pastures”, “sender of beautiful horse wealth”, etc. The gods were asked to irrigate pastures and give herds of horses and bulls. In the Indo-Iranian hymns, the gods were depicted riding on horse-drawn chariots; their most important function was to protect livestock from demons or their servants in the earthly world.

Sacrifice was the main element of the religious practice of the Aryans. Sacrifices were made not only to the gods, but also to the ancestors. In addition to animals, they sacrificed to the gods melted butter(“ghee”), saumu and milk. In honor of their ancestors, mounds with stone altars were built.

The cult of the horse was extremely developed among the Indo-Iranians.

An essential component of the Aryan religion was also the veneration of fire and the worship of the Sun.

Aryan expansion from 4000 to 1000 BC

Where are the descendants of the Aryans today?

Under such a spread of languages ​​and historical sources Only one haplogroup R1a is suitable for the settlement of the Aryans.

One of the centers high density haplogroup R1a occurs on the territory of Russia. .

Where, with a density scale from 0 to over 51% of the haplogroup:
R1a - Aryans
R1b - Celts (Europeans)
N3 - Finno-Ugrians
N2 - Mongols.

Admixtures at a density scale from 0 to over 26% of the haplogroup:

I1a - Scandinavians (Nordic race)
I1b - Serbs (Balkan race)
E3b -?
J2 - Turks.

The second center of density of haplogroup R1a in India is the upper castes 45.35%, Brahmins 72.22%. These are the same descendants of the Aryans who came to India 4300 years ago.

Genetic genealogy gives not only the distribution areas of haplogroups, but also the stages of distribution of the peoples of the owners of these haplogroups.

On the affinity of the Slavic language with Sanskrit / On the affinity of the Slavic language with Sanskrit

Year of manufacture: 1853
Author: A. Gilferding / A. Gilferding
Publisher: St. Petersburg, Printing Houses of the Imperial Academy of Sciences
Format: DjVu
Language: pre-reform Russian
Quality: Scanned pages
Number of pages: 321
Description: The famous work of A. Hilferding, in which, perhaps for the first time, a comparison of two languages ​​- Russian and Sanskrit - was made.
Add. information: I'm not a linguist, so sorry if the description is not entirely accurate.
You can give yours.

Why was Hitler wrong?

In the 30s of the last century, it was not possible to reliably determine the origin of a particular people.

Hitler relied on history and myths about the Nordic race. He considered the Germans to be the descendants of the Aryans as a Nordic race. From the history known at that time, the Aryans were the progenitors of European and Indo-Iranian civilization. A comparative study of the Sanskrit language with other European languages ​​- Latin, Greek, Slavic and Celtic - led scientists to the idea that most European languages ​​​​come from one, common, primitive language - Aryan. Even the German writer and linguist Friedrich Schlegel at the end of the 18th century called the speakers of this language Indo-Germans.

In 1883, English psychologist Francis Galton formulated the basic principles of eugenics. He proposed studying phenomena that could improve the hereditary qualities of future generations. Galton was a racist and considered Africans inferior. Here is one of his statements: The weak nations of the world must inevitably give way to the nobler varieties of humanity... In 1904, Galton defined eugenics as “the science concerned with all factors that improve the innate qualities of the race.”

In 1928, Europe's first eugenics law was passed in Switzerland. Denmark followed in 1929. Germany, Sweden and Norway passed similar laws in 1934. Finland and Danzig - in 1935, and Estonia - in 1936. In 1932, the International Congress on Eugenics, that is, the science of improving the human race, was held in New York. The first castration carried out under eugenic law was carried out in Denmark in 1925. Hitler came to power when eugenics laws already officially existed in judicial practice in Germany. Subsequently, in Nazi Germany, sterilization was used in relation to “inferior persons”: mental patients, homosexuals, gypsies, Jews. Then, as we know, sterilization was replaced by physical destruction.

Nazi eugenic programs, which were carried out as part of preventing the degeneration of the German people as a representative of the “Aryan race”: Euthanasia T4 (destruction of the mentally ill), extermination of homosexuals, Lebensborn (conception of children from SS employees), Final Solution to the Jewish Question, Ost Plan.
All this was based on the idea of ​​​​the purity of the Aryan race. So who are the Aryans?

Genetic genealogy

At the beginning of the 21st century, scientists answered this question. With the development of genetic genealogy using DNA tests. Each person carries a kind of biological passport - this is our DNA. Genetic genealogy methods allow you to gain access to that part of DNA that is passed unchanged from father to son through the direct male line - the Y chromosome. Now the results of DNA tests and genetic genealogy are accepted as factual material in judicial practice and indisputably indicate the degree of relationship of those tested. As a result of the fusion of an egg and a sperm, the child receives genes that will be a mixture of the genes of the father and mother. But the Y chromosome is passed on only from the father, so the number of repeats in the son's markers will be the same as in his father. The Y chromosome is passed down through generations from father to son without changes over centuries and millennia. The Y chromosome can only change as a result of mutation, which occurs quite rarely after 500 generations, i.e. once every 10,000 years. This makes it possible to reliably determine when the common ancestor of two tested male individuals occurred. After checking and combining the results of Y chromosome markers from a single human genome, the haplotype is determined. Which can be represented as a sequence of the number of each token. By comparing haplotypes from different human genomes, it is possible to trace the entire path of a given person's ancestors over hundreds of thousands of years. Now the results of genetic genealogy provide results much greater than those of all archeology and anthropology combined.

Which haplogroup is Aryan? To do this, we need to compare the modern halos of the distribution of haplogroups with the history of the spread of the Aryans and the Aryan language. What is known about the Aryans?

Aryans

The Aryans spoke and wrote Sanskrit. Sanskrit was the progenitor of groups of Indian, Iranian, Persian, Eraco-Illyrian, Greek, Italic, including Latin languages. It was the language of the Celts and Slavs.

The progenitor of the Baltic and German language groups. The ancient Aryans created three highly developed and unique civilizations - Persian, Indo-Gangetic and Turano-Scythian, and had a significant influence on the cultures of Western and Southeast Asia, the Caucasus, China, Turkic, Mongolian, Slavic and Finno-Ugric peoples. Their contribution to the treasury of spiritual values ​​of humanity is of extraordinary weight. The Indo-Iranian Aryans burst into world history at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. - in an era when the great civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, Harappa (Indus Valley) and the islands of the Eastern Mediterranean (Creto-Mycenaean world) were experiencing a deep internal crisis. Tribes of Aryan origin contributed to the renewal of ancient societies and gave a powerful impetus to the world cultural and historical process. For two millennia - up to the 3rd–4th centuries AD. - they were the main characters in world history.

What was ancient Aryan society like? The study of various sources suggests that long before the start of large-scale migrations, the Indo-Iranians were pastoral tribes. The cornerstone of their social life was the large patriarchal family, typical of the pastoral peoples of Eurasia. The basis of the economy was the breeding of cattle and horses. The number of cows and bulls was the main measure of material well-being and wealth; a cow was considered the best sacrifice that the gods could wish for. The foundation of the military power of the Aryans was military cavalry and magnificent chariots. A thoroughbred horse was worth a whole herd of ordinary ones. All other animals were inferior in their own way

importance of cows and horses, and in addition to them, the Indo-Iranians bred goats, sheep, and two-humped camels. Pig breeding was almost unknown to them; it was considered a lowly activity; pigs were not sacrificed to the gods. The Aryans were also engaged in agriculture, but it was a secondary occupation for them.

The Indo-Iranian tribes were semi-sedentary; every few years they moved their villages to a new place, which were, as a rule, not far from their previous camp. The Aryans did not know the potter's wheel; they sculpted ceramics “by hand” and fired it not in a forge, but in special pits or on a fire. Their ritual utensils were wooden.

The Indo-Iranians lived in large houses sunk into the ground, they also used dwellings on wheels - like vans or tents; they knew many metals and alloys - copper, gold, silver, bronze, and made weapons and utensils from them. The Aryans were good at the art of woodworking; it was they who perfected the technique of building chariots.

The Aryans were warlike people, and war booty - livestock, pastures, captives - was one of the most important sources of their well-being. Wars were fought almost constantly.

The Aryans were experienced collectors of wild honey, which was an essential element of their diet. The main food for them was fresh cow's milk and products obtained from it: sour milk and butter, as well as cereal dishes like porridge and boiled meat. For various rituals and religious celebrations, the Indo-Iranians made “sauma” - a drink that led to a state of sacred ecstasy. On secular holidays, public and family, the intoxicating “sura” was used. These holidays opened with equestrian competitions, followed by a collective feast.

The Aryans wore leather pants, boots and jackets, as well as a bashlyk - clothing that later became traditional for the masses of Eurasian nomads.

The Aryans either cremated their dead, or buried them under mounds, or (much less often) left them to the elements and carrion eaters in the territory of burial grounds set aside for this purpose.

Various branches of the Aryans created great monuments of ancient religious thought, the Indo-Aryans - the Vedas, the southern Iranians - the Avesta. Judging by these monuments, they worshiped a host of gods, believing, at the same time, that behind all the diversity of life phenomena lies a single and eternal Basic Principle, the spiritual and creative principle that created this world, God the Absolute. Each of their many gods embodied different aspects of this Absolute.

There were very few female deities in the Indo-Iranian pantheon, and a harsh patriarchy reigned in it. The Aryan gods were shepherd gods. Their most frequent epithets are “lord of vast pastures”, “sender of beautiful horse wealth”, etc. The gods were asked to irrigate pastures and give herds of horses and bulls. In the Indo-Iranian hymns, the gods were depicted riding on horse-drawn chariots; their most important function was to protect livestock from demons or their servants in the earthly world.

Sacrifice was the main element of the religious practice of the Aryans. Sacrifices were made not only to the gods, but also to the ancestors. In addition to animals, ghee, sauma and milk were donated to the gods. In honor of their ancestors, mounds with stone altars were built.

The cult of the horse was extremely developed among the Indo-Iranians, along with it there was probably a less widespread cult of the beaver.

An essential component of the Aryan religion was also the veneration of fire and the worship of the Sun. It is possible that the name “Arya” itself goes back to the ancient name

Sun - Svar, Svara.

Aryan expansion from 4000 to 1000 BC

Where are the descendants of the Aryans today?

Only one haplogroup R1a is suitable for such a distribution of languages ​​and historical sources of settlement of the Aryans.

Where, with a density scale from 0 to over 51% of the haplogroup:
R1a - Aryans
R1b - Celts (Europeans)
N3 - Finno-Ugrians
N2 - Mongols, Buryats, etc.

Admixtures at a density scale from 0 to over 26% of the haplogroup:

I1a - Scandinavians (Nordic race)
I1b - Serbs (Balkan race)
E3b - ?
J2 - Turks.

The second center of density of haplogroup R1a in India is the upper castes 45.35%, Brahmins 72.22%. These are the same ancestors of the Aryans who came to India 4300 years ago.

Genetic genealogy gives not only the distribution areas of haplogroups, but also the stages of distribution of the peoples of the owners of these haplogroups.

In total, there are more than a hundred haplogroups (with subvariants - 169), lettered from A to R. For example, A, B and E3a (Africa), C, E and K (Asia), I and R (Europe), J2 (Middle East ; Cohen modal group), Q3 (American Indians). We are interested in haplogroup R1a - Aryans. The ancestors of the Aryans descended from the same “Adam” who lived in northeast Africa and had the first common genetic marker M168. 50 thousand years ago, when about 10 thousand people lived on Earth, direct ancient ancestor non-Africans moved north and crossed the Red Sea to the Arabian Peninsula. He became the progenitor of all people now living outside of Africa, in addition to the Africans themselves.

In the Arabian Peninsula, just beyond the Red Sea, the first mutation changed its common marker to M89. This happened 45 thousand years ago. This marker is now present in 90-95% of all non-Africans. The ancestor of the Aryans went further to the northeast, where on the territory of modern Iraq the flow split - part of our family continued to go north, and, having passed Syria and Turkey, through the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles went to the Balkans, Greece, Europe, and the direct ancestor of the Aryans turned right, walked along the northern part of the Persian Gulf, crossed Iran and Afghanistan, leaving the Hindu Kush Range on the right, and ran into the Pamir Mountains, into the Pamir Knot, where the Hindu Kush, Tien Shan and Himalaya mountains converge. There was nowhere to go further straight to the east. By this time, the direct ancestor of the Aryans mutated again, and became the carrier of the M9 marker, the marker of the so-called Eurasian clan. This happened 40 thousand years ago. There were several tens of thousands of people on Earth at that time. Several thousand years later, the Eurasian ancestor of the Aryans experienced another mutation, M45. This happened in Central Asia, 35 thousand years ago. Behind it is the next mutation, M207, already in the south of Siberia, 30 thousand years ago, on the way to the north. After this, the flow divided again, and at the latitude of the future Moscow, the Aryans turned west, to Europe, soon undergoing the M173 mutation. The rest of the tribe went further north into the glaciers, eventually becoming the Eskimos, some crossed overland to Alaska and became American Indians. But they already had other genetic markers.

Approximately in the area of ​​the future Novgorod-Pskov, the flow divided again. Some continued their journey to the west and came to Europe, bringing there marker M173, and the direct ancestor of the Aryans turned south and settled along the way to the Black and Caspian Seas, in the territory present Ukraine and southern Russia, having acquired the last mutation M17 along the way, 10-15 thousand years ago. M17 mutation preserved among the Slavs. In the steppes of Ukraine and Russia, the ancestors of the Aryans thousands of years ago left a mass of burial mounds, in which a lot of gold and silver jewelry was later found. Here the Aryans first domesticated the horse many thousands of years ago. They were the first to speak the language that laid the foundation Indo-European family languages ​​including English, French, German, Russian, Spanish, several Indian languages ​​such as Bengali and Hindu, and many others. Now about 40% of men living in Europe, especially in the north of France and in England and Germany, and as far as Siberia, are descendants of this haplogroup R1a. Aryan haplogroups.

4,500 years ago, the Proto-Slavs-Aryans appeared on the Central Russian Upland, and not just any Proto-Slavs, but precisely those whose descendants live in our time. 3800 years ago they built the settlement of Arkaim and the “country of cities” on Southern Urals. 3600 years ago the Arkaim left Arkaim and moved to India. Indeed, according to archaeologists, the settlement, which is now called Arkaim, lasted only 200 years.

What about the Germans themselves? Modern Germans are not only not Aryans, but for the most part they are not even historical Germans. In this sense, Swedes, Danes and Norwegians are more Germanic than the Germans themselves, and Austrian Germans can only conditionally be classified as a Germanic ethnic group.

As part of the modern German ethnos, groups I1a and I1c constitute a minority of about 30%, and the majority is the population with haplogroup R1b - 46% and represents the heirs of the historical Celts. In addition, a significant proportion of the modern German ethnic group, more than 8%, are descendants of Aryan-Slavs with haplogroup R1a.

Or did Hitler know?